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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 16 卷第 6 號 2005 年 6 月論文 지표면의 SAR 영상시뮬레이션모델 Model for Simulating SAR Images of Earth Surfaces 정구준 이성화 * 김인섭 ** 오이석 ** Goo-Jun Jung Sung-Hwa Lee* In-Seob Kim** Yisok Oh** 요약 본논문에서는산악지대, 논, 채소밭, 풀밭, 도로, 수면등을포함하는지표면에대한합성개구면레이다 (SAR) 영상을생성하여주는시뮬레이션모델을선보인다. 우선토양, 수면, 논, 밭과같은풀층과나무숲등에서의산란모델을개발하였다. 그런다음에, 표고데이터와지형데이터를이용하여 SAR 영상을생성하였다. 이용된지형변수로는토양수분함유량, 표면거칠기, 초목층높이, 잎넓이, 잎길이, 잎밀도, 가지길이, 가지밀도, 나무기둥길이, 나무기둥밀도를포함하는 10 개이다. 개발된산란모델들은실험데이터와비교하는방식으로정확성을증명하였고, 특정지역에서의 SAR 영상을생성하였다. Abstract In this paper, a model for simulating synthetic aperture radar(sar) images of earth surfaces. The earth surfaces include forest area, rice crop field, other agricultural fields, grass field, road, and water surface. At first, the backscattering models are developed for bare soil surfaces, water surfaces, short vegetation fields such as rice fields and grass field, other agriculture areas, and forest areas. Then, the SAR images are generated from the digital elevation model(dem) and digital terrain map. The DTM includes ten parameters, such as soil moisture, surface roughness, canopy height, leaf width, leaf length, leaf density, branch length, branch density, trunk length, and trunk density, if applicable. The scattering models are verified with measurements, and applied to generate an SAR image for an area. Key words : Earth Surfaces, Backscattering Models, Radiative Transfer Model, SAR Image Simulation Ⅰ. 서론 SAR 영상을예측하는모델개발이우선되어야한다. 지표면은매우복잡하여지표면상태를표현하 Synthetic aperture radar(sar) 시스템의발전으로기가어렵다는이유로그동안연구가소홀히되어항공이나위성에서의지구관측정보수집기술이왔던게사실이다. 본연구에서는지표면의상태를빠른속도로발전하고있다. 국내에서도향후의무가장적절히표현하고, 이상태에서의마이크로파궁화위성에 SAR를탑재할계획이며이시스템의산란특성을예측해주는모델을개발하며, 더나아운용으로수많은지구관측데이터를수신하게될가 SAR 영상시뮬레이션도시도해보려한다. 전망이다. 그러므로이 SAR 영상데이터활용기술레이다를이용한마이크로파원격탐사에대한의발전이시급하고, 활용기술의일환으로마이크연구는 30~40년전부터꾸준히진행되어왔으며 [1]~[3], 로파의지표면산란특성을정확하게예측하고, 지표면에서의연구도병행되어왔다. 그러나그모 본논문은정보통신부의정보통신기초기술연구지원사업 ( 정보통신연구진흥원 ) 으로수행한연구결과임. 넥스원퓨처 ( 주 )(Nex1Future Co., Ltd.) * 삼지전자 ( 주 )(Samji Electronics Co., Ltd.) ** 홍익대학교전파통신공학과 (Department of Radio Science and Communication Engineering, Hongik University) 논문번호 : 수정완료일자 : 2005년 5월 24일 615
2 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 16 卷第 6 號 2005 年 6 月 델들의적용범위가제한적이라서정확성에한계가있어왔다. 예를들면, 토양에서의마이크로파산란모델들로 small perturbation method(spm), physical optics(po) 모델, geometrical optics(go) 모델들이주로사용되어져왔는데, 그들모델들의적용범위가각각다르고, 그적용범위에서도측정데이터와잘맞지않는문제점을안고있다 [4]. 한편으로는비교적정확하게지표면마이크로파산란을계산해주는모델이개발되기도했지만, 사용이복잡하고, 입력변수가매우많아사용이어려운문제점을갖고있기도한다 [5]. 본연구에서는정확성을어느정도유지하면서사용이간편한지표면산란모델을개발하려한다. Ⅱ. 지표면산란모델 자연상태의지표면은불규칙적인거칠기를갖는토양위에풀이나나무가자란형태이며, 크게토양에서의산란과초목층에서의산란으로나눌수있고, 초목층에서의산란에는초목과토양사이의다중산란이포함된다. 2-1 산란모델개발 SPM, PO, GO 방법등의고전적인모델들외에도 integral equation method(iem) 등의최신이론적모델들이있지만 [6], 이모델들에서는토양을균질의유전체로가정하기때문에실제의토양특성에는잘맞지않는다. 반면에실험데이터를이용하여만들어진산란모델은비교적측정결과와잘맞는장점이있다. 대표적인실험모델은참고문헌 [7] 에서제안한 polarimetric semi-empirical model(psem) 을이용하였다. 초목층에서의전파산란은잎, 줄기, 기둥등이불규칙하게분포되어있다고가정하고, 이들산란개체에서의에너지세기흡수, 투과, 산란등의특성을계산해내는 radiative transfer method(rtm) 가주로사용된다 [1]~[3]. 이방식은우선잎, 가지, 줄기등의산란개체들의크기와모양에대하여임의의입사및산란각도에서의산란행렬 (scattering matrices) 을계산한다. 이산란행렬을이용하여, 이산란개체들이임의의위치에임의의방향으로위치해있는경우의위상행렬 (phase matrices) 을계산하고, 이위상행렬로부터여러형태의산란특성 (scattering mechanism) 을고려하여최종적인산란계수를계산해낸다. 식물층을구성하는각산란개체에대한산란모델은파장에비해서크고작은것에따라서구분되어왔다. 즉, 파장에비해큰잎에는 PO 모델을사용하고, 파장에비해작은잎에는 generalized Rayleigh- Gans(GRG) 모델을사용해왔는데, 나뭇잎과같이두께가아주얇은손실이있는유전체판에서는잎의크기에상관없이두모델이다정확도를유지한다는것을알았다 [9]. 본연구에서는잎을 resistive sheet으로가정하고 PO 방식을적용한모델을이용하였다. 실제활엽수잎은모양과크기가가지각색이라서, 모든종류에맞게모델을설정하면너무복잡해지므로, 모델의단순화를위해서사각형모양의등가 resistive sheet로단순화하고, 크기만조절하도록했다. 여기서잎의유전율은잎의수분함유량을이용하여참고문헌 [10] 에서제공한실험식을이용하였다. 편의상가지와줄기의유전율도이실험식을이용하여계산한값을이용하였다. 침엽수의잎, 가지, 줄기, 기둥등의실린더형태의산란개체에대한산란행렬은무한길이를가정하여표면전류를계산하고, PO 모델을이용하여산란행렬을계산하였다. RTM을적용하기위해일반적인지표면을그림 1 처럼가정하였다. 1차다중산란만을포함할경우에산란방식은 5가지가된다. 즉, (1) 토양반사후산란개체에서후방산란후토양반사를거치는산란, (2) 토양반사후에산란개체에서전방반사하는산란이나그반대경로로산란, (3) 산란개체에서직접후방산란, (4) 토양반사후에나무기둥전방반사, 그림 1. 일반적인지표면에서의후방산란방식들 Fig. 1. Scattering mechanisms for wave scattering from a typical earth surface. 616
3 지표면의 SAR 영상시뮬레이션모델 또는그반대경로로산란, (5) 지표면에서의후반산란이다. 각산란경로에서는식물층에서의전파감쇠가고려된다. 그림 1은일반적인나무숲에해당되고다른경우에는산란형태를감하면된다. 가령, 초목이없는토양은그림 1에서식물층이없다고가정하여산란형태 (5) 만고려하면되고, 논과밭은그림 2에서나무기둥이없다고가정하여산란형태 (4) 를빼주면된다. 실제식물층에서의산란은무한대의다중산란까지포함하지만 [11] 수식의복잡성과계산과정의어려움때문에 1차다중산란까지만포함하였다. 후방산란하는전체전파의세기는각산란방식에의해산란된전파세기의합 (coherent summation) 으로계산한다. 그림 1에서 I 0 는식물층에입사하는전파의세기이고, I 는후방산란하는전체전파 ts 의세기이다. 여기서식물층으로부터의후방산란계수는산란방식 (1), (2a), (2b), (3), (4a), (4b), (5) 에해당하는위상행렬 (phase matrix) 과산란특성행렬을이용하여계산할수있다 [3],[5]. (a) 동일편파 (a) Co-polarizations 2-2 산란모델적용과검증 위에서얻은지표면산란모델을실제의지표면에적용시키기위해서는지표면의상태 (ground truth) 를정확하게알아야한다. 기존의지표면산란모델인 michigan microwave canopy scattering model (MIMICS) 은입력변수가무려 60개가넘는다 [5]. 이러한변수를알기도어려울뿐만아니라, 이입력변수를이해하고입력하는것도쉬운일이아니다. 본연구에서는위산란모델을이용하여가장중요하고지대한영향을끼치는입력변수 10개를선정하였다. 이 10개의입력변수들은토양수분함유량, 표면거칠기, 초목층높이, 잎넓이, 잎길이, 잎밀도, 가지길이, 가지밀도, 나무기둥길이, 나무기둥밀도이다. 여기서생략된입력변수는고정값을이용하거나, 10개의주요입력변수에서유도하였다. 예를들면, 잎의두께는측정치의평균인 0.04 cm로고정하였고, 식물의수분함유량은 0.45~0.7 g/cm 3 범위에서토양의수분함유량에서유도하였으며, 줄기와가지의지름은각각의길이에서유도하였다. 60여개의입력데이터를입력하여 MIMICS로계 (b) 교차편파 (b) Cross-polarizations 그림 2. 산란모델과 MIMICS 모델비교 Fig. 2. Comparison between this model and the MI- MICS model. 산한 L-밴드데이터와이중에서 10개의입력데이터만을이용하여본모델로계산한결과를비교하였다. 그림 2(a) 와 (b) 는각각동일편파와교차편파에서의비교결과를보이는데, 1~3 db 이내의차이만을보이고있다. 이는본모델이적은입력변수로도 60여개이상의입력변수를가지는모델과비슷한결과값을계산해낼수있음을보여준다. 다음에는본모델로 JPL/NASA 항공 SAR로측정하여얻은영상에서산란계수를추출하여본모델의계산결과와비교하였다. 그림 3은 JPL/NASA 의 AirSAR로실시한 Pacific-Rim Experiment-2(PAC- RIM2) 에서얻은논산지역의영상에서임야한군데 617
4 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 16 卷第 6 號 2005 年 6 月 그림 3. 나무숲의계산결과와 SAR 측정값비교 Fig. 3. Comparison between computation results and the measured SAR data for a forest area. 를선정하여 polarimetric한 L-밴드 SAR 측정값과산란모델계산결과를비교한것이다. 지표면 ground truth 데이터를정확하게얻지못한것에비하면아주잘일치하고있음을볼수있다. Ⅲ. SAR 영상시뮬레이션 3-1 지형데이터이용방법 본연구에서개발한지표면산란모델을실제지형에적용하기위해서는 digital elevation model(dem) 데이터와 digital terrain map(dtm) 데이터가있어야한다. 우선, DTM 데이터는입력변수 10개를추출할수있는정도의데이터를필요로한다. 이들입력변수의단위는다음과같이, 토양수분함유량 m v (cm 3 /cm 3 ), 표면거칠기 rms 높이 s(cm), 초목층높이 H c( m), 잎넓이 W l (cm), 잎길이 L l (cm), 잎밀도 D l ( 개 /m 3 ), 가지길이 L b (m), 가지밀도 D b ( 개 /m 3 ), 나무기둥길이 L t (m), 나무기둥밀도 D t ( 개 /m 2 ) 이다. 기울기를갖는지표면은기울기가없는지표면과다른입사각을갖기때문에 DEM 데이터로부터지표면의기울기를구하고그기울기에따른입사각의변화를계산하여후방산란에대한정확한산란계수를계산해야한다. DEM을사용하여세점으로부터두개의벡터를구할수있고이두개의벡터는하나의픽셀면을구성할수있다. 두벡터와노말벡터의내적이 0이되는것을이용하여노말벡터를 그림 4. 등고선도로나타낸 DEM 데이터 Fig. 4. DEM data in contour diagram. 구할수있고수식 - nˆ ˆ k i = cos θ i 를이용하여실제지면에서의입사각을계산하였다. 이렇게얻어진실제입사각을시뮬레이터의레이더변수로입력하여각각의픽셀에대하여후방산란계수를계산한다. 그림 4는시뮬레이션을위해논산일부지역에서얻은 20 m 30 m 해상도의 DEM 데이터를이용하여나타낸등고선도이다. 그림 4에서수직, 수평축의숫자는 pixel 수를나타낸다. 좌상에서박스로표시된지역이대략적으로 km의면적에해당한다. 상업적으로구할수있는 DTM 데이터는한계가있어서이지역의 DTM 데이터를얻기위해현장답사를수행하여그림 5와같은대략적인 DTM 데이터를얻었다. 그림 5. 관심지역의지형분류도 Fig. 5. DTM of a selected area. 618
5 지표면의 SAR 영상시뮬레이션모델 표 1. 초목층의입력변수 Table 1. Input parameters for the earth surface. 논 잔디밭 밭 숲 m v s ~1.5 1 H c 0.8~ ~2 8~12 W l ~6 5 L l 60~ ~40 10 D l 1,000~2,000 1,000 10~200 50~500 L b 0.015~2 0.5 D b 2~40 4~40 L t 5 D t 0.05~0.2 (a) 동일 (vv) 편파 (a) Co(vv) polarizations 이지역을대략적으로갈아놓은맨땅, 채소밭 ( 옥수수, 고구마, 콩밭등 ), 논, 나무숲, 도로, 저수지등으로분류하였다. 맨땅에서의수분함유량은 0.1 cm 3 /cm 3, 표면거칠기 rms 높이는 1~2 cm, 도로의수분함유량은 0.05 cm 3 /cm 3, 표면거칠기 rms 높이는 0.1 cm로설정하였고, 물은바람이없는경우로표면거칠기 rms 높이를 0.01 cm로하였다. 그외의지역에대한입력변수는표 1처럼선정하였다. 영상의 textural variation을주기위해서표 1에있는범위에서 uniform 랜덤변수를생성하여입력하였다. 본연구에서개발한지표면레이다산란모델에관심지역의 DEM과 DTM 데이터를입력하여각픽셀당레이다후방산란계수를계산하고, 이데이터로 20 m 30 m 해상도의 SAR 영상을시뮬레이션하였다. L-밴드 (1.26 GHz) 와 X-밴드 (9.6 GHz) 의두개주파수에서각각시뮬레이션하였고, 40도의입사각에서 vv-, hh-, hv-편파에따른 SAR 영상을얻었다. 그림 6(a) 와 (b) 는각각동일편파 (vv-pol) 와교차편파 (hv-pol) 에서 L-밴드의 SAR 영상을보이고있고, 그림 7(a) 와 (b) 는 X-밴드의 SAR 영상을보이고있다. 여기서, hv-편파는레이다에서수직편파 (v-pol) 로입사하고, 그레이다에서수평편파 (h-pol) 로수신할때를의미한다. 그림 6에서볼수있듯이나무숲에서의후방산란계수가매우높고, 도로나수면에서의후방산란계수는매우낮음을알수있다. 교차편파에서는맨땅에서의산란도높다는것을알수있다. 그림 7에서 (b) 교차 (hv) 편파 (b) Cross(hv) polarizations 그림 6. SAR 영상시뮬레이션 (L- 밴드 ) Fig. 6. Simulation of SAR images at L-band. 는 X-밴드와같은높은주파수에서는나무숲만큼이나채소밭에서도높은산란계수를보임을알수있고, 전체적인산란계수값이 L-밴드의경우보다매우높음을알수있다. 산란모델들의정확도는어느정도검증되었기때문에시뮬레이션된 SAR 영상의정확도는 DTM 데이터의정확성에달려있다고봐도과언이아니다. 본연구에서개발된지표면의 SAR 영상시뮬레이션모델은 geographic information system(gis) 의발전으로양질의 DTM 데이터가제공될때에활용도가더높아질것이다. 본산란모델은 SAR로측정한레이다후방산란계수를예측할필요가있을경우에유용할것이며, 측정된 SAR 영상에서지표면상태 (ground truth) 데이터를추출하는 inversion 모델 619
6 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 16 卷第 6 號 2005 年 6 月 이지표면산란모델에지표면 DEM과지표면 DTM( 상태변수 ) 데이터를입력하여 SAR 영상을시뮬레이션할수있었고, 이시뮬레이션된영상은실제의 SAR 영상과유사한경과를보인다. 이 SAR 영상시뮬레이터는지표면에서 SAR 영상을예측하는데에사용되어질뿐만아니라, 위성 SAR 영상데이터에서지표면특성정보를얻으려할때에도요긴하게활용될수있을것이다. 감사의글 (a) vv- 편파 (a) Co(vv) polarizations DEM 데이터를제공해준 ( 주 ) 지세정보에감사합니다. 참고문헌 (b) hv- 편파 (b) Cross(hv) polarizations 그림 7. SAR 영상시뮬레이션 (X- 밴드 ) Fig. 7. Simulation of SAR images at X-band. 을개발할때에도유용하게사용될수있을것이다. Ⅳ. 결론 본논문에서는산악지대, 나무숲, 논, 각종채소밭, 풀밭, 수면, 도로등으로구성되어있는지표면에대하여레이더산란계수를계산하는산란모델들을개발하고, 이모델들을이용하여 SAR 영상을제작하는시뮬레이션모델을제시하였다. 이산란모델은토양수분함유량, 표면거칠기, 초목층높이, 잎넓이, 잎길이, 잎밀도, 가지길이, 가지밀도, 나무기둥길이, 나무기둥밀도의 10개변수만을입력하는모델로서, 60개가넘는입력변수를필요로하는기존모델과같은정확도를보인다. [1] A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering In Random Media, IEEE press, [2] F. T. Ulaby, M. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Active and Passive, Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, vol. 2, [3] L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, and R. T. Shin, Theory of Micirowave Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons, [4] Y. Oh, K. Sarabandi, and F. T. Ulaby, "An empirical model and an inversion technique for radar scattering from bare soil surfaces", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, pp , Mar [5] F. T. Ulaby, K. Sarabandi, K. McDonald, M. Whitt, and M. C. Dobson, "Michigan microwave canopy scattering model", Int. J. Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 7, pp , [6] A. K. Fung, Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications, Artech House, Boston, MA, [7] Y. Oh, K. Sarabandi, and F. T. Ulaby, "Semiempirical model of the ensemble-averaged differential mueller matrix for microwave backscattering from bare soil surfaces", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 40, no. 6, pp ,
7 지표면의 SAR 영상시뮬레이션모델 [8] F. T. Ulaby, C. Elachi, Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications, Artech House, Inc., [9] Yisok Oh, "Comparative evaluation of two analytical models for microwave scattering from deciduous leaves", Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 20, no. 1, pp , [10] F. T. Ulaby, M. A. El-rayes, "Microwave dielectric spectrum of vegetation-partⅡ: Dual-dispersion mo- del", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. GE-25, pp , [11] Y. Oh, Y-M. Jang, and K. Sarabandi, "Full-wave analysis of microwave scattering from short vegetation: An investigation on the effect of multiple scattering", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 40, no. 11, pp , Nov 정구준 2001년 8월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2004년 2월 : 홍익대학교전파통신공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2004년 9월~현재 : ( 주 ) 넥스원퓨처연구원 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, SAR 영상분석, 레이다송수신시스템 김인섭 2003 년 8 월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2003 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 홍익대학교전파통신공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 안테나, 마이크로파회로 이성화 마이크로파회로 2002 년 2 월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2004 년 8 월 : 홍익대학교전파통신공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2005 년 5 월 ~ 현재 : ( 주 ) 삼지전자연구원 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 안테나, 오이석 1982년 2월 : 연세대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1988년 12월 : University of Missouri- Rolla, 전기컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993년 12월 : University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 전기공학컴퓨터과학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1994년~현재 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부부교수 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, 안테나 621
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