THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jan.; 26(1), I

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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jan.; 26(1), ISSN (Print)ISSN X (Online) Verification on the Calculated Geoelectric Field on Power Grid during Geomagnetic Disturbances 박성원 유충현 Sung Won ParkChung-hyun Yoo 요약..., 1 24.,,..,,, 1 A 92 %. Abstract Coronal mass ejection (CME) released due to solar flare explosion cause geomagnetic disturbance. The induced current by massive geomagnetic disturbance can cause damage to the transformer. The calculated geoelectric field is a major parameter of the geomagnetically induced current (GIC). The method applying a Fourier transform has a high accuracy but it needs all data measured for 24 hours. And the other method applying a integral equation can calculate in real time but it requires to check an accuracy. To reduce the gap between the calculated results of two methods, it adjusts the integration section. As a result, the correlation between two calculated geoelectric fields is high, and the event time and direction of the calculated current is the same as that of the measured current, and it s accuracy rate is above 92 percent. Key words: Coronal Mass Ejection, Geoelectric Field, Power Grid, Geomagnetically Induced Current. 서론.,,.. [1]. 1 Hz (Korean Space Weather Center, National Radio Research Agency) Manuscript received September 27, 2014 ; Revised November 4, 2014 ; Accepted November 5, (ID No S) Corresponding Author: Sung Won Park ( sungwon@msip.go.kr) 94 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.

2 지자기 교란으로 인한 전력망 유도전기장 예상값 검증 의 주파수를 가지고 있어, 실제 자유공간상에서의 측정은 불가하므로 적분 공식을 적용한 유도전기장의 예상값과 푸리에 변환 방법을 적용한 유도전기장 예상값의 상관도 를 비교한다. 그리고 적분 공식을 적용한 유도전기장으로 산출한 유도전류 예상값과 전력망에 흐르는 유도전류 관 측값의 차이를 비교하여 실제 활용 가능 여부를 판단한다. 1-1 지자기 교란과 전력망 유도전류 지자기 교란은 지상에 설치된 장거리 송전선에 직류 성분에 준하는 전류를 유도시킨다. 이는 익히 알려진 맥 스웰 방정식을 통해 자기장은 무한 직선의 전류로 변환 할 수 있으며, 이를 지자기 유도전류(GIC: Geomagneically Induced Current)로 그림 1과 같이 정의하고 있다. 이러한 유도전류는 장거리 송전선의 종단인 변압기를 통해 접지로 흐르며, 유도전류의 크기와 지속시간에 따라 변압기 과열을 발생시켜 변압기 소손이나 정전 피해를 일으킬 수 있다. 과거 이러한 피해는 지자기 위도가 높은 국가인 캐나 다, 영국, 미국 등에 주로 발생하였다. 하지만 지난 태양 활동 주기의 2003년에는 우리나라와 같이 지자기 위도가 중위도 국가인 남아프리카공화국에서 지자기 유도전류 로 인한 변압기 15기가 소손되는 피해가 발생하였다. [2] [3] 1-2 전력망 유도전류 관측소 운영 우주전파센터는 2012년 이후 한전 765 kv 초고압 변전 지자기 유도전류 관측소 위치 그림 2. Fig. 2. Locations of the GIC monitoring stations. 소 2곳에 전력망 유도전류 관측소를 설치하여 유도전류 의 변화를 실시간 모니터링하고 있다. 이 전력망은 원전 에서 전력을 생산하여 신태백 변전소를 통해 신가평 변 전소로 보내고, 수도권으로 공급하는 체계이다. Ⅱ. 전력망 유도전기장 산출 및 검증방법 2-1 전력망 유도전류와 유도전기장의 산출 전력망에 흐르는 지자기 유도전류는 식 (1)과 식 (2)를 통해 산출한다. 먼저 식 (1)에서 지구 표면을 기준으로 수평 성분에 해당하는 유도전기장 는 지구 표면 임피던스 와 지구 자기장 의 곱으로 산출 한다. [4] ± (1) 여기서, 는 주파수 함수의 표면 임피던스이고, 는 각주파수, 는 자유공간의 유전율이다. 그 다음, 전력망 네트워크 파라미터인 유도전류 상관 계수 a, b와 유도전기장의 함수를 이용하여 지자기 유도 전류를 식 (2)와 같이 산출한다. 지자기 유도전류 발생 과정 그림 1. Fig. 1. The flow of GIC due to CME. (2) 95

3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 1, Jan (1). 2-2 푸리에변환방법을적용한유도전기장의산출 [3],[4], [5] (1). (3), (3) [6]. 1, 0,. 2-3 적분공식을적용한유도전기장의산출, [7].. 20 (4) [8].,, N,, M. 30 (5) [9]. (4) ± (5) (4) (5),.,,. 2-4 전력망유도전기장의산출방법의장단점비교. 1.,.,.,... 전력망유도전기장산출및검증결과. 3-1 캐나다의지자기관측데이터 푸리에변환방법을적용한유도전기장산출 결과 96

4 그림 3. Fig. 3. The calculated geoelectric fields using a Fourier transform from the geomagnetic field at Ottawa UT 024. mv/km 적분공식을적용한유도전기장산출결과 4. 그림 5. Y Fig. 5. The Y components of the calculated geoelectric fields depending on integral period. Y,. 5, 2 5 UT 05:20 UT 05:10., 유도전기장예상값비교검증결과 X, Ex (+, ). 그림 4. Fig. 4. The calculated geoelectric fields using a integral equation from the geomagnetic field at Ottawa. 그림 6. X Fig. 6. Comparison with the X components of the calculated geoelectric fields. 97

5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 1, Jan 그림 7. Y Fig. 7. Comparison with the Y components of the calculated geoelectric fields. 그림 10. Fig. 10. The calculated geoelectric fields using a Fourier transform from the geomagnetic field measurements at Gangneung. 그림 8. X Y Fig. 8. Differential of the X and Y components of the geomagnetic field. 7 Y (+, ). (4) (5). 8 Y X (). X Y 9, 우리나라의지자기관측데이터 푸리에변환방법을적용한유도전기장산출결과 적분공식을적용한유도전기장산출결과 그림 9. Fig. 9. Correlation with the geoelectric fields calculated from the geomagnetic field at Ottawa ,. 98

6 그림 13. Fig. 13. The measured and calculated GIC at Singapyeong substation. 그림 11. Fig. 11. The calculated geoelectric fields using a integral equation from the geomagnetic field measurements at Gangneung. 그림 12. Fig. 12. Correlation with the geoelectric fields calculated from the geomagnetic field at Gangneung 유도전기장예상값비교검증결과 X Y 12 1,.. 시계열예상값의실시간산출 (+, ), 1 A 92 %..,.., 100 %. 1 A 92 %... 결론,..,, 92 %. 99

7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 1, Jan , 1.,.,,,,.,. References [1],,,, " ",, [2] NERC, "Effects from geomagnetic disturbances on the bulk power system", 2012 Special Reliability Assessment Interim Report, p. 6, [3] Chigomezyo M. Ngwira, Antti Pulkkinen, Lee-Anne Mc- Kinnell, and Pierre J. Cilliers, "Improved modeling of GIC in the South African power network", Space Weather, vol. 6, S11004, [4] Chigomezyo M. Ngwira, Lee-Anne McKinnell, Pierre J. Cilliers, Ari Viljanen, and Risto Pirjola, "Limitations of the modeling of geomagnetically induced currents in the South African power network", Space Weather, vol. 7, S10002, [5] M. Wik, A. Viljanen, R. Pirjola, A. Pulkkinen, P. Wintoft, and H. Lundstedt, "Calculation of GIC in the 400 kv power grid in Southern Sweden", Space Weather, vol. 8, S07005, [6] D. H. Boteler, R. Pirjola, "Modelling geomagnetically induced currents produced by realistic and uniform electric fields", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13. Issue 4, [7] Hyo Joon Eom, "Integral transforms in electromagnetic formulation", Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, vol. 14, no. 3, pp , Sep [8] Chun-Ming Liu, Lian-Guang Liu, Risto Pirjola, and Ze- Zhong Wang, "Calculation of geomagnetically induced currents in mid- to low-latitude power grids based on the plane wave method: A preliminary case study", Space Weather, vol. 7, S04005, [9] J. Miquel Torta, Lluis Serrano, J. Ramon Regue, Albert M. Sanchez, and Elionor Roldan, "Geomagnetically induced currents in a power grid of northeastern Spain", Space Weather, vol. 10, S06002, : () : () : : [ 주관심분야 ],,, HEMP : ( ) : [ 주관심분야 ],, 100

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