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1 < 항공우주산업영상레이더세미나 > 영상레이더기술 김재현 Wireless Internet and Network Engineering Research Lab. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University, Korea
2 영상레이더세미나 1 차 : 영상레이더기술 ( ) 2 차 : 영상레이더운용변수설계
3 Contents 영상레이더 (SAR) 란? 영상레이더구조 영상레이더개발 영상레이더활용 3
4 영상레이더란?: 원격탐사 원격탐사의정의 멀리떨어져있는물체를직접적인접촉없이관측하는행위 원격탐사의구성요소 A. 광원 ( 전파원 ) B. 신호송신 C. 관측대상 D. 데이터저장 E. 데이터송수신및처리 F. 데이터해석 G. 활용 < 원격탐사의구성요소 [1]> [1] P. R. Akbar, Development of Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (CP-SAR) for Small Satellite: Preliminary Design, Thesis,
5 영상레이더란?: 원격탐사 원격탐사센서의종류 수동형센서 센서로수집되는에너지또는빛을이용하여데이터형성 능동형센서 센서에서직접에너지를방사하고, 대상으로부터반사되는에너지를획득하여데이터형성 수동형센서와능동형센서비교 [1] 구분수동형센서능동형센서 방사원태양열관측대상레이더 수신반사율열방사후방산란 [1] P. R. Akbar, Development of Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (CP-SAR) for Small Satellite: Preliminary Design, Thesis,
6 영상레이더란?: 레이더기술의중요성 항공 국방 우주 교통 레이더 기술 기상 환경 해양 보안 의료 6
7 영상레이더란?: 레이더 (RADAR) 의정의 RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging 의약자 전파를이용하여표적을탐지하고거리를측정하는장치 < 신호의송수신과정 [2]> < 레이다의동작 [2]> [2] P. A. Rosen, Principles and Theory of Radar Interferometry, NASA/JPL UNAVCO Short Course, Aug,
8 영상레이더란?: 레이더의특성 송신신호와수신신호 송신 (Tx): 일반적으로사각파형태의펄스 수신 (Rx): 수신파형에나타나는변화가관측대상의특징을나타냄 수신신호의지연 (delay) 이관측대상까지의거리를나타냄 지연시간신호의속도 = 거리 진폭 지연시간 송신신호사기신호 < 송신신호와수신신호 > 시간 8
9 영상레이더란?: 레이더의특성 영상레이더의해상도 인접해있는두물체를분간하는능력 R r = cτ/2 c = 빛의속도 ( m/s) τ = 펄스폭 R cr = L/2 L = 안테나길이 Cross range R r Range RADAR 90 R cr < 레이더해상도 > R max R max : 최대관측범위 9
10 영상레이더란?: SAR Onboard Satellite SEASAT ERS-1 Radarsat ENVISAT TerraSAR-X RISAT-1 KOMPSAT-5 Sentinel-1 ALOS-2 Country US EU Canada EU Germany India 대한민국 EU Japan Launching year Inclination angle o 98.5 o 98.6 o o o o 97.6 o o 97.9 o Repetition days 17 3, 35, Weight 2,300 kg 2,157 kg 8,211 kg 1,250 kg 1,858 kg 1,315 kg 2,300 kg 2,100 kg Height 760 km 785 km km km 514 km 536 km 550 km 693 km 628 km Frequency GHz GHz GHz GHz 9.65 GHz 5.35 GHz 9.66 GHz GHz 1.2 GHz Polarization HH VV HH HH,VV, HH +VV,VV+ VH,HH+HV Swath width 100 km 100 km km km HH+VV, HH+ HV, VV+HV Along 5 km Across 15, 30, 100 km Single Pol, Dual Pol, Circ ular Pol, Qua d Pol HH HV VH VV km km Multi mode VV+VH HH+HV Multi mode HH, HV, VH, VV HH+HV, VH+ VV Spot : 20 km Scan : km Azimuth resolutio 25 m 30 m m m 1, 2, 3, 15 m 3, 6, 25, 50, 1, 3, 20 m m 3, 44.2 m n <2 m Range resolution 25 m 30 m m m 1.2, 1.2, 3, 16 2, 4, 8, 8, 1, 3, 20 m 5, 20, 100 m 1, 56.7 m m < 2m PRF H z H z ,000-6,500H z 3,000±200 Hz - Peak power 1000 W 4800 W 5000 W 1400 W 2260 W 2200 W 6700 W 5900 W > 2300 W Band width 19 MHz 19 MHz 11.6/17.3/ MH 150 MHz 18.75/37.5/ MHz > 28 MHz 0 MHz z /225 MHz Antenna size 2.16x10.74m 1x10 m 1.5x15 m 1.3x10 m 4.78x0.7m 2x6m 2.6x3.9m 0.821x12.3m 10x3 m 10
11 영상레이더란?: Polarization Polarization ( 편파 ) 선형편파 (Linear polarization) 수평편파 (H), 수직편파 (V) Co-polarization (HH, VV) 송신부와수신부가같은편파면을갖음 Cross polarization (HV, VH) 송신부과수신부가수직편파면을갖음 원형편파 (Circular polarization) < 선형편파 > < 원형편파 > 11
12 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 영상레이더 (SAR) Synthetic Aperture Radar 의약자 전파 (microwave) 를이용하여관측대상의영상을형성하는능동형센서 (active sensor) 기상현상과일조현상에관계없이고해상도영상획득가능 Moving-platform 에탑재되어운용 지구관측, 군사정보획득, 자연재해감시, 자원탐사등에활용됨 [3]-[5] <KOMPSAT-5( 발사 )> [3] J. Amini and J. T. S. Sumantyo, Employing a method on SAR and optical images for forest biomass estimation, IEEE Transactions Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 12, pp , [4] L. Bayuaji, J. T. S. Sumantyo, and H. Kuze. ALOS PALSAR D-InSAR for land subsidence mapping in Jakarta, Indonesia, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-8, [5] A. Saepuloh, K. Koike, M. Urai, and J. T. S. Sumantyo Identifying surface materials on anactive volcano by deriving dielectric permittivity from polarimetric SAR data, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 12, no. 8, pp ,
13 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 레이더에서사용하는밴드별파수와파장 주파수대역이높을수록파장이짧고, 좋은분해능갖음 낮은대역 (L-band) 의경우, 관측폭이넓어광역관측에적합 위성용레이더에서는주로 X, C, S, L-band 를사용 차량용레이더는 K, W-band 대역사용 레이더에서사용하는밴드별파수와파장 Frequency Band L S C X K Ka W Frequency [GHz] Wavelength [cm]
14 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 영상레이더동작 일반적인레이더의경우, 안테나빔폭이좁을수록고해상도영상획득 안테나빔폭은안테나길이와반비례 실제위성에서는안테나크기에제한이있음 영상레이더는이동하며넓은빔폭으로관측 관측한데이터를합성하여높은해상도의영상획득 나이나이 성개구 이 안테나소형화및위성전체중량감소 빔폭 분해능분해능작나분해능능 < 일반레이더 ( 좌 ) 와영상레이더 ( 우 ) 비교 > 14
15 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 영상레이더동작 측면관측 (Side-looking) 진행 전파가대상지역까지도달하는시간을이용하여거리측정및영상획득 측면관측을진행하기때문에영상에왜곡발생가능 < 측면관측영상레이더 > 15
16 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 영상레이더에서나타나는왜곡 Foreshortening 입사각에따라전면이짧게보이는현상 Layover 가파른고도차이를가지는부분에서발생 Radar shadow 대상반대편의신호가돌아오지않아영상이어둡게나타내는지역 (c) Radar shadow (a) Foreshortening (b) Layover < 영상레이더에서나타나는왜곡 > 16
17 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 광학센서 vs. 영상레이더 광학센서와영상레이더영상비교 특징광학센서영상레이더 사용펙트럼가시광선전파 센서종류수동형센서능동형센서 관측방법수직관측측면관측 기상조건및일조현상의영향 높음 전천후관측가능 영상이해도쉬움어려움 영상왜곡거의없음다소존재함 < 광학영상과레이더영상 > 17
18 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더특징 광학센서 vs. 영상레이더 < 광학센서 ( 좌 ) 와영상레이더 ( 우 ) 로관측한프랑스파리 > < 영상레이더초기획득데이터 ( 좌 ) 과영상처리후영상 ( 우 )> 광학센서로는불가능한구름투과및야간관측가능 초기획득데이터에영상처리하여최종영상획득 18
19 영상레이더란?: 영상레이더동작모드 영상레이더동작모드 Strip-map mode 일반적인영상레이더에서사용되는모드 빔을고정한상태로관측진행 Spotlight mode 지형및목표물을식별하기위해특정지역에빔을집중조사 일반적인영상합성시간이상집중조사하여정밀한영상획득가능 Scan-SAR mode 넓은지역의영상획득을위해전자적으로빔을조향 다른모드에비해해상도가가장떨어짐 <Strip-map mode> <Spotlight mode> <Scan-SAR mode> 19
20 영상레이더구조 : 영상레이더시템 영상레이더시 템동작 flow 신호생성및송신 (Tx) Chirp 신호생성 관측대상으로신호방사 신호수신 (Rx) 관측대상으로부터후방산란 (Back-scattered) 신호수신 수신된신호는관측대상의특성을반영 신호처리 (Processing) 수신한신호를저장및영상화 < 영상레이더시스템동작 flow chart> 20
21 영상레이더구조 : Chirp 신호 영상레이더의품질평지표 펄스폭이좁을수록해상도증가 고전력신호의경우탐지거리증가 영상레이더의송신신호 Chirp 신호 LFM(Linear frequency modulation) 의한종류 시간에따라신호의주파수가선형적으로변화 신호대역폭을증가시켜해상도성능을높임 <Chirp 신호 > c c R 2 2B Frequency F 1 Frequency F 2 Bandwidth = 1/T Bandwidth = F=F 2 F 1 R = resolution c = speed of light B = chirp bandwidth < 일반적인펄스와 chirp 펄스예 > 21
22 영상레이더구조 : Chirp 신호 Chirp 신호 시간에따라주파수가선형적으로증가또는감소 Up-chirp : 주파수가시간에따라증가하는 chirp 신호 Down-chirp : 주파수가시간에따라감소하는 chirp 신호 Down-chirp Up-chirp < 양방향 Chirp 신호 > 22
23 영상레이더구조 : 레이더시 템한계 레이더시 템제한사항 고전력의좁은펄스폭을갖는신호를만드는데는전력제한, 열등의문제가발생함 Pulse compression 기법을이용하여기술적문제를해결함 < 레이다시스템블록도 [6]> [6] R. M. O Donnell, Radar System Engineering Lecture 1, IEEE New Hamshire Section, Oct,
24 영상레이더구조 : 레이더시 템한계 Pulse compression 비교적적은전력, 구현이용이한넓은폭의펄스를이용 수신단의후처리 (Post-processing) 단계에서고전력, 좁은폭의펄스를사용했을때와같은효과를냄 수신신호와송신신호를 matched filter 에통과시킴으로써관측대상의특성을알수있음 <Pulse compression 예시 > 24
25 영상레이더구조 : 영상처리과정 레이더영상처리의기초 관측대상으로부터받은신호를처리 수신신호를 raw 데이터형태로저장 후처리 (Post-processing) Raw 데이터를이미지파일로변환 영상처리과정 <RAW 데이터처리과정 > 25
26 영상레이더구조 : 신호처리알고리즘 영상레이더모드별신호처리알고리즘 알고리즘 모드 Strip-map Spotlight Wideswath 알고리즘설명 Range Doppler Algorithm(RDA) O 1976~1978 년개발광범위하게사용중구현용이 ( 직관적 ) 효율성, 정확성측면에서 trade-off 가능 Range Migration Algorithm(RMA) O O 1987 년개발가장정확한알고리즘많은연상량 Chirp Scaling Algorithm(CSA) O 1994 년개발 RDA 알고리즘의문제점해결을위해개발 Extended CSA O O O 1996 년개발강한요동하의항공 SAR 데이터처리를위해개발 Polar Format Algorithm(PFA) O 1969 년개발 Spotlight 용알고리즘으로개발 Spectrum Analysis Algorithm(SPECAN) O O 1979 년개발실시간 SAR 프로세서를위해개발 26
27 영상레이더구조 : RDA 알고리즘 RDA 알고리즘의영상 과정 1 영상레이더관측 6 Squint angle 보상 2 Raw 데이터생성 5 Azimuth compression 3 Range compression 4 Range cell migration compensation (RCMC) < 영상획득과정 > 27
28 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 영상레이더시 템구조 Controller module, RF module, antenna, data recorder 등으로구성 Controller Module RF Module Antenna Chirp Pulse Generator I data L P F Combiner TX BPF BPF HPA Isolator/ Circulator Tx Antenna SAR Controller Timing Controller Q data L P F 90º Phase shifter Frequency Generator Baseband Processor Output I Output Q Data Recorder L P F L P F 90º Phase shifter RX BPF Frequency Generator (1.27 GHz OSC) LNA Timing switch Circulator Rx Antenna +3.3/12V +3.3/12V +12V +5/12V +28V < 영상레이더시스템세부구성도 > 28
29 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 영상레이더시템설계 영상레이더의 platform을정하고, 이에따른탑재체를선택 Satellite(600km), Stratosphere (20km), UAV(~20km), Airplane, Drone 사용할모드를선택 Strip-map, spotlight, Scan 용도, 탑재체, 모드에따른요구사항도출 요구사항에따른시스템변수도출및상세설계 Mission selection Platform selection Payload selection SAR mode selection Requirements Parameters < 영상레이더시스템설계순서도 > 29
30 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 영상레이더시 템변수도출 3. Resolu on δx δr BR, τp 5. Ambiguity AASR RASR 1. Basic parameter h γ f0 Vst 2. Antenna parameter L, W Tant θel, θaz 4. PRF & Swath PRFmin < 영상레이더변수도출 > PRF Valid PRFmax Swathmax 6. SNR σ0 F SNR G Aef Pavg h height( m) look angle() f V 0 st center frequency( Hz) platform velocity(km/ s) L, W length and width of antenna( m) T ant antenna temperature( K), beam width of range and azimuth( ) el az azimuth resoultion( m) x range resolution( m) B R P R 0 bandwidth(hz) pulse width(us) AASR azimuth ambiguity to signal ratio(db) RASR range ambiguity to signal ratio(db) NESZ( non equivalent sigma zero )(db) F noise figure(db) G gain(db) A P ef avg 2 effective area of antenna( m ) average power (W) 30
31 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 요변수 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 펄스반복주기 (PRI) = 1 PRF 펄스를얼마나반복하여송신하는지를의미 (Hz) 단일레이더를사용하는경우, PRF 구간충돌시영상왜곡발생 기 < 펄스반복주파수 > 잔상왜곡 고스트이미지 (a) PRF = 2000 Hz (b) PRF = 3000 Hz (c) PRF = 1500 Hz (d) PRF = 3000 Hz <PRF 값에따른왜곡영상 (a),(c) 과정상출력된영상 (b),(d)> 31
32 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 요변수 Signal to noise ratio 수신신호세기 Power (db) SNR (db) 세기 시간 SNR < 신호대잡음비 > 수신신호의세기와잡음세기의차이 도출식을이용하여기댓값을계산하고나머지변수들예상가능 예 ) SNR = P t duty G 2 t η 2 δ r NESZ 2 8π 2 R 3 m λ k T s NF L s v st 800 W 10 % (33.12 db) 2 (70 %) m ( 17 db) 2 = 8π 2 ( m) m 1.38e 23 J/K 300 K 3 db 10 db m/s = db 32
33 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 요변수도출식 변수 수식 나최소적 나이 A = 4V strtanθ i f G t = 4π W L η λ 2 나빔폭 q el = l W q az = l L PRF range M 1 M PRF < ( / 2) ( / 2) near M p nadir far p M nadir PRFmin, PRFmax PRF min = 2V st sinq az c f PRF max = 1 2t p + é ë 2(R f - R n ) / cù û SNR SNR = P t duty G t 2 η 2 δ r NESZ 2 8π 2 R m 3 λ k T s NF L s v st 33
34 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 다운링크통신속도최소요구값 ( 고도 600 km 정 ) 변수수식값 Quantization n b 8 bits/sample Bandwidth B R 15 MHz Antenna length L a 5 m Swath width W g m Incidence angle η Required minimum slant range swath width Data sampling window duration Number of samples per range line W s = W g sin η 2W τ w ~ s c N r = f s τ w m μs 9253 samples Instantaneous data rate r i = n b f s 336 Mbps Doppler bandwidth 2V B D ~ st sin θ az f c c 2660 Hz Oversampling factor in azimuth Average real-time downlink data rate f p = k os B D τ r DL = w r i TP 3725 Hz 276 Mbps f s : 샘플링주파수 k os : 오버샘플링비율 T P : 펄스간간격, 1 f p 34
35 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 데이터전송 한반도관측에약 2분 23초소요 ( 1080 km 7.56 km/s ) 재방문주기 28 일 지구자전에의해특정지점의상공을 28 일주기로다시방문 영상다운링크통신에 X-band 사용 전송능력 : 310 Mbit/s 변수도출값 ( 고도 600 km) KOMPSAT-5 ( 고도 550 km) 한도종단관측소요시간 2분 23초 ( 위성속도 = 7.56 km/s) 2분 23초 ( 위성속도 = 7.59 km/s) 데이터저장소크기 Gbit = 32 Gb 영상전송능력 310 Mbit/s 310 Mbit/s 필요한데이터전송능력 > 276 Mbit/s - 35
36 영상레이더개발 : 시 템설계 시템설계변수도출및도출시고려사항 Basic parameter 고도, 운용주파수, look angle 등의임무에따른변수 Antenna parameter 선정한안테나의특성을반영 PRF (pulse repetition frequency) 송신윈도우와수신윈도우가겹치지않도록선택 Ambiguity AASR (azimuth ambiguity to signal ratio) 방위방향빔패턴및 PRI 에의한왜곡 RASR (range ambiguity to signal ratio) 거리방향빔패턴및 PRI 에의한왜곡현상 SNR (signal to noise ratio) 하드웨어및소프트웨어의이득을고려 관측대상을고려한 NESZ (Non-Equivalent Sigma Zero) 계산 36
37 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Chirp 신호발생기개발 SAR 시스템의성능을좌우하는중요한요소 Chirp 신호의입출력특성이좋을수록획득영상의품질이향상될수있음 Analog 방식 chirp 신호발생기 Chirp 신호발생을위해 VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) 사용 VCO 의 Linear ramp-up 과 ramp-down 전압신호를적용시켜발생 VCO 의선형성과응답특성의신뢰도가떨어짐 Digital 방식 chirp 신호발생기 주로디지털전자부품이나 FPGA (field programmable gate array) 로구현 디지털전자부품 카운터 IC, 메모리 IC, 컨트롤러와 DAC 등다양한 IC 를이용함 FPGA Programmable logic 요소, programmable interconnect 반도체장치 37
38 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Analog 방식 vs. digital 방식 chirp 신호발생기 [7], [8] System Performance Analog chirp 발생기 Digital chirp 발생기 FM noise Good Good Frequency response Good Excellent Linearity Good Excellent Spurious Minimum filtering Requires filtering Complexity Low Moderate to high Digital compatible No Yes [7] M.Y. Chua, V. C. Koo, FPGA-based Chirp Generator for High Resolution UAV SAR, PIER 99, pp.71-99, [8] Kyohei Suto et al., FPGA Based Multiple Preset Chirp Pulse Generator for Synthetic Aperture Radar Onboard Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System, SOMIRES 2013, Aug,
39 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Memory-map based chirp 신호발생기 (digital 방식 ) 구성요소 Counter, ROM, DAC (digital to analog converter), clock source 동작구조 Chirp 신호를 ROM 에미리저장하여재생성함 PRF Counter Memory ROM (I) Memory ROM (Q) DAC DAC Reconstruction filter I data Clock source PLL Q data <Memory-map based chirp signal generator 의구조 > PRF : Pulse repetition frequency PLL : Phase locked loop 39
40 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Memory-map based chirp 신호발생기 (digital 방식 ) 장점 저장된데이터를아날로그신호로변환하기만하면사용가능 신호발생기제작이매우간단 시스템구성의단순함, 신호의높은정확도 단점 메모리장치의의존도가큼 우주환경에서 chirp 신호데이터가저장된메모리장치가손상될가능성이있으며, 저장할수있는데이터의크기가한정됨 저장된 chirp 신호데이터를사용하기적합하지않은환경에서는변수수정불가 여러환경에서사용할수있도록설계하기위해서추가적인메모리장치가필요 이에따른위성의무게증가 40
41 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS(direct digital synthesizer) chirp 신호발생기 (digital 방식 ) 구성요소 Register, LUT (look-up table), DAC, clock 동작구조 Phase register로부터위상신호를누적 LUT로부터위상주소에따른진폭값을 load하여신호합성 Tuning word System clock Phase accumulator Phase register Cosine LUT Sine LUT DAC DAC <Block diagram of DDS signal generator> Output (I) Output (Q) 41
42 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS chirp 신호발생기 (digital 방식 ) 장점 메모리장치에대한의존도가낮음 원하는 chirp 신호를언제든지생성하여사용가능 고해상도의영상을얻기위한광대역 chirp 신호를생성할경우요구조건이크지않음 단점 Truncation error 에의해스펙트럼특성이좋지않음 Chirp 신호의위상오차발생 => 오차보상연구로제거 높은클럭에서동작할수있는부품이필요하므로많은제작비용이요구됨 42
43 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS chirp 신호발생기동작구조 Chirp 신호위상생성 : φ t = πkt 2 Chirp Pulse = α 2 t 2 + βt + γ 상수입력 : chirp rate 주파수누적기입력 : frequency offset 위상누적기입력 : phase offset Controller Module Generator Timing Control Unit Virtex - 5 I data Q data DAC DAC Clock LO <DDS chirp 신호발생기신호발생과정 > t : 시간 T : 신호의주기 K : chirp rate α : chirp rate β : frequency offset γ : phase offset <Controller 의 chirp 신호발생기 > 43
44 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Chirp 신호발생기의파형및위상오차 DDS chirp 파형은 ideal chirp 에비해위상오차가생김 위상오차를추출하여보상하는연구진행필요 < 시간영역의 ideal 신호와 DDS 신호 > 44
45 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS chirp generator 보상블록도 Ideal 신호와위상을비교하여위상오차를다항식으로모델링 다항식모델의계수를추출하여위상누적기뒷단에보상함 Constant source Frequency accumulator Modulus operator +_ Phase accumulator LUT Maximum control word Sweep constant =2 β : Frequency offset Ideal signal phase Phase error coefficient calculation +_ 45
46 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 위상오차모델링 DDS 와이상적인첩신호간의에러분석 이상적인첩신호의위상 : φ ideal = t t t 2 DDS 신호의위상 : φ DDS = t t 위상에러정의 위상누적기출력 β : frequency offset 보상된위상신호 φ error = φ ideal φ DDS = 2.185t t φ out = α 2 t 2 + βt + γ φ compensated = φ DDS + φ error = φ DDS + φ ideal φ DDS 46
47 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS 신호위상오차보상 위상오차추출후, 일련의보상과정을통하여 ideal 신호와 DDS 의신호가거의일치하여보상을완료 <Ideal 신호, DDS 신호와위상오차를보상한 DDS 신호의위상 > 47
48 48 < 이상적신호, DDS 신호, 제안한 DDS 신호의 IRF 특성비교 > 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 DDS chirp generator 성능평 IRF (Impulse response function) 분석 SAR 시스템을거쳐획득한영상분석 PSLR (Peak to side-lobe ratio) Main-lobe peak 값과첫번째 side-lobe peak 값의차이 SAR 시스템에서는 -14 db 이하의 PSLR 을요구 ISLR (Integrated side-lobe ratio) 모든 side-lobe 값의에너지합과 mainlobe 에너지비율 PSLR
49 영상레이더개발 : Chirp 신호발생기 Chirp generator 성능평 성능평가결과 기존 DDS Method (a) [9] Proposed DDS [10] Value Value Enhancement Value Enhancement PSLR(dB) ISLR(dB) 기존 DDS 방식대비 설계한 DDS 방식의 PSLR 값이 db 더좋음 설계한 DDS 방식의 ISLR 값이 db 더좋음 설계한 DDS 방식 chirp generator 의성능이더뛰어남 [9] J. B. Sung, S. Y. Kim, H. I. Lee, and B. T. Jeon, Modeling and simulation for performance analysis of high resolution SAR system, Journal of Korean institute of electromagnetic engineering and science, pp , May, [10] H. I. Yang, S. B. Ryu, H. C. Lee, S. G. Lee, S. S. Yong, and J. H. Kim, "Implementation of DDS Chirp Signal Generator on FPGA," in Proc. ICTC 2014, Busan, Korea, Oct
50 영상레이더활용 영상레이더발전방향 재방문주기를단축할수있는위성군 (Constellation) 으로발전 양산을통해국내위성산업발전에기여할수있는계획수립 단순히영상만보는활용에서벗어나위상, 편파정보를적극활용할수있도록활용분야확대 InSAR, PS-InSAR 등에활용가능 <InSAR 의활용예 > < 위성군활용예 > InSAR : Interferometry SAR, 두개이상의 SAR 영상을이용하여대상지역의 DEM 생성혹은측지학에이용 DEM : Digital elevation mode, 3D 영상형성하는방법 PS-InSAR : Persistent scatterer-insar, 인공건물등고정적인반사신호를이용한 SAR 50
51 영상레이더활용 기초활용 영상응용 항목 Scattering mechanism of circularly polarized microwave Interferometry method Axial ratio image (ARI), Land covering map ( 토지에대한정보제공 ) 자연재해감시 빙하지역감시 해양감시 상세 초목, 빙하, 토양, 암석, 사막등의반사정도를이용 2 장이상의 SAR 영상을이용하여지형형성 영상축비를이용한초목, 지질학, 빙하등 산림 비산림지역구분숲지역의나무높이추정논지역정보제공습지정보제공설빙지역탐지 지진, 화살폭발, 홍수, 산림화재등 빙산, 빙하, 북극경로 etc. 기름유출, 파도의파고또는파주기등 홍수화산활동관측지구온난화빙산이동사막화현상삼림화재관측 51
52 영상레이더활용 육상활용분야 지형측량 Radargrammetry ( 레이더측량법 ) 입사각의차이가큰두영상을이용 스테레오영상처리를통해지형고도를알아냄 Interfrometry SAR ( 간섭측량법 ) 서로다른위치에서얻은두개의 SAR 영상의위상차를이용 정밀 DEM 을얻음 < 영상레이더를이용한 DEM> SRTM : Shuttle radar topography mission, 2000 년 2 월에진행한전지구적 DEM 모델형성을위한미션 52
53 영상레이더활용 육상활용분야 기타분야 산림학 산림분포, 나무의높이 편광측정법, 단층촬영 지질학 지구조 / 지반변위 차분위상기법 (differential interferometry, DInSAR) 를이용 지반의변위를측정 습지또는호수연구 지진학, 토양학, 화산학 <PSInSAR 를이용하여형성한지도 > 53
54 영상레이더활용 해양활용분야 해풍 영상레이더영상은해수면의거칠기에따라서밝기가변화 해풍의풍속과풍향을계산 <TerraSAR-X 를이용한해풍탐사 > 54
55 영상레이더활용 극지활용분야 빙하연구 영상레이더를이용하여빙하의분포와특성, 빙퇴석의분포, 빙하의용융에따른산란특성의변화연구 DInSAR 를이용하여빙하의수평적흐름속도계산, 조석에의한빙하의수직적이동분석 < 간섭을이용한빙하의이동 > 55
56 영상레이더활용 아대학교연구팀수행내용 InSAR 를이용한해안선추출 [11] InSAR 를이용하여영상내해안선추출 cm 급해상도의해안선지도제작 ALOS PALSAR 데이터사용 Master image (SLC) Slave image (SLC) Coherence generation Baseline estimation Median filtering DEM generation Edge function (MATLAB) < 아주대학교연구팀이제안한알고리즘 > Interferometry generation Coastline image Satellite Date of acquisition Baseline Master ALOS PALSAR 13 October m Slave ALOS PALSAR 16 October m < 제안한알고리즘으로추출한해안선 > [11] H. Yang, D. G. Lee, T. H. Kim, J. T. Sri Sumantyo, and J. H. Kim, Semi-automatic coastline extraction method using synthetic aperture radar image, ICACT 2014, Pyeong-Chang, Feb
57 영상레이더활용 아대학교연구팀수행내용 Circular polarization 을이용한영상품질향상 [12] 이온층에서발생하는 Faraday rotation 에의한 polarization mismatch loss 감소 w A db : polarization ratio (tx) : circular polarization ratio (rx) 시뮬레이션결과 10log w A 2 w A cos w A db db db Parameters Range samples of CP Range samples of LP Azimuth samples of CP Azimuth samples of LP PLSR (db) dB dB dB dB db [12] H. Yang, J. H. An, H. W. Jung, J. H. Kim, and, J. T. Sri Sumantyo. Circular Polarization Implementation on Synthetic Aperture Radar, ICTC 2014, Busan, Oct
58 Thank you! Q & A
59 참고문헌 [1] P. R. Akbar, Development of Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (CP-SAR) for Small Satellite: Preliminary Design, Thesis, [2] P. A. Rosen, Principles and Theory of Radar Interferometry, NASA/JPL UNAVCO Short Course, Aug, [3] J. Amini and J. T. S. Sumantyo, Employing a method on SAR and optical images for forest biomass estimation, IEEE Transactions Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 12, pp , [4] L. Bayuaji, J. T. S. Sumantyo, and H. Kuze. ALOS PALSAR D-InSAR for land subsidence mapping in Jakarta, Indonesia, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-8, [5] A. Saepuloh, K. Koike, M. Urai, and J. T. S. Sumantyo Identifying surface materials on anactive volcano by deriving dielectric permittivity from polarimetric SAR data, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 12, no. 8, pp , [6] R. M. O Donnell, Radar System Engineering Lecture 1, IEEE New Hamshire Section, Oct, [7] M.Y. Chua, V. C. Koo, FPGA-based Chirp Generator for High Resolution UAV SAR, PIER 99, pp.71-99, [8] Kyohei Suto et al., FPGA Based Multiple Preset Chirp Pulse Generator for Synthetic Aperture Radar Onboard Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System, SOMIRES 2013, Aug,
60 참고문헌 [9] J. B. Sung, S. Y. Kim, H. I. Lee, and B. T. Jeon, Modeling and simulation for performance analysis of high resolution SAR system, Journal of Korean institute of electromagnetic engineering and science, pp , May, [10] H. I. Yang, S. B. Ryu, H. C. Lee, S. G. Lee, S. S. Yong, and J. H. Kim, "Implementation of DDS Chirp Signal Generator on FPGA," in Proc. ICTC 2014, Busan, Korea, Oct [11] H. Yang, D. G. Lee, T. H. Kim, J. T. Sri Sumantyo, and J. H. Kim, Semi-automatic coastline extraction method using synthetic aperture radar image, ICACT 2014, Pyeong- Chang, Feb [12] H. Yang, J. H. An, H. W. Jung, J. H. Kim, and, J. T. Sri Sumantyo. Circular Polarization Implementation on Synthetic Aperture Radar, ICTC 2014, Busan, Oct
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