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1 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311, 2019 한국소음진동공학회논문집제29 권제3 호, pp. 302~311, ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) 수중폭발직접충격파에의한 FRP 음향창의구조안전성분석 Structural Safety Analysis of FRP Type Sonar Window Due to Direct Shock Wave of Underwater Explosion 김완호 정병규 * 강명환 * 서영수 * 김소윤 ** Wan-Ho Kim, Byung-Kyoo Jung *, Myung-Hwan Kang *, Young-Soo Seo * and So-Yoon Kim ** (Received November 16, 2018 ; Revised April 4, 2019 ; Accepted April 4, 2019) Key Words : Underwater Explosion( 수중폭발 ), FRP Type Sonar Window( 복합재질음향창 ), Direct Shock Wave ( 직접충격파 ), Fluid-structure Analysis( 유체 - 구조연성해석 ), Explicit Nonlinear Analysis( 명시적비선형 해석 ), Safety Analysis( 안정성분석 ) ABSTRACT This paper describes an experimental and analytical analysis on structural safety owing to direct shock waves generated by an underwater explosion in an FRP-type acoustic window of a surface ship. First, an underwater explosion test in a cylindrical water tank was conducted to determine the impact response. In order to set the underwater shock test conditions ruled by MIL-S-901D, this study referred to foreign impact test technical documents BV-043 that define the Keel shock factor and shock profile. Then, LS-DYNA, a commercial nonlinear analysis tool, was used analyze the responses of the acoustic window specimens by direct shock waves. The results of the experiment and analysis confirmed that structural safety could be secured by deriving the stress per direction of the acoustic window specimen lower than the allowable stress. 1) 1. 서론 수상전투함의선체에고정및장착되어운용되는 음향창 (acoustic window) 은수중의외부위협요소들을 탐지하는수중음파탐지시스템 (SONAR system, 이하 소나 라칭한다 ) 을다양한상황의외력 ( 수중폭발, 슬 래밍, 정수압, 부유물충격등 ) 을겪을수있다. 특히, 수중폭발이일어난상황에서는선체에치명적인피해 를전달하기때문에함정개발단계에서구조물의안 Corresponding Author ; Member, Agency for Defense Development kwh0192@add.re.kr * Member, Agency for Defense Development ** InnoQual 정성을평가하기위한충격시험및해석은필수적이다. 수중폭발의충격응답해석과관련된연구는많은 시행착오를거치면서수행되어왔다. Robert 교수는수 중폭발의현상에관련한이론과개요를집필하였다 (1). 그리고 Swisdak 은수상함의수중폭발에대한응답특 성을연구하였다 (2). 특히그는선체에전달되는수중폭 발의충격을폭발전개에따라직접충격파에의한충 격과가스구체에의한충격으로나누었고각각의상황에 따라나타날수있는충격효과를기술하였다. Swisdak 의기술에따르면, 수중폭발이발생할때가장먼저생 # A part of this paper was presented at the KSNVE 2018 Annual Autumn Conference. Recommended by Editor Jae Hung Han The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
2 성되는직접충격파는초기에음속보다빠른속도로전파되고그뒤에생성되는가스구체는수축 / 팽창을반복하며종래에는수면으로떠오른다. 여기서가스구체에의한충격은충격파와거의대등한에너지로선체에전달되어중요하게다루어야하지만일반적인수중폭발시험의경우시험여건상 ( 시험장크기및해석단순화등 ) 그영향을고려하지않는것으로알려져있다 (3). 따라서이연구에서도가스구체에의한영향은다루지않는다. 선체에전달되는충격파는직접적으로충격을주며, 선체에부딪힌후간접적으로탄성파형태로응력이전달된다. 따라서수중폭발에의한충격응답을검증하려면적절한직접충격파와구조전달충격파를선정하여야한다. 일반적으로선체탑재장비의내충격성능의확인을위한충격파는독일해군의충격규정인 BV- 043 (4) 을기준으로선정한다. BV-043에따르면수중폭발에의해발생된직접충격파는시간에따른압력의지수적감쇠를동반하는형태로정의할수있다. 특히폭약의특성과목표물과의이격거리등으로첨두압력과감쇠시간등을정의할수있다. 그리고구조전달충격파는함정의배수량에따라정의하고있다. 따라서충격시험을통해충격응답을검증하려면선정된충격파의특징을실제로나타낼수있어야한다. 그래서 BV-043은충격시험조건을규정하는지표인충격지수 (shock factor) 를규정하고있다 (4). 이러한충격응답해석의조건및기준을이용하여수중폭발의충격파에의한선체탑재장비구조물의안정성을충격해석을통하여평가한많은연구들이수행되었다. Chung et al. 은수중충격해석의방법을거시적방법과미시적방법으로나누어정의하였고, 유체- 구조의연성해석을위한비선형운동방정식을구축하여함정과같은대형구조물에대한충격및파손해석법을연구하였다 (5). Seo et al. 은폭약의사양에따른직접충격파의첨두압력과감쇠시간을정의하고소나의주요장비인트랜스듀서 (transducer) 의수중폭발직접충격파에의한내충격성능을분석하였다 (6). Shin et al. 은 BV-043에서규정한구조전달충격파를모델링하여소나의주요장비인배열센서의내충격응답특성을분석하였고그에따른구조물의건전성을평가하였다 (7). Jeon et al. 은원통형배열센서의수중폭발에의한내충격성능을고유모드해석과구조전달충격파 에의한응답, 그리고 JWL(Jones-Wilkins-Lee) 모델 (8) 을적용한직접충격파에의한응답을통하여분석하였다 (9). 그리고일반적으로수중내충격해석에사용되고있는상용명시적비선형 (explicit nonlinear) 해석도구인 LS- Dyna (10) 를이용한해석연구도활발히수행되었다. 특히, 최근미국해군은 AEGIS급함정 DDG-53의실선충격시험과동일한수중폭발조건에대한해석을수행하기위해서 LS-Dyna/USA를이용하였고, 시험결과와해석결과의비교를통하여그유용성을검증하였다 (11). 그리고 Kim은 LS-Dyna를활용하여기존의해석방법인 CFA(computer fluid analysis) 와이중점근근사기법 (DAA: doubly asymtotic approximation) (12) 보다사용자입장에서사용하기쉬운방법인 ALE (arbitrary lagrangian-euler) 기법을제안하였다 (13). ALE 기법은물의조건을선형근사상태방정식으로정의하는방법으로 Kim의연구에따르면, 근거리의폭발해석에는 ALE 기법이적합하다는것을알수있다. 또한, 수중폭발충격시험결과의신뢰성을확보하기위한연구도수행되었다. Park et al. 은미해군의수중충격시험조건인 MIL-S-901D (14) 을적용한실선의충격응답을 200 채널의센서로가속도, 변위, 응력을동시에계측및기록할수있는시스템을개발하였다 (15). 최근에 Moon et al. 은수중폭발에의한충격파의첨두압력의계측신호를측정불확도측면에서검토하여유효성을검증하였다 (16). 이연구에서는음향창의수중폭발시발생하는직접충격파에의한구조안정성을시험과해석으로검토하였다. 먼저실제음향창의재질과체결부를모사하여축소시편을제작하였고, BV-043과 MIL-S-901D 규정을고려하여충격지수및 shock wave를정의하였다. 그리고이에해당하는수조시험환경을구현하여수중폭발시험을수행하였다. 축소시편단위의시험결과에대한신뢰성검토를위하여상용내충격해석도구인 LS- Dyna를활용하여해석을수행하였다. 해석의수중유체모델은 ALE로모델링하여근거리수중폭발해석의신뢰성을높였다. 이후, 수중폭발시험에서측정된재질의표면응력과해석적으로산출된응력을비교하여음향창축소시편의구조안전성을평가하였다. 이를통해, 음향창축소시편이재료적인측면과두께설계적인측면에서안정성을평가하는것을목표로한다. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
3 2. 시험을통한분석 2.1 시험개요이시험에서구조안정성을평가하고자하는대상인음향창은소나돔을수중에서의다양한외력으로부터보호할수있는수준의구조강도와센서의성능을저해하지않는수준의음향성능을동시에만족하여야한다. 이를위해, 국내외주요국들의함정은복합재 (FRP: fiber reinforced plastic) 재질의음향창을탑재및운용하고있다. 이는복합재가비교적낮은밀도에높은강도를가지고있기때문이다. 음향창은 Fig. 1에도시된바와같이복합재사이의중간재질을삽입하는다층구조형태를갖추고있으며, 수지에함유된섬유의방향에따라허용응력값이다른이방성 (anisotropy) 을가지고있다. 수중폭발시험은이연구소의내부수조에서수행되었다. 폭약, 시편, 압력센서로구성된수중폭발시험환경에서는 Fig. 2(a) 와같이 5개채널의압력센서를설치하였으며, 음향창축소시편은 Fig. 2(b) 와같다. 음향창축소시편은 Fig. 3과같이실제음향창체결부를모사하였으며, 충격파에의한표면응력의응답을측정하기위해서안쪽에 3개 ( 상부, 중앙부, 하부 ) 의 strain gage를부착하였다. 그리고수중폭발시험은직접충격파에대한구조안전성평가를위해근거리시험법을선택하였다. 그리고이연구소의수조에서수행하는수중폭발시험은가스구체와반사파의영향을제거하기위해서시험폭약의이론적인가스구체의반경을계산하여반경이내에폭약과시험시편을위치시 키고폭발후약 5 ms 이내의데이터를수집한다. 2.2 충격조건설정 (1) 용골충격지수용골충격지수 (KSF: keel shock factor) 는수상함의수중폭발시험조건의가혹도를표현한지수로서, 다음과같은식으로표현할수있다 (4). (a) Composition of test environment (b) Specimen of acoustic window Fig. 2 Outline of underwater explosion test Fig. 1 Configuration of acoustic window Fig. 3 Location of strain gage for measurement of surface stress of acoustic window Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
4 sin (1) 여기서 W 는화약의중량이고, R 은폭약과용골 ( 음향 창 ) 사이의이격거리, 그리고 는수평선과이격거리 의방향선이이루는각도이다. K 는화약특성과폭발 조건에관련한무차원상수이다. 이연구에서는 MIL- S- 901D 의충격시험기준을적용하여 KSF 를계산하 였으며, 시험폭약을기준으로수조시험환경의등가 폭발이격거리를선정하였다. (2) 충격파응답 이론적인충격파압력 - 시간선도는다음의식을이 용하여표현할수있다 (4). max (2) 여기서 P max 는첨두압력이고, t i 는폭발이후충격파 가목표물에도달하는시간, 그리고 θ 는압력값이 1/e 로감쇠되는시간이다. P max 와 θ 역시화약특성과폭 발조건에따라결정되는값으로아래의식과같이정 의된다 (4). max (3) (4) 여기서 K 1, A 1, K 2, A 2 는폭약의특성에따라결정되 는상수이다. 이관계식을이용하여산출한충격파압 력 - 시간선도를실제수조시험시측정한측정압력 - 시간선도와함께 Fig. 4(a) 에도시하였다. Fig. 4(a) 에 서확인되는바와같이최초충격파는음향창시편에 약 1.2 ms 에도달하는것을확인할수있으며, 첨두 압력의측정값과이론값은약 2 % 정도의오차를가 지는것을확인하였다. 그리고파형이유사한것으로 보아시험폭약의성능을계획대로구현했다는것을 확인하였다. 다만, Fig. 4(b) 에서보이는것처럼 ch.1 의압력센서가다른채널의센서와달리압력이 0 으로 돌아오지않은것은장비의결함으로확인된다. (3) 가스구체및반사파영향 가스구체는원래수중폭발발생시직접충격파의 영향만큼큰부분을차지하지만선행연구들과같이 시험장여건과해석단순화를위하여이연구에서는 다루지않는다. 이연구에서는가스구체의영향을제 거하기위해서다음과같이이론적인가스구체의반 경을계산하였다 (3). max 여기서 A max, K 3, 그리고 D 는각각가스구체최대반 경, 가스구체상수, 그리고폭약깊이이다. 시험조건을 (5) (a) Curves of calculated ( ) and measured () Fig. 4 Shock pressure curves (b) Measured shock pressure curves depending different channel Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
5 기준으로이론적인가스구체반경을계산한결과이격거리대비약 85 % 정도로확인되었다. 그러므로이시험에서는시험장비가초기가스구체의영향을받지않는것을알수있다. 그리고반사파는계측시작후약 12 ms 이후에도달하므로영향은생각하지않는다. 2.3 시험결과수중폭발시험 (Fig. 5) 후 strain gage에서측정한음향창축소시편의방향별표면응력을 Fig. 6에도시하였다. 시험과정에서 3개의 strain gage중시편상부에부착된 gage에서측정데이터를받지못하여결과에는중앙부와하부의결과만도시하였다. 그리고시험에사용한 strain gage는수조의압력센서와별도로측정하였기때문에계측시작시간이다른것을감안하여야한다. 검은색선도가중앙부에서의측정값이 고빨간색선도가하부에서의측정값이다. 먼저섬유의길이방향 0 일때, 중앙부와하부의최대표면응력은허용응력값대비각각 45 %, 40 % 의수준으로측정되었다. 그리고섬유의수직방향 90 일때, 각각 44 %, 9 % 의수준으로측정되었다. 따라서음향창축소시편은수중폭발의직접충격파에대한구조안전성을보유하고있음을확인할수있다. 3. 해석을통한분석 3.1 충격파생성이연구에서수행한수중폭발해석에서는앞선연구와는달리직접충격파를근거리평면파로선정하여수행하였다. 그이유는다음과같다. (1) 충격파모사의정확도증가기존의해석방식은요소에폭약무게와 J-W-L방정식의계수를입력하여폭약을정의하였는데, 이방식을통해실제해석상에서생성된충격파는목표한충격파와맞지않을확률이매우높다. 이는생성된충격파가요소의개수나크기에따라다르게나타나기때문이다. 이연구에서는이러한시행착오를줄이기위해서충격이전달되는시간대에서직접적으로충격파를정의하여 Fig. 4(a) 에서확인할수있는바와같이충격파모사의정확도를증가시켰다. Fig. 5 Photograph of underwater explosion test (2) 해석시간의감소 근거리평면파방식을사용하면해석에필요한부 (a) Longitudinal direction (0 ) (b) Transverse direction (90 ) Fig. 6 Acquired surface stress by underwater explosion test Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
6 분만모델링을국부적으로수행하기때문에기존의방식보다해석시간을크게단축시킬수있다. 3.2 유한요소모델이연구에서수행한수중폭발해석에서는상용명시적비선형해석도구인 LS-Dyna를이용하였다. 전체적인유한요소는 Solid 육면체로모델링하였고그개요를 Fig. 7에도시하였다. 유한요소설정에있어서음향창축소시편은 Lagrangian 요소, 수중환경은 Euler 요소로모델링하였다. 그에따른 Euler 요소모델링에는육면체형상의수중유체입자들의움직임을정의하기위해서아래와같이 Gruneisen 관계식을적용하였다 (10). 파속도- 유체입자속도곡선에서의기울기계수, 0 는 Gruneisen gamma, a는부피보정상수, 그리고 E 는물의단위체적당에너지이다. 이에따라 FE 모델에적용한변수들을 Table 1에정리하였다. Euler 모델의설정에적용한변수들은 Table 2에정리하였다. 각요소들은절점공유를통하여연결하였으며, FRP layer는섬유의방향별응력해석을위해서재료의직교이방성재질설정카드인 MAT_ORTHOROPIC_ ELASTIC 을적용하였다. 그리고 Lagrangian 모델 ( 음향창시편 ) 과 Euler 모델 ( 물 ) 의접촉조건을설정하기위해서 CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID 카드를적용하였다. 또한, 해석시간은 초로설정하였다. (6) 3.3 경계조건설정수중폭발해석을수행하기위해서다음과같이 3 개의경계조건을설정하였다. Fig. 8에경계조건에 Table 2 Parameters of Euler model (7) 여기서, p 는충격파의압력, 는물의밀도, 0 는물 의초기밀도, C 는충격파속도, S k (k = 1, 2, 3) 는충격 Parameter Value Unit kg/m 3 C 1484 m/s S S S a 3 - Fig. 7 Overview of FE model Table 1 Specification of the FE model Acoustic window Water (ALE) No. of element Size of mesh 40 mm 50 mm Fig. 8 Demonstration of boundary conditions Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
7 대한개요가설명되어있다. (1) 충격파입력경계이경계에는수중폭발시험시산출했던충격파 (Fig. 4(a) 참조 ) 를평면파 (plane wave) 형태로입력한다. (2) 미끄럼경계미끄럼 (slip) 경계는충격파의전개시벽면의전단 (a) t = 0.1 msec (b) t = 0.3 msec 력에의해감쇠되는효과를제거하기위해서설정한다. 위와같이경계조건을설정하면, Fig. 9에서확인할수있는바와같이 Euler 요소상부경계에서발생한평면충격파는벽면에서소멸되지않으면서반대편무반사경계에서소멸한다. 3.4 해석결과직접충격파의전개에따른음향창축소시편의요소에응력이발생하는것을 Fig. 10에서확인할수있다. 그리고시간에따른응력해석결과가 Fig. 11와같이도출되었다. 2장의시험결과와마찬가지로검은색선도가중앙부, 빨간색선도가하부의결과이다. 해석결과를검토하면, 섬유의길이방향 0 일때중앙부와하부의최대표면응력은허용응력값대비각각 42 %, 31 % 의수준으로계산되었다. 그리고섬유의수직방향 90 일때는각각 37 %, 17 % 의수준으로계산되었다. 따라서해석결과역시허용응력에비해상당히낮은수준이므로현재의음향창축소시편이구조적안전성을보유하고있음을확인할수있다. Fig. 12에정리된바와같이해석결과를시험결과와비교하였을때, 길이방향 0 에서는중앙부와하부에각각 3 %, 9 % 정도적게산출되었고, 수직방향 90 에서는중앙부가 7 % 적게, 하부는 8 % 정도초과되어산출되었다. (c) t = 0.5 msec (d) t = 0.7 msec Fig. 9 Propagation of shock wave Fig. 10 Stress contour from underwater explosion analysis Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
8 (a) Longitudinal direction (0 ) (b) Transverse direction (90 ) Fig. 11 Simulated surface stress by underwater explosion analysis (a) Center (0 ) (b) Bottom (0 ) (c) Center (90 ) (d) Bottom (90 ) Fig. 12 Comparison of results between measured stress and simulated stress Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
9 4. 결론이연구에서는음향창축소시편을대상으로수중폭발시발생하는직접충격파에대한구조안전성을시험과해석을통하여평가하였다. 평가결과, 음향창섬유의길이방향에대하여허용응력대비중앙부에서실험값 45 %, 해석값 42 %, 하부에서실험값 40 %, 해석값 31 % 로비교적유사한수준으로도출되었음을확인하였다. 섬유의수직방향에대해서는허용응력대비중앙부에서실험값 44 %, 해석값 37 %, 하부에서실험값 9 %, 해석값 17 % 로길이방향대비오차가크게나타나나전반적으로유사하게도출되었음을확인하였다. 결론적으로시험결과와해석결과의검토를통하여이음향창축소시편은 MIL-S-901D의충격시험조건에서재료선택과두께설계에의한구조안전성을갖추었다는것을확인하였다. 다만, 이연구의결과는축소시편으로서의결과이며, 실선적용시크기와구조측면에서다르기때문에완벽하게검증되었다고는할수없다. 이는현재실제크기의음향창을대상으로추가연구중에있다. References (1) Robert, H. C., 1948, Underwater Explosions, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. (2) Swisdak Jr., M. M. (Ed.), 1978, Explosion Effects and Properties: Part II - Explosion Effects in Water, White Oak, Silver Spring, Naval Surface Weapons Center, MD (3) Park, B. W., An, C. W. and Cho, Y. S., 1996, Underwater Shock Analysis of Ship Hull Girder with Charge Conditions, ADD Technical Report, NWSD (4) The German Navy, 1985, BV-043 (Shock Resistance Demonstration by Experimental of Comparison), Federal German Army Procurement Office. (5) Chung, K. T., Kim, K. S. and Kim, Y. B., 1995, The Shock and Fracture Analysis of Ship Structure Subject to Underwater Shock Loading, Transactions of the Society of Naval Architecture of Korea, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 118~ 131. (6) Seo, H. S. and Koh, B. J., 2006, Analysis for Anti- shock Characteristics of Underwater Acoustic Transducers to the Explosive Shock, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 1108~1114. (7) Shin, C. J., Hong, C. S., Jeong, W. B. and Seo, H. S., 2009, Dynamic Response of Hull Mounted Cylindrical Array Sonars to Shocks, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 146~154. (8) Lee, E. L., Hornig, H. C. and Kury, J. W., 1968, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products, UCRL-50422, University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. (9) Jeon, S. H., Hong, C. S., Jeong, W. B., Seo, H. S. and Cho, Y. H., 2012, Structural Response and Reliability of a Cylindrical Array Sensor due to Underwater Explosion, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 81~87. (10) LSTC, 2007, LS-DYNA Keyword User s Manual: Volume I, Version 971, Livermore Software Technology Corporation. (11) Lee, S. G., Kwon, J. I. and Chung, J. H., 2003, 3-dimensional Underwater Explosion Shock Response Analysis of a Floating Structure considering Cavitation Effects, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1~11. (12) Geer, T. L., 1971, Residual Potential and Approximate Methods for Three-dimensional Fluid-structure Interaction Problems, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 49, No. 5B, pp. 1505~1510. (13) Kim, J. H., 2007, Shock Response Analysis under Underwater Explosion for Underwater Ship Using ALE Technique, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environmental Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 218~226. (14) The United States Navy, 1989, MIL-S-901D (Shock Tests, HI[High Impact] Shipboard Machinary, Equipment and Systems, Requirement for). (15) Park, I. K., Cho, D. S. and Kim, J. C., 2003, Development of Measurement System for the Underwater Explosion Shock Test of Naval Ships, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 66~74. (16) Moon, S. J., Kwon, J. I., Park, J. W., Chung, J. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
10 H. and Hwang, E. H., 2017, Validation, Verification and Accreditation of Measured Signal of Maximum Shock Pressure Due to Underwater Explosion, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 933~939. Wan-Ho Kim finished his Bachelor Degree and Master Degree from Inha University in 2015 and 2017 respectively. He is researcher of Agency for Defense Development. His research interests are in the area of finite element analysis of shock and vibration and fluid-structure interactions. Byung-Kyoo Jung is received B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Pusan National University in 2010, 2012 and He is researcher of Agency for Defence Development. His research interests are in the area of finite/boundary element analysis of noise and vibration and fluid-structure interactions. Myung-Hwan Kang is received a B.S. degree from Kyungpook National University in M.S. degree from Postech in He is currently a researcher at the Agency for Defense Development, Korea. His research interests are underwater acoustic stealth technologies. Young-Soo Seo is currently a senior researcher at Agency for Defense Development. He received the B.S. degree, M.S. degree and the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Pusan National University, Korea in 1999, 2001 and 2005, respectively. His research interests are in the reduction of noise in the ship. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 29(3) : 302~311,
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