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1 전이성병소에의해발생한급성충수염의천공으로진단된전신병기소세포폐암 1 예 순천향대학교의과대학부천병원 1 내과학교실, 2 외과학교실, 3 병리학교실, 4 영상의학교실신동원 1, 최문한 1, 박승식 1, 박성우 1, 김기업 1, 장안수 1, 박춘식 1, 임철완 2, 고은석 3, 백상현 4, 김도진 1 A Case of Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Presenting as an Acute Appendicitis with Perforation Dong Won Shin, M.D. 1, Moon Han Choi, M.D. 1, Seung Sik Park, M.D. 1, Sung Woo Park, M.D. 1, Ki Up Kim, M.D. 1, An Soo Jang, M.D. 1, Choon-Sik Park, M.D. 1, Cheol Wan Lim, M.D. 2, Eun Suk Ko, M.D. 3, Sang Hyun Paik, M.D. 4, Do Jin Kim, M.D. 1 Departments of 1 Internal Medicine, 2 Surgery, 3 Pathology, 4 Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea The incidence of appendiceal metastatic cancer is quite low. In particular, in small cell lung cancer, there is a very low incidence of a metastasis to the appendix. A 75-years old man with right lower quadrant pain, cough and sputum was transferred to our hospital. Abdominal CT revealed acute appendicitis with a perforation. The patient underwent surgery. The frozen sections of the tissue obtained during surgery, indicated a malignancy, but a right hemicolectomy was not performed due to the patient s poor general condition. The histology findings of the appendix were identified as a small cell carcinoma. The abdominal CT scan and chest x-ray at admission day showed a mass in the right lower lobe, and a further evaluation of the lesion was performed including positron emission tomography and flexible bronchoscopy with a biopsy. The pathology findings of the lung mass were also small cell lung cancer. The specimens from both sites stained positive for cytokeratin, cluster designation 56, synaptophysin, chromogranin-a and thyroid transcription factor 1. It was concluded that the appendiceal small cell cancer originated from the lung. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2008;65: ) Key Words: Appendix, Metastasis, Small cell carcinoma 서 전체폐암중소세포폐암은약 20% 를차지하고진행이빠르고조기에전이를하는특징이있어진단당시 70% 에서원격전이가있고근치적절제술의적응이되는경우는 16% 에불과하다 1,2. 폐암의원격전이는주로간, 뼈, 뇌, 부신등에발생하고 3 위장관으로전이되는경우는드물고특히폐암의충수전이는문헌검색결과전세계적으로 7예밖에없고그중소세포암의경우는 3예밖에없으며국내에서는보고가없을정도로매우드물다 4-6. 임상적으로원발성충수암도전체소화기암의 0.5% 미만으로매우 Address for correspondence: Do Jin Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea Phone: , Fax: kdj@schbc.ac.kr Received: Aug. 25, 2008 Accepted: Sep. 9, 2008 론 드문질환이어서 7 충수에암이진단되면원발병소가충수가아닐가능성이높아전이를생각해봐야된다. 저자들은전이성병소에의해발생한급성충수염의천공으로진단된원발성소세포폐암 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례환자 : 이, 남자, 75세주소 : 복부전반에걸친복통현병력 : 평소특이증상없던환자로내원 2주전기침, 가래있어 1차진료기관에서상기도감염진단하에치료받았으나증세호전보이지않고내원 3일전복통발생하여 2차병원에서복부 CT 시행하고천공을동반한급성충수염의진단으로본원으로전원되었다. 과거력 : 1년전고혈압진단받고투약중이었으며, 40갑년의흡연력과 1개월전금연한과거력이외에특이사항 230
2 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 65. No. 3, Sep Figure 1. Abdominal enhanced CT finding shows a distended appendix (1.4 cm) with wall thickening and fat infiltration around appendix. Figure 2. In follow-up chest CT after 8 days showed about 4.5 cm sized mass with ill-defined margin and increased pleural effusion. 은없었다. 가족중에서도특이병력있는사람은없었다. 진찰소견 : 혈압 130/80 mmhg, 맥박수 78회 / 분, 호흡수 24회 / 분, 체온 37.6 o C였다. 의식은명료하였고흉부청진상우측폐야에서수포음이청진되었고두경부및액와부에서촉지되는림프절종대는없었다. 장음은감소되어있었고 McBurney point 에압통과반발압통이있었다. 검사실소견 : 말초혈액검사에서백혈구 6,900/mm 3 ( 호중구 81%), 혈색소 10.9 g/dl, 혈소판 256,000/mm 3 이었고, 대기중동맥혈가스검사는 ph 7.394, PaO mmhg, PaCO mmhg, HCO mmol/l, 산소포화도 94.8% 였다. 혈청화학검사에서총단백 5.0 g/dl, 알부민 2.7 g/dl, 총콜레스테롤 59 mg/dl, Alkaline phosphatase 43 IU/L, 칼슘 7.5 mg/dl, 인 1.2 mg/dl 으로감소되어있었고 BUN 은 35 mg/dl, 크레아티닌 1.1 mg/dl 으로증가되어있었다. 혈액응고검사에서 PT가 14.3 초 (59%) 로연장되어있었고 aptt 는 32.5 초로정상이었다. 소변검사는입원당시알부민과혈색소가양성이었으나 1주후에시행한추적검사에서정상이었다. 수술후 30일경항암치료전에시행한종양표지자 CEA, Cyfra 21-1 은각각 1.41 ng/ml, 1.8 ng/ml 로정상범위였다. 방사선소견 : 내원당일시행한흉부 X선사진에서우하엽에증가된음영이보이고있었고전원당일타병원에서복부전산화단층촬영시행후본원에서단순복부사진을촬영하여방광에있는조영제로음영증가와소장과대장내에공기음영과위장관의확장소견의장폐쇄증이관찰되었다. 타병원에서시행한복부전산화단층촬영에서충수가직경이 1.4 cm으로확장되어있으며충수주위 지방침윤이요근과장골근에접하고후복막강까지관찰되고 (Figure 1) 우측부신에결절이있었다. 내원일타병원에서시행한복부전산화단층촬영에서보인우폐하엽에경화가우연히관찰되었고추적검사로흉부전산화단층촬영을입원 9일에시행하여경화로보였던부위는폐암으로판독되었고폐암원위부에허탈부위와덩어리크기및흉수의증가를보이고있었다 (Figure 2). 방사선핵뼈스캔과뇌전산화단층촬영에서는전이소견보이지않았다. 양전자방출단층촬영시행한결과우측아래기관림프절, 우하엽기관지시작부위부터원위부까지있는 cm 크기의덩이, 오른쪽부신, 수술부위에서대사과다활성도가관찰되고있었고다른부위와달리수술부위는혈청종또는고름집으로추정되었다 (Figure 3). 기관지내시경 : 입원 18일에기관지내시경을시행하였고우폐하엽기관지시작부위에서표면에혈관이풍부하였으며주위에출혈이있는덩어리가발견되어경과관찰후입원 23일에기관지내시경을다시시행하여조직생검을시행하였다. 그외의부위는정상소견이였다. 조직검사 : 충수절제 5일후충수조직검사에서원형의단일한형태로조밀한핵을지니면서세포질이적은전형적인소세포암의모습을보이고있었고 (Figure 4A) 장막침범과천공이관찰되었다. 면역조직화학염색에서 cytokeratin (CK), cluster designation (CD) 56, synaptophysin, chromogranin-a 염색에서양성소견을보였고 thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) 염색에서에서양성으로보여폐병변을원발병소로진단하였다. 기관지내시경으로시행한생검조직검사에도소세포폐암으로진단 231
3 DW Shin et al: Appendiceal metastasis of small cell lung cancer Figure 3. Post-operative PET-CT scan reveals hypermetabolic activity in right lower paratracheal lymph node, right lower lobe, right adrenal gland and right anterior abdominal wall (clockwise direction from upper left panel). Beside abdominal wall, other sites were considered as malignancy with the calculated SUVs more than 3.6. 되었고 (Figure 4B), CK, CD 56, synaptophysin, chromogranin-a, TTF-1 에서충수와동일하게양성소견을보였다 (Figure 5). 치료및경과 : 입원 1일에충수절제술시행하였다. 수술중시행한동결절편조직검사에서악성세포가관찰되었다. 현재까지충수암에대한치료방법이명확히제시되어있지는않지만우결장반절제술을시행한경우가충수절제술만시행한경우보다생존율을향상시킬수있기에우결장반절제술을시행하였어야하나 8 고령과당시폐렴으로생각되는폐병변으로인해전반적인환자상태좋지않아시행하지않았다. 수술 5일후조직검사결과소세포암으로진단되었다. 복부전산화단층촬영에서보인우폐하엽의병변에대한추가검사를위해입원 9일에흉부전산화단층촬영을시행하였고폐암소견이보여뇌전산화단층촬영, 양전자방출단층촬영, 기관지내시경조직검사로소세포폐암을진단하게되었다. 수술후 34일부터 etoposide/cisplatin 항암치료를시작하였고 3차 etoposide/cisplatin 치료후시행한흉부전산화단층촬영에서부분관해를보이고있어 4차항암치료받았고향후항암치료지속예정이다. 고찰폐암의전이는직접전이, 혈행성파종, 림프절그리고드물게기관지를통해이뤄지고주로간, 뼈, 뇌, 부신등에발생하고 3 위장관으로전이되는경우는드물고특히충수전이는매우드물다. 일부연구에서전체위장관전이율은 1.8% 이며소장 (1.1%), 대장 (0.5%), 위 (0.4%) 의빈도순으로전이가된다고보고하였으나충수로전이되는비율에관한조사는없었다 9. 이소세포폐암은주로혈행성전이가흔하여예후가좋지않고진단시전신적으로전이된경우가많아근치적절제술의적응이되는경우는 16% 에불과하다 2. 임상적으로원발성충수암전체소화기암의 0.5% 미만으로매우드문질환이여서 7 본증례처럼충수에암이진단되면원발병소가충수가아닐가능성이높아전이를생각해봐야된다. 병리학적으로소세포폐암과폐외소세포암은유사하다. 두가지모두종양세포들은원형또는방추형의단일한형태로조밀한핵을지닌작은세포로구성되어있으며, 핵소체는잘관찰되지않으며, 세포질이드문드문보인다. 또한핵분열이많이관찰되며, 세포들은집락을형성하는경향이있다 10. 본증례는형태학적특징뿐만아니라면역조직화학염색에서폐와충수 232
4 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 65. No. 3, Sep Figure 4. Microscopic findings. (A) Appendix. Light microscopic findings shows round shaped small cells with dense nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and sparse cytoplasm (H&E stain, 400). (B) Light microscopic finding of bronchoscopic biopsy tissue shows similar features as appendix (H&E stain, 200). Figure 5. Immunohistochemistry for cluster designation 56 (A, 200) and thyroid transcription factor-1 (B, 200) are positive. 의 병소가 소세포암에 특징적으로 염색되는 CK, CD 56, synaptophysin, chromogranin-a 염색에 양성을 보여 소 세포암으로 진단하였다. 이외에 추가로 염색을 시행하여 양성을 보인 TTF-1은 갑상샘 외에도 폐와 발달 중인 뇌에 서 발현되는 단백질로 종양에서도 발현되는데 갑상샘 종 양과 폐종양에 주로 발현된다11. 이런 특성을 이용해 TTF-1 발현율은 원발성 폐암과 전이성 폐암, 원발성 폐암 의 다른 장기로 전이한 경우의 감별 진단에 도움이 되며 원발성 폐암의 경우에도 조직학적 유형에 따라 TTF-1의 발현율이 달라 소세포암의 경우 특히 높은 비율(96%)로 12 발현된다는 보고도 있다. 폐암의 위장관 전이는 주로 혈행성으로 점막하로 전이 되어 처음에는 대부분 무증상이며 종양 중심부의 조직 저 산소로 인해 중심부 괴사가 일어나면 전이 병소에 궤양과 천공이 발생되고 전이 병소의 침범이 장관 내강으로 진행 하면 연하곤란, 복통, 오심, 구토, 장폐쇄 등을 만드는 것으 5,13 로 추정된다. 만약 본 증례에서 충수 전이가 있는 상태 에서 발견되지 않고 원발 병소만 발견되어 항암 치료를 받았다면 치료 중 천공이 발생하였을 가능성 있겠다14. 장 관 천공과 그와 관계된 합병증이 발생하면 생존기간 및 233
5 DW Shin et al: Appendiceal metastasis of small cell lung cancer 삶의질이감소되기에폐암환자에서상기증세가있을시대변잠혈검사, 영상의학검사, 위장관내시경등을시행하여적절한진단, 치료계획을세우는것이좋겠다. 현재처럼폐암의진단및중간치료평가에서양전자방출단층촬영이일상적으로이용되는상황에서충수및위장관전이를진단하지못할가능성은과거에비해상당히낮아졌다. 소세포폐암의충수전이의발생가능성은낮고양전자방출단층촬영에서전이성병소가검출될가능성은 97% 로높은편이지만 15, 검사가모든것을대변하지는못한다. 비록가능성은낮지만본증례처럼고령과흡연력등폐암의위험요소가있으면서폐병변이우연히발견된환자에서증세가있을시위장관전이가능성도생각해보아야하고, 기존폐암환자에서도위장관증세호소시위장관전이가능성을간과하지말고적절한검사가필요하겠다. 요 본증례에서환자는폐렴치료중갑자기발생한복통을주소로급성충수염을진단받고수술을시행받았다. 그후조직검사결과소세포암으로진단되었고폐병변에대해추가적인검사결과소세포폐암이진단된경우이다. 저자들은소세포폐암의충수전이를국내에서처음으로경험하여문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 약 참고문헌 1. Cohen MH, Matthews MJ. Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Semin Oncol 1978;5: Sridhar KS, Hussein AM, Thurer RJ. Evolving role of surgical treatment in limited-disease small cell lung carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1989;40: Johnson BE. Management of small cell lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 2002;23: Pang LC. Metastasis-induced acute appendicitis in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. South Med J 1988;81: Goldstein EB, Savel RH, Walter KL, Rankin LF, Satheesan R, Lehman HE, et al. Extensive stage small cell lung cancer presenting as an acute perforated appendix: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg 2004;70: Levchenko AM, Vasechko VN, Erusalimskiĭ EL. Metastasis of small-cell lung cancer to the appendix. Klin Khir 1985;5: Park IJ, Yu CS, Kim HC, Kim JC. Clinical features and prognostic factors in primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Korean J Gastroenterol 2004;43: Cortina R, McCormick J, Kolm P, Perry RR. Management and prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38: Ryo H, Sakai H, Ikeda T, Hibino S, Goto I, Yoneda S, et al. Gastrointestinal metastasis from lung cancer. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1996;34: Lobins R, Floyd J. Small cell carcinoma of unknown primary. Semin Oncol 2007;34: Lau SK, Luthringer DJ, Eisen RN. Thyroid transcription factor-1: a review. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002;10: Ordonez NG. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24: Fletcher MS. Gastric perforation secondary to metastatic carcinoma of the lung: a case report. Cancer 1980;46: Morgan MW, Sigel B, Wolcott MW. Perforation of a metastatic carcinoma of the jejunum after cancer chemotherapy. Surgery 1961;49: Shen YY, Shiau YC, Wang JJ, Ho ST, Kao CH. Whole-body 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in primary staging small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2002;22:
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