fm
|
|
|
- 호균 감
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Fd Hyg. Safety 16(4), (2001) œ } ª ªˆ w Á½ Á w p y A Study on the Contents of Heavy Metals in the Commercial Processed Foods Ock Kyoung Chun, Yeonchon Kim and Sun Hee Han 4FPVM.FUSPQPMJUBO 3FTFBSDI*OTUJUVUF PG 1VCMJD )FBMUI BOE &OWJSPONFOU ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the content of heavy metals in canned s and soft s available on the Korean markets. Trace metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, and Sn) were detected in 24 kinds, 120 samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The average concentration of heavy metals in canned s was in the order of Sn (6.930 ppm)>cr (0.050 ppm)>pb (0.030 ppm)>cd (0.008 ppm), which was the same order in soft s as Sn (3.519 ppm)>cr (0.080 ppm)>pb (0.024 ppm)>cd (0.001 ppm). The total contents of heavy metals in canned fruits and fruit juices were relatively higher than those in cans and s made of and fish. It can be supposed that the high acidity owing to the organic acid of fruit itself promotes to extract metals from can materials, and although fish usually contains more heavy metals than s, canned fish revealed low level because internal organs and most of skin which had more heavy metals than meat were removed throughout canning process. Because processed s such as canned s and soft s are very popular with the children and adolescence according to the change of life style and eating habit, and the possibility of exposure to heavy metals by the habitual intake of these is increasing simultaneously, it is suggested that more practical study about the process of exposure and the amount in each step is needed for the assessment of safety. Key words ý canned, soft, Pb, Cr, Cd, Sn t œ y y ƒœ t y w ƒœ t y r, k, ƒ, y y, t kv y w, ³x ƒ y j j w 1). ƒœ t y w š w y ƒ w ƒœ t y w s wƒ w ƒ d ƒ ù t 3 1 ƒœ t w š, tœ sy k w, ƒœ t w t 96% w š w 2). ƒœ t k w, w ƒ w q 3). Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.» v w,,,, g p v, û,, e ùkü w 4), š wwù, w, ü y, x, m ww w 5) e š, x mw n w ü e,,,» w 6). p ùkü š m w š» w vw w ƒ ü» m ƒ š 7-11). w û, j, e, w v w v w w ùkü 308
2 4R i y sp6 y py qapf Fp fw ty sp6 xxpƒhtfwiƒ hp pi9 i 309 š12) w ¾ ƒ š ƒ ù y x t w w» v w. ¾ ù t w w 13-16) t e l ƒ, ƒœ t w š 17-18) š w.» š 19) ƒœ t t w x t ùküš y» w w y w k ùp e ³ x, e ƒ e w, d k e ³x w. ƒœ t ƒ t w m, w ƒ û(pb), e (Cd), j (Cr) (Sn)w wš w» œ wš w ¾ ü x m q m, w w (Table 1). x 1) û(pb), e (Cd), j (Cr) (Sn) 4 d w. 2) 1mg/ml Ÿ t (Wako Pure Chemical Industry Ltd, Japan) w š, 0.5N HNO 3 w w, Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid w d p w. 3) 3g w ky k z 450 C» o zy g. zyƒ óù z š Table 1. Sample size of the experiment Food Canned s Soft divided fruit fish fruit & mixed carbonated item 2~4 ml ƒw e w, zy 0.5N HNO 3 ww k z 25 ml w 20). ƒ w» w. 4) Polarized Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Hitachi Z-5700, Z-5300, Hita-chi Co., Japan) w û(pb), e (Cd), j (Cr) Graphite Furnace Atomization w š, (Sn) Flame Atomization w. Table 2. ƒ 3z x w. (ph) phmeter(orion, 920A) w d w. š No. of samples mandarin 5 grape 5 peach 5 pineapple 5 perilla leaf 5 kimchi 5 bamboo sprout 5 corn 5 tuna 5 pacific saury 5 mackerel 5 whelk 5 orange juice 5 peach juice 5 apple juice 5 grape juice 5 grain-based 5 ion 5 youngji 5 chitosan 5 coke 5 cider 5 kids soda 5 fiber 5 Total ¾ ü x m
3 310 HhvD yr6s yp fw Table 2. Analytical conditions of A.A.S. 21,22) conditions of A.A.S. Item analysis mode flame type carrier/fuel gas flow rate oxidant gas pressure (kpa) slit (nm) lamp current (ma) wavelength (nm) Pb Cr graphite furnace Ar 30 (ml/min) Cd Sn flame air-c 2 H (L/min) q m, w û(pb), j (Cr), e (Cd), (Sn) w d w Table 3 4. y x y m, e t ƒw š d»w. ƒœ t w ù, ƒœ m» s Table 3. Contents of heavy metals in canned s (mg/kg, wet base) mean (minimum~maxium) Pb Cr Cd Sn fruit fish mandarin (0.046~0.057) (0.036~0.048) (0.001~0.003) (7.420~8.350) grape (0.012~0.052) (0.010~0.082) (0.000~0.004) (0.000~19.582) peach (0.030~0.138) ( ~8.177) (0.001~0.002) (0.000~14.359) pineapple (0.002~0.014) (0.021~0.114) (0.002~0.003) (16.012~42.510) perilla leaf (0.023~0.060) (0.048~0.100) (0.003~0.004) (0.000~3.217) kimchi (0.004~0.011) (0.009~0.023) (0.001~0.005) (0.005~2.015) bamboo sprout (0.015~0.057) (0.011~0.031) (0.002~0.003) ( ~1.960) corn (0.003~0.018) (0.012~0.021) (0.000~0.004) (0.000~0.263) tuna (0.021~0.078) (0.013~0.041) (0.008~0.016) (0.000~6.380) pacific saury (0.003~0.026) (0.019~0.053) (0.005~0.011) (0.000~3.860) mackerel (0.004~0.008) (0.009~0.021) (0.004~0.012) (0.000~0.115) whelk (0.010~0.091) (0.023~0.182) (0.012~0.046) (0.000~4.701) Total (0.002~0.138) (0.009~0.182) (0.000~0.046) (0.0006~1.960) Table 4. Contents of heavy metals in soft s (mg/kg, wet base) mean (minimum~maxium) Pb Cr Cd Sn fruit & mixed carbonated orange juice (0.000~0.022) (0.092~0.340) (0.000~0.003) (2.080~4.957) peach juice (0.006~0.070) (0.017~0.300) (0.000~0.002) (0.000~27.113) apple juice (0.002~0.036) (0.026~0.160) (0.000~0.002) (0.000~10.737) grape juice (0.012~0.090) (0.037~0.304) (0.000~0.001) (0.000~14.913) grain-based (0.001~0.008) (0.008~0.048) (0.000~0.001) (0.000~0.520) ion (0.003~0.020) (0.010~0.062) (0.000~0.002) (0.000~0.507) youngji (0.005~0.144) (0.023~0.058) (0.000~0.001) (0.000~8.777) chitosan (0.006~0.028) (0.021~0.121) (0.000~0.001) (0.000~3.940) coke (0.001~0.107) (0.009~0.173) (0.000~0.001) (0.000~4.263) cider (0.001~0.011) (0.083~0.191) (0.000~0.001) (0.880~3.037) kids soda (0.028~0.053) (0.011~0.065) (0.000~0.010) (0.000~1.427) fiber (0.019~0.129) (0.018~0.024) (0.001~0.002) (0.000~0.000) Total (0.000~0.144) (0.008~0.340) (0.000~0.010) (0.000~27.113)
4 4R i y sp6 y py qapf Fp fw ty sp6 xxpƒhtfwiƒ hp pi9 i ,24), j 25). e t ƒ ³ w q» l. w»» e w j w 26). ù t m û 0.3 mg/kg( m 2.0 mg/kg), 150 mg/kg( m 200mg/ kg) w» w ³ wš. 20) û(pb) w û ƒ wù heme w, x x» 27-30). ALA(aminolevulinic acid) Prophobilinogen yw v w ALAdehydrase z w x ALA ƒ g heme w CPG3 PPG3 y v w Coprophyrinogen decarboxylase z k heme w š ƒw 31,32). w x û ƒ ƒw K ƒ n ƒ x š x ü w x» š x» w x y» x ƒ ƒ. w š û» s segmental demylination»š Schwann's cell mitostreamdria šƒ 33,34). Fig. 1 m û w m 0.041ppm ƒ š, m m 0.024ppm ùkû. w ƒ 0.043ppm ƒ ùkû k (0.029ppm), yw (0.017ppm) ùkû. t û w ùkù w w x 26) š» w ƒ w ƒw w. w Fig. 2 m (0.076ppm)> (0.052ppm) >s (0.026ppm)>q v(0.006ppm) s (0.043ppm)> (0.037ppm)> (0.020ppm)> (0.004ppm) û w ùkû» e» m» ƒ p j w q. w m» ƒw û, w ƒ š š ƒ š š 26). w q û w ùkù» m, m û ùkù m ³ w yww xw w e, e, š m ƒœ w ü Ë ƒ» q. w q m 0.063ppm ùkù q w. j (Cr) j v š35) z 3ƒ xk glucose tolerance factor s y w insulin z w w v insulin w» w, glucose tolerance w ùkü š š 36). 3ƒ j» ƒ Fig. 1. Content of Pb in canned s and soft s. Fig. 2. Content of Pb in canned fruits and fruit juices.
5 312 HhvD yr6s yp fw Fig. 3. Content of Cr in canned s and soft s. Fig. 4. Content of Cd in canned s and soft s. ùkü 6ƒ j chromate xk g,, y» m ³ w ù chromate-worker y» š š. x û w m j w ùkû ù j w 3ƒ j 6ƒ j w ƒ w ƒ. e (Cd) e w œ,, w w wš e, e, w», w œ w w w». w e m j œ q w š š š 37,38). Fig. 4 e w w m m w û ùküš. e t» 0.1ppm ù 19) š x t ƒ œ k wš w» w šƒ v w q. (Sn) ww ù n, w, ü y, x, m w e š39,40), x mw n w ü e,,,» w ƒ 40). p e t» ¼ w ƒw š š 17,26). e ü w, ph w w y w w. ww y 41). Fig. 5 m w w ƒ w ùkü m p m w š ppm ùkü ƒ m w ƒœ w» w w y w ƒ û» w q. yw t t ƒ ƒw» ù ³»k w ³ 20) w,,, jm w, š sw t w,, jm w w t š xy. Fig. 5. Content of Sn in canned s and soft s.
6 4R i y sp6 y py qapf Fp fw ty sp6 xxpƒhtfwiƒ hp pi9 i 313 Fig. 6. Contents of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Sn and ph in canned s and soft s. Fig. 6 û, j, e, w ph ùkü ph k ƒ 2.5~3.1 s³ ph 2.8 ƒ û k w w» ü e k ƒ. xw ƒœ t w wš x te e ƒ x t r w w š 42). w w x v w ƒœ t e w w sƒƒ w w š q. ƒ ƒœ t w m, w wš w» œwš ¾ ü x m q m, w û(pb), j (Cr), e (Cd), (Sn) w d w, m û s³ w m 0.041ppm ƒ š, m m 0.024ppm ùkû ƒ 0.043ppm ƒ k (0.029ppm), yw (0.017ppm) ùkû. t û w ùkù w w» w ƒ w ƒw ew q, w m û w, m û ùkù e, e, š m ƒœ w ü Ë ƒ» q. j w û w m ùkû ù j w 3ƒ j 6ƒ j w w ƒ w ƒ. e w m m w û ùkþ p t» 0.1ppm w ppb ùkù» v w šƒ v w q. m w ƒ w ùkü m p m w š ppm ùkü ƒ m w ƒœ w» w w y w ƒ û» w q. ù ƒœ t w ƒwš y e ƒwš x w ƒ œ t e w w sƒƒ w w ƒ. š x 1.. w. w wz 29(4), (1996). 2. «k,». w y ywz 8(4), (1993). 3., z, x,. w w t s³ (1990 ) y. w t wz 15(2), (2000). 4. E.J, Underwood : Trace elements in Human and Animal Nutrition (1962). 5. De Groot, A.P.: Subacute toxicity of inorganic tin as influenced by dietary levels of iron and copper. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 11, (1971). 6. Greger, J.L. and Johnson, M.A. : Effect of dietary tin on zinc, copper and iron utilization by rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 19, (1981). 7. œx,,,,,,,
7 314 HhvD yr6s yp fw :, m,, š w w. w. 26, (1994). 8. ½,»,, ½ : ü m w. w y w, 7, (1993). 9. ½, : y, m w. w š, 12, (1984). 10. ½, ½ w,,»,», Ÿ, : w m ü w w. y, 2, (1980). 11., y, : w m w w. w y wz, 20(2), (1994) ,, (1996). 13. ½¼, ½,,,,,, ½, w : t» w. 31, (1994). 14. t, ½,,,,,, ½, ½x, ½¼ : t w. 32, (1995). 15., x,,,, k, w, :» w w. p y 31, (1995). 16. ½, ½,»,, ½,, k,, š :» w. p y 32, (1996) 17. Lee, N.K., Yoon, J.Y. and Lee, S.R. : Changes in heavy metals and vitamin CG content during the storage of canned and bottled orange juices. Korean J. Food Sci.GTechnol., 27, (1995). 18. Chung, J.K., Lee, K.H., Lee, S.J., Park, S.W., Park, W.W., Shin, S.C. and Moon, S.I.G : Study on the heavy metal contents of canned s. Annual Report of KyongGSang Buk-do, Institute of Health and Environment. 6, (1993). 19., w :» w w. w t wz 15(4), (2000). 20. ªƒ ª «. ª (2001). 21. Flame Atomization Analysis Guide for Polarized Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Hitachi, Ltd. 1st ed. Japan. (1997). 22. Graphite Furnace Atomization Analysis Guide for Polarized Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Hitachi, Ltd. 1st ed. Japan. (1997). 23. Reilly, L.: Metal contamination of. Applied Science Publishers, London, p. 1 (1980). 24. ½ z: m t.., p. 147 (1984). 25. y : yw w. y,, p (1985). 26. xûe, ½,, ùy : m» ph y. w t wz. 29(3), (2000). 27. Klomme, D. R. and Johnson, D. R. : Amelroration of mercuric chloridenduced acute renal failure by dithiothreitol, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 70, (1983). 28. Little. C., Olinescu, R., Read, K. G. and Brien. P. J.: Properties and regulation on glutathione peroxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 245, (1970). 29. Bakir, F., Rustam, H., Tikriti, S., A1-Damluji. S.F, Shihristani. H. : Clinical & epidemiological aspects of methylmercury poisoning. Postgrad. Med. J., 56, 1-10 (1980). 30. Sakurai H. Sugita M. Tsuchiya K. : Biological response and subjective symptoms in low level lead exposure. Arch Environ Health : WHO. 29, Zielehuis RL. Interrelationship of biochemical responses to the absorption of inorganic lead. Arch Environ Health, 23, (1971). 32. Aiert, ED. : Pollution indicator, fish consumption and the accumulation of Mercury in human hair, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15, (1984). 33. Wimeyer, Stanley N., Bernad M. Mulbern, Frank J. Ligas, Richard J. Hensel, John E. Mathisen, Fred C. Robards and Sergei Postuplasky : Residues of organochlorine pesticides, Polychorinated Biphenyls and Mercury in Baldi Eagle Eggs and changes in shell thickness: 1969 and Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, (1972). 34. Hutzinger,. and A. A. M. Roof : Polychlorinated biphenyls and related halogenate compound, Analytical techniques in environmental Chemistry, Pergamon seris on Environmental Science, 3, (1978). 35. Schwarz, K. and Metz, W. : Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 85, 292 (1959). 36. Mertz, W., E.W. Toepfer, E.E. Roginski and M.M. Polansky : Present Knowledge of the role of chromium. Fed. Proc. 33, 2275 (1974). 37. Langolf F D, Chaffin D B, Henderson R, Whittle H. P. : Evaluation of workers exposed to elemental mercury using quantitative test to tremor and neuromuscular functions, Am Ind Hyf Assoc. J. 39, 976 (1978). 38. Yamada, M. and Tonomura, K. : Formation of methyl mercury compounds from inorganic mercury by Clostridium Cochlearium. J. Ferment Technol., 50, (1972). 39. De Groot, A.P. : Subacute toxicity of inorganic tin as influenced by dietary levels of iron and copper. Food & Cosmetic Toxicology, 11, (1971). 40. Greger, J.L. and Johnson, M.A. : Effect of dietary tin on zinc, copper and iron utilization by rats. Food & Cosmetic Toxicology, 19, (1981). 41.,, ûª : t w. y,, p. 220 (1987). 42. x : ù. w wz. 27, (1994).
82-01.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 57~61, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis p w w Á Á w w» y l Analysis of Influence Factors and Corrosion Characteristics of Water-pipe in Potable Water System Jae Seong
16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
605.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 19, No. 6, 2008 y k y p w sƒ Care-giver s Needs and Evaluation on the Actual Condition of the Playgrounds in Child Care Facilities y* Choi, Mock-Wha x **
50(1)-09.fm
2006, Vol. 50, No. 1 Printed in the Republic of Korea 언빨래가마르는현상에대한중등학교화학전공교사들의인식조사 ½x Á» Á½ # Á x* w w yw y š w w # w w (2005. 5. 11 ) A Research of Secondary School Chemistry Major Teachers Perceptions
개최요강
55 2009. 5. ( ) ( ) < > 1. 1 2. 2. 2. 3 1) 3 2) 3 3) GC-MS 4. 5 1) 5 2) 5 3) ICP-OES 6 3. 7. 7 1) 7 2) 10. 13 1) 1g 13 2),,, 14 3), 15 4),, 15 4. 17 19 < > [ 1] 2 [ 2] ICP-OES 6 [ 3] 13 [ 4] 1g 13 [ 5]
10(3)-10.fm
w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction
14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
50(5)-07.fm
Printed in the Republic of Korea w 3w yû x w w w Á x* w w w yw (2006. 3. 14 ) A research of the Difference in Teaching Styles and Understanding of 9 th Grade Students About Lead-iodide Precipitation Reaction
10(3)-12.fm
w y wz 10«3y 273~280 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment p yá xá½k w y œw (2010 9 15, 2010 12 2 k) Analysis of Characteristics of Delivered Nonpoint Source Pollution at Forested Watershed
DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 18, No. 5, 425-430, 2005» 677*4 Ÿ w sƒ ½»x Á Á½ k w y w, w y œw Some considerations for the analytical approaches to measure atmospheric
16(2)-7(p ).fm
w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare
untitled
ª Œª Œ 27ƒ 2B Á 2007 3œ pp. 193 ~ 199 ª ƒ w d w ƒ sƒ Methodology of Drought Assessment Using National Groundwater Monitoring Network Data «x Á½ Kwon, Hyung JoongÁKim, Seong Joon Abstract The objective
304.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009 yw s w - û - A Study on the Planning of Improved-Hanok - Focused on Jeon-Nam Province - y* ** z*** **** Kang, Man-Ho Lee, Woo-Won Jeong, Hun
< DC1A4C3A5B5BFC7E22E666D>
¼ (Jeong, Jung Chae)*, ý (Kim, Yoon Soo), (Shin, Woo Young), Þ Ñ (Park, Jong Man) ò ý ƒ Ð (Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology) (Shin, Jae-Heyg) Š æ (Ministry of Knowledge Economy) 1. :
12(2)-04.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp 106~111(2005) w y y w z œ k üœ» p ½ Á Á Á ³ Á Á½Ÿ w w w, *g», ** w w Effects of Strategies to Improve Indoor Air Quality at Pre-occupancy Stage
69-1(p.1-27).fm
99 A 380 B 787 : wœ z w * w w wœ» A380 B787 wœ» w. wœ» ww r. w wœ» p j y w r» w. I. II. z III. A380 B787 IV. A380 V. wœ» : x VI. z VII. I. A380 B787»ƒ z wœ w, w w p j w w ƒ r. t wœ w ƒ w w wœ» š œm wš,
10(1)-08.fm
w y wz 10«( 1y) 47~52, 2007 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis œ w t y ½ xá Á x Á½ Á x* Ÿ œ, * w œw Optimization of Coagulation In The Conventional Water Treatment Plant Jun-Hyun Kim,
10(3)-09.fm
w y wz 10«3y 253~258 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment ³ w Á» Á Á y w y œw (2010 11 22, 2010 12 9 k) Study on Determine of Detention Pond in Small Developed Area In-Soo Chang ½
untitled
[ ] œwz, 21«6y(2008) J. of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment, Vol. 21, No. 6, (2008) pp. 300~306 š y w p x*, **Á **Áy y* * ** w œ w œw, w» gœ Solid State Diffusion Brazing of the Aluminum Alloy Castings
25(6)-12(조윤아).fm
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 25, No. 6, 416-420, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5806/ast.2012.25.6.416 Characteristics of heavy metals's exposure from playground flooring
416.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 4, 2009 œ qp œ y An Analysis of Change on the Apartment Unit Plans and the Interior Spaces Related to Women * Choi, ByungSook ** Park, JungA "CTUSBDU
38(6)-01.fm
y, 38«, 6y, 699-705, 2005 Econ. Environ. Geol., 38(6), 699-705, 2005 t sÿ y xk 1 Á s 2Á z 1 Á½ 1 Á e 3 1 w y w,» w, 2w y w, 3š w y w Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Geologic Environments on the
82.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 524~528, 2007. Determination of Critical Chloride Content of Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete by Linear Polarization Technique Hong-Sam Kim, Hai-Moon
9(3)-4(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 9«3y, 2007 Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.319-326(2007) w xk x p w q w Analysis of Foot Characteristics According to the Classification of Foot Types of Junior High School Girls Ji-Young
83-07.fm
w y wz 8«( 3y) 137~142, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis sw n w Polychlorinated Biphenyls»y Áwx Á yá w w yw Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Pohang and Gangseo, Busan
w w l v e p ƒ ü x mw sƒw. ü w v e p p ƒ w ƒ w š (½kz, 2005; ½xy, 2007). ù w l w gv ¾ y w ww.» w v e p p ƒ(½kz, 2008a; ½kz, 2008b) gv w x w x, w mw gv
ª Œª Œ 30ƒ 5A Á 2010 9œ pp. 475 ~ 484 gj p ª v e p p PSC ƒ gv : II. x w Precast Concrete Copings for Precast Segmental PSC Bridge Columns : II. Experiments and Analyses ½kzÁ½ Á zá x Kim, Tae-HoonÁKim,
10(3)-02.fm
w y wz 10«3y 203~211 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w ù p yá k«áyw *Á xá½k w y œw Á* y w (2010 9 15, 2010 12 2 k) Characterization of Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loads from the
fm
J. Fd Hyg. Safety 20(4), 253 257 (2005) ü w w w Áy»xÁ Á Á Á«Á Áw Á x Á yx Á½ Á½ Á½ t t» t t ƒ q Study on Management of Artificial Flavors in Korea Tal-Soo Lee, Young-Mi Jang, Ki-Hyoung Hong, Sung-Kwan
fm
[ ] w wz DOI: 10.3740/MRSK.2009.19.12.692 Kor. J. Mater. Res. Vol. 19, No. 12 (2009) y INCONEL 718w Gas Tungsten Arc Welding» p sƒ ½»y Á *Á *Á y** ( ) d lj p wœq, *w wœ» q **( ) d lj p t Mechanical Properties
12(3) 10.fm
KIGAS Vol. 12, No. 3, September, 2008 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) ü LP ƒ š Database w š Á Á½z w ywœw (2008 6 10, 2008 8 12 (1 ), 2008 9 5 (2 ), 2008 9 5 k) Constructing a Database Structure
49(6)-06.fm
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2005, Vol. 49, No. 6 Printed in the Republic of Korea 중학교과학교과서불꽃반응실험에서선스펙트럼관찰의문제점분석및개선연구 ½ Á Á * w w yw (2005. 10. 4 ) An Analysis and Improvement of the Line Spectrum
?
Annual Report National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea CONTENTS Annual Report National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea Annual Report National Museum of Modern and Contemporary
11(5)-12(09-10)p fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 11«5y, 2009 Vol. 11, No. 5, pp.799-807(2009) w w * k ƒm w pg p w, ƒm w q w A Qualitative Research on Pursuing Image and Appearance Management Behavior of Brides Eun-Joo Bae
03-2ƯÁý -14š
Management on hazardous chemicals for production of safe produce Namjun Cho, Sumyeong Hong, Wonil Kim, Byungjun Park Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA * Correspondence
12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 77-81 y w» e wx Á w œw Fabrication of Ceramic Batch Composition for Porcelain by Using Recycled Waste Ceramic Powder Hyun Guen Han, and
10.063~070(B04_윤성식).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 63-70 Mg-3%Al-1%Zn w ƒœ» y Á x*á **Á Á w œw *w s l I ûer ** t Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
15.101~109(174-하천방재).fm
w wz 8«4y 2008 8 pp. 101 ~ 109 w» m -,, - A Study on Warnning Criteria Investigation of Automated Rainfall Warning System -Focused on Realationship of Water Level, Discharge and Precipitation - Á Á Á Ahn,
(2)-02(최경자).fm
Res. Plant Dis. 16(2) : 148-152 (2010) Research in Plant Disease The Korean Society of Plant Pathology z w t w sƒ Á½ Á Á yá * w yw yw l Development of Effective Screening Method and Evaluation of Radish
19(1) 02.fm
Korean J. Crystallography Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.7~13, 2008 Ÿ (ICISS) w š t w (2): t w y w œw Surface Structure Analysis of Solids by Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (2): Atomic Structure of Semiconductor
11(1)-15.fm
w y wz 11«1y 73~80 (2011.8.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment SWMM 을이용한도시지역비점오염부하저류시설용량산정 Áw«Á *Áy **Á½ yá½ Á x w w Á* û w y œw Á** w y lœw (2011 6 13, 2011 6 27 k) Determine Capacity of
DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 18, No. 5, 436-443, 2005,1"$ w Q) t p z Á 1w w œw 2 w œ yw Effects of surface properties and solution ph on the pollutants removal of
82-02.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 00~00, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis Calix[6]arene w k š w *Á x Á Á«ƒm w yw, *w w yw Cesium Ion Selective Solid Contact Electrodes Based on Calix[6]arene Won-sik
32(4B)-04(7455).fm
32«4ByÁ 2012 7 pp. 233 ~ 242 œ w w w y œ r Estimation of Domestic Water Supply Benefit Using Demand Function Approach ³ Á Á½¼yÁ Yeo, Kyu DongÁYi, Choong SungÁKim, Gil HoÁLee, Sang Won Abstract In the past,
14.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 93~97, 2007. Preparation of High Purity Si Powder by SHS Chang Yun Shin, Hyun Hong Min, Ki Seok Yun, and Chang Whan Won Engineering Research Center
8(2)-4(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 8«2y, 2006 Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.177-182(2006) x w e w 1) Á Ÿ 1) Á»û 2) 1) ƒm w q w 2) w w w The Effect of Media on Taking Plastic Surgery Chong-Hee Yun 1), Su-Kwang Sung 1) and
<312D303128C1B6BAB4BFC1292E666D>
k Ÿy y y + ûz m Ì ˆw k Ÿ ø ky w y y» wk Ÿ v w k w w ƒ Ÿ ew k Ÿy yø k Ÿ ý k z» w ƒ w Ÿ y k y w x mw w w ³Ÿ wšy v mw y w r œw yÿ ý w z»ÿ Ÿ»» Ÿ ¾ Ÿ 6TCXGN 9GGMN[ ýw k Ÿ Ÿ ƒ š wš y w k Ÿ ƒ m ³ w w y y y 'EQVQWTKUO
21(4)-02.fm
J. Fd Hyg. Safety 21(4), 204 212 (2006) ŸŸ w» ƒ, ƒ, w ½ Á Á½ ¼Á½ Á Á½ Ášy Á» y Quantitative Analysis of Acid Value, Iodine Value and Fatty Acids Content in Sesame Oils by NIRS Jae-Kwan Kim, Myung-Jin Lee,
( )-83.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 0~5, 011. DOI:10.191/KCERS.011.8.1.00 Solidification of Heavy Metal Ions Using Magnesia-phosphate Cement HunG Choi, Hyun Ju Kang, Myung Shin Song,
27(5A)-07(5806).fm
ª Œª Œ 27ƒ 5A Á 2007 9œ pp. 753 ~ 758 gj pœw gj p { x A New Test Method for Pure Isotropic Flexural Tensile Strength of Concretes Ÿ Á y Á x Zi, GoangseupÁOh, HongseobÁChoi, Jinhyek Abstract Proposed is
93-09.fm
w y wz 9«( 3y) 199~206, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis sƒ(i) ½» *Áx Á * w yw w, w y œw Evaluation of Manual and Automated Methods in Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP)
16(4)-05.fm
w m y Vol. 16(4), p. 53~61, 2011 œ 광물찌꺼기에함유된오염물질의안정화를위한표면차폐재의성능평가 ½ ³ 1 Á 1 *Á½ 2 Á½ 2 Á 3 Á 3 1 w œ w œw, 2 ( ) f lp, 3 w Ÿw œ Ÿw» Evaluation of Surface Water-preventing Materials on Stabilization of
26(3D)-17.fm
26ƒ 3D Á 2006 5œ pp. ~ ª y w qp yw k d Predictive Equation of Dynamic Modulus for Hot Mix Asphalt with Granite Aggregates yá½x Á Lee, Kwan-HoÁKim, Hyun-OÁJang, Min-Seok Abstract The presented work provided
84-01.fm
w y wz 8«( 4y) 00~00, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis HPLC f y e t p»wá½»x w y w»y Detection Characteristics of a HPLC Method on Carbonyl-DNPH Derivatives in Relation with Column
Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
07.051~058(345).fm
w wz 8«3y 2008 6 pp. 51 ~ 58 m qp yp š w k sƒ Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus based on Aged Asphalt Binder y*á **Á***Á**** Lee, Kwan-HoÁCho, Kyung-RaeÁLee, Byung-SikÁSong, Yong-Seon Abstract Development
<30312DC0CCC7E2B9FC2E666D>
균류의다양성과역할 이향범 û w œw 머리말 k w š ³ q š yw < Ð >» w ww k w w v š q w Á Á w tyw š 2QKPVKPI CPF *[FG ú ƒ x %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ %$&» w w ««wš y w» š x ƒ w œ ƒ» ƒ œsw w ³ wš ù š y š ƒ t š ƒ wš»ƒ
386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
fm
Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 079~086, February, 2012 GGGGG http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2012.24.1.079 섬유보강콘크리트에묻힌 GFRP 보강근의부착거동에대한섬유영향평가 1) Á½ 1) Á 2) Á 1) * 1) ³ w y lœw
93.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 625~630, 2008. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Setting Properties of Brushite Bone Cement Containing Granular β-tricalcium Phosphate Sun-Ae
- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
04.fm
w y wz 9«( 2y) 91~96, 2006 J. f the Krean Sciety fr Envirnmental Analysis üy wƒ w y k p ½» w w œw Adsrptin Prperties f the Activated Carbns fr Remving Harmful Gases in Indr Envirnments In-Ki Kim Department
Lumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
제 출 문 경상북도 경산시 농업기술센터 귀하 본 보고서를 6차산업수익모델시범사업 농산물가공품개발 연구용역 과제의 최종보고서로 제출합니다. 2014 년 11 월 19 일 주관연구기관명 : 영남대학교 총괄연구책임자 : 한 기 동 연 구 원 : 김 상 욱 이 수 형 이 상
6차 산업 수익모델 시범사업 농산물가공품개발 연구용역 최 종 보 고 서 영남대학교 식품공학과 연구책임자 : 한 기 동 제 출 문 경상북도 경산시 농업기술센터 귀하 본 보고서를 6차산업수익모델시범사업 농산물가공품개발 연구용역 과제의 최종보고서로 제출합니다. 2014 년 11 월 19 일 주관연구기관명 : 영남대학교 총괄연구책임자 : 한 기 동 연 구 원 : 김
64.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 375~380, 2007. Tribological Properties of Carbon Layers Produced by High Temperature Chlorination in Comparison with DLC Coating Hyun-Ju Choi,
82-08.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 95~108, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis VOC p : w 2000-2004 ½»x Á Á w y w, w y œw The Composition and Emission Characteristics of VOC from Major Waste Landfill Sites
환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010
11-1480523-000702-01 환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ i 목차 Ⅲ Ⅳ i 목차 ii 목차 iii Abstract α β α β iv Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법
50(4)-10.fm
2006, Vol. 50, No. 4 Printed in the Republic of Korea 칼코겐이도핑된망간산화물의저온합성연구 k Á z Á, *Áy, * y w ù w yw x ù l w» ww (2006. 7. 13 ) Chimie Douce Synthesis of Chalcogen-Doped Manganese Oxides Seung Tae Lim,GDae
16(5)-03(56).fm
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute DOI: 10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.316 ƒ w Fe œ w Cu wy SPS (I) I. ƒ wy y Á xá½ Á½ *Á½{ a w œw, a w» gœ Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-atomization Process
84-07.fm
w y wz 8«( 4y) 00~00, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis CWPO œ w 1,4- s Á Á * û y, * w yœ lœw 1,4-Dioxane Treatment using Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation Process Jong-min Kang,
한약재품질표준화연구사업단 단삼 ( 丹參 ) Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix 생약연구과
한약재품질표준화연구사업단 단삼 ( 丹參 ) Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix 생약연구과 - 1 - KP 11 CP 2015 Salvia miltiorrhizae Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge salvianolic
8(3)-15(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 8«3y, 2006 Vol. 8, No. 3, pp.357-362(2006) w p k sƒ ½ Á Á w w w A Study on the Mechanical and Hand Properties of the Lining Fabrics Myung-Ok Kim, Mi-Kyung Uh and Myung-Ja
04-46(1)-06(조현태).fm
w œwz, 46«1y 2009 Textile Science and Engineering Vol. 46, No. 1, 2009 ù 2'6 wx xk Á «w œ w» Áq œw k 1PG $CVJ1PG 5VGR &[GKPI H 0[NP2'6 5RNKV 6[RG /KETHKDGT *[GP 6CG %J CPF%JWN-YP2CTM &GRCTVOGPV H 1TICPKE
17.393~400(11-033).fm
Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 393~400, June, 2011 GGGGG DOI 10.4334/JKCI.2011.23.3.393 x RC { sƒ y y 1) *Á½ 1) Á 2) 1) y w œw 2) w œw Bond Strength Evaluation of RC Beams
14(4) 09.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 14, No. 4, pp 343~350(2007) w y y w z 14 «4 y 2007 yw» l s p»xá ³ *w w w œw, **w w w The Property of Pressure Distribution of Hybrid Underfloor Air Distribution
16(5)-04(61).fm
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute DOI: 10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.326 ƒ w Fe œ w Cu wy SPS (II) II. w SPS p ½ *Á½ Á½{ a Á½ š b w œw, a w» gœ, b y œ Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-Atomization
, 66~67dB»e 55dB š 12dBù û»e(65db) w 70~71dB ñ. ù ü»» 35dB(ü), 45dB() r. w» w 1938 œk ³Ø w, 1960 Ø, 1968 ³Ø w. w 1972 ³Ø w w ³ ƒwš, ù y Ø w ³w
ª Œª Œ 26ƒ 1D Á 2006 1œ pp. 1~11 ª qp md w An Analysis of the Traffic Noise Measurement Plans of Apartment Complexes A Case on the North Riverside Expressway in Seoul Á Kang, Jun MoÁLee, Sung Kyung Abstract
01.01~08(유왕진).fm
JOURNAL OF KOREA SOCIETY OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. Vol. 14, No. 1 1~8 (2008) s w Á w» w Comparative Study on the Changes and Prospects of Flexible Food Packaging Design Kyung Soo Noh and Wang
3.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 12~17, 2007. A Study on the Preparation of Bone Ash and Celadon Bone Body Using Pig Bone Jae-Jin Jeong, Sang-Hee Lee, Yong-Seok Lee,* and Byung-Ha
09구자용(489~500)
The Study on the Grid Size Regarding Spatial Interpolation for Local Climate Maps* Cha Yong Ku** Young Ho Shin*** Jae-Won Lee**** Hee-Soo Kim*****.,...,,,, Abstract : Recent global warming and abnormal
51(4)-13.fm
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2007, Vol. 51, No. 4 Printed in the Republic of Korea w x - w y *Á š w w w yw (2007. 3. 28 ) Case Study on Verbal Interactions of Teacher-Small Group StudentsG in
<30332DB9E8B0E6BCAE2E666D>
kœw» y w k p y w k» z wš ye z w mdkqvqrg üœ» y» Ÿ w kœwgeqgpikpggtkpiy glj GEQVGEJPQNQI[ œw w k w yz š y j œ w m w y ˆ mw y» kœ w k û ³ y ƒ ƒ» ƒ w œw w w y ƒƒ» k z w» %NGCP 9CVGT #EV wšw y ù» œ w w w t
14(4)-14(심고문2).fm
w» wz, 14«4y(2012) (ISSN 1229-5671) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 14, No. 4, (2012), pp. 260~264 DOI: 10.5532/KJAFM.2012.14.4.260 Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구
한지닥섬유제품의인체생리반응및쾌적성평가 임순 Evaluation of Thermal Physiological Responses and Comfort in Dox Fabric Soon Im Professor, Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University This study performed the evaluation
143.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 859~864, 006. FE Analysis of Alumina Green Body Density for Pressure Compaction Process Jong-In Im and Young-Jin Yook Simulation Center for Fine
41(6)-09(김창일).fm
269 Ar v Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 t ½ t,, ½ w,, ½ w»œw Surface Reaction of Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 Thin Films in Inductively Coupled Ar Plasma w t œwz J. Kor. Inst. Surf. Eng. Vol. 41, No. 6, 2008. < > Dong-Pyo Kim,
31(3B)-07(7055).fm
ª Œª Œ 31ƒ 3B Á 2011 5œ pp. 265 ~ 276 ª w w s³ The Correlation Between the Moving Average of Precipitation and Groundwater Level in Korea Á½û» Yang, Jeong-SeokÁKim, Nam-Ki Abstract Precipitation data and
fm
w y wz 9«( 1y) 34~40, 2006 J. f the Krean Sciety fr Envirnmental Analysis V/ w y Áy yá váy * w» ( )», *» w y œw Simultaneus Remval f Dixin and Nitrgen Oxide n V/ Catalyst Jun-Yub Lee, Sung-H Hng, Sung-Pill
15(2)-07.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp 145~154(2008) w y y w z 15 «2 y 2008 ³ l w sm ½ Á yáy * w y w, ** w w Recommended Sensitivity of a Fully-shielded Photosensor for a Daylight Dimming
04.fm
w y wz 9«( 4y) 235~242, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis d l TOC l w»á«áy Á½ Á» * ( )», *y œ» Determination of On-line TOC Monitoring in Water Quality Monitoring System Seok-Ki
15<C624><D22C><C911><B4F1><ACFC><D559><2460>-2_<AD50><C0AC><C6A9><D2B9><BCC4><BD80><B85D>.pdf
Contents 02 08 32 01 04 1. 2. 3. 02 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 03 05 60 C 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 02 43 06 08 80 C 60 40 20 0 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 09 07 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.
4.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 30~34, 2009. Optimization of Glass Wafer Dicing Process using Sand Blast Won Seo, Young-mo Koo*, Jae-Woong Ko**, and Gusung Kim Department of Electronic
γ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
202.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 19, No. 2, 2008 w w w w Physical Identities of Bukchon Hanok Area Viewed from Literary Geography * Park, Cheol-Soo "CTUSBDU This study explores the beneficial
08.fm
w y wz 9«( 4y) 261~267, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis SDB-RPS j š w 3-Chloro-4- (dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone y Á Á l w œ Development of Disk-type Extraction of 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-
14(2) 02.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp 117~125(2007) w y y w z sm Ÿ š w œ l ³Á½ * w, **w w w Impact of Photosensor Sensitivity on the Control Performance of a Daylight Dimming System
23(4) 06.fm
w y wz, 23«4y, 2009 J. of Korean Institute of Fire Sci. & Eng. [ ] Vol. 23, No. 4, 2009 l f l üy w Study on Fire Performance of Stud Connectors ½ Áw z*á * Sung-Bae Kim Sang-Hoon Han* Seng-Kwan Choi* *FireSERT
서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
415.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 4, 2009 xw z œ p w A Study on the Spatial Characteristics of the Concept of Non-sedentary in Contemporary Multi-housing Planning ½ * Kim, Mi-Kyoung
26(2)-04(손정국).fm
Ñ s k w 1Á y 2 Á û 1 Á½ z 1 Á½ 1* 1 ³ w yw, 2 w» (*E-mail: jimankim@skku.edu) 1. m ƒ w»» w 4»» y š. w 4»» l, l, l w» w» k. w»» { ƒ j. x š x w ƒwš k (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: DMFC)[1]ƒ wù ƒ w š. DMFC
8(3)-01.fm
w» wz, 8«3y(2006) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 8, No. 3, (2006), pp. 125~131 2003 û šþ vw k y³á Á ûxáû «Á½» Á½ Á½ š w yû (2006 3 7 ; 2006 6 17 ) A Survey on Low Temperature