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1 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 44 권제 2 호 2009 J Korean Orthop Assoc 2009; 44: 정상한국인수부의악력및파지력에대한통계적분석 한수홍ㆍ남기식ㆍ안태근ㆍ단진명 * 포천중문대학교의과대학분당차병원정형외과학교실, 구미차병원정형외과학교실 * Analysis of and Pinch Strength in Korean People Soo-Hong Han, M.D., Ki-Shik Nam, M.D., Tae-Keun Ahn, M.D., and Jin-Myong Dan, M.D.* Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bundang CHA Hospital, Seongnam, Gumi CHA Hospital*, Gumi, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Korea Purpose: We wanted to investigate the grip and pinch strength of hands and establish the clinical normative data for Korean people. Materials and Methods: A sample of 234 Korean males and 281 Korean females (age: 10 to 84) were tested. strength and pinch strength were tested twice with 5 minute interval between tests. Results: Generally, hand strength peaked at 30 to 39 of age for both males and females. The average grip strength was 48.8 kg for males and kg for females and they were 11% stronger than 12 years before in both groups. pinch strength peaked in the forties, but key pinch and tripod pinch peaked in the thirties. All the peak hand strength was obtained in the 30 to 39 age group of females. Among the pinch strengths, key pinch was the strongest. For the right-handed people, the grip and pinch strengths of the right hand were stronger than those of the left hand. However, for the left-handed people, the left hand was stronger than the right hand only for the tripod pinch (p<0.005). Conclusion: The hand strength of Koreans peaked in the 30 to 39 age group. pinch was the strongest among the three pinch strengths. Right-handed people have a stronger right hand than the left hand, but the left-handed people have almost the same hand strength in both hands, except for the tripod pinch. Words: Normal Korean, Hand strength, strength, Pinch strength, Right handed, Left handed 서론상지및수부손상환자에서기능을평가하기위해서는수부의해부학적및생역학적인지식을바탕으로그측정방법이표준화되고재현성이있어야한다. 수부의기능중에서중요한것중하나가수부력이며이수부력은악력 (grip strength) 과지첨집기 (tip pinch), 열쇠집기 (key pinch) 및세다리집기 (tripod pinch, chuck pinch) 등여러가지파지력을측정함으로써알수있다. 수부력만으로수부의기능을평가한다는것은불가능하지만, 수부력은수부손상시치료및재활의기준으로사용될수있기때문에 18) 정확한수부력을측정하는것은 매우중요하며, 적절한치료목표를세우기위해정상인의표준치를얻는것이반드시필요하다. 수부력은우수와열수에따라, 그리고체형의변화에따라달라질수있기때문에 2,4,6) 시간이지남에따라새로운표준치가요구된다. 본연구의목적은 10대이상에서한국인정상인의우수와열수를조사하고수부력을측정하여우수와열수의수부력을비교하고, 외국자료및 10여년전의국내자료와의차이를분석하여수부질환또는손상환자의평가에새로운기준을제시하고자하는데있다. 통신저자 : 단진명경북구미시형곡동 855 포천중문대학교구미차병원정형외과 TEL: ㆍ FAX: hsoohong@hanmail.net * 본논문의요지는 2008 년도대한정형외과학회추계학술대회에서발표되었음. Address reprint requests to Jin-Myong Dan, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gumi CHA Hospital, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, 855, Hyeonggok-dong, Gumi , Korea Tel: , Fax: hsoohong@hanmail.net 219
2 220 한수홍ㆍ남기식ㆍ안태근외 1 인 대상및방법 1. 연구대상남자 234 명, 여자 281 명총 515 명의 10세이상건강한정상인의수부력을측정하였다. 이중오른손잡이는 473 명 (91.8%), 왼손잡이는 42명 (8.2%) 이었다. 수부나상지에골절이나질환을앓은과거력이있거나만성질환으로전신쇠약이있는사람은제외하였다. 연령대별로조사대상자의수는다른분포를보였는데 20대가 133명으로가장많았고 80대는 8명으로가장적었다 (Table 1). 2. 측정방법악력은 Jamar 악력측정기 (Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer, 5030J1)(Fig. 1) 를사용하여측정하였으며, 손의크기와상관없이손잡이는 2단계 (Level II) 에고정하였다. 파지력 (pinch strength) 은 Jamar 파지력측정기 (Pinch Gauge, PG )(Fig. 2) 를사용하였다. 먼저 Table 1. Number of Subjects by Age Distribution Age group Number 좌우측의악력을측정하였으며, 이어서좌측과우측의지첨집기 (tip pinch) 의강도를측정하였다. 이후같은방법으로열쇠집기 (key pinch) 및세다리집기 (tripod pinch, chuck pinch 또는 palmar pinch) 를측정하였고 5분간휴식을취한후같은방법으로악력과세가지파지력을한번더측정하여평균을산출하였다. 지첨집기는무지끝과인지의끝사이의힘을, 열쇠집기는무지전면과인지의측면사이의힘을, 세다리집기는무지전면과인지-중위지의전면사이의힘을측정하였다 (Fig. 3). 악력측정시자세는의자에앉아서견관절을내전시키고회전시키지않은상태에서, 주관절은 90도굴곡, 아래팔및손목관절은중립위치로하였다 (Fig. 4). 3. 분석방법본연구의주된측정자료는비율척도 (ratio scale) 로구성되었으므로각집단간의비교분석은평균값을산출한후 T-검정 (t-test) 과 F-검정 (ANOVA) 으로그유의도를검정하였다. 악력과세가지파지력간의상관성은피어슨의상관계수를이용한상관성분석 (correlation analysis) 으로변수들간의상관관계를분석하였다. 본연구에서유의확률이 0.05 이하인경우를통계학적의의가있는것으로하였다. 결과 1. 악력악력은남성과여성모두에서 10대부터증가하여 30 Fig. 1. Tool for measurement of grip strength. Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer (5030J). Fig. 2. Tool for measurement of pinch power. Jamar Pinch Gauge (PG ).
3 정상한국인수부의악력및파지력에대한통계적분석 221 Fig. 3. Evaluation of Pinch Strength. (A) pinch checked the power between the tip of thumb and index finger. (B) Pinch checked the power between pulp of thumb and the radial aspect of middle phalanx of index finger. (C) Pinch checked between the pulp thumb and the volar aspect of index-middle finger. 대에최고치에이르고점차감소하였다. 최고치를보인 30대를비교해보면남성은평균악력이 48.79±6.27 kg 이었고, 여성의평균은 28.22±5.83 kg으로여성이남성보다 43.31% 약한악력을보였다. 연령대를구분하지않은경우에여성은남성보다 39.67% 약했다 ( 남성 kg, 여성 kg)(table 2, 3). 2. 파지력세가지파지력중에서는열쇠집기가가장강했고세다리집기, 지첨집기순의강도를보였다 (Table 2, 3). 1) 지첨집기남성에서지첨집기는연령이증가함에따라서증가하여 40대에 7.90 kg으로최고치에이르고그이상의연령에서는점진적으로감소하였다. 여성에서지첨집기는 30대에 4.96 kg으로최고치를보였고연령이증가하면서점차감소하였다. 2) 열쇠집기남성과여성모두에서 10대부터증가하기시작하여 30 대에최고치를보였다 ( 남성 : kg, 여성 : 7.25 kg). 남성에서는연령이증가함에따라점차감소하였고, 여성에서는 40대와 50대에동일하게 6.89 kg을보인후이상의연령에서점차감소하였다. Fig. 4. strength was evaluated with shoulder adduction, elbow 90 degree flection and neutrally rotated forearm. 3. 오른손잡이와왼손잡이에서우수와열수의비교 1) 오른손잡이 473명의오른손잡이만을대상으로 4개수부력에있어오른손과왼손의차이를비교분석한결과악력과파지력모두오른손이강했다 (Table 4). 악력의경우왼손은오른손의 94.05% 의측정치를보였다. T 검정 (Paired T-test) 을시행한결과이와같은차이는통계적으로유의하였다 ( 유의확률 <0.005). 지첨집기, 열쇠집기, 세다리집기에서각각왼손은오른손의 95.24%, 94.31%, 95.28% 를보였으며, 모두통계적으로유의하였다 ( 유의확률 <0.005). 3) 세다리집기남성과여성모두에서 10대부터증가하기시작하여 30 대에최고치를보였으며 ( 남성 : 9.77 kg, 여성 : 6.68 kg), 연령증가에따라점차감소하였다. 2) 왼손잡이 42명의왼손잡이만을대상으로한악력과파지력은모든측정치에서왼손이오른손에비해높은평균치를보였으나 T-검정을시행한결과세다리집기에서만왼손이오른손에비해통계학적으로유의하게높은측정치를보
4 222 한수홍ㆍ남기식ㆍ안태근외 1 인 Table 2. Hand Strength of Men (kg) Age group Table 3. Hand Strength of Women (kg) Age group 였다 (104.90%, 유의확률 0.015)(Table 5). 반면악력과나머지두개의파지력에서는왼손과오른손의유의한차이가없었다. 에있는것으로분석되었으며, 그중에서악력과가장상관관계가높은파지력은열쇠집기였다 ( 상관계수 0.84). 4. 악력과파지력의상관관계피어슨의상관분석을통해악력과세가지파지력의상관관계를분석하였다. 그결과모든변수간의관계가정 (+) 의관계임이밝혀져서로비례관계를보였다 (Table 6). 각상관계수는 의수준으로서 ' 높은상관관계 ' 고찰악력에대한논란은많지않으나파지력의경우 Bechtol 1) 은지첨집기 (fingernail prehension), 열쇠집기 (lateral pinch), 세다리집기 (fingertip prehension) 로, Flatt 등 19) 은지첨집기 (tip grip), 열쇠집기
5 정상한국인수부의악력및파지력에대한통계적분석 223 Table 4. Hand Strength in the Right Handed (kg) Table 5. Hand Strength in the Left Handed (kg) / t p / t p (lateral grip), 세다리집기 (palmar grip) 등으로, 그외다른저자들 5,20) 은서로다른분류와이름을사용하고있으나기본적으로비슷한동작을표현하고있으며, 본저자들도이러한파지력을선택하여사용하였다. 문등 13) 은이러한형태의파지력측정형태가누구나가취할수있는가장일반적인동작형이라고하였으며이러한형태로파지력을측정함으로써국내외의자료와비교가용이하기때문에본연구에서는이세가지형태로파지력을측정하였다. 또한여러저자들의파지력에대한다른분류와이름때문에혼란은있을수있으나분류와적용에따른이해와적용에는문제가없을것으로생각된다. 수부의기능을평가하기위해서악력과파지력을측정하는방법은오래전부터사용되어왔는데 7-9), 그중 Jamar 악력측정기와파지력측정기가가장널리사용되는기구중하나로본연구에사용되었다 16,17). Bechtol 1), Carla 등 4), Fess 5) 에의하면악력측정기의손잡이를어떤단계에놓느냐에따라, Pryce 15) 에의하면자세에따라결과에차이를보인다고하였는데, 대체적으로최고의결과치를보인 2 단계 (Level II) 를선택하였으며, 자세는 Fess 5) 가권장한자세를택하였다. Table 6. Correlation Coefficient between Hand Strength Lagerström 과 Nordgren 10) 은수부력을 3번반복측정하는것은피로를유발하고, 1번측정하는것에비해이익이없다고하였으나 Young 등 21) 에의해 12-23% 까지관찰된실험자내차이와이전의 3회측정법을모두고려하여 2회측정하였고, 평균치를사용하였다. 악력과파지력은논란 2,13,22) 이있지만손의크기, 전완부둘레, 신장, 체중등의체형, 직업력, 운동력, 질병의과거력, 심리상태등에영향을받는것으로알려져있으나본연구에서는특정자세를정하고, 일반적으로사용되는성별, 연령에따라분류하여비교하였다 년이등 11) 의연구에의하면악력은남녀모두 20 대에최고치 ( 남성 43.9±7.3 kg, 여성 27.3±1.5 kg) 를보였다. 본연구에서는남녀모두 30대에가장높은평균값 ( 남성 48.79±6.27 kg, 여성 28.22±5.83 kg) 을나타냈고측정치도남성에서 11%, 여성에서는 3% 정도차이를보였다. 이는 30대와 40대에서악력이가장높게측정되었다는 Massy 등 12) 의연구와비슷했으며, 30대에최고치 ( 남성 52.8 kg, 여성 32.6 kg) 를보인 Virgil 등 22) 의결과와비교하면서양의평균치에근접하고있는것으로생각된다. 이등 11) 은남성에서는열쇠집기 (40대 : 8.3±2.3 kg), 여성에서는지첨집기 (20대 : 3.9±1.5 kg) 를제외한파지력은모두 30대에가장강했다고했으며, 파지력중에서는세다리집기가가장강하다고했다. 본연구에서는남성에서지첨집기만 40대에최고치를보였고나머지는모두 30대에가장높은값을보여비슷한경향을보였다. 또한저자의조사에서는열쇠집기가파지력중에서가장강했고, 세가지파지력측정치에서이등 11) 의연구보다더높은값을보였다. 악력과파지력모두 Virgil 등 22) 과이등 11) 의연구의중간정도값을보였다. 왼손잡이는 8.2% 였으며 (42명 ), 오른손잡이가 91.2% (473명) 로왼손잡이의숫자가많지는않으나이는이등에의한연구에서보인 477명중 2명에비하면상당히
6 224 한수홍ㆍ남기식ㆍ안태근외 1 인 많은수치로우수와열수를왼손잡이와오른손잡이로구분하여평가할수있었다. Bechtol 1) 은악력에관한조사에서우수가열수에비하여 30% 까지강할수있으나보통 5-10% 강한결과를보고하였고, Peterson 등 14) 은일반적으로우수가열수에비해 10% 강하다는 '10% 법칙 ' 은오른손잡이인경우에만해당되고왼손잡이에서는왼손과오른손의힘이비슷하다고하였다. 본연구에서는오른손잡이에서우수가열수에비해악력과파지력에서모두 5-6% 강한결과를보여 Bechtol 1) 의연구와비슷한결과를보였고, 왼손잡이에서는우수와열수간에차이를보인것은악력과세가지파지력중에서열쇠집기가유일했기때문에 Peterson 등 14) 의연구와가까웠다. 왼손잡이중에서도오른손이왼손에비해강한경우가많았기때문에왼손잡이라고해서왼손이오른손보다더강하다는일반적인생각과는다른결과를보였다. 또한자신이왼손잡이임을밝히고싶어하지않는사람도있었으며, 왼손잡이였으나오른손을사용하라는교육을받고오른손을사용하게되어양손을다사용한다는사람도다수있었다. 왼손잡이를기피하고왼손잡이라하더라도어렸을때부터오른손의사용을권장하는우리나라의문화도결과에영향을줄수있었을것이며, 태어났을때에는왼손잡이였으나후천적노력으로오른손을주로사용하게되었고결국오른손잡이로분류된사람도상당수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는우선다른연구자들의측정치에대한통계처리전자료 (raw data) 가없었기때문에다른연구자의결과와비교를통한유의성검정은할수없었고, 남녀성별, 연령구성도서로같지않아서일반적으로최고치를보인 30대의평균을제시하는것으로비교를대신하였다. 또이전연구에서측정되지않은 10대와 80대의새로운평균을제시하려하였으나 10대의평균나이가 17.73세로높다는점, 그리고 80대에는소수의여성만포함되어실질적으로사용하기어렵다는점은본연구의한계점으로생각된다. 따라서향후소아청소년및고령자에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결론한국정상인의수부력은 10여년전에비하여증가했으며서양의평균치에근접하고있다. 수부력의최고치는대부분 30대에보였고, 세가지파지력중에서는열쇠 집기가가장강했다. 오른손잡이에서우수는열수에비해 5% 내지 7% 강한악력과파지력을지니고있으나왼손잡이에서는우수와열수의차이가크지않았다. 참고문헌 1. Bechtol CO: test; the use of a dynamometer with adjustable hand spacings. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 36: , Bland JM, Altman DG: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet, 1: , Bohannon RW, Andrews AW: Accuracy of spring and strain gauge hand-held dynamometers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 10: , Crosby CA, Wehbé MA, Mawr B: Hand strength: normative values. J Hand Surg AM, 19: , Fess EE: strength. In: Casanova JS, ed. Clinical assessment recommendations. 2nd ed. Chicago, American Society of Hand Therapists: 41-45, Firrell JC, Crain GM: Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip strength? J Hand Surg Am, 21: , Hamilton A, Balnave R, Adams R: strength testing reliability. J Hand Ther, 7: , Härkönen R, Harju R, Alaranta H: Accuracy of the Jamar dynamometer. J Hand Ther, 6: , Incel NA, Ceceli E, Durukan PB, Erdem HR, Yorgancioglu ZR: strength: effect of hand dominance. Singapore Med J, 43: , Lagerström C, Nordgren B: On the reliability and usefulness of methods for grip strength measurement. Scand J Rehabil Med, 30: , Lee KS, Woo KJ, Shim JH, Lee GH: The clinical study of grip and pinch strength in normal Korean adult. J Korean Orthop Assoc, 30: , Massy-Westropp N, Rankin W, Ahern M, Krishnan J, Hearn TC: Measuring grip strength in normal adults: reference ranges and a comparison of electronic and hydraulic instruments. J Hand Surg, 29: , Moon MS, Ok IY, Kim HJ, Im S: The study of pinching
7 정상한국인수부의악력및파지력에대한통계적분석 225 type and power. J Korean Orthop Assoc, 17: , Petersen P, Petrick M, Connor H, Conklin D: strength and hand dominance: challenging the 10% rule. Am J Occup Ther, 43: , Pryce JC: The wrist position between neutral and ulnar deviation that facilitates maximum power grip stength. J Biomech, 13: , Richards LG: Posture effects on grip strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78: , Schmidt RT, Toews JV: strength as measured by the Jamar dynamometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 51: , Schreuders TA, Roebroeck M, Van DK, Soeters JN, Hovius SE, Stam HJ: Strength of the intrinsic muscles of the hand measured with a hand-held dynamometer: reliability in patients with ulnar and median nerve paralysis. J Hand Surg Br, 25: 5-565, Hazelton FT, Smidt GL, Flatt AE, Stephens RI: The influence of wrist position on the force produced by the finger flexors. J Biomech, 8: , Teraoka T: Studies on the peculiarity of grip strength in relation to body positions and aging. Kobe J Med Sci, 25: 1-17, Young VL, Kraemer BA, Gould RB, Nemergut L, Pellowsky M: Fluctuation in grip and pinch strength among normal subjects. J Hand Surg Am, 14: , Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S: and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 66: 69-74, = 국문초록 = 목적 : 10 세이상정상한국인의우수와열수를조사하고수부력을측정하여환자의평가에기준을제시하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 남자 234 명, 여자 281 명총 515 명의 10 세이상건강한정상인에서악력과세가지파지력을 5 분간격으로 2 회측정하였다. 결과 : 남자에서는대부분의수부력이 30 대에최고평균치를보였다. 평균파지력은 30 대남자에서 48.8 kg, 30 대여자에서 kg 로두그룹모두에서 12 년전에비해 11% 높은수치를보였다. 파지력에서는지첨집기는 40 대, 나머지는 30 대에서평균이가장높았다. 여성의수부력은 30 대에서최고평균치를보였고, 남녀모두파지력중열쇠집기가가장강했다. 오른손잡이에서왼손은오른손에비해 5% 정도약했으며 (p<0.005), 왼손잡이에서는세다리집기에서만왼손이유의하게강했다 (p=0.015). 결론 : 수부력의최고치는대부분 30 대에보였고, 파지력중열쇠집기가가장강했다. 오른손잡이에서는오른손이강한악력및파지력을보였으나. 왼손잡이에서는세다리집기만차이를보였고, 다른수부력은차이가없었다. 색인단어 : 정상인, 수부력, 악력, 파지력, 우수, 열수
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