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1 Res. Plant Dis. 15(3) : (2009) Research in Plant Disease The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Ampelomyces p ¼w ½ Á {*Á½x w w w ( w l ) Physical Characteristics and Antagonistic Effect of Ampelomyces Ji-Young Kim, Wang-Hyu Lee* and Hyung-Moo Kim Plant Medical Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin-Dong, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju, Chonbuk , Korea (Received on April 1, 2009; Accepted on April 10, 2009) During the period of June, 2005 to May, 2008, 44 host plants infected with powdery mildew were collected in the Jeon-ju and Jang-su districts of Jeonbuk province and in the Jang-sung district of Jeonnam province. The hyperparasites, Ampelomyces were confirmed in 12 plant species. Most of the pycnidium shapes of Ampelomyces were circular or oval shaped, and the sizes were different even within the same host plant, and also the color of pycnidium was ranged from light brown to dark brown. Ampelomyces species were isolated from 4 hosts including Impatiens balsamina L., Cucurbita pepo, Rudbeckia laciniata var. elatier and Youngia sonchifolia, and thus the most appropriate 12 Ampelomyces strains for the current experiment were selected. When analyzing the selected 12 strains incubational and nutritional characteristics, the malt extract agar was the most appropriate media. When investigating the effect of osmotic pressure on the spore germination, 0.15M NaCl concentration was the optimum germination concentration. When the isolated Ampelomyces sp. was tested in-vitro, it was found to be effective to control in other plant pathogens, isolated Ampelomyces showed no pathogenicity to the plant. strains isolated. studied on rdna ITS sequence analysis. The rdna ITS sequence data of Ampelomyces sp. isolate BSLAH16 from Impatiens balsamina L. were analyzed and identified. Keywords : Ampelomyces, Hyperparasite, Powdery mildew, Pycnidia fomation, rdna ITS sequence, Spore germination ƒ, ƒ,, w 10,000, ù 300 wš(, 1999), ƒ j ³ š (Shin, 2000). ƒ t» w w»x ù k w. ƒ w š ü ³ x w ƒ š (½, 1999). w w j ƒ ù küš (Agrios, 2006). w j ³ *Corresponding author Phone) , Fax) ) whlee@chonbuk.ac.kr ƒ w ù» k yw š, wƒ, (½, 2006). ƒ ³» w Ampelomyces» s wš, ³ p Ampelomycesƒ j w. w x w t ³ BSLAH16 rdna ITS PCR s» w w. Ampelomyces s l ¾,,, û
2 210 ½ Á {Á½x ƒ w. Ampelomycesƒ ƒ ³» wš q w»ƒ ƒ w w. z ƒ wš, w x w. Ampelomyces ƒ w Ÿ w x w Ampelomyces y w. Ampelomyces. w x (10 0.5~5) w e Ampelomyces ƒ wù ü. w (tetracycline) ƒw Malt extract sq ƒ ƒƒ 1 š w s w. 24 z l Ÿwx w s ƒ w e w s w. ³ j». Potato dextrose agar (PDA), Oatmeal agar(oma), M2 agar(m2a), A&H agar(aha)(mhaskar, 1974), Malt extract agar(mea), Yeast extract agar(yea), Barley extract agar(bea), Race agar(ra), Wheat bran extract agar(wba), Nutrient agar(na) w. Ampelomyces ³ 4 mm cork-borer üš ƒ e w 28 o C w» w 35 ³ w. n s. w (WA) n NaCl Sucrose ƒƒ 0.05M, 0.15M, 0.30M, 0.45M w. ³ ƒ ü MEA e z, w 28 o C w» w 6 w. ¼w. JSG1-1, JSG4-1, JSG4-4, JSG6-1, JSG6-3, JSG8-4, Na2, Na7-1, BSLAH06, BSLAH16, BSLAH06-4, BSLAH31, BSLAH32 ³ w³l p w. ³ ³ w ³ Fusarium. graminearum 6001(F.g.6001) F. graminearum 6002 (F.g.6002), ³ Phytophthora cinnamoni(pci01) P. nicotianae(pni02) w. ³ wš 5 z ³ e w w³z w. w. Ampelomycesƒ w z»k w w» w ƒ ù, j y Ampelomyces w, w. rdna ITS PCR s». rdna ITS» ³ BSLAH16 MEA 3 w, x ³ genomic DNA w. gdna DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) w w, ITS1, 4 primer(white, 1990) w PCR ww. PCR 94 C 10 o predenaturationw z, 94 C 1 o denaturation, 55 o C 1 annealing, 72 C 1 30 o polymerization 35z wš, 72 C 7 o w. PCR s PCR purification kit(core-one TM, Korea) w w z» w.» BioDye Terminater Ver. 1.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) w ABI 3130 autosequencer(yun, ) ww. rdna ITS w phylogenetic tree MEGA v4.0 (Saitou and Nei, 1987; Tamura, ) neighborjoining method data» w. w sequence distance Tamura-Nei parameter model w, Bootstrap analysis 1,000 ww (Hong, 2008). ³ BSLAH16» NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) BLAST search mw GenBank w» w (Kim, 2008). š Ampelomyces s. û ƒ 44 w, Ampelomycesƒ» wš 12 (Table 1). Ampelomyces ƒ xk x. x w j y Ampelomyces ƒ j»ƒ ~ µm š, y ~ µm j»ƒ w (Fig. 1). Ÿwx w ƒ l s ƒ y w š, s ƒ w Linnemann(1968) Lee (1999) š w. Ampelomyces ƒ s w y 18, š» 15, j y 8, y 4 ³ w (Table 2). ƒ» ƒ š ¼ Õ t,, j y, t, š, ç, j Õ t, ù. wz» w ƒ ³. ³. Ampelomyces ³ ƒ x ùkû
3 Ampelomyces p ¼w 211 6CDNG*[RGTRCTCUKVKECDKNKV[QHVJGIGPWU#ORGNQO[EGUQPVJG XCTKQWURNCPVUYKVJRQYFGT[OKNFGYHWPIK Korean name Host plant Scientific name Degree of Ampelomyces ƒ Solanum melongena L. Erigeron annuus Agropyron tsukushiense ++ š» Youngia sonchifolia ++++ ¼ Õ t Pseudolysimachion longifolium Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii ++ Parthenocissus tricuspidata Schizandra chinensis Baill. Artemisa capillaris Thunb.» Fragaria ananassa ù Euonymus japonica š» Lactuca indica var. lacinita ++++ ù Lageratromia indica L. +++ y Impatiens balsamina L w Mentha arvensis var. piperascens q Phaseolus angularis + g Amphicarpaea edgeworthii var. trisperma j y Cucurbita pepo ++++ m m Lycopersicon esculentum t ù Fraxinus rhynuchophylla j i Cirsium pendulum tx Phlox panicualta ++ Gentiana scabra var. buergeri ù Diospyros kaki Thunb. Plantago asiataca L. ù Lindera pbtusiloba Blume Akebia quinata Dicne. t Acer buergerianum š Desmodium oxyphyllum Rosa multiflora Thunb. Artemisa lavanduledfolia Rumex crispus Dahlia pinnata Cav. ù Diospyros kaki Thunb. ù Lindera pbtusiloba Blume Akebia quinata Dicne. Leonurus sibiricus L. Artemisia princeps var. orientalis ù Koeireuteria paniculata * : No infection, + : Infection less than 5% by Ampelomyces, ++ : 6-49%, +++ : 50-85%, ++++: 90% over., PDA, NA, YEA ƒ x (Table 3). YEA ƒ x š ³ ù, 14 z t» w. ƒ x ù ³ RAù BEA w, ƒ x v w š ƒ. 12 ³ 10 xw MEA Ampelomyces ³ ƒ x ƒ ƒ y w. Mhaskar(1974) Ampelomyces 6 ³ w M2A ƒ š, PDA š šw. x A&HA ³ ƒ x š šw, x x ³ Mhaskar(1974) š ùkþ. Lee(1999) ³ AQ94013 V8 Juice agar ƒ ³ š Leoninan agar, Neopeptone glucose agar, PDA ƒ x š šw x ³ MEA ³ ƒ ƒ š, YEA PDA ƒ x (Table 4). n s. x³ s WA NaCl sucrose w 16 z l» w. 24 z d w 0.15M s³ 67.31% ƒ š s j» ³ ¼ ƒ ƒ ¼. 0.30M 0.15M w w û 20%, 48 z ƒ (Table 5, Fig. 2) 0.45M s x ƒ ¼ w š 10%. w ³ 28~99% 0.05M 0.15M s x w. s y ƒ w nx» w ƒ. Ampelomyces n NaCl 1.2~3.7». Sasaki Kobayashi(1976)ƒ Monochaetia s xw 0.05M 0.15M ƒw še ùkü š. Sucrose ƒ NaCl ƒ w w ( l t w ) Sasaki Kobayashi(1976) w. ¼w. ³ Ampelomyces ³ w 5 z l PCI 01, PNI 02 ³ e w w x w. ³ F. g F. g ƒ ³ w ƒ w.
4 김지영 이왕휴 김형무 212 Fig. 1. The morphological features of Ampelomyces pycnidia and pycnidiospores observed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Pycnidia and pycnidiospores on Impatiens balsamina (A) and Lactuca indica var. lacinita (B) observed by using an optical microscope ( 10-40). Pycnidia and pycnidiospores on I. balsamina (C, D) observed by using a scanning electron microscope ( ). Table 2. List of isolated Ampelomyces strains from various host plants Ampelomyces Isolate BSLAH06-4 BSLAH16 JSGNa1-1 JSGNa4-1 JSGNa4-4 JSGNa6-3 JSGNa8-4 Na1-4 Na2 JukiB RudB RudC Host Balsam Balsam Jucchine Jucchine Jucchine Golden glow Golden glow 그러나 F. g 균의 균사에 완전히 덮여있는 상태에 서도 Ampelomyces 분리균주는 배지 안쪽에서 계속 자라 고 있었으며, 시간이 4주 정도 흐르자 F. g 균주의 색이 붉은색에서 황색으로 변하여 대조군과 비교했을 때 다른 것이 관찰되었다. 배양 30일 후 F. g. 6001의 균사 가 특히 BSLAH16, Na2, JSGNa6-3, JSGNa8-4 등의 균주 와 대치배양 시킨 배지에서 균사의 양이 점차 줄어들고 균의 색이 변하는 것이 육안으로 쉽게 관찰할 수 있었다. Location Jeonbuk Jeon-ju Jeonbuk Jeon-ju Jeonbuk Jang-su Jeonbuk Jang-su Jeonbuk Jang-su Jeonbuk Jeon-ju Jeonbuk Jeon-ju Year 분리균주를 병원균보다 5일 먼저 접종한 배지는 배양 3일 후 저지원 현상이 미약하게 나타나기 시 작했다. F. graminearum 균주들은 생장속도가 Ampelomyces 에 비해 매우 빠른 편이었지만 중복기생 균주를 먼저 접 종하면 F. graminearum 균주들의 생장 속도가 동시 접종 에 비해 현저하게 낮아졌으며, 균주 Na2, BSLAH06, BSLAH16에서는 F. graminearum 균주 및 Phytopthora 균 주의 생육을 억제하는 현상이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 특히 Ampelomyces
5 Ampelomyces p ¼w 213 6CDNG/[EGNKCNITQYVJQHFKHHGTGPVUVTCKPUQH#ORGNQO[EGUURRKPXCTKQWUOGFKCFC[UCHVGTKPEWDCVKQPOO 2&# 1/# /# #* $'# 0# /'# 4# 9$# ;'# 4WF$ E 4WF% E,WMK$ E E 0C 0C $5.#* $5.#* 6CDNG2[EPKFKWOHQTOCVKQPQHFKHHGTGPVUVTCKPUQH#ORGNQO[EGUURRKPUGXGTCNOGFKCFC[UCHVGTKPEWDCVKQPOO 2&# 1/# /# #* $'# 0# /'# 4# 9$# ;'# 4WF$ G± ± ± ± ++ ± ± ++ 4WF% ± ± ± ± ++ ± ++,WMK$ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± +++ 0C +++ ± ± +++ 0C ++ ± $5.#* +++ ± $5.#* +++ ± ± ± ± ± +++ * : No formation, ±: Few, ++: Normal, +++: Dominant. 6CDNG4GNCVKQPUJKRQHFKHHGTGPVUVTCKPUQH#ORGNQO[EGUURRURQTGIGOKPCVKQPTCVGCPFQUOQVKERTGUUWTGD[0C%NEQPEGPVTCVKQP CHVGTJTUCV Q % Concentration 0.00M +UQNCVGU %QPVTQN / / / /,WMK$ $5.#* $5.#* 0C 0C
6 김지영 이왕휴 김형무 214 Fig. 2. The germination degree of Na2 by NaCl concentration (A, B, C, D and E = l horizontal line indicates 24 hours after incubation. F, G, H, I and J = horizontal line indicates 48 hours after incubation.). Table 6. Sequence identity percent of rdna ITS region from BSLAH16 with other Ampelomyces spp. grouped in GenBank , BSLAH16; 2, AF035778; 3, AF035780; 4,AF126817; 5, AF126818; 6, AF455485; 7, AF455518; 8, AQU82449; 9, ASU82452; 10, AY663824; 11, DQ093657; 12, DQ490748; 13, DQ490749; 14, DQ490750; 15, DQ490751; 16, ; 17, EU526293; 18, GQ PCI 01은 Ampelomyces 분리균주에 의해 생육이 저지되 는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다(Fig. 3). 식물에 대한 병원성. 식물에 대한 병원성을 조사하기 위해 Ampelomyces를 건전한 식물 3종에 분무 접종한 결 과 배롱나무와 으름덩굴, 쥬키니호박 잎에 이상이 생기거 나 병이 발생하지 않았다. 따라서 분리된 Ampelomyces는 식물에 병원성을 가지고 있지 않기 때문에 생물방제제로 서 가능성이 높다고 생각한다.
7 의 생리적 특성 및 길항능력 Ampelomyces 215 해 등록된 17종의 sequence와 phylogenetic tree 분석결과 균주 BSLAH16은 Ampelomyces sp.로 그룹화 되었으며, A. humuli, A. quercinus와는 다른 그룹으로 구분되었다 (Fig. 4). 요 약 Fig. 3. Antimicrobial test for isolated strains (5 days pre-inoculation). A, B: P. cinnamoni (PCI 01), C: P. nicotianae (PNI 02), D: F. graminearum. 증폭 및 염기서열 분석. 균주와 GenBank를 통해 기 존에 등록된 sequence와 3종 17균주가 비교 분석되었다. Ampelomyces sp. BSLAH16 균주의 rdna ITS를 ITS1, 4 primer로 증폭된 PCR 산물의 크기는 570 bp이었으며, DNASTAR program에 의해 정렬된 염기는 449개이었다. ITS 영역에 대한 염기서열의 상동성을 비교 분석한 결과 Ampelomyces sp. BSLAH16 균주는 GenBank에서 A. quisqualis 또는 Ampelomyces sp.로 동정된 DQ490748, DQ490749, DQ490750, DQ 균주와 % 상동성 을 보였다(Table 6). 따라서 rdna ITS 영역에 대한 염기 서열 분석결과를 바탕으로 Ampelomyces sp. BSLAH16 균 주는 A. quisqualis 또는 Ampelomyces sp.로 동정되었다. 또한 Ampelomyces sp. BSLAH16 균주와 GenBank를 통 rdna ITS 영역 PCR Ampelomyces sp. BSLAH 년 6월부터 2008년 5월까지 전북 장수, 전주 및 전남 장성 등에서 흰가루병에 걸린 44종의 기주식물을 채 집하였으며, 12종의 식물에서 Ampelomyces의 중복기생이 확인되었다. Ampelomyces의 병자각의 형태는 대부분이 원 형 또는 타원형이었으며, 같은 기주식물에서도 그 크기가 다양했고, 병자각의 색은 옅은 갈색에서 진한 갈색이었 다. 봉선화, 고들빼기, 쥬키니호박, 삼잎국화 로부터 Ampelomyces 균을 분리하였고, 이 중 실험에 적합한 Ampelomyces 균주 12개를 최종 선발하였다. 선발된 12균 주의 배양적 특성 및 영양요구를 조사한 결과 Malt extract agar에서 가장 생육이 좋았다. 삼투압이 Ampelomyces의 포자발아에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사한 결과 Czapek dox agar에 질소원인 NaCl 0.15M을 첨가한 배지에서 포자발 아율이 가장 높았다. Ampelomyces 분리 균의 길항 효과 를 실험한 결과 다른 식물 병원균에 대한 항균효과가 있 었다. 분리한 균주는 식물체에 이상이 생기거나 병이 발 생하지 않아서 Ampelomyces는 식물에 병원성을 가지고 있지 않다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험에 주로 사용 된 균주 BSLAH16의 rdna ITS 영역에 대한 염기서열을 분석한 결과 A. quisqualis 또는 Ampelomyces sp.로 동정 되었다. Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of rdna ITS sequence from Ampelomyces sp. and other reference sequences obtained from GenBank (by Laser gene 7.0). Bootstrap values were represented under each branch. Three species sequence of Ampelomyces spp. are classified as an outgroup.
8 216 ½ Á {Á½x š ö S. Manion(Massey University) twš, ³ x» e y w Ì. š x Agrios, G. N w 5q pp Heijwegen, T Effect of seventeen fungicides fungi on sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew. Neth. J. Pl. Path. 94: Hong, S. K., Kim, W. G., Yun, H. K. and Choi, K. J Morphological variations, genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing grape ripe rot in Korea. Plant Pathol. J. 24: ½, û, x, ³, š ù Bacillus subtilis BD : ½x,,, x,, w. pp Kim, J. T., Park, S. Y., Choi, W. B., Lee, Y. H. and Kim, H. T Characteristics of Collectotrichum isolates causing anthracnose of pepper in Korea. Plant Pathol. J. 24: w w Mycoparasitic Fungi w. w w 2: Linnemann, G Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces., ein Parasit auf Mucorineen. Archiv- fur Mikrobiologie 60: » ³ Ampelomyces quisqualis w ƒ w. û w.,. ½y» Ampelomyces quisqualis p. 11: Mhaskar, D. N Mycoparasite-Ampelomyces in artificial culture I. Morphology and cultural behaviour. Mycopathologia et Mycologia applicata 52: Patwardhan, P. G Factors affecting the development of the perithecial stage of powdery mildew of Helianthus annuus L. in India. Mycopathologia 27: 3-4. Rankovic Branislav Hyperparasites of the genus Ampelomyces on powdery mildew fungi in Serbia. Mycopathologia 139: Saitou, N. and Nei, M The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: Sasaki, K. and Kobayashi, T Resinous canker disease of Cupressaceae caused by Monochaetia unicornis (II) Physiologic characters of the causal fungus. Annual Report of Forestry Experiment Station 280: Shin, H. D Erysiphaceae of Korea 1. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sic. Tech, Suwon, Korea. 320 pp. Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. and Kumar, S.. MEGA 4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis(mega) softwere version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nuc. Acids. Res. 22: Yun, H. Y., Kim, Y. H., Hong, S. K. and Lee, K. J.. First description of Coleosporium plectranthi causing perilla rust in Korea. Plant Pathol. J. 23: White, J. J., Bruns, J., Lee, S. and Taylor, J Amplification and direct sequencing of fungi ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. In PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Academic press, pp
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