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1 大韓本草學會誌제 29 권제 6 호 (2014 년 11 월 ) Kor. J. Herbology 2014;29(6):21-26 ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) LPS 로유도한 RAW 세포의염증반응에서흰민들레의항염증효과 김민준 1,2#, 배기상 3, 최선복 1,2, 조일주 1,2, 김동구 1,2, 신준연 1,2, 이성곤 1,2, 김명진 1,2, 박성주 1,2,3, 송호준 1,2* 1 : 원광대학교한의과대학본초학교실, 2 : 원광대학교한의학전문대학원 BK21 플러스팀, 3 : 원광대학교한방체액조절연구센터 The anti-inflammatory effect of Taraxacum coreanum on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response on RAW cells Min-Jun Kim 1,2#, Gi-Sang Bae 3, Sun Bok Choi 1,2, Il-Joo Jo 1,2, Dong-Goo Kim 1,2, Joon-Yeon Shin 1,2, Sung-Kon Lee 1,2, Myoung-Jin Kim 1,2, Sung-Joo Park 1,2,3, Ho-Joon Song 1,2* 1 : Department of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University 2 : BK21 plus team, Professional graduate school of Oriental medicine, Wonkwang University 3 : Hanbang Body-fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University ABSTRACT Objectives : Taraxacum coreanum (TC) have been used as a traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and anti-oxidant effect in Korea. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of TC water extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is not well-known. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the anti-inflammatory effect of TC on LPS induced inflammatory. Methods : RAW cells were treated with 500 ng/ml of LPS. Water extracts of TC (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/ml) was treated 1 h prior to LPS. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) were measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). We also examined molecular mechanisms such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-b (NF-κB) activation by western blot. Results : Water Extract from TC itself did not have any cytotoxic effect in RAW cells. TC treatment inhibited the production of NO production, and pro-inflamamtory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β on protein and mrna levels. In addition, TC treatment inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MAPKs such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 kinases (p38), c-jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB. Conclusions : In summary, our result suggest that treatment of TC could reduce the LPS-induced inflammation. Thereby, TC could be used as a protective agent against inflammation. Also, this study could give a clinical basis that TC could be a drug or agent to prevent inflammation. Key words : Taraxacum coreanum (TC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), RAW264.7 cells, inflammation, macrophages 서론 1) 염증은생체조직에서의주요방어반응으로작용하고, 다양한병리생화학적인반응에서중요한인자역할을한다. 염증이 진행되는동안 neutrophils, macrophage 같은 inflammatory cell들이과도하게반응을일으키게되면이때분비되는 inflammatory cytokines 들이염증반응을유도하고, 이는 *Corresponding author : Ho-Joon Song. Department of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University Tel : songhj@wonkwang.ac.kr #First author : Min-Jun Kim. Department of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University Tel : alswns988@gmail.com Received:15 October 2014 Revised:7 November 2014 Accepted:11 November 2014
2 22 大韓本草學會誌 Vol. 29 No. 6, 2014 류마티스관절염, 죽상동맥경화증, 패혈증과같은질환을일으키게할수있다 1,2). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 는대식세포의감염초기에반응하고숙주방어에주요역할을하는그람음성균의외막성분이다 3,4). 그러나 LPS의과도한자극은 macrophage 에서 tumor necrosis factor-α(tnf-α), interleukin (IL)-1β 및 IL-6와같은전염증성매개물질을분비시키며, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 등의염증매개물질을분비시킨다 3,4). NO는대식세포가활성화되면 inducible NO synthase (inos) 로부터생산되며박테리아를죽이거나종양을제거하는역할도하지만, 과도한생성은염증을유발시켜조직의손상, 유전자변이및신경손상을일으키는것으로알려져있다 5). Cytokine 의분비는신호전달경로에서 extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 kinases (p38), c-jun NH 2-terminal kinase (JNK) 와같은 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 와 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) 에의해조절되어인산화가활성화가일어나게된다. NF-κB 는활성화되면결합해있던 inhibitory kappa Bα(I κ-bα) 가분해되면서세포질에서핵내로이동하여 cytokine 발현을촉진시키는전사인자로서작용한다 6,7). 흰민들레 Taraxacum coreanum (TC) 는국화과 (Compositae) 의여러해살이풀인민들레의종류로꽃이노란색인민들레 (Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahlstedt) 와비슷하지만이와달리흰색인것이특징이다 8). 민들레는포공영 ( 蒲公英 ) 으로味는苦, 甘하고性은寒하며, 肝, 胃經에작용하고淸熱解毒, 消癰散結, 利濕通淋의효능이있다고알려져있고, 강장, 해열, 이뇨, 건위, 거담, 해독등에사용되었다. 서양의학에서는항산화, 항균, 담즙분비촉진, 항류마티스및이뇨등에사용할수있는약재로여러질병에오래전부터널리사용되었다 9-14). 특히흰민들레는최근연구에서위암의억제, 항산화효과, 항균활성등의효능이밝혀졌다 15-17). 흰민들레의대표적인생리활성성분들에는 n-hexane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol 등이있다고알려져있다 15-17). 하지만 LPS감염시, 염증조절효능은밝혀지지않았다. 이에우리나라에서흰색꽃인민들레에대한연구가부족하여재배한흰색꽃인민들레를채취하여연구에착수하게되었다. 본연구는흰민들레물추출물의 RAW 대식세포에서항염증작용및기전을밝히고자 LPS로염증을유도하여염증매개물질인 NO, 전염증성 cytokine 의발현을조사하였고, 이에따른기전을조사하기위해 MAPKs과 NF-κB 의활성화를조사하였다. 동안전탕한액을여과한후동결건조하여 3차증류수에녹여서필터한후사용하였다. 동결건조시킨후나온분말가루는 6.7 g으로수율은 6.7 % 였다. 2) 시약 Fetal bovine serum (FBS), RPMI Medium 1640, penicillin-streptomycin 등의세포배양용시약들은 Gibco BRL(Grand Island, USA) 사에서구입하였으며, 실험에사용된시약중 Chloroform, TRI-zol, Sodium dodesyl sulfate (SDS), Acrylamide, Tris-HCL, LPS 등은 SIGMA(St.Louis, USA) 사에서구입하였다. 실험에사용된항체인 anti-phospho-erk1/2, anti-phospho-p38, anti-phospho-jnk 는 Cell Signaling (MA, USA) 사에서구입하였고, Anti-Iκ-Bα는 Santa Cruz (CA, USA) 사에서구입하였다. 실험에사용된모든시약은분석용등급이상으로사용하였다. 3) 세포주마우스의대식세포주인 RAW 264.7은한국세포주은행 (KCLB; Seoul, Korea) 으로부터분양받았다. 세포배양을위해 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) 와 1% penicillinstreptomycin 을첨가한 RPMI-1640 배지를사용하였다. 세포는 37, 5% CO 2 조건에서배양하였다. 2. 방법 1) MTT 분석 RAW 세포의생존율은밀집세포의미토콘드리아탈수소효소에의해자주빛 formazan 생성물로변하는 MTT환원을바탕으로 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) 용액을이용하여측정했다. 간단히설명하면지수성장을하는세포들은 RPMI-1640배지에서 /ml의밀도로현탁하였고, 여러가지농도로 TC를처리하였다. 24시간동안배양한뒤 5 mg/ml의농도로배양하기위해서 MTT용액을첨가하고다시 30분동안배양하였다. MTT-formazan 생성물은 DMSO를첨가함으로서용해했다. formazan 의양은용해액을 96-well plate에 loading한후, spectrophotometer (MD, USA) 를이용하여 540 nm에흡수되는양을측정함으로서결정했다. 세포의생존율은어떠한처치도가하지않은 control cells과의비율로나타내었다. [ 즉, viability(%) = 100 (absorbance of treated sample)/(absorbance of control)] 재료및방법 1. 재료 1) 약재흰민들레는서울시도봉구도봉동에서재배한것으로흰민들레 1kg을구입하여원광대학교한의과대학본초학교실에서정선한후사용하였다. 흰민들레는원광대학교한의과대학송호준교수에의하여동정및확인되었다. 흰민들레추출물을얻기위하여물 1l에흰민들레 100 g을넣고 2시간 30분 2) 일산화질소 (Nitric Oxide) 농도의측정 NO의기질인 L-알기닌은 L-시트룰린과 NO로변하는데, 이는빠르게안정된이산화질소, 아질산염, 질산염으로변한다. 그리스시약 (Griess reagent: 0.5% 의 sulphanilamide, 2.5% 의 phosphoric acid 및 0.5% 의 naphtylethylendiamide) 은아질산염과화학반응하여보라색의아조염을형성하고이것은 NO의농도와일치하기때문에, 아조염의농도로부터아질산염의농도를측정하여 540 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 세포들은 RPMI-1640배지에서 의밀도로현탁하였고, 여러가지농도로 TC를처리하였다. LPS (500 ng/ml) 로자
3 LPS 로유도한 RAW 세포의염증반응에서흰민들레의항염증효과 23 극한후 24시간동안배양한뒤, 세포상층액을취해 96-well plate에 loading 하였다. 100 µl의그리스시약을첨가하고, 그혼합물의흡광도를측정하였다. 흡광도는 spectrophotometer (MD, USA) 로 540 nm에서측정하였다. NO의농도는아질산염의표준커브로부터계산하였다. 3) Cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6) 측정 LPS (500 ng/ ml ) 로 RAW 세포에염증매개물질의생성에미치는약물의효과를알아보기위하여, LPS를자극하기전 TC 추출물을 1시간동안전처리하였다. 전염증 cytokine 의염증매개물질은세포상층액에서 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 법으로정량하였다. ELISA 는 BD pharmingen (CA, USA) 에서 Mouse ELISA kit for IL-1β, IL-6를구입하여시행하였다. 4) RNA 추출 Total RNA는 Easy Blue (intron biotechnology USA) 시약을이용하여추출하였다. 먼저배양한세포에 TC를전처리한뒤 LPS로자극한후 24시간배양한세포를 PBS로 2회세척한다음 PBS 1 ml씩가해세포를포집한후, 원심분리를하여위에 PBS는제거하고바닥에남은세포를 Easy Blue 용액을 1 ml 넣어서세포를용해시킨후 100 µl의 chloroform 용액을가하고잘섞어준뒤 15,000 rpm에서 15분간원심분리하여상층액을취한다. 그후 2-propanol 과 1:1로섞은뒤 15,000 rpm에서 10분간원심분리하여위에상층액은버리고남은침전물에 80% ethanol 로 2회씻고침전물을건조시켰다. 그리고침전물에 DEPC 처리한증류수를 15 µl씩넣어 RNA를용해시키고정량하였다. 5) 실시간정량적역전사중합효소연쇄반응 (Quantitative RT-PCR) mrna의발현을정량적으로표현하기위해정량중합효소반응을측정하였다. 합성된 cdna 1 µl, Real time PCR master mix 4 µl (Roche), primer 및 probe를넣고 PCR 조건으로반응시켰다. PCR 조건은 92 에서 30초, 60 에서 45초, 그후에 72 에서 30초를 40 cycle로하였다. 정량중합효소반응에쓰인 forward(f) 와 reverse(r) primer 및 TaqMan probe는 Roche (Basel, Switzerland) 에서합성하였다. 사용한 primer 는다음과같다. IL-1β:5' -TTG ACG GAC CCC AAA AGA T-3' (forward) 5' -GAA GCT GGA TGC TCT CAT CTG-3' (reverse) universal probe, M V (probe) IL-6:5' -TTC ATT CTC TTT GCT CTT GAA TTA GA-3' (forward) 5' -GTC TGA CCT TTA GCT TCA AAT CCT-3'(reverse) universal probe, M V (probe) 6) Western blot analysis RAW 세포를 60 mm culture dish 에 cells/dish 로세포를배양하고 serum free media (RPMI 1640) 로 12 시간 starvation 시킨후 TC (0.5 mg/ml) 를전처리하고 LPS (500 ng/ml) 로자극하여 0, 15, 30, 60 분뒤에 cold PBS로 3회세척한후 cell을획득하여원심분리 (5,000 rpm, 5 min) 하여그상층액을버리고 cell pellet을수거하였다. RIPA lysis buffer (RIPA buffer 1 ml + phosphatase inhibitor 10 µl + protease inhibitor 10 µl) 를넣어단백질을 lysis 시켜서원심분리 (15,000 rpm, 20 min) 하여찌꺼기를가라앉히고단백질정량하였다. 동일한양의단백질을샘플링버퍼 (4X) 를같이넣어섞은다음샘플을 10% SDS-PAGE에전기영동한후맴브레인에옮기고나서 5% skim milk로 2 시간 blocking 하였다. ERK, p38, JNK의 phosphorylation 과 NF-κB 를 ECL detection 용액 (Amersham) 으로확인하였다. 7) 통계처리 모든실험결과는 3회이상실시하여그평균값을기초로 Mean±S.D. 로나타내었다. 실험결과에대한통계처리는 SPSS 분석프로그램의 one way ANOVA 에준하였고, p-value가 0.05 미만일경우유의한것으로판정하였다. 결과 1. 흰민들레추출물의 RAW 세포에대한 독성 TC 추출물이세포의생존율에영향을주는지를검사하기위해서 RAW 세포에 TC 물추출물을처리하여 MTT 방법을통하여세포의생존율을측정하였다. 그결과 TC는 mg/ml농도에서 100% 의생존율을보이며, 세포독성에유의성있는영향을미치지않았다. 이에 mg/ml 를이연구의유효농도로설정하였다 (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Effect TC extract on cytotoxity in RAW cells. RAW cells were incubated with TC extract as indicated concentration. After 24h, cell viability was measured by MTT assay as described in materials and methods. The similar results were obtained from three additional experiments. 2. LPS 로유도한흰민들레추출물이 NO 생성에 미치는영향 TC 물추출물이염증에서의 NO의생성에어떠한영향을주는지알아보기위하여 Griess 반응을통한세포상층액의 NO 생성을측정한결과 TC 전처리군에서 LPS로유도한 NO 생성을억제하였다 (Fig. 2). 하지만 1 mg/ml 의농도에서는자체적인 NO증가및, 0.5 mg/ml 대비억제능력감소를보아, 1 mg/ml의농도는세포생존에는무리를주지않았지
4 24 大韓本草學會誌 Vol. 29 No. 6, 2014 만 (Fig. 2), 자체적인 NO생성을유도하여세포에게유해할수있으므로, 추후실험에서배제하였다. 의 mrna를정량적중합효소반응방법으로측정을하였다. 그결과 TC 물추출물을전처리한군에서 IL-1β 및 IL-6의 mrna 발현이농도의존적으로억제되었다 (Fig. 4). Fig. 2. Effect of TC extracts on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cells. RAW cell was treated with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 (mg/ml) of TC extract and LPS (500ng/ml) for 24 h. The amount of NO in supernatant was measured using Griess reagent. * P < 0.05 : significant as compared to LPS alone. The similar results were obtained from three additional experiments. 3. LPS 로유도한흰민들레추출물이 IL-1β 및 IL-6 생성에미치는영향 LPS로유도로인한전염증성 cytokine 의생성에관하여 TC 물출물의효과를확인하기위하여 ELISA assay를이용해 cytokine 을측정하였다. TC 물추출물을 1시간전처리한후 RAW cell을 24시간동안 LPS로자극하였다. 그후 cytokine 의발현을측정한결과, TC 처리군에서 IL-1β 및 IL-6 생성을농도의존적으로억제하는것을관찰하였다 (Fig. 3). Fig. 4. Effect of TC extract on the mrna expression of IL-1βand IL-6 in RAW cells. The cells were pre-treated with TC extract as indicated concentrations for 1 h, and then incubated with or without LPS (500 ng/ml) for 24 h. IL-1βand IL-6 mrna levels were measured by real time RT-PCR. * P < 0.05 : significant as compared to LPS alone. The similar results were obtained from three additional experiments. 5. 흰민들레추출물이 MAPKs 및 NF-κB 의활 성에미치는영향 LPS로유도된 RAW 세포들은다양한신호전달물질에의해 cytokine 들을분비하게되는데, 대표적인경로로 MAPKs와 NF-κB 가있다. TC 물추출물 0.5 mg/ml 의농도로전처리한후 LPS를시간대별로자극하였다. 이를분석한결과 TC 물추출물은 LPS로자극된 RAW 세포에서 p38, JNK ERK1/2 모두인산화를억제하는결과를보였다. 또한 NF-κB 의활성화지표인 Iκ-Bα의분해결과, TC 물추출물이 LPS에의한 Iκ-Bα의분해를억제할수있었다 (Fig. 5). Fig. 3. Effect of TC extract on the production of IL-1βand IL-6 in RAW cells. The cells were pre-treated with TC extract as indicated concentrations for 1 h, and then incubated with or without LPS (500 ng/ml) for 24 h. The level of cytokine was measured by ELISA. * P < 0.05 : significant as compared to LPS alone. The similar results were obtained from three additional experiments. 4. 흰민들레추출물이 IL-1β 및 IL-6 mrna 수준에서미치는영향 TC 물추출물이 RAW cell에서전염증성 cytokine 들을단백질수준에서억제하였음을착안하여 mrna 수준에서도전염증성 cytokine 의활성을억제할수있는지확인하기위하여 TC 물추출물을 1시간전처리한후 RAW cell을 24시간동안 LPS로자극하여 IL-1β및 IL-6 Fig. 5. Effect of TC extract on MAPKs activation and Iκ-Bα degradation in RAW cells. The cell were pre-treated with TC (0.5 mg/ml) for 1 h, and then incubated with LPS (500 ng/ml) for indicated time. Detail methods were described in Materials and Methods. Representative western blots of at least four separate experiments are shown. 고찰 우리나라에서자생하는민들레는흰민들레, 좀민들레 ( 한라민들레 ), 산민들레, 서양민들레, 민들레의종류가있는데이가운데흰민들레종만흰색꽃이피며대부분노란꽃이핀다 8). 이로서흰민들레보다서양민들레 (Taraxacum officinale) 와민들레 (Taraxacum platycarpum) 에대한연구가많이진행
5 LPS 로유도한 RAW 세포의염증반응에서흰민들레의항염증효과 25 된반면우리나라특산종인흰민들레에대한연구보고는거의없는실정이다. 이로서흰민들레에대한약재개발과함께효능에대한연구를하게되었다. 포공영은味는苦, 甘하고性은寒하며, 肝, 胃經에작용하고淸熱解毒, 利水通淋의효능이있어癰腫瘡瘍, 乳癰, 肺癰, 目赤疼痛, 濕熱黃疸, 熱淋澁痛등을치료하는약물로사용되고있다. 현대에이르러여러연구에서포공영은동맥경화유발원인인저밀도지질단백질의산화억제, 항염증, 항산화, 항암, 항당뇨, 면역관련활성, 위장보호효과등의효과가보고되어있고, 흰민들레는항암, 항산화, 항균에관한효과가알려져있다. 이러한선행연구를살펴본바민들레의한종류인염증성면역반응에서도유효하게작용할수있을것이라판단하여이번실험에서의약물로선택되었다. 최근에는흰민들레의메탄올추출물에관한항염증실험이보고되었지만 18), 흰민들레의물추출물에관해서는알려진바가없어이에본연구에서는흰민들레의물추출물에이 RAW cell을 LPS로유도한염증모델에서염증매개물질들의생성증가에미치는영향을조사하고, 그의따른기전을밝혀냄으로써흰민들레의항염증효과를살펴보고자하였다. 염증이일어나게되면 NO같은염증매개인자들이생성된다. NO는 NO 합성효소에의해 L-arginine 을통해 NO를생산하게되며 19), 이는산화적스트레스에기여한다. inos는 LPS자극에의해발현되는데이는과량의 NO를생성하게되어세포에산화스트레스를주어세포의종양및손상에기여하여염증을일으키게된다 20,21). 이런염증매개인자들은다양한염증질환들에병리학적영향을미치는데, 흰민들레의이러한결과는흰민들레가 NO의발현을억제함으로써염증을억제하는것을설명한다. 또한흰민들레의메탄올추출물의결과에서도 18) NO 생성을억제하는것으로나타났고, 물추출물의결과에서보다더많은억제효과를보였다. 이는메탄올추출물에서다양한항염효과를나타내는성분이많이추출되는것으로생각된다. 하지만, 흰민들레는일반적으로열수로추출하여복용하기때문에다른용매추출물보다물추출물이더의미있다고생각된다. 염증의중요한지표인전염증성사이토카인으로알려진 IL-6, IL-1β는다양한염증매개체들의유도와면역반응의조절에중요한역할을한다. 이러한전염증성인자들은면역세포를활성화시켜서세균의침입을효과적으로방어하도록도와주며, 특히이들중에서 IL-1β와 IL-6는염증성질환등에서도주요한작용을하며, 실제로패혈증과같은염증성질환이일어났을때, 장기로유입되어서장기손상과부전을일으킨다고보고되어있다 22). 흰민들레의물추출물을전처리한후 LPS 자극을준군에서 IL-6, IL-1β의생성을단백질단계와 mrna 수준에서유의성있게억제하는효과를보였다. 이는흰민들레가사이토카인억제를통하여염증을조절할수있음을보여준다. MAPKs는 LPS와같은자극으로염증반응이발현되면활성화되는세포내신호전달에관여하는인자이다. MAPKs의활성화가일어나게되면, 핵안으로이동하여활성인자를인산화하고 cytokine 생성에관여한다 23). 현제까지알려진 MAPKs 는 p38, ERK 1/2, JNK가있다 24,25). NF-κB 는면역이나염증반응같은다양한유전자발현등에관여하는전사인자이다. NF-κB 는정상적인세포질에서는 inhibitory kappab (Iκ-B) 단백질과결합되어있는데, LPS에의해 NF-κB 가자극을받게되면, Iκ-Bα가인산화되어, NF-κB 와분리되고, NF-κB 는핵내로이동하여 COX-2, inos, cytokine 등여러염증성매개체의유전자발현을유도하게된다 24). 이러한결과로 NF-κB 는 Iκ-Bα의분해를통하여알수있다. Iκ-Bα는 LPS 자극을통한염증반응에서분해된다. 그러므로 Iκ-Bα의분해를억제하면 NF-κB 의활성도억제된다고할수있다. 흰민들레의물추출물은 MAPK family 인 p38, JNK, ERK1/2 의신호전달억제와 Iκ-Bα분해를억제하여대식세포에서항염증작용을한다고생각된다. 이상의결과를종합하여볼때, 흰민들레는 p38, ERK1/2, JNK의인산화를억제하고 NF-κB 의활성억제를통해 NO 와전염증성 cytokine 의생산을억제하는결과를얻을수있었다. 최근의많은연구들에서메탄올을통해유효성분을추출하여항염등의여러연구에많이사용되고있지만, 한의학에서탕제 ( 湯劑 ) 는주로물로전탕하여사용되기때문에메탄올추출물보다더욱의의가있을것이라고사료되며, 결론적으로, 흰민들레의항염증효과는염증성질환에있어서치료와예방에사용될수있을것으로사료된다. 앞으로흰민들레의동물실험등추가적인실험을통하여항염효과에대해심도있는연구로임상응용에활용도가많을것으로사료된다. 결론 RAW 세포를 LPS로자극하였을때흰민들레물추출물의항염증효과를조사하여다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1. 흰민들레추출물은대식세포에서세포독성을거의나타내지않았다. 2. 흰민들레추출물은대식세포에서농도의존적으로 NO 의생성을억제하였다. 3. 흰민들레추출물은대식세포에서 IL-1β, IL-6와같은염증성 cytokine 의생성을단백질수준과 mrna수준에서억제하였다. 4. 흰민들레추출물은대식세포에서 p38, JNK, ERK1/2 의인산화를억제하였고, 또한 Iκ-Bα의분해를억제하였다. 이상의결과는흰민들레의물추출물이 RAW 세포에작용하여 NO 및 IL-1β, IL-6의생산을억제하였으며, MAPKs 중 p38, JNK, ERK1/2의인산화와 Iκ-Bα의분해를억제하였다. 따라서흰민들레가항염증치료에응용될수있다고사료된다. 감사의글 본연구는 2013년도원광대학교교비지원에의해수행되었으므로이에감사드립니다.
6 26 大韓本草學會誌 Vol. 29 No. 6, 2014 References 1. Behrens EM. Macrophage activation syndrome in rheumatic disease: What is the role of the antigen presenting cell? Autoimmun Rev ; 7(4) : Lopez-Bojorquez LN, Dehesa AZ, Reyes-Teran G. Molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Arch Med Res ; 35(6) : McDaniel ML, Kwon G, Hill JR, Marshall CA, Corbett JA. Cytokines and nitric oxide in islet inflammation and diabetes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996;211(1) : Kim DH, Park SJ, Jung JY, Kim SC, Byun SH. Antiinflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Hwangnyenhaedok-tang in LPS-activated macrophage cells. Kor J Herbology. 2009;24(4) : Moncada S, Higgs EA. Endogenous nitric oxide: physiology, pathology and clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Ivest. 1991;21(4): Athman R, Philpott D. Innate immunity via Toll-like receptors and Nod proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol ; 7(1) : Beinke S, Ley SC. Functions of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 in immune cell biology. Biochem J ; 382(Pt 2) : Lee WT. Coloured standard illustrations of Korean plants. Academy Books : Cho SY, Oh YJ, Park JY, Jang JY, Lee MK, Kim MJ. Effect of dandelion extracts (Taraxacum officinale) leaf extracts on hepatic antioxidative system in rats fed high cholesterol diet. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2003 ; 32(3) : Koo HN, Hong SH, Song BK, Kim CH, Yoo YH, Kim HM. Taraxacum offcinale induces cyto-toxicity throung TNF-α and IL-1αsecretion in Hep G2 cells. Life Sci ; 74(9) : Park JY, Park CM, Kim JJ, Song YS. Hepatoprotective activity of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)water extract against D-galactosamine-induced Hepatitis in rats. J Kor Soc Food Sci Nutr ; 37(2) : Sigstedt SC, Hooten CJ, Callewaert MC, Jenkins AR, Romem AE, Pullin MJ, Komienko A, Lowrey TK, Slambrouck SV, Steelant WF. Evaluation of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on growth and invasion of breast and prostatw cancer cells. Int J Oncol ; 32(5) : Jeon HJ, Kang HJ, Jung HJ, Kang YS, Lim CJ, Kim YM, Park EH. Anti-inflammatory activity of Taraxacum officinale. J Ethnopharmacol ; 115(1) : Im DY, Lee KI. Nitric oxide production inhibitory and scaveinging activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of extracts from Taraxacum officinale and Taraxacum coreanum. Kor J Medicinal Crop Sci ; 19(5) : Lee AY. The protective effect of the fraction and active compounds from Taraxacum coreanum on inflammation, neuronal damage and gastric cancer. Busan University Oh HK. Nutritional Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Different Parts of Taraxacum coreanum according to Drying Methods. J Korean Diet Assoc ; 19(4) : Im DY, Lee KI. Antioxidative and Antibacterial Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of the Extract and Fractions from Taraxacum coreanum Nakai. Korea Citation Index ; 19(4) : Lee MH. Anti-inflammatory effect of the aerial part and root of Taraxacum coreanum on primary peritoneal macrophages stimulated with INF-γ and lipopolysaccharide. Kyoung-Hee University Ajizian SJ, English BK, Meals EA. Specific inhibitors of p38 and extracellular signal regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways block inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor accumulation in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(4): Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev ; 43(2) : MaCartney-Francis N, Allen JB, Mizel DE, Albina JI, Xie QW, Nathan CF, Wahl SM. Suppression of arthritis by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med ; 178(2) : Oh CH. Translation. simple immunology. 3nd rev. ed. seoul : Medical korea. 2006: Cobb MH, Goldsmith EJ. Dimerization in MAP-kinase signaling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2000;25(1): Celec P. Nuclear factor kappa B-molecular biomedicine the nest generation. Biomed Pharmacother ;58(6-7): Gang A, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear transcription factor-kappab as a target for cancer drug development. Leukemia ; 16(6) :
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