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1 의료관련감염관리 : 제23권제2호 2018 Korean J Healthc Assoc Infect Control rev 2018;23(2): 원저 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리 박선매 1,2 ㆍ정재심 1 ㆍ김미나 3 ㆍ최상호 4 울산대학교산업대학원임상전문간호학 1, 서울아산병원간호부 2, 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원진단검사의학교실 3, 감염내과학교실 4 Infection Control at Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Centers in Korea Sun Mae ark 1,2, Jae Sim Jeong 1, Mi Na Kim 3, Sang Ho Choi 4 Department of Clinical Nursing, Graduate School of Industry, University of Ulsan 1, Seoul, Department of Nursing, Asan Medical Center 2, Seoul, Departments of Laboratory Medicine 3, Infectious Diseases 4, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: The purpose of this study is to identify the current state of infection control practice at Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) centers in Korea and to prepare effective standardized infection control guidelines. Methods: From September to October 2011, 32 HCT centers received questionnaires after consenting to participate in the study. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions; six about general characteristics of HCT centers and 11 about infection control practices. Results: The response rate was 93.8% (30/32) while the HEA filter performance in isolation room was 100 class (100%). Visitors were limited to one or two people in most centers. rotective clothing for healthcare personnel comprised sterile gowns, gloves and masks at around 50%. Daily bathing was the most common skin care practice (53.6%) in allogeneic HCT and 46.7% in autologous HCT in. Most of the oral gargling solutions (including normal saline, sodium bicarbonate solution, and chlorhexidine), supported tooth brushing. eripheral and central venous catheter insertion and dressing replacement cycle were shorter than those of general patients. The disinfectant used for venous catheter insertion and dressing exchange used more betadine. Most of the patients' diets were sterile. Conclusion: Infection control of the HCT centers in Korea varied from each center. Generally, there is no difference between allogeneic and autologous HCT in infection control practices, except in some detailed categories. Keywords: Guideline, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Infection Control, Infection 1. 연구배경및목적 Introduction 조혈모세포이식은해마다전세계적으로약 Received: May 19, 2018 Revised: July 1, 2018 Accepted: July 4, 2018 Correspondence to: Jae Sim Jeong, Department of Clinical Nursing, Graduate School of Industry, University of Ulsan, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: , Fax: jsjeong@amc.seoul.kr 40,000건의이식이시행되고있으며 [1], 국내에서도 1983년에처음동종골수이식을시작으로 2009 년 12월말까지총 14,075건으로지속적으로증가하여 2009년에는 37개의이식센터에서조혈모세포이식을시행하고있다 [2]. 조혈모세포이식시에는호중구감소기간중에발생한세균및진균감염이환자들의주요사망원인이된다 [3]. 이기간중에는외부의오염원들로부터환자를보호하는역격리가시행된다. 역격리는일반병실에서시행하는단순 1인실역격리 (simple single room reverse isolation) 와 HEAfilter 등의공기정화장치를병실에장착한특수
2 54 박선매 / 정재심 / 김미나 / 최상호 보호역격리 (special protective reverse isolation) 로나뉘어진다 [4]. 조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리현황에대한국외선행연구결과를보면조혈모세포이식센터마다감염관리가매우다양하였다 [5-7]. 국내에서는조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리현황에대한전반적인조사가이루어지지않았다. 이에, 본연구는국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리현황을파악하여효과적이고표준화된감염관리지침을마련하고자한다. Materials and Methods 1. 연구설계국내조혈모세포이식센터를대상으로감염관리현황을파악하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상동종또는자가조혈모세포이식이이루어지고있는 37개의국내조혈모세포이식센터중에서연구의목적을이해하고참여에동의한 32개이식센터를대상으로하였다. 3. 연구도구설문지는총 17문항과이에따른세부항목으로구성되었으며, 조혈모세포이식센터의일반적특성과감염관리현황으로구성되어있다. 조혈모세포이식센터의일반적특성은지역, 병원의종류, 시행하고있는조혈모세포이식종류및이식건수 (2010년), 무균실설치여부, 감염관리규정유무, 직종별전담인원수에대한총 6문항으로, 무균실설치여부에따른무균실의 HEA filter class, 병상수, 퇴원경로및퇴실기준에답하는 4 문항의세부문항으로구성되었다. 조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리현황은격리병실및보호구착용, 건축공사시주의사항, 혈관내카테터삽입기구교환주기, 혈관내카테터삽입부위소독제, 환경관리, 방문객관리, 피부관리와구강관리, 예방적항균요법, 식이관리, 감염관리해결과제, 감염관리문제발생시해결방법에대한 11문항으로, 방문객관리에따른규정여부와방문객스크리닝 2문항과, 식이관리에따른식이해제기 준과허용음식 2문항의세부문항으로구성되었다. 4. 자료수집서울아산병원임상연구심의위원회 (Institutional Review Board) 로부터환자와보호자를대상으로한연구가아니므로심의대상이아님을확인하였다. 2011년 9월 30일부터 10월 14일까지국내조혈모세포이식센터가있는 37개병원을대상으로연구목적을설명하고설문조사에동의한 32개병원으로우편으로설문지를배부하고회수하였다. 5. 자료분석수집된자료는 SSS 18.0 (SSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여분석하였다. 조혈모세포이식센터의일반적특성과감염관리는각영역별로실수와백분율로산출하였다. 조혈모세포이식종류 ( 동종, 자가 ) 에따른감염관리방법의차이는 t-test, chi-square test로분석하였고, 정맥주사관리지침의동종조혈모세포이식, 자가조혈모세포이식, 일반환자에따른차이는 Kruskal Wallis test로분석하였다. 모든경우의유의수준은 <.05로하였다. Results 1. 조혈모세포이식센터의특성설문지회수율은 93.8% 이었다. 총 30개의조혈모세포이식센터가속해있는병원의종류는대학병원이 76.7%, 서울소재가 36.7% 로가장많았으며, 이식병상수는 5개이하가 46.7% 이었다. 이식후일반병동으로퇴실후퇴원이 73.3%, 이식병실에서바로퇴원이 26.7% 였다. 이식후일반병동으로퇴실하는 22개센터의퇴실기준은 ANC 1,000 이상이연속 3일째인경우가 63.6% 로가장많았다. 조혈모세포이식감염관리규정은모든센터가보유하고있었다. 동종조혈모세포이식은연구대상센터의 93.3% 에서, 자가조혈모세포이식은 100% 시행하고있었다 (Table 1).
3 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리 55 Table 1. Characteristics of hematopoietic cell transplantation centers (N=30) Variables Category N % Type University hospital General hospital Cancer center Region Seoul GyeongGi-Do ChungCheong-Do GyeongSang-Do Jeolla-Do JeJu-Do Number of HCT beds Mean±SD 8.13±7.10 Discharge route after HCT Discharge to general ward Immediately discharge from HCT center Criteria of transfer togeneral ward (N=22) ANC ANC 1, ANC 1,000 in consecutive 3 days days after cell infusion Yes No Manual for olicy ofinfection control Type of HCT Allogeneic HCT Yes No Autologous HCT Yes No Abbreviations: ANC, absolute neutrophil count; HCT, hematopoietic cell transplantation. 2. 조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리현황 1) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른격리병실설비동조조혈모세포이식센터 100% 와자가조혈모세포이식센터 86.7% 에서 1인실을사용하였다. HEA 필터와 LAF, 양압세가지를모두적용하는경우가동종조혈모세포이식센터 71.4%, 자가조혈모세포이식센터 66.7% 이었다. 격리병실설비는조혈모세포이식종류에따라통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 격리병실장소에따른 HEA filter class는이식병실은 100% 모두 100 class를유지하였으며, 전실은 63.6%, 복도는 76.7% 가 1,000 class를유지하였다. 격리병실의장소에따라 HEA filter class는통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (<.001) (Table 2). 2) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른보호구착용병실상주의료진의보호구는동조조혈모세포이식에서멸균가운 60.7%, 멸균장갑 46.4%, 멸균모자와멸균마스크모두는 53.6% 에서착용하였고, 자가조혈모세포이식에서는멸균마스크와멸균가운을 50.0%, 멸균모자를 46.7%, 멸균장갑을 43.3% 에서착용하였다. 보호구착용에서는조혈모세포이식종류에따라통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (Table 3). 조혈모세포이식환자의건축공사시환자이동에대한주의사항은 6.7% 가특별한주의사항이없었고, 40.0% 는환자에게수술용마스크를착용하도록하였으며, 50.0% 는 N95 마스크를착용하도록하였고, 3.3% 는건축공사지역을피하도록하였다.
4 56 박선매 / 정재심 / 김미나 / 최상호 Table 2. Isolation facility according to the type of hematopoietic cell transplantation Category Allogeneic (N=28) Autologous (N=30) N % N % Room type (multiple responses) Single room Multiple beds room rotective environment HEA/LAF/positive pressure HEA/positive pressure HEA LAF ositive pressure HEA filter class by different areas HCT room(n=30) Anteroom (N=22) Hallways (N=30) N % N % N % < , , , No response Abbreviations: HCT, hematopoietic cell transplantation; HEA, high-efficiency particulate air; LAF, laminar air flow. Table 3. Use of cover garments in hematopoietic cell transplantation centers Category Allogeneic (N=28) Autologous (N=30) N % N % Masks, sterile Masks, clean Gowns, sterile Gowns, clean Gloves, sterile Gloves, clean Head covers, sterile Head covers, clean Shoeschange or use of sterile shoe covers Shoeschange or use of clean shoe covers ) 조혈모세포이식병실과일반병실의청소방법비교이식병실의청소주기는 매일 이 66.7% 로가장많았고, 하루에 2번 이 23.3% 이었다. 일반병실청소주기는 매일 이 93.3% 이었다. 이식병실과일반병실의청소주기는통계적으로유의한차이 (<.033) 가있었다. 환경소독제는이식병실의경우 sodium hypochlorite를 70.0%, quaternary ammonium compounds를 36.7% 사용하였다. 일반병실환경소독제는 sodium hypochlorite를 76.7% 로가장많이사용하였고, quaternary ammonium compounds를 36.7% 가사용하였다. 이식병실과일반병실환경소독제종류는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 4) 조혈모세포이식센터의방문객관리방문객관리규정이있는센터는 86.7% 였다. 13.3% 에서모든방문객을제한하였고, 86.7% 는 1-2명으로제한하였다. 방문객관리에대한규정이있는 26개센터중방문객스크리닝은호흡기
5 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리 57 감염증상이의심되는자는 100% 센터에서시행하였다 (Table 4). 5) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른피부관리와구강관리피부관리방법으로동종조혈모세포이식에서 Table 4. Visitor precautions in hematopoietic cell transplantation centers (N=30) Category N % Regulation for visitors Yes No Restriction to the number of visitor All visitors One or two visitors Visitor screening (multiple responses) Signs or symptoms suggestive of respiratory infections Recent known exposure to communicable infections erson who suffers from varicella zoster virus History of receiving live vaccines within previous 4 weeks Fever Table 5. Skin and mouth care in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients Category Allogeneic (N=28) Autologous (N=30) N % N % Bathing Everyday Every 2 days Every 3 days Etc Mouth care regimens (multiple responses) Normal saline Sodium bicarbonate solution Chlorhexidine solution Tantum solution Nystatin solution Betadine solution Tooth brushing Oral gargling cycle (multiple responses) Every 2 hours Every 4 hours After meal Before going to bed Oral gargling beginning Conditioning regimen beginning ANC 1, On admission Oral gargling discontinuation Conditioning regimen discontinuation ANC 1, Transfer to general ward At discharge Continue after discharge Abbreviation: ANC, absolute neutrophil count.
6 58 박선매 / 정재심 / 김미나 / 최상호 53.6%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 46.7% 센터에서매일목욕을시행하였다. 구강관리방법으로는생리식염수사용이동종조혈모세포이식에서 50.0%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 46.7% 센터에서시행하였다. 칫솔질은동종조혈모세포이식에서 82.1%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 76.7% 에서시행하였다. 가글링적용은전처치약물시작시시행이동종조혈모세포이식에서 89.3%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 86.7% 센터로가장많았다. 조혈모세포이식종류에따른피부관리와구강관리방법은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 5). 6) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른혈관내카테터관리말초정맥관교환주기의평균은동종조혈모세포이식에서 2.61±0.84일, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 2.63±0.82일, 일반환자에서 3.07±0.39일로차이가있었다 (<.031). 중심정맥관의거즈드레싱교환주기의평균은동조조혈모세포이식에서 1.64일, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 1.80일, 일반환자에서 2.14일로차이가있었다 (<.036). 중심정맥관의투명필름드레싱교환주기는동종조혈모세포이식에서 3.52일, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 3.52일, 일반환자에서 4일로차이가없었다. Table 6. Comparison of intravascular catheter care between hematopoietic cell transplantation patients and other patients Category Allogeneic a (N=28) Autologous b (N=30) General c (N=30) N % N % N % Timing of site and dressing changes VC site change Every day Every 2 days Every 3 days Every 4 days No response Mean±SD 2.61± ± ± (a<b<c) CVC site gauze dressing CVC site transparent dressing Every day Every 2 days Every 3 days No response Mean±SD 1.64± ± ± (a<b<c) Every day Every 2 days Every 3 days Every 5 days Every 7 days No response Mean±SD 3.52± ± ± Antiseptic of Catheter sites dressing (multiple responses) VC sitedressing Alcohol <.001 Betadine <.001 Chlorhexidine Normal Saline CVC site dressing Injection port dressing Alcohol Betadine Chlorhexidine Alcohol Betadine Chlorhexidine Normal Saline Abbreviations: VC, peripheral venous catheter; CVC, central venous catheter.
7 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리 59 말초정맥카테터삽입부위소독제와정맥주사주입구소독제로조혈모세포이식에서는베타딘을가장많이사용하였고, 환자군별로유의한차이가있었다 (<.001) (Table 6). 7) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른예방적항미생물제제사용항균제중 quinolones 약물은동종조혈모세포이식 64.3%, 자가조혈모세포이식 56.7% 에서사용하였으며, TM/SMZ 약물은동종조혈모세포이식 71.4%, 자가조혈모세포이식 50.0% 에서사용하였다. 예방적항진균제는동종조혈모세포이식에서는 micafungin을 57.1%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서는 fluconazole을 50.0% 에서가장많이사용하였다. 항바이러스제중 acyclovir 약물은동종조혈모세포이식에서 89.3%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 86.7% 에서사용하였다. Immunoglobulin은동종조혈모세포이식에서 60.7%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 33.3% 에서사용하였다. 조혈모세포이식종류에따른항균제, 항진균제, 항바이러스제, immunoglobulin 사용은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 8) 조혈모세포이식종류에따른식이관리멸균식은동조조혈모세포이식에서 92.9%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 93.3% 제공하였다. 식이제한해제기준은 ANC 500 이상부터퇴원후 3개월까지로다양하였다. 입원기간동안외부음식허용은동조조혈모세포이식에서 32.1%, 자가조혈모세포이식에서 40.0% 였으며, 껍질이있고깎아먹을수있는과일허용은동조조혈모세포이식 25.0%, 자가조혈모세포이식 40.0% 였다 (Table 7). 3. 조혈모세포이식감염관리해결과제에대한의견병원간감염관리지침공유 70.0%, 표준감염관리지침개발 66.7%, 감염관리에소요되는비용의보험지급 50.0%, 감염관리교육자료의개발 43.3% 였고, 감염관리에대한의료인인식제고, 환자에대한감염관리교육강화, 의료인에대한감염관리교육강화가각각 23.3% 였다 (Table 8). Discussion 조혈모세포이식센터는대학병원과서울지역이 Table 7. Diet managementfor hematopoietic cell transplantation patients Diet Management Allogeneic (N=28) Autologous (N=30) N % N % Type of diet Low microbial diets Sterile diets Release criteria of dietary restriction ANC ANC 1, ANC 1,000 and discontinued immunosuppressant drug ANC 1,000 and consecutive 3 days ANC 1,000 and consecutive 4 days ANC 1, ANC 3, At discharge To 3 months after discharge Allowed diet during admission period (multiple responses) Kim-chi Natural water eeled fruits Cooked seafood (shellfish, squid, lobster) Outside foods Abbreviation: ANC, absolute neutrophil count.
8 60 박선매 / 정재심 / 김미나 / 최상호 Table 8. Suggestions for further development of infection control practices in hematopoietic cell transplantation centers (asked to select three items) (N=30) Category N % Development of standard guidelines Sharing guidelines among hospitals Increase the perception of health care workers Increase the education for patients Increase the education for healthcare staffs Insurance coverage for the costs of infection control Development of education materials 가장많이분포하였고국내에서 년사이에이식센터가가장많이개설되었는데혈액질환치료에대한큰관심과치료효과로인한것으로생각된다. 조혈모세포이식종류에따른격리병실은 1인실을많이사용하고있었는데, 선행연구의동종조혈모세포이식시 1인실사용률 81.8% [5] 보다높았다. 보호환경으로 HEA filter, LAF, 양압세가지를모두적용하는경우가가장많았는데, 선행연구 [5] 결과보다높았고, 또다른선행연구 [7] 결과와비교할때 HEA filter와양압은본연구결과와유사하였으나 LAF 병실은본연구에서현저히높았다. 이는동종과자가조혈모세포이식이이식센터내에서함께이루어지고있어동종조혈모세포이식환자에게진균감염예방에효과적이라고입증되어있는 HEA 필터와 LAF 를자가조혈모세포이식환자에게도동일하게적용할지에대하여는센터마다논의가더필요할것으로생각한다. 조혈모세포이식환자의건축공사중이동시주의사항으로본연구에서수술용마스크를 40.0% 에서착용하였고, N95 마스크를 50.0% 에서만착용하였는데, CDC 지침 [8] 에서는환자가공사중 HEA 필터가설치된방을나올때에는 N95 마스크를착용해야하고일반수술용마스크는진균포자를막는효과가거의없다고하였으므로앞으로시정이필요한부분이라고생각한다. 병실안에서보호구착용은선행연구 [6] 와같이본연구에서도각이식센터마다다양함을알수있었다. 조혈모세포이식환자에게보호격리시설을제외하고표준주의이상의불필요한보 호구착용을지속해야하는지는논의가더필요하다. 청소주기는이식병실이비이식병실보다더자주시행하고있었는데, 이는 CDC 지침 [8] 에서조혈모세포이식센터는먼지발생관리에중점을두고매일한번씩청소해야한다고하였으므로이식병실도 1회이상시행할필요는없다고생각한다. 방문객수제한은 1-2명이가장많았고, 방문객스크리닝은선행연구 [7] 의연구결과보다높았다. 그러나, 효율적인방문객관리를위하여방문객의허용범위를구체적으로문서화하여관리할필요가있다. 조혈모세포이식종류에따른구강관리종류로는구내염효과가있다고증명된생리식염수와중탄산나트륨액을사용하는것외에구내염예방효과가거의없는것으로증명된클로르헥시딘용액, 탄튬용액을사용하는이식센터가있어근거에기반한실무적용이필요할것이다. 말초정맥관카테터삽입부위교환은이식환자가일반환자에비해더자주교환되고있는것으로나타났고, 중심정맥관거즈드레싱교환도일반환자 48시간보다더자주교환되고있는것으로나타났다. 이는혈관내카테터관리지침이이식센터마다다양하고혈류감염예방을위한근거기반지침을참조하여지침변경을고려할필요가있다. 중심정맥카테터의소독제는베타딘을가장많이사용하고있었는데, 혈관내카테터관리지침 [9] 에서는 alcoholic chlorhexidine gluconate solution 사용을권고하고있으므로지침변경을고려할필요가있다.
9 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리 61 조혈모세포이식시사용되는예방적약물의사용빈도는선행연구 [5] 의결과와비교하여 quinolones과 TM/SMZ 사용빈도는높았고, amphotericin-b/nystatine oral 약물과 fluconazole의사용빈도는낮았으며, itraconazole 사용빈도는높았다. 항바이러스제중 acyclovir 약물사용빈도는다른선행연구 [5] 결과와유사하였다. 조혈모세포이식환자의멸균식제공은선행연구 [5] 의결과보다높았다. 그러나, 멸균식이제공기준은기관마다매우다르고근거또한부족하여식이관리에대한연구가지속적으로필요할것으로생각한다. 조혈모세포이식감염관리해결과제로병원간감염관리지침공유와표준화된감염관리지침개발이가장많았다. 병원감염관리의중요성이커짐에따라정부의적극적인감염관리지원이필요하다고생각한다. Summary 배경 : 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리실태를파악하여추후효과적이고표준화된감염관리지침을마련하기위함이다. 방법 : 국내 32개조혈모세포이식센터를대상으로 2011년 9월부터 10월 14일까지설문조사연구를하였고, 설문지는센터의일반적특성 6문항과감염관리 11문항을포함한총 17문항으로구성하였다. 결과 : 응답률은 93.8% (30/32) 이었고, 병실 HEA 필터의성능은 100 class이었고, 방문객은 1-2명으로제한하는센터가대부분이었다. 의료종사자의보호복장은멸균가운, 장갑, 마스크를 50% 내외로착용하였다. 피부관리는매일목욕하는경우가동종조혈모세포이식 15 (53.6%) 개센터, 자가조혈모세포이식 14 (46.7%) 개센터로가장많았다. 구강관리용액은생리식염수, 중탄산나트륨액, 클로르헥시딘을주로사용하였고치솔질을허용하는경우가대부분이었다. 말초정맥삽입부위교환주기와중심정맥관거즈드레싱교환주기는일반환자보다짧았으며, 정맥관삽입과드레싱교환에사용하는소독제는일반환자보다베타딘을더많이사용하였다. 환자식이는 대부분멸균식을제공하였다. 결론 : 국내조혈모세포이식센터의감염관리는이식센터마다다양하였다. 동종 / 자가조혈모세포이식간감염관리실무는큰범주에서는유사하였으나세부내용에서는차이가있었다. Acknowledgements 설문에응답해주신조혈모세포이식센터수간호사와관계자분들께진심으로감사드립니다. References 1. Rizzo JD, Wingard JR, Tichelli A, Lee SJ, Van Lint MT, Burns LJ, et al. Recommended screening and preventive practices for long-term survivors after hematopoietic cell transplantation: joint recommendations of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006;12: Kim KS Status of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Korea. J Stem Cell Transpl Nurses Assoc 2010;12: Yoo JH, Noh KT, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kwon HC, Kim JS, et al. Infectious complications during neutropenic period before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation -based on central venous catheter related septicemia. Korean J Hematop Stem Cell Transpl 2002;7: Fenelon LE. rotective isolation: who needs it? J Hosp Infect 1995;30 Suppl: Krüger WH, Hornung RJ, Hertenstein B, Kern WV, Kröger N, Ljungman, et al. ractices of infectious disease prevention and management during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a survey from the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. J Hematother Stem Cell Res 2001;10:
10 62 박선매 / 정재심 / 김미나 / 최상호 6. Lee SJ, Astigarraga CC, Eapen M, Artz AS, Davies SM, Champlin R, et al. Variation in supportive care practices in hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14: Bevans M, Tierney DK, Bruch C, Burgunder M, Castro K, Ford R, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation nursing: a practice variation study. Oncol Nurs Forum 2009;36:E Yokoe D, Casper C, Dubberke E, Lee G, Muñoz, almore T, et al; Centers for Disease Control and revention. Infection prevention and control in health-care facilities in which hematopoietic cell transplant recipients are treated. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009;44: Centers for Disease Control and revention. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. hai/pdfs/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf (Updated on 2011).
서론 34 2
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