Postgraduate Course 2011: The Liver and Other Organs Budd-Chiari 증후군 고려대학교의과대학구로병원소화기내과 김지훈 Budd-Chiari syndrome Ji Hoon Kim Division of Gastroenterol
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1 Postgraduate Course 2011: The Liver and Other Organs Budd-Chiari 증후군 고려대학교의과대학구로병원소화기내과 김지훈 Budd-Chiari syndrome Ji Hoon Kim Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 론 Budd-Chiari 증후군은 1845년 George Budd가복통과간종대, 복수세가지의특징적양상으로나타나는질환군을보고한이래 1899년 Hans Chiari에의해병리적으로질환의양상을확인함으로써정립된질환으로 1 원인에관계없이, 작은간내정맥에서부터대정맥에이르는간의정맥류유출로폐쇄를보이는질환들을총칭한다. Budd-Chiari 증후군은매우드문간내혈관질환이며적절하게치료가이루어지지않은경우생명을위협할수있는질환이다. 하지만질병의발생이드문데다동양과서양에서발생양상이다르고질병의형태도다르게나타나아직광범위한동의를얻은분류체계나치료방향이정립되지못하고있는질환군이다. 따라서현재까지알려진 Budd-Chiari 증후군에대한정의, 진단, 치료에대해잘이해하는것이 Budd-Chiari 증후군을진료하는데매우중요할것이다. 이러한노력의일환으로 2003년과 2005년에세계적전문가들의모임이있었고 2, 년에는미국간학회에서 Budd-Chiari 증후군을포함한간내혈관질환에대한가이드라인을 4 보고한적이있다. 이원고에서는이들을토대로현재까지의 Budd-Chiari 증후군에대한정의, 진단, 치료에대한전반적인내용을정리하고자한다. 본 론 1. 병태생리 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자들마다어느유출로에서주로폐쇄가일어나는지, 얼마나많은혈관을침범되는지, 이런폐쇄의진행속도가어떤지가각각다르므로아주다양한임상적, 병리학적양상을보인다. 간내정맥류유출로폐쇄는주로혈전에의한다. 하지만종양, 농양등에의한외부압박이나대정맥병변의경우보이는막성폐쇄, 간이식수술후의합병증으로발생하기도한다. 과거에는대정맥막성폐쇄가선천성질환으로인식되기도했지만현재는이경우도혈전의후유증으로인한현상으로인식되고있다. 5 혈전이나그외원인에의 33
2 Postgraduate Course 2011 한간의정맥류유출로의폐쇄는동양혈관내압력을상승시키게되고이로인해동양혈관의울혈과간비대를유발하고우상복부동통을유발할수있으며급기야간문맥유입을방해하여문맥압항진증을일으켜복수를발생시키게된다. 지속적인간의정맥류유출로의폐쇄가일어나고치료가이루어지지않으면서측부혈관으로의우회도일어나지못하면상승된동양혈관내압력으로간세포는허혈성손상을받게되면서산소유리기의배출이증대되고급기야간세포의괴사가일어나며주로 3구역에서일어나기시작한괴사가진행하면결국간부전에빠져사망하게된다. Budd-Chiari 증후군의약 15% 에서간외문맥혈전이동반되어나타난다. 6 하지만동반되는문맥혈전이기저의혈전유발성요인이악화되어나타나는것이기보다는 Budd-Chiari 증후군에의한간질환의진행때문일가능성이높다. 6 또한동반된문맥혈전이질병의진행을더악화시키고생존에영향을미치는지는불확실하다. Budd-Chiari 증후군에서일어나는시간차를두고발생하는간정맥들의폐쇄와간의위축과비후의연속과정은특징적인간의이형성 (dysmorphism) 을유발한다. 또한문맥의혈류가좋고작은혈관을통해대정맥으로혈류가직접유입될수있는미상엽 (caudate lobe) 은특징적인비후를보이고드물게는이로인해대정맥을다시압박하여 2차성 Budd-Chiari 를일으키기도한다. Budd-Chiari 증후군에서는국소결절성과형성증과유사한양상을보이는결절재생성과형성증 (nodular regenerative hyperplasia) 가잘나타나간세포암종의발생으로오인되기도한다. 7 이는동맥혈류는유지되면서문맥혈류는장애를받고측부혈관으로정맥유출은이루어지는동맥혈류유지부위 (arterialised liver) 에서일어난다. 2. 원인 Budd-Chiari 증후군은그기저원인에따라크게두가지로나눌수있다. 주원인이되는혈전이나정맥염등에의해수반되는정맥내의원인으로이를 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군이라한다. 이환되는정맥자체에이상이없으나종양, 농양의압박에의해발생하는경우는 2차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군으로불린다 (Table 1). 2 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군의주원인은혈전이나정맥염으로생각되고있으나혈전에의한간내혈관질환의또하나의모습인문맥혈전증에비해혈전의발생의원인이분명한경우는드물다. 하지만 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군이의심되는경우에는다양한혈전의원인을찾으려노력하여야한다. 원인을찾고자하는노력을하면대체로 35%-87% 의환자에서혈전을일으키는이상이동반되는것을확인할수있다. 8,9 1차성원인도세가지정도로나눌수있는데첫째는유전적원인으로 antithrombin 결핍증, C단백결핍증, S단백결핍증, Factor V leiden 결핍증등이있으며 1차성원인에서각 5%, 20%, 7%, 20% 정도를차지한다고보고되고있다. 후천성원인에는골수증식성질환이가장많은원인이되며항인지질증후군, 베체트병, 발작성야간뇨증등이원인이되며각 50%, 10%, 5%, 2% 정도에서원인이된다고알려져있다. 마지막으로경구용피임제가원인이될수있고여러다인자에의한발생이보고되고있다 (Table 2). 9 하지만 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서이러한원인들의확 Table 1. Classification of Budd-Chiari Syndrome According to Etiology 2 Classification Primary Secondary Description Hepatic venous outflow obstruction originating from endoluminal venous lesion (thrombosis, webs, endophlebitis) Hepatic venous outflow obstruction originating from a lesion outside the venous system (tumor, abscess, cysts). The lesion can obstruct outflow by invading the lumen or by extrinsic compression. 34
3 김지훈 Budd-Chiari 증후군 Table 2. Major Etiology of Primary Budd-Chiari Syndrome 9 Reported prevalence (%) Inherited conditions 인과정에여러가지제약이있다. Protein C, S, antithrombin은간에서생성되므로이미 Budd-Chiari 증후군이발현됨으로 Antithrombin deficiency 5 써감소된간기능에따라그생성의감 Protein C deficiency 20 Protein S deficiency 7 소가나타났을수있으며 anticardiolipin Heterozygous Factor V Leiden 20 항체도간질환환자에서 20-30% 까지발 Heterozygous G20210A prothrombin 7 견될수있으며 homocystein도간질환환 Acquired conditions V617F JAK2 positive MPD 40 자에서증가되는것으로알려져있어이들이진정한원인인자인지확인하는 V617F JAK2 negative MPD 10 Antiphospholipid syndrome 10 작업이용이하지않은경우가많다. 10,11 Behcet s disease 5 또한여러가지혈전위험인자가함께발 PNH 2 견되는경우가 25% 에이르는것으로알 Other general condition 5 려져있어최근에는 Budd-Chiari 증후군을 External factors Oral contraceptives in women 50 다인자성원인에의해일어난다고보고있다. 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군의원인 Note: Data are averages from reports Multiple factors including local factors 35 No factor 5 에서골수증식성질환의유병율은 40-50% 에이르는가장중요한원인이며일반적 인골수증식성질환의유병율인 0.2% 에 비해뚜렷이높다. 12 또한말초혈관에이상이관찰되지않아도골수증식성질환을찾아내는데아주민감한 검사법을동원하면대부분의 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서골수증식성질환의증거를발견할수있다. 최근의골수 증식성질환에서의뚜렷한진보는 Janus tyrosine kinase-2 (JAK-2) 유전자의 V617F 변이가골수양세포에서대부 분발견된다는것이다. 13 JAK-2 V617F 변이가일어나면골수양세포의증식을성장인자와무관하게지속적으로 유도하여골수증식성질환을유발하게되는데진성백혈구증다증의 80% 에서특발성혈소판증다증의 50% 에서 이변이가확인되고있다. 14 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서도 37-45% 의환자에서이변이가확인되고있으며 골수증식성질환을동반한 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서는 80% 정도가 JAK-2 V617F 변이가동반된다고보고 하고있어 1차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서도 JAK-2 V617F 변이는주요한원인으로자리잡고있다 이차성 Budd-Chiari 증후군의원인에는간세포암종, 신세포암종, 부신선암, 간내혈관육종, 상피성혈관내피종 양 (epitheloid hemangioaepithelioma), 대정맥육종, 우심방점액종등의정맥유출로침범이원인일수있다. 기생 충에의한낭종그외낭종이나농양에의한정맥유출로침범이나정맥염유발도원인일수있다. 그외국소 결절성과형성증의정맥유출로압박, 수술이나간이식시간정맥의압박이나굽어짐 (kinking), 외상에의한혈종 에의한압박이원인이될수있다 분류 Budd-Chiari 증후군은원인에따라분류되기도하지만폐쇄부위에따라분류할수있다. Budd-Chiari 증후군은전술한바와같이간내정맥류유출로폐쇄질환 (hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction; 35
4 Postgraduate Course 2011 Table 3. Classification of Budd-Chiari Syndrome 18 According to Site of Obstruction Site of obstruction Small hepatic veins Large hepatic veins Inferior vena cava (IVC) Combined obstruction Definition Veins that cannot be shown clearly on hepatic venograms or by ultrasound studies; they include terminal hepatic veins (central veins), intercalated veins and interlobular veins. Veins that are regularly demonstrable on hepatic venograms and ultrasound studies; segmental branches of hepatic veins are generally included A segment of the IVC which extends from the entry level of the right, middle and left hepatic veins to the junction between the IVC and the right atrium Combination of obstruction in the large hepatic veins and IVC HVOTO) 으로정의되는데여기서동양혈관의독성손상으로인한정맥폐쇄질환 (veno-occulusive disease) 과심장과심막성질환은제외된다. 그런데간정맥폐쇄를주로하는질환군과대정맥폐쇄를주로하는질환군의발생양상이나임상경과가서로상이하여이들을구분할것인가에대한논란이있어왔다. Ludwig 등은 18 아예 Budd-Chiari 증후군이라는명칭을버리고 HVOTO으로명칭을통일하면서폐쇄부위에따라소간정맥부위, 대간정맥부위, 대정맥부위, 복합부위 HVOTO로구분하자고제안하였으며 Okuda등은 19 아예 Budd-Chiari 증후군을간정맥부위에발생하는전통적인 (classic) Budd-Chiari 증후군만으로한정하자고주장하기도하였다. 하지만현재까지완전한동의를얻은명칭은없어서 Budd-Chiari 증후군이전체적인 HVOTO를다포함하기도하고간정맥에서발생하는 classic Budd-Chiari 증후군만을의미하기도하는등혼용되어사용되고있다. 부위에따른분류에서대정맥의폐쇄가많은동양에서 Okuda 분류를제시하였으나현재까지전세계적으로는 Ludwig 분류가가장널리사용되고있는실정이다 (Table 3). 3. 임상양상 Budd-Chiari 증후군의임상양상은전격성에서부터만성양상까지매우다양하게나타난다. 환자의진단시임상양상은대체적으로질병의이환기간과큰연관성을보이지않는다고알려져있으나대부분의환자가진행된섬유화나간경변증의상태에서발견된다. 무증상의환자가전체의약 15% 정도를차지한다고알려져있으며 20 약 10% 정도에서는급성질환의임상양상을보이며내원하기도한다. 21 Budd-Chiari 증후군의임상상은잘알려져있는데로복통, 복수, 간종대를세가지주증상으로하며비장종대, 정맥류및출혈등의문맥고혈압증상이있을수있으며대정맥에서나타나는경우복부의피하혈관의외측측부혈관의종대가뚜렷이보일수있다. 간기능에대한검사이상은만성간질환이나간경변증과유사한변화가나타난다. 전통적으로대정맥을침범하는 MOIVC (membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava) 에서는간세포암종의발생율이 70배이상높다고알려져왔다. 최근의 MOIVC 환자 13% 정도를포함하는 Budd-Chiari 증후군 5년추적연구에서도 11% 에서간세포암종이발생하였다고보고하였고남자, Factor V Leiden 결핍, MOIVC가주요한위험인자로나타났다. 22 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자에서도간세포암종의감시검사는중요한고려사항이라하겠다. 4. 진단 Budd-Chiari 증후군의진단에서가장중요한것은임상적으로 Budd-Chiari 증후군을의심하는것이다. Budd-Chiari 증후군을의심하여진단적검사를진행해야하는경우는 1) 급성이던만성이건간에 Budd-Chiari 36
5 김지훈 Budd-Chiari 증후군 증후군의전형적증상인복수, 간비대, 우상복부복통을호소하는환자 2) 혈전발생의위험이높은환자군에서의간질환이의심되는경우 3) 상당한복부의피하정맥의종대를보이는간질환의심환자 4) 간질환환자에서여러질환이배제되었음에도진단이불확실한경우를들수있다. Budd-Chiari 증후군에서가장중요한검사는경험이있고 Budd-Chiari 증후군을의심한다는것을알고있는초음파전문의 Figure 1. 의도플러검사를포함한확인이다. 이를통해 1) 폐쇄부위의고형혈관내물질을확인하고 2) 폐쇄부위하부에서혈관의종창이보이고 3) 혈류의흐름이없는끈과같은변화가정맥부위에나타나거나 4) 간내또는 subcapsular 부위에나타나는것을확인함으로싸진단에이용한다. CT, MRI가도플러를이용한초음파보다좋다는증거는없으며도플러초음파에서불확실한경우보조적인수단으로사용되거나 Budd-Chiari 증후군의진단경험이있는도플러초음파가가능한의사가없는경우사용하는것을원칙으로한다, 하지만도플러검사는내과를비롯한여러다양한전공의의사가정보를공유하기어려워 CT, MRI가보조적으로많이사용된다. 직접적인혈관조영술도침습적이고간정맥의확인이않되는경우가있어비침습적검사들의보조수단으로사용되며조직검사가필요한경우에두가지를동시에확인하기위해시행될수있다. 간조직검사로는특장적인변화를확인할수없다. 따라서조직검사도일부에서진단의도움을받기위해사용되며주로작은간정맥들을침범하고큰간정맥은정상인경우에조직검사의도움을받는다. 특히이런경우는 VOD와감별이어려워조직검사의도움이필요하나작은간정맥의혈전을조직에서확인할수있는경우도많지않다 (Fig. 1A). Budd-Chiari 증후군이확인된다면기저의혈전형성질환을가지고있는지를꼭확인하여야한다. 이를위한검사들을 Table 4에요약하였다. 5. 치료현재까지의 Budd-Chiari 증후군의치료에대한잘구성된임상적연구자료가거의없다. 이로인해여러전문가집단의제안을 2, 3 따르는것이현실이다. 전반적인치료의순서는 1) 환자의기저질환과전반적인대증적치료를하면서항혈전치료를시작하고 2) 이후혈관성성형술이나스텐트를통해치료가가능한부분이있는지적극적으로확인하여가능하다면치료하고 3) 이들이적합하지않은환자로판단되면 TIPS (Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) 를고려하는것이좋고 4) TIPS에반응하지않으면간이식을하는순서가주치료흐름이라하겠다 (Fig. 1B). 1) 기저질환의치료당연히기저질환을확인하고적절한치료를시작하는것은중요하다하겠으나이에대한치료효과에대해서는자료가많지않다. 원인에관여하던아니든경구용피임약은금기이다. 임신에있어서는 Budd-Chiari 증 37
6 Postgraduate Course 2011 Table 4. Test for Prothrombic Condition in Patients with Budd-Chiari Syndrome 4 Prothrombic condition Myeloproliferative disease Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Behcet s disease Antiphospholipid syndrome Factor V Leiden Factor II gene mutation Inherited antithrombin deficiency Protein C deficiency Protein S deficiency Hyperhomocysteinemia Oral contraceptives Diagnostic test V617F JAK2 mutation in granulocytes is 100% specific. Where it is undetectable or where the technique is unavailable: Several clusters of dystrophic megakaryocytes at bone marrow biopsy; or endogenous erythroid colonies in cultures of bone marrow or peripheral blood erythroid progenitors on erythropoietin-poor media CD55 and CD59 deficient clone at flowcytometry of peripheral blood cells Ham-Dacie and sucrose tests where flowcytometry is unavailable Set of conventional criteria (including IVC thrombosis) Idiopathic venous or arterial thrombosis, or repeated miscarriage Plus, repeatedly detectable: high serum levels of anticardiolipin antibodies or lupus anticoagulant or antibeta2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies Increased protein C resistance; When present, molecular biology for R605Q factor V mutation Molecular biology for G20210A mutation Decreased antithrombin level and Normal prothrombin levels or family history Decreased Protein C level and Normal prothrombin levels or family history Decreased Protein S level and Normal prothrombin levels or family history Increased serum homocysteine level prior to disease (Note: Blood folate and serum vitamin B12 levels may be useful.) Ongoing oral contraceptive use at apparent onset 후군환자에서적절한항응고치료를하며성공적인임신이보고되고있어 23 금지할것인지는좀더연구가필요하다. 보체 C5 단백의단일항체인 eculizumab이최근발작성야간혈색소뇨증에효과적으로알려져있고 24 골수증식성질환의주요기전인 JAK-2 길항제가현재개발되어임상실험중이므로 25 향후이들약제의치료가도움이될수있을것으로보인다. Budd-Chiari 증후군환자에서는일반적인간경변증과다른혈역학적변화를보인다. Renin, aldosterone, norepinephrine의증가와혈장의증가는간경변증과유사하나전신혈관저항의감소나혈관확장의증거는없으며심박출량 (cardiac output) 의증가도관찰되지않는다. 따라서 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자의문맥압항진증의치료는간경변증환자의치료와다른부분이있을수있어이런차이를고려한접근이필요하다. 26 2) 항응고제항응고제치료는모든 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자에게사용할것을권고하고있다. 하지만 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서항응고제의사용을전향적으로확인한연구는없으며혈전의위험을가진심부정맥혈전증환자에서영구적인항응고제치료를권하는것을원용하고있다하겠다. 다만예후가좋을것으로기대되는환자에서는경계성정도의생존향상에효과가있다는보고가있고 20% 정도의환자에서더이상의치료없이지속적인호전이있다고보고되고있다 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서이러한항응고제치료에대한출혈이나사망은 38
7 김지훈 Budd-Chiari 증후군 1% 정도로보고되고있어 30 대체로안전하다고생각되나 unfracinated 헤파린에서상당히높은빈도로헤파린유발성혈소판감소증이발생이보고되고있고저분자량헤파린에서도발생이보고되고있으므로주의를요한다. 16, 31 현재까지헤파린이나와파린에서더나은항응고치료는정립되지않았고환자의상태사용기간등을고려해결정하게된다. 치료의목표는일반적인심부정맥혈전의치료지침을준용하여헤파린사용에있어서는 anti-xa 를 IU/ml 이상유지하고와파린사용에서는 INR을 2-3으로유지하는것이추천되지만이에대한효용성에대한검증이이루어져야한다. 31 혈전용해제의사용에있어서의효용과내인성에대한자료도매우제한되지만최근의보고를보면최근발생된혈전에서혈관성형술이나스텐트시술후충분한혈류를회복, 유지하는데직접혈전부위에사용하는것은고려해볼수있을것이라는보고가있다. 32 3) 혈관성혈술및스텐트혈관성형술이나스텐트를통해정맥을재개통 (recannulization) 시키는것은간내압력을낮추고간외로의혈류를원활하게하는것을목적으로하는시술이다. 이들의적응이되는것은기술적으로재개통이가능한정도의잛은폐쇄부위를가지는경우에한정되며일반적으로증상이있는 Budd-Chiari 증후군에적용하고있는데증상이없는환자에서의시술은논란이있다. 이러한잛은폐쇄는 30% 정도의간정맥협착에서확인되고 33 대정맥협착에서는약 60% 에서확인되지만이들은대부분간정맥페쇄를어느정도동반한다고알려져있다. 34 간정맥에대해혈관성혈술및스텐트를시술한경우에대한보고들을보면환자수가적지만대체적으로시술후증상의완화를보였고스텐트를같이시술하는경우재협착이적었으며시술후간이식이필요한경우는없었다보고하고있다. 대정맥의경우는보고례가좀더많은데 95% 정도에서재개통에성공하며즉시증상의호전을보이고스텐트없이혈관성형술만하더라도큰지속적인개통율에차이가없으며이식이필요한경우는 1명에서보고되었다. 4 4) 문맥전신단락술수술에의한단락술은대정맥혈류가유지되는지미상엽의비후가어느정도인지에따라다양한혈관수술술식이이루어져왔다. 하지만수술에의한사망률이 25% 에이르고 35 약 30% 에서단기적, 장기적재협착이일어나고있으며 4 수술단락술에의한생존율향상도불분명한관계로최근에는많이시행되지않는다. 하지만수술후혈류가잘유지되는경우에는장기적생존을할수있다는보고도있다. 36 TIPS는수술과의비교연구가없는실정이나수술에비해좀더비침습적으로간문맥내압력을감소시켜주어 Budd-Chiari 증후군의증상과진행을낮출수있고간이식을대기중인환자의가교치료로이용될수있어최근 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서적용이증가되고있다. 현재까지의치료들의효과를분석한자료에서 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자의 57.8% 에서 TIPS가시행되었고 52.2% 에서단락의기능부전을보였다. 1개월내사망률은 9% 정도이고추가적으로 9.2% 정도의환자가간이식을받았다. 4 최근보고에서 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTTE) 이도포된스텐트를사용하는경우 TIPS의기능부전이 33% 인반면일반스텐트사용시 87% 에서일어난다고유의한차이를보고하고있어 37 앞으로 PTTE 스텐트가더큰효과를낼것으로기대된다. 하지만, Budd-Chiari 증후군에서 TIPS 시술시에출혈성합병증이좀높은것으로되어있어주의를요하며시술후간성혼수는일반적인간경변증에비해좀더낮은빈도에서일어나는데이는상대적으로간기능이보존된경우가 Budd-Chiari 증후군에많아서일것으로보인다. 4 39
8 Postgraduate Course ) 간이식항응고제, 혈관성형술, 단락술에치료반응을보이지않거나실패한환자그리고이러한치료에반응을보이지않고급격히진행하는환자들은간이식의대상이된다. 유럽에서 1988년부터 1999년까지 Budd-Chiari 증후군으로간이식을받은 248명에대한보고를보면반수의환자가나쁜 Rotterdam 예후지수에속하였지만간이식후 1년 5년, 10년생존율이 76%, 71%, 68% 에달하는좋은성적을보였다. 30 이들의예후인자로는수술이나 TIPS등의단락술을한경우, 빌리루빈, 크레아티닌수치가높은경우였다. 하지만최근의보고에서는간이식전단락시술이예후에별다른영향을미치지않는다는보고도있다. 38 현재까지골수증식성질환이있는 Budd-Chiari 증후군에서간이식수술을받은후악성변화가더일어나는지는불분명하다. 여러치료의단계적적용과일반적고려사항에대해 Valla가제안한내용을 Table 5에정리하였다. 9 현재까지두가지정도의후향적연구에서이러한순서에따른치료의효과를증명하고있는데 5년생존율이 85% 에이르는것으로보고하고있어 31,39 기존의약물치료단독이나수술적치료단독에서의효과보고 21,27,40 에비해대체로높은성적으로유용할것으로여겨지고있으나이러한제시된순서를따르는치료흐름은전향적연구로유용성입증이되어야한다. 대체로약물치료로약 20% 정도의환자가더이상의치료가필요없는지속적호전을보이며서양처럼간정맥폐쇄의경우에는혈관성형술에의해추가적으로 20% 환자가도움을받고 28,29,31 TIPS가나머지 60% 가량에도움을줄수있다고여겨지고있고 31 동양처럼대정맥의폐쇄가주인경우에는혈관성형술로 60% 정도의환자가완전한재관류를추가로얻을수있다 예후 Budd-Chiari 증후군의치료하지않은환자의자연경과는알려져있지않다. 하지만최근의코호트연구들에서 5년생존율은 80% 에육박한다. 대부분무증상의만성경과를보이다가다른여러질환이나골수증식성질환환자의검진중발견된다. 이처럼무증상기간이긴환자들은대체로예후가좋다고알려져있다. 20 하지만복통, 복수, 간종대, 정맥류출혈등의증상이발현된환자는 3년내에 90% 가사망하는중증경과를보인다. 41 또한급성또는아급성경과를보이는환자도있고전격성간염의양상을보이는경우도있는데이와같은급격한진행이갑작스럽게시작된혈전때문인지이전에있던만성적혈전에급격한악화를보이면서나타나는것 Table 5. Treatment strategy for Budd-Chiari syndrome A. In all patients - Initiate anticoagulation immediately Use low molecular weight heparin Monitor platelet counts every other day. Substitute heparin for daparanoid sulphate when there is a drop in platelet counts. Monitor antifactor X activity (heparinemia). Check antithrombin level if a target level of 0.5 IU/ML cannot be achieved using conventional doses. Administer recombinant antithrombin if level below 50% of normal. Shift to oral anticoagulation targeting an INR 2 to 3 as soon as possible - Treat underlying disease and with best supportive care B. In patients not improving or deteriorating with the above measures, proceed to angioplasty with or without stenting C. Proceed to insertion of a covered TIPS when the patient is not responding to the above treatments D. Consider liver transplantation when the patient is not responding to the above treatments unless TIPS dysfunction can be corrected 40
9 김지훈 Budd-Chiari 증후군 인지불분명하다. Budd-Chiari 증후군의예후에있어서알부민, 빌리루빈, PT, 복수, 간성혼수, Child-Pugh score 나 MELD score가주요한인자라는보고가있으나아직개개인의예후요인으로적용하기에는한계가있다. 간세포암종이드물지만특히오랜이환기간을가진 MOIVC환자에서빈발하며발생율이 70여배에이른다. 4 기저에골수증식성질환이있던환자가혈액학적악화를보이는경우가평균 6.6년추적에서 22.5% 에이르는것으로알려져있어 42 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자의예후에혈액종양질환이악화요인으로작용할수있다. 결 론 Budd-Chiari 증후군은간내정맥류유출로폐쇄질환 (HVOTO) 으로정의되는드문질환이다. 이는폐쇄부위에따라구분하는것이가장일반적이며간정맥, 대정맥, 그리고복합적으로나타날수있다. 대체로동양과서양에서이환부위가서로다르게나타나는데서양에서는간정맥, 대정맥, 복합적폐쇄가각각 62%, 7%, 31% 라고알려져있으며일본에서는각 6%, 13%, 81% 로알려져동양에서는대정맥을포함한간정맥이침범되는복합폐쇄가가장많다. 43 이들의진단은도플러초음파를근간으로한 CT, MRI, 혈관조영술이사용될수있으며치료는단계적으로이루어지도록권고하고있다. 원인에대한진단치료와함께항응고제치료를먼저수행하고반응이없는경우혈관성형술및스텐트그후 TIPS나수술적단락술을시행하고이들에다반응이없다면간이식을고려한다. 진단과치료의발전으로최근의코호트연구에서 5년생존율이 80% 를넘고있어특히대정맥의폐쇄가동반된환자는장기추적시간세포암종의발생에대한추적관찰이무엇보다중요해지고있다. Budd-Chiari 증후군은매우드문질환이고이에대한병태생리에대해아직많은것이알려져있지않다. 치료에있어서도현재제시되는치료흐름의타당성에대한전향적검증이이루어져야할것이다. 또한급격한간부전의양상으로나타나는드문 Budd-Chiari 증후군환자에서항응고치료, TIPS, 간이식의치료에대한유용성에대해더연구가이루어져야한다. 따라서, Budd-Chiari 증후군의자연경과와예후인자를분석하고치료효과를확인하는큰규모의전향적다기관연구가이루어지기를기대한다. 참고문헌 1. Chung RT, Iafrate AJ, Amrein PC, Sahani DV, Misdraji J. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case A 46-year-old woman with sudden onset of abdominal distention. N Engl J Med 2006;354: Janssen HL, Garcia-Pagan JC, Elias E, Mentha G, Hadengue A, Valla DC. Budd-Chiari syndrome: a review by an expert panel. J Hepatol 2003;38: de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005;43: DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology 2009;49: Kage M, Arakawa M, Kojiro M, Okuda K. Histopathology of membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava in the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Gastroenterology 1992;102: Darwish Murad S, Valla DC, de Groen PC, Zeitoun G, Haagsma EB, Kuipers EJ, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome combined with portal vein thrombosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:
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11 김지훈 Budd-Chiari 증후군 syndrome: A European study on 248 patients from 51 centres. J Hepatol 2006;44: Plessier A, Sibert A, Consigny Y, Hakime A, Zappa M, Denninger MH, et al. Aiming at minimal invasiveness as a therapeutic strategy for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology 2006;44: Sharma S, Texeira A, Texeira P, Elias E, Wilde J, Olliff SP. Pharmacological thrombolysis in Budd Chiari syndrome: a single centre experience and review of the literature. J Hepatol 2004;40: Valla D, Hadengue A, el Younsi M, Azar N, Zeitoun G, Boudet MJ, et al. Hepatic venous outflow block caused by short-length hepatic vein stenoses. Hepatology 1997;25: Okuda K. Inferior vena cava thrombosis at its hepatic portion (obliterative hepatocavopathy). Semin Liver Dis 2002;22: Langlet P, Valla D. Is surgical portosystemic shunt the treatment of choice in Budd-Chiari syndrome? Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2002;65: Bachet JB, Condat B, Hagege H, Plessier A, Consigny Y, Belghiti J, et al. Long-term portosystemic shunt patency as a determinant of outcome in Budd-Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol 2007;46: Hernandez-Guerra M, Turnes J, Rubinstein P, Olliff S, Elias E, Bosch J, et al. PTFE-covered stents improve TIPS patency in Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology 2004;40: Segev DL, Nguyen GC, Locke JE, Simpkins CE, Montgomery RA, Maley WR, et al. Twenty years of liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a national registry analysis. Liver Transpl 2007;13: Eapen CE, Velissaris D, Heydtmann M, Gunson B, Olliff S, Elias E. Favourable medium term outcome following hepatic vein recanalisation and/or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for Budd Chiari syndrome. Gut 2006;55: Zeitoun G, Escolano S, Hadengue A, Azar N, El Younsi M, Mallet A, et al. Outcome of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a multivariate analysis of factors related to survival including surgical portosystemic shunting. Hepatology 1999;30: Tavill AS, Wood EJ, Kreel L, Jones EA, Gregory M, Sherlock S. The Budd-Chiari syndrome: correlation between hepatic scintigraphy and the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in nineteen cases of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Gastroenterology 1975;68: Chait Y, Condat B, Cazals-Hatem D, Rufat P, Atmani S, Chaoui D, et al. Relevance of the criteria commonly used to diagnose myeloproliferative disorder in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2005;129: Valla D. Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction etiopathogenesis:asia versus the West. Journal of gastroenterology and Hepatology 2004;19:s204-s
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