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1 Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 2013; 8(1): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증에 TENS 가미치는효과 이순현 송창호 1 9) 1 삼육대학교물리치료학과 The Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on the Neuropathic Pain in Peripheral Nerve Injury Soon-hyun Lee, PT, MS, Chang-ho Song, PhD 1 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University Received: November 5, 2012 / Revised: December 30, 2012 / Accepted: December 30, 2012 c 2013 Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine Abstract PURPOSE: To identify the effects of single trial transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application on chronic neuropathic pain and the repeated TENS application to development of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: First, 20 rats were given the median nerve ligation to induce chronic neuropathic pain. After the ligation, neuropathic pain was assessed by measuring the forepaws withdrawal threshold to von Frey filaments for 3 weeks. Afterward, rats were randomly divided into TENS group and placebo-tens group. TENS (frequency 100Hz, pulse width 200μs ) was applied to the forearm for 20 minutes. Second, 34 rats were randomly allocated into two group after median nerve ligation: TENS group and placebo-tens group. Both interventions were applied to the forearm for 20 minutes from 1 day to 3 weeks after injury. Neuropathic pain to mechanical was measured on each rat for 3 weeks. RESULTS: Exeprimental rats showed a clear neuropathic pain-like behaviors, such as reduced forepaw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation for 3 weeks, after median nerve ligation. And, TENS decreased effectively the chronic neuropathic pain originated from median nerve injury. TENS also diminished the development of neuropathic pain after nerve injury. CONCLUSION: Our animal model studying for neuropathic pain following median nerve injury may be useful to investigate peripheral neuropathic pain in human. Also, TENS may be used to mediate chronic neuropathic pain and to prevent the development of neuropathic pain following median nerve injury. Key Words: TENS, Neuropathic pain, Peripheral nerve, Rat Corresponding Author : chsong@syu.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 80 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 1 호 Ⅰ. 서론절단및외상에의하여빈번하게유발되는말초신경손상은신경병증성통증을흔히동반하며급성기에소실되기도하지만, 대부분의환자들은통증이지속되는만성신경병증성통증이된다 (Taylor, 2006). 신경병증성통증은근골격계통증및염증성통증에비하여전통적인진통약물에의한항진통효과가미비하다 (McCarberg 과 Billington, 2006). 따라서이러한통증은임상에서가장난치성문제중한가지이며, 대안적치료중재방법및치료적중재기전연구가필요한상황이다. 현재까지신경병증성통증의기전연구및새로운중재약물개발을위한연구들은좌골신경을대상으로연구가시행되었으며신경병증성통증연구는대부분하지의말초신경에손상을주어연구되었다. 이러한연구들은 CCI 모델 (chronic constriction model), PSL 모델 (partial sciatic nerve ligation), SNI 모델 (spared nerve injury) 그리고 TNI 모델 (tibial nerve injury) 을제시하며다양한진통효과와통증유발및중재기전이증명되었다 (Bennett, 1991; Bennett과 Xie, 1988; Decosterd과 Woolf, 2000; Hofmann 등, 2003; Seltzer 등, 1990). 이러한모델들은좌골신경과요추의척수신경 (lumber spinal nerve) 이크고, 수술적적용이용이하며 (Hogan, 2002), 뒷발의발바닥면 (plantar surface) 의신경지배에의하여행동학적검사가용이한장점이있어 (Hogan, 2002) 최근 20년간신경병증성통증의기전연구및다양한약물연구에많이사용되고있는실정이다 (Bennett, 1991) 그러나사람에서말초신경손상의대부분은요골신경, 정중신경및척골신경이있는상지에서유발되며 (Kouyoumdjian, 2006; Scholz 등, 2009), 특히정중신경과관련된손목수근관증후군 (carpal tunnel syndrome) 은일과관련되어가장빈번하게발생하는말초신경손상이다 (Kouyoumdjian, 2006). 하지만, 하지의말초신경과상지의말초신경은해부학적구조물의차이가있다. 사람의상지는하지에비하여중추신경계인뇌와근접하며감각신경과운동신경의되먹임기전 (feedback system) 이발달된구조물로서 (Johansson, 2002), 요수 (lumbar spinal cord) 에비하여경수 (cervical spinal cord) 는척추위 신경구조물 (supraspinal nerve structure) 에더욱영향을받는다 (Armand, 1982). 또한, 말초신경감각을전달및판별하는경수와요수는구조적차이뿐만아니라이를구성하는신경세포의분포도다르다. 하지말초신경손상연구에서동일한방법으로경골신경또는좌골신경에손상을주어도유발되는말초신경병증성통증의양상및척수에서나타나는신경변화가다르다 (Dowdall 등, 2005; Lee 등, 1998). 심지어같은하지의말초신경이어도손상위치에따라신경병증성통증의양상 (Dowdall 등, 2005; Hogan, 2002) 및신경발아 (nerve sprouting) 가다르듯이 (Lee 등, 1998), 상지와하지의말초신경손상은차이가있을것으로추측된다. 따라서사람에서호발하는상지손상에의한신경병증성통증의기전및중재효과기전을연구하기위하여사람의상황을대변할수있는새로운동물모델이필요하며, 상지신경손상에의하여유발된신경병증성통증은하지에서신경손상에의해유발된신경병증성통증과차이가있을것으로사료된다. 비록기존신경손상모델들이신경병증성통증기전연구에장점이있지만, 상지신경손상에의한신경병증성통증모델의개발은신경병증성통증의기전연구및새로운약물개발에더욱효과적일것이다. 최근 Yi 등이백서에서상지의정중신경과척골신경의부분손상 (partial injury of the median and ulner nerves) 을유발하여만성신경병증성통증의유발을확인하였다 (Yi 등, 2011). 그러나이는사람의상지신경손상유발경향과차이가있는방법이다. 또한, 고력-고빈도훈련 (high-force repetitive task) 를시행하여백서에게사람에서가장호발하는상지신경손상인손목수근관증후군을유발하였지만, 통증에대한연구는미흡하였다 (Clark 등, 2004). 경피신경전기자극치료 (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; TENS) 는물리치료에서가장보편적으로사용되는비침습적인치료방법으로, 사람및동물연구에서관절염에의한관절통 (Desantana 등, 2009), 급성통증 (Walsh 등, 2009), 근염 (Ainsworth 등, 2006), 모르핀내성에의한과민통에의한통증 (Sluka 등, 2000) 을효과적으로중재하였다. 또한, 기계적자극에대한신경병
3 말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증에 TENS 가미치는효과 81 증성통증을 TENS가효과적으로중재하였다고보고한반면 (Somers과 Clemente, 2009; Somers과 Clemente, 2006), 일부연구에서는 TENS가열적신경병증성통증중재에는효과적이지만기계적통증중재에는비효과적이라고보고하였다 (Somers과 Clemente, 1998). 이처럼, TENS가신경병증성통증에미치는효과에대한연구는미흡할뿐만아니라불분명하며상지신경손상에의한연구및만성신경병증성통증에미치는효과와만성신경병증성통증유발중재에미치는효과는전무한실정이다. 따라서본연구는상지에서정중신경손상에의한신경병증성통증모델을제작하고, 이로인하여유발되는만성신경병증성통증의중재에일회성 TENS가미치는효과를규명하며, 또한정중신경손상에의한신경병증성통증유발에 TENS의중재가미치는효과를알아보고자하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상실험동물은 7주령이상 ( g) 의수컷백서 (Sprague-Dawley; 오리엔트, 가평 ) 를사용하였다. 실험동물은낮과밤의주기가각각 12시간, 사육실의온도는 가유지되는항온항습상태에서사육하였다. 실험전 1주일간실험환경에적응기간을주었고, 사료와물은실험동물이자유롭게먹을수있게하였다. 2. 실험절차 1) 상지말초신경손상모델제작및만성말초신경병증성통증에일회성 TENS 중재가미치는효과상지말초신경손상모델에서유발되는통증및 TENS가만성신경병증성통증에미치는효과의실험절차는다음과같다. 실험백서 22마리의오른쪽앞발에서상지의정중신경을결찰 (ligation) 하여말초신경손상을유발하였다. 말초신경손상이적절히유발되었는지는정중신경손상에의한손목관절의손처짐 (wrist drop) 이나타나는여부로확인하였고, 손처짐이적절하게나타나지않은백서 2마리는실험에서제외하였다. 수술적중재후통증유발을확인하기위하여 2, 4, 7, 14, 21일에행동학적검사를시행하였다. 만성신경병증성통증이유발된 4주후, TENS가만성신경병증성통증에미치는효과를실험하였다. 만성신경병증성통증이유발된실험백서 20 마리는실험자의선정편견 (selection bias) 를최소화하기위하여무작위로추출하여 TENS군과속임 TENS군에각각 10 마리씩배치하였다. 두그룹의백서에게해당하는 TENS 및속임 TENS 자극을가하였고, TENS 자극후 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 분과 1일후에행동학적검사를시행하였다. TENS의적용및행동학적검사는맹검 (blind-test) 상태에서시행하였다. 2) 말초신경손상후조기 TENS 중재가신경병증성통증유발억제에미치는효과 TENS가말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증유발억제에미치는효과를확인하기위하여다음과같은실험절차를시행하였다. 실험백서 35 마리를대상으로앞과동일한수술적중재를시행하였고, 손처짐이적절하게나타나지않은백서 1마리는실험에서제외하였다. 수술적중재를마친실험백서 34 마리는무작위로추출하여 TENS군과속임 TENS군에각각 17 마리씩배치하였다. 수술적용후 1일부터 TENS 및속임 TENS 자극을가하였고, 행동학적검사는전과동일하게수술적중재후 2, 4, 7, 14, 21일에시행하였다. TENS 의단기진통효과를배제하기위하여단기진통효과가소실되는 TENS 적용 240분후에행동학적검사를시행하였다. 모든실험이마친백서는동물윤리법에근거하여희생 (sacrifice) 되었다. 3. 말초신경손상모델제작실험동물은 sodium enflurane (.5-2%) 을이용한마취하에수술적중재가시행되었다. 백서의오른쪽앞발의전완부를수술용칼을이용하여피부를절개하고, 요골수근굴근및척골수근굴근과장장근을잘분리시킨후정중신경을노출하였다. 유리봉으로제작된후크를이
4 82 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 1 호 용하여분리한후 5/0silk로두번단단히결찰하였다. 결찰을마친후절개된근육을정리하였고, 절개된피부를봉합하였다. 봉합한부분은감염을방지하기위하여베타딘을발라주었다. 4. TENS의적용백서에서 TENS 적용은 sodium enflurane (.5-2%) 을이용한흡입마취하에시행되었다 (Sluka 등, 2000; Somers과 Clemente, 2006). TENS를적용하기위하여상완의털을제거한후, 전극부착부위를 70% 에탄올 (ethanol) 로소독하였다. 털이제거된백서의전완부에부착된전극을통하여 TENS (Intelect NMES, Chattanooga group Inc., 미국 ) 의전기자극을가하였고, 적용규례는 20분간빈도수 100Hz, 맥폭 200μs, 강도는전완근의가시적수축이유발되지않을정도로설정하였다 (Sluka 등, 2000; Sluka 등, 2005). 실험을마친백서는동물윤리법에준하여희생 (sacrifice) 하였다. 양성반응이나타나면한단계강도가작은 filament로자극을가하고, 회피하지않는음성반응이나타나면한단계강도가강한 filament로자극을가하였다. 15 g 이상의자극은조직손상의위험이있어서가하지않았으며, 자극은민감화 (sensitization) 를줄이기위해수초간격을두고적용하였다. 50% 역치의변환은 Dixon 방법에따라시행하였다 (Dixon, 1980). 6. 분석방법본연구의모든통계적분석은 SPSS 15.0을이용하였다. 모든측정치는평균 (mean) ± 표준오차 (standard error of mean) 로표시하였다. 말초신경손상에의한통증의유발및그룹내 TENS와속임 TENS가신경병증성통증에미치는효과는 Friedman test를이용하였다. 또한, 해당하는동일한시기의 TENS와속임 TENS의항진통효과는 Mann-Whitney U test를이용하여분석하였다. 자료의모든통계적유의수준은.05 이하로하였다. 5. 행동학적검사 1) 기계적이질통검사기계적역치검사는 von Frey filaments (.41,.70, 1.20, 2.00, 3.63, 5.50, 8.50, 15.10g, Stoeling, Wood Dale, IL, 미국 ) 를이용하여발바닥에기계적인자극을가한뒤발바닥에서유발된회피반응역치를측정하였다. 발의회피반응을측정하기위해서쥐를격자가 3mm철망위에올려진투명한아크릴통 ( cm ) 에넣고환경에적응할수있는시간을주었다. 약 20분정도의시간이경과후, 쥐의순응여부를확인하고철망격자사이로정량화된 von Frey filament로발바닥을자극하였다. von Frey filaments가약간구부러질정도로각뒷발바닥에 3 4초정도자극하였고, 가해진자극으로인하여회피반응이일어나면양성으로간주하였다 (Bennett, 1991; Kim 등, 2003; Lee 등, 1998; Maedai 등, 2007; Somers과 Clemente, 2006). 측정방법은 up-down방법 (Chaplan 등, 1994) 을통해 50% 회피반응을측정하였다. 최초 filament의강도는 2.0g (4.31mN) 으로시작하며, 자극으로발을회피하는 Ⅲ. 결과 1. 상지말초신경손상모델제작및만성말초신경병증성통증에일회성 TENS 중재가미치는효과 1) 상지말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증의유발정중신경의결찰은손상후 2일부터 3주까지신경병증성통증을확연하게유발하였다. 신경손상유발전백서의양측상지의회피역치는약 14g 이였고, 신경손상후 2일째동측의회피역치는 7.8 ±.7g으로감소되었다. 신경손상 7일후동측의회피역치는 4.9 ±.4g이였고, 이후회피역치감소의고평부 (plateau) 가나타나서손상후 3주에는 3.7 ±.7g의회피역치를나타냈다. 반면, 반대측상지의회피역치는확연한변화가나타나지않았다 (Fig 1). 본연구에서백서에게가해진기계적자극은유해하지않은정도의자극으로서, 이러한기계적자극에대한감각과민 (hypersensitivity) 는동측상지에서만나타났으며, 이러한반응을본연구에서는기계적이질통, 즉신경병증성통증으로간주하였다.
5 말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증에 TENS 가미치는효과 Ipsi-lateral (n=20) Contra-lateral (n=20) 15 (A) TENS (n=10) Placebo-TENS (n=10) Withdrawal threshold (g) Pre 2D 4D 7D 10D 2W Post operative day (POD) Fig. 1. Temporal changes of withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation, von Frey filaments, following the tight ligation of median nerve in rats. Dark circle means the changes of withdrawal threshold in the ipsi-lateral forefoot and open circle presents the changes of withdrawal threshold in the contra-lateral forefoot. denote that the values significantly different from the pre values(p<.05). D: days; W: weeks 2) 만성신경병증성통증에일회성 TENS 중재가미치는효과정중신경손상에의하여만성신경병증성통증이유발된쥐들을대상으로, TENS 및속임 TENS를적용하였다. TENS 및속임 TENS 적용전백서의동측회피역치는각각 2.7 ±.4g, 2.9 ±.4g 이었다. 속임 TENS 군은적용후 30분에회피역치가통계적으로유의하지는않았지만 4.1 ±.6g까지미세하게상승하였으나이후적용전수치로복귀하였다. 반면, TENS 자극은적용후 30분에 4.4 ±.4g으로유의하게상승된후 90분에는가장효과적인항진통효과를나타내며회피역치는 5.6 ±.4g까지상승되었다. 이후항이질통효과는감소되었고 240분에는적용전수치로복귀하였다. 적용후 1일째역시항진통효과는나타나지않았다. TENS 군은속임 TENS 군에비하여적용 60분후부터유의한차이를나타냈고이는 120분까지약 60분간지속되었다 (Figure 2-A). 반대측상지의회피역치는 TENS 및속임 TENS에의하여적용후 30분부터 1일까지유의한변화를나타내지않았다 (Fig 2-B). 3W Withdrawal threshold (g) Withdrawal threshold (g) (B) # # Pre 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min 240 min Time-course of TENS application Pre 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min 240 min Time-course of TENS application # 1D TENS (n=10) Placebo-TENS (n=10) Fig. 2. The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on chronic mechanical allodynia to von Frey filaments on (A) ipsi-lateral side and (B) contra-lateral side of hindpaws in the median nerve-ligated rats. denote that the values significantly different from the pre-application control value and # indicate data significantly different from the corresponding data in the placebo-tens treated group (p<.05). min: minutes; D: days 2. 말초신경손상후조기 TENS 중재가신경병증성통증유발억제에미치는효과말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증유발억제에 TENS가미치는효과를알아보기위하여신경손상후 1일째부터 TENS 또는속임 TENS를적용하였다. TENS 적용은중재후 10일까지동측상지의신경병증성통증유발억제에유의한효과를나타내지못하였으나, 적용후 2주와 3주에는속임 TENS군에비하여유의하게회 1D
6 84 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 1 호 피역치를증가시켰다. 적용후 2주에 TENS 군의회피역치는 6.4 ±.5g이였고, 속임 TENS 군은 4.5 ±.6g으로약 1.9g의차이를보였다. 또한적용후 3주의회피역치는 TENS군은 5.5 ±.5g, 속임 TENS 군은 3.6 ±.3g으로, 2주와마찬가지로약 1.9g의차이를나타냈다 (Fig 3-A). 반대측상지의회피역치는 3주동안 TENS 및속임 TENS에의한변화를나타내지않았다 (Fig 2-B). Withdrawal threshold (g) Withdrawal threshold (g) (A) Pre Pre 2D Post operative day (POD) 2D 4D 4D 7D 7D 10D 10D 2W 2W Post operative day (POD) TENS (n=17) Placebo-TENS (n=17) # # 3W TENS (n=17) Placebo-TENS (n=17) Fig. 3. The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the induction of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury in (A) ipsi-lateral side and (B) contralateral side of nerve-injured rats. denote that the values significantly different from the preapplication control value and # indicate data significantly different from the corresponding data in the placebo-tens treated group (p<.05). min: minutes; D: days 3W Ⅳ. 고찰본연구는상지신경손상에의해종종유발되는신경병증성통증을연구하기위하여, 백서의정중신경을결찰하여만성신경병증성통증의유발을증명하였다. 또한물리치료에서많이사용되는 TENS를신경병증성통증이유발된부위에적용하여만성신경병증성통증에대한효과적인항진통효과및신경병증성통증의유발을효과적으로억제함을증명하였다. 본연구모델은손상 2일째부터 3주까지유의한기계적이질통이유발되었다. 과민통및이질통은신경병증성통증의유형으로, 본연구모델에서는유해하지않은기계적자극에대하여회피하는반응을이질통과같은통증행동으로간주하였고손상에의하여잘유발되었다. 기계적자극에대한회피반응은기존신경병증성통증연구들에서이질통으로간주한행동학적통증반응으로 (Bennett, 1991; Bennett과 Xie, 1988; Decosterd 과 Woolf, 2000; Hofmann 등, 2003; Seltzer 등, 1990), 본연구에서정중신경결찰에의하여 3주동안유의하게나타났다. 또한, 본연구에서정중신경결찰전회피역치는약 14g이었고, 2일후 7.8g, 4일후 7g, 7일후 5g, 10일후 4.5g 과같이점차적으로회피역치가감소되었다. 신경압박에의한점차적인통증의악화는사람에서나타나는신경병증성통증의주된증상이다 (Lee 등, 2004). 따라서, 본연구모델은사람의신경병증성통증의시간적유발양상및이질통과같은유발형태를잘대변한타당한모델로사료된다. 본연구와비슷하게, Yi 등은정중신경과척골신경의부분손상을주어기계적, 열적, 냉적신경병증성통증의유발을보고하였다 (Yi 등, 2011). 이모델은신경손상후 18주간통증행동을관찰하였고 8주간기계적통증의유의한증가및이후손상전수치로회복됨을보고하였다. 하지만이모델은사람에서유발되기어려운상황인상지두신경의부분손상을통하여통증을유발한반면, 본연구는손목수근관증후근및이상근증후근과같은신경압박에의하여통증을유발하였다. 또한, 부분손상에비하여결찰이라는수술적절차의용이성과손처짐과같은사람의양상을잘대변하였기에본연구모델은
7 말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증에 TENS 가미치는효과 85 타당한연구모델로사료된다. 말초신경손상은척수의후각 (dorsal horn) 및뒤뿌리절 (dorsal root ganglia) 에서 μ 아편유사제수용체 (mu opioid receptor) 의발현을감소시켰고 (Zhang 등, 1998), 척수에서 δ 아편유사제수용체 (delta opioid receptor) 의발현을감소시켰다 (Stone 등, 2004). 척수의 μ 와 δ 아편유사제수용체는통증중재에관여하는수용체로서하행억제조절 (descending inhibition control) 에관여하여통증을억제한다 (Taylor, 2009). 말초신경손상에의한아편유사제수용체의감소는통증유발의주된원인으로, 본연구에서말초신경손상에의한통증의유발은아편유사제수용체의변화에의하여유발된것으로사료된다. 또한본연구와비슷하게상지말초신경을손상시켜통증을유발한연구에따르면, 상지말초신경손상은척수에서미세아교세포 (microglial cell) 과별아교세포 (astrocyte) 의활성을증가시켰다 (Yi 등, 2011). 두신경아교세포 (glia cell) 은 TNFα, IL-6와같은염증전시토카인 (proinflammatory cytokine) 의분비및생성을증가시키고, 또한만성신경병증성통증에관여한다 (Watkins 등, 2007). 따라서, 말초신경손상은척수에서신경아교세포의발현및활성을변화시켜통증을유발하였을것이다. 본연구에서말초신경손상에의한만성말초신경병증성통증의유발을신경손상후 4주로간주하였다. Yao 등은백서의좌골신경을결찰하여 5주간만성말초신경병증성통증을보고하였고, 신경손상 2주후부터만성신경병증성통증으로간주하였다 (Yao 등, 2003). Eaton 등은백서에서말초신경손상 1주후부터만성신경병증성통증이유발된다고간주하였다 (Eaton 등, 2002). 감각신경의곁발아 (collateral sprouting) 은신경압궤손상 (nerve crush injury) 에의한만성신경병증성통증유발에관여되는증상으로, 백서의다양한말초신경손상모델에서신경손상후 1주혹은 2주부터나타난다 (Bridges 등, 2001). 따라서, 본연구에서만성말초신경병증성통증으로간주한 4주간의시간은타당한기간으로추측된다. 본연구는만성신경병증성통증이유발된백서에게 TENS를적용하여효과적으로통증이경감됨을증명하 였다. 신경손상유발전회피역치는약 14g이었고, 손상후 4주후에는기존역치진폭 (amplitude) 의약 20% 수준인 2.7g까지감소되었다. TENS는적용 30분후부터진통효과를나타내어 90분후에는최대진통효과를나타내어기존역치진폭의약 41% 수준인 5.6g까지상승시켰고이후점차감소되어 240분에는적용전수치로복귀하였다. 반면 Sluka 등 (1999) 은백서의슬관절에 Carrageene으로관절염을유발한 4시간째 TENS를 20분간적용하여열에대한민감화유발이적용직후부터감소되었고, 이러한경향이 20시간이상지속되었다. 이는본연구는기계적통증을측정한반면 Sluka 등 (1999) 은열적통증을측정하였고, 또한본연구는신경손상에의한통증에 TENS를적용한반면이들은관절염에 TENS를적용한차이로추측된다. 이를명확하게규명하기위하여추후연구에서는다른손상모델에서동일한조건의 TENS 효과의차이를실험해야할것이다. 이러한 TENS의진통효과경향은아편유사제수용체작용제 (agonist) 가신경병증성통증에대한진통효과경향과비슷하였다 (Kim 등, 2003). 본연구에서적용된고빈도 TENS (>100Hz) 는사람의혈류, 뇌척수액에서아편유사제전구체인 β 엔도르핀 (endorphine) 의농도를증가시켰고 (Han 등, 1991), 또한뇌척수액에서다른아편유사제전구체인메티오닌- 엔케팔린 (methionineenkephalin) 을증가시켰다 (Salar 등, 1981). 또한, 동물연구에서도전복측연수에 δ 아편유사제수용체길항제 (antagonist) 처치시 TENS의진통효과가차단되었고 (Kalra 등, 2001), 관절염이유발된백서에서 TENS의적용은과민통을효과적으로경감시켰고이러한효과는아편유사제수용체길항제인 Naltrexone에의하여차단되었다 (Sabino 등, 2008). 말초부위에전기적자극의적용은중추신경계에서아편유사제수용체아형인 mu 와 delta 수용체와상호작용하는엔케팔린 (enkephaline), 엔도모르핀 (endomorphine), 베타- 엔도르핀 (β-endorphine) 의분비를증가시킨다 (Han 등, 1999; Huang 등, 2000). 이를통하여본연구에서나타난 TENS의항신경병증성통증효과는신경및혈류, 뇌척수액등신체구조물의아편유사제수용체의발현및활성을증가시켜나타난것으로사료된다.
8 86 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 1 호 또한고빈도 TENS는글루탄산염 (glutamate) 와같은흥분성신경전달물질의분비를감소시켰고 (Sluka 등, 2005), 척수에서 GABA와같은강력한억제성신경전달물질의분비를증가시켰으며 GABAA 수용체길항제의처지는 TENS에의한항과민통효과가차단되었다 (Maedai 등, 2007). 본연구와비슷하게백서의좌골신경을압박하여신경병증성통증을유발후 TENS를적용시신경병증성통증이감소될뿐만아니라척수후각의 GABA와같은억제성신경전달물질을내포한시냅토솜이증가되었다 (Somers과 Clemente, 2009). 따라서, 본연구에서나타난 TENS의항신경병증성효과는아편유사제뿐만아니라 GABA와같은강력한억제성신경전달불질의분비및발현을증가시켜서통증및통각을중재하였을것으로추측된다. TENS는이처럼신경전달물질의분비를조절할뿐만아니라신경전달경로 (neuronal pathway) 의변화에도관여한다. 통증이유발된실험동물에게 TENS 적용은통증을경감하였고, 이러한효과는전복측연수, 수도관주위회색질, 척수의활성억제시차단되었다 (Desantana 등, 2009; Kalra 등, 2001; Sluka 등, 1999). 이구조물들은통증의전달경로및억제에관여되는신경구조물로서, 이를통해 TENS는통증에관여된신경구조물을통하여통증을중재한것으로사료된다. 본연구는백서에서신경손상후 3주간매일적용된 TENS는신경병증성통증의유발을효과적으로감소시킴을입증하였다. TENS는적용후즉시진통효과를나타내지않았지만 2주후부터는대조군에비하여유의한차이를보였다. 반사교감신경이상증 (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) 환자에서도 TENS의적용은적용후즉시효과가나타나지않고매일적용후 3일부터미세한변화가나타났으며 5일후효과적인진통효과를나타냈다 (Stilz 등, 1977). 사람과백서는종의차, 신경구조물의차이가존재한다. 하지만, 사람에서효과적인항통증약물은백서에서도효과적이었으며 (De Vry 등, 2004; Kim 등, 2003), 관절통에대한 TENS의진통효과도유사하였다 (Desantana 등, 2009; Osiri 등, 2000; Sluka 등, 2000). 따라서, 신경병증성통증에대한 TENS의동물연구는사람에대한효과를대변할수있을것으로 사료되며, 본연구에서도 TENS의효과는사람에서와유사한경향을나타낸것을미루어볼때동물을이용한신경병증성통증연구및진통효과연구는타당하다고추측된다. 본연구는손상후 1일부터 TENS를적용하여적용 2주후부터만성신경병증성통증유발을효과적으로감소시켰다. TENS의적용시기는통증중재에중요한요인으로, 다른동물연구에서도손상후 1일부터 TENS를적용한그룹이 3일부터적용한그룹에비하여현저하게통증유발이감소되었고, 손상직후부터적용한그룹에서가장신경병증성통증유발이적었다 (Somers 과 Clemente, 1998). 또한사람에서도조직손상후 2개월이내에 TENS의중재는 2개월후중재한그룹에비하여더욱효과적으로통증을개선하였다 (Meyer과 Fields, 1972; Richlin 등, 1978). 따라서, 신경손상후 TENS의조기적용은신경병증성통증유발을효과적으로중재할수있는것으로사료된다. Somers는본연구와비슷하게백서의하지좌골신경을결찰하여말초신경병증성통증을유발하였고, 손상직후부터 TENS를 12일간적용하여기계적및열적이질통의유발이각각약 45%, 35% 경감됨을보고하였다 (Somers과 Clemente, 2006). 본연구결과 TENS군은 TENS 적용 2주후약 29%, 3주후 21% 기계적이질통유발이경감되었다. Somers등은 12일간적용함에도불구하고본연구에비하여더욱효과적으로신경병증성통증을경감하였다. Somers등과본연구에서손상된말초신경과 TENS의적용의차이가있지만, 이러한차이는본연구는하루에 20분간적용한반면이들은하루에 60분간 TENS를적용하였기때문인것으로사료된다. 따라서, 신경손상후조기적용뿐만아니라장시간의 TENS 적용은단시간의 TENS 적용에비하여더욱효과적으로신경병증성통증유발을경감시킬수있을것으로추측된다. 본연구는사람의손목수근관증후군을대변하는동물모델을제시하였으나사람과는동일한모델이아니므로제한점이있었고향후연구에서는동일한증상의사람을대상으로임상연구가필요할것으로사료된다.
9 말초신경손상에의한신경병증성통증에 TENS 가미치는효과 87 Ⅴ. 결론본연구는 TENS가말초신경손상에의해유발되는만성신경병증성통증및신경병증성통증유발억제에미치는효과를알아보기위하여실시하였다. 이를위하여새로운신경병증성통증모델을제작하였고, 이로인하여유발되는신경병증성통증에대한 TENS의효과를규명하였다. 본연구결과백서에서정중신경결찰은효과적으로만성신경병증성통증을유발하고, TENS는말초신경손상에의한만성신경병증성통증을효과적으로중재할수있음을증명하였다. 또한신경손상후 TENS의조기중재는신경병증성통증유발을예방하는데좋은중재방법임을제시하였다. 향후 TENS의다양한적용규례가신경병증성통증에미치는효과를규명할연구가필요하리라생각한다. 참고문헌 Ainsworth L, Budelier K, Clinesmith M et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces chronic hyperalgesia induced by muscle inflammation. Pain. 2006;120(1-2): Armand J. The origin, course and terminations of corticospinal fibers in various mammals. Prog Brain Res. 1982;57: Bennett GJ. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 1991;45(3): Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 1988;33(1): Bridges D, Thompson SW, Rice AS. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87(1): Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW et al. Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods. 1994;53(1): Clark BD, Al-Shatti TA, Barr AE et al. Performance of a high-repetition, high-force task induces carpal tunnel syndrome in rats. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(5): De Vry J, Kuhl E, Franken-Kunkel P et al. Pharmacological characterization of the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;491(2-3): Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2000;87(2): Desantana JM, Da Silva LF, De Resende MA et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at both high and low frequencies activates ventrolateral periaqueductal grey to decrease mechanical hyperalgesia in arthritic rats. Neuroscience. 2009;163(4): Dixon WJ. Efficient analysis of experimental-observations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1980;20: Dowdall T, Robinson I, Meert TF. Comparison of five different rat models of peripheral nerve injury. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005;80(1): Eaton MJ, Blits B, Ruitenberg MJ et al. Amelioration of chronic neuropathic pain after partial nerve injury by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated over-expression of BDNF in the rat spinal cord. Gene Ther. 2002;9(20): Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL et al. Effect of low-frequency and high-frequency tens on met-enkephalin-arg-phe and dynorphin-a immunoreactivity in human lumbar csf. Pain. 1991;47(3): Han Z, Jiang YH, Wan Y et al. Endomorphine-1 mediates 2 Hz but not 100 Hz electroacupuncture analgesia in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1999;274(2):75-8. Huang C, Wang Y, Chang JK et al. Endomorphine and mu-opioid receptors in mouse brain mediate the anti-nociceptive effect induced by 2 Hz but not 100 Hz electroacupuncuture stimulation. Neurosci Lett. 2000;294(3):
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