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1 w» wz, 13«1y(2011) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 1, (2011), pp. 20~27 DOI: /KJAFM Author(s) CC Attribution 3.0 License. w»z w ½ 1 Á 2 * 1 ( ) ƒ» l, 2 w k lœw ( ; ; ) Zoning Hydrologic Units for Geospatial Climatology in North Korea Jin-Hee Kim 1 and Jin I. Yun 2 * 1 National Center for Agro-Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea 2 Department of Ecosystem Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin , Korea (Received March 13, 2011, Revised March 26, 2011; Accepted March 28, 2011) ABSTRACT High-definition, geo-referenced digital climate maps can be produced by applying watershed-specific modules to adjust synoptic observations for local effects including cold air drainage. Since there is no information available on North Korean watersheds, existing geospatial technology for digital climate mapping cannot be transferred to North Korea. We applied a watershed extraction algorithm based on ArcHydro to the North Korean portion of ASTER GDEM and utilized geographical information on major rivers and mountains to adjust the products. Proposed hydrologic zoning system for North Korean watersheds consists of 21 river basins, 93 stream basins and 885 catchments. Combined with the existing 840 South Korean hydrologic units, we now have a complete set of 1,725 catchments which may serve a framework for digital climate modeling across whole land area of the Korean Peninsula. Key words : Digital climate map, North Korean watershed, Hydrologic unit, Watersheds I. ƒ ù y y w w w wš z w w w w. p w w ù œ z, w w ƒ t y ƒ v w. mw ûw w e x» (The Hydrologic Unit Map) l t ( mw, mw, y,» l œm (21 «, 117 «, 840 t ) y w wš. t w x w w»z w ³ (landscape scale) w» y w. Yun(2010) ûw k 30m j» x ù š * Corresponding Author : Jin I. Yun (jiyun@khu.ac.kr)
2 Kim and Yun: Zoning Hydrologic Units for Geospatial Climatology in North Korea 21»,»,,»» z m w»z w w»z w,»z»»z x t y» w. w y w w»z ƒ w, k»z y wsƒ w œw. ù w œ l ûw w w, v ƒ w» t. w w w» eš x(digital elevation model, DEM) w y w (Martz and Jong, 1988; Jenson and Dominique, 1988). e x w tš š w x DEM t tš w û ƒ w ù w w. w DEM š š DEM ƒ w, w x tx w w ww w (Kim, 2009). DEM w ù (Sung and Cho, 2002; Jung and Kim, 2003), š w DEM wš w ew DEM w ù DEM š w x w Fillburn DEM(Saunders and Maidment, 1995) l w l ws w ¾ r(buffer) x w DEM š w w AgreeDEM(Hellweger, 1997) t. ArcGIS 9.3(ESRI, Redlands, California, USA) Arc Hydro v» w DEM w š Line x l w w AgreeDEM ww z Polygon w AgreeDEM w LevelDEM ww w t y x w. II w œ eš x w w w DEM wœ (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA) œw 30m w x eš (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model, ASTER GDEM). GDEM m (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) NASAƒ œ w œ w DEM û t 130» w 1 1 degree GeoTIFF k yw. ƒƒ GDEM q t q wì œ GDEM ASTER y d» w DEM w ( w û 4 w w '45"(s o ) l '20"( o ), 33 06'43"(û û o û) 43 00'35"(w s o )¾. NASA œw 30m w DEM w w w wš ù Grid wù ww ww. wù mw w DEM d ƒ š TM t yw, œ (spatial algebra) yw w» w ƒ 0 w (Fig. 1) w w ƒ j w e š w» yw w w v w. DEM l w wš, ww» w w» DEM w w w w w ƒ.
3 22 Fig. 1. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 1 Topography of North Korean territory represented by a 30 m digital elevation model (ASTER GDEM). Sample topographic map of North Korea on a 1:25,000 scale provided by Korea Water Resources Corporation (left) and the drainage path of this region extracted by digitizing (right). Fig. 2.
4 Kim and Yun: Zoning Hydrologic Units for Geospatial Climatology in North Korea 23 서 우리나라의 산줄기를 1개의 대간, 1개의 정간, 13 개의 정맥으로 구분하여 연결한 산경도로부터 유역분 지의 분수계를 대표하도록 반영하였으며, 한국수자원공 사에서 제공하고 있는 한국하천정보시스템( river.kwater.or.kr/garam)에서 1:25,000의 지형도를 제공 받아 전산화하여 상세한 하천망을 복원하였다(Fig. 2). 기반 유역추출 알고리즘 일반적인 유역수문인자 추출 전반적인 유역경계의 추출 과정은 GIS 기반의 수문분 석 도구로서 유역분할에 사용할 수 있도록 개발된 응용 프로그램들 중 ArcGIS 9.3(ESRI, Redlands, California, USA)의 Arc Hydro 프로그램을 이용하였다. 유역수문인자를 추출하려면 우선 DEM의 지형변화 2.2. GIS The watershed extraction procedure is used by ArcHydro (ESRI, Redlands, California, USA). Fig. 3. Original DEM (digital elevation model, A), AgreeDEM adjusted for line vectors like creeks and streams (B) and LevelDEM (C) adjusted for polygon vectors like lakes and reservoirs. Fig. 4.
5 24 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 1 점을 보정해야 하는데, 주위의 표고점보다 상대적으 로 낮아 발생하는 Sink가 DEM 오류의 대표적인 예다. Sink는 Filling 명령에 의해 주변을 둘러싸고 있는 격자점의 표고값이나 평균값으로 보정할 수 있 다. Flow Direction 단계에서 물의 흐름방향을 인 접한 8개 격자점과의 최대 고도편차로부터 계산하는 과정을 거친 후 Basin Tool을 이용해 DEM과 물 의 흐름방향만으로 지형 특성을 파악하여 대권역에 해당하는 분지를 형성해준다. Flow Accumulation 단계에서는 흐름방향에서 추출된 방향 값으로부터 격 자마다 누적되는 유수의 합을 구할 수 있는데 하천 망으로 추출할 임계치를 설정하여 누적 흐름 결과값 에서 임계치 이상의 격자들을 추출하면 하천망이 형 성된다. 최종적으로 제작된 하천망의 분포를 근거로 유역의 경계선을 구성하고 벡터화하여 유역의 경계를 설정한다(Fig. 3). 전처리 과정 수문분석에서 DEM을 그대로 이용하게 되는 경우 Sink에 의해 정확한 지표수의 흐름방향을 찾을 수 없 으며, 특히 지형의 기복이 적은 낮은 지역에서 유역 경계에 왜곡이 생기거나 하천의 흐름모양이 수평으로 뻗어 보이는 현상 등이 발생하게 된다. DEM의 본질 적인 오류를 제거하고 실제 하천으로부터 DEM을 보 정하여 보다 정확한 유역경계를 설정하기 위해 DEM 전처리 과정을 수행하였다. 전처리 과정은 Line으로 DEM Fig. 5. 형성된 벡터 하천망을 이용하여 하천망을 중심으로 트 렌치(trench)를 형성하고 양 옆으로 버퍼를 형성하여 완만한 경사를 만들어 주는 AgreeDEM 과정과, 호수, 저수지 등과 같은 지형경관에 영향을 미치는 Polygon 요소에 대해 고도정보를 입력하여 지형을 복원하는 LevelDEM 전처리 과정 단계를 차례로 진행하였으며, 보정된 DEM에서 Sink를 제거하여 최종 DEM을 생 성하였다(Fig. 4). 하천 유역 분할 및 경계 보정 전처리한 DEM은 Arc Hydro를 이용하여 유역경계 를 추출할 수 있다. 대권역의 분할은 물의 흐름방향만 으로 지형 특성을 파악하여 대권역에 해당하는 분지를 찾아내는 Basin Tool을 기반으로 하되 우리나라 산경 표에 나타난 산줄기(1대간 1정간 13정맥)에 따라 오랜 기간 자연 발생된 독립 대하천을 대권역으로 나누는 것을 원칙으로 하였다. 남한 한강권역을 포함한 북한 의 주요 5대강(예성강, 대동강, 청천강, 압록강, 두만강) 을 중심으로 크게 6개의 권역으로 구분하고, 북한의 주요 5대강을 따라 독립된 하천과 해안권역의 특성을 고려하여 6개 권역 경계를 세분화함으로써 최종적으로 21개의 대권역을 설정하였다. 분할된 21개의 대권역은 본류를 기준으로 하며 여기에 큰 지류하천들이 자연적 으로 합류하는 지점에서 유역을 분할하여 93개의 중권 역으로 구분하였다. 수문분석에 활용도가 가장 높은 표준유역의 설정작업은 흐름방향에 따른 흐름 누적의 2.3. Catchment boundaries extracted by a DEM-based objective method (A) and by hand (B).
6 Kim and Yun: Zoning Hydrologic Units for Geospatial Climatology in North Korea 25 50km 2» w ww 50km 2 w mww š, ü w 40km 2 w w (, ) mww ( mw, go.kr). w š l 3 tx ƒ w ArcGIS 9.3 ArcScene v mw ww tšƒ û w «, w s w 885 t w (Fig. 5). III. š w»z x w» w œ 885 t (Fig. 6). t 93 «mw 21 «we. w w w w œ w z (, 2005)ƒ, wš mw z z mww w 11 «, 44 «, 146 Fig. 6. Proposed hydrologic zoning system for North Korea in reference to a mountain longitude diagram ( Sangyeongdo, A). North Korean territory can be divided into 21 river basins (B), 93 stream basins (C), and 885 catchments (D), according to this study.
7 26 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 1 Table 1. Topological system for coding watersheds Classification Composition Standard Code Note Watershed River Basin Stream Basin Catchment Seven figures ww. w 840 ûw w» ƒ û w w w w» ww q. mw w w l ûw w» û w j ƒ t ûw š w ùw. w w w x w x mw w,»z x w œ ƒw w w. z û w e»z z mw w g ¾ ûw w w. g Pfafstetter g (Pfafstetter, 1989) y w mw g, w w -w ƒ w š y w w. g «ùkü 2 «ùkü 2, t 2 txw ûw ww g w» w 1 7 w (Table 1). t g ƒ 1 sww ¾ «g w, 5 «txwš, w w «ùkü (Fig. 6B). û w w «w w « ûw «10 13 l y «sw 1 w ûw w ù. «t g w w w, û y w e (downstream order) w w g w. 885 t s³ 202.4km ûw 2 s³ 129.9km 2 72km 2 f, s w t g km ƒ ùkü 2, ƒ yw y ew km 2. t s r km w w 2 w 10.7% w š, 100~200km (45.8%), 200~300km (30.8%), 300km (12.7%) ƒƒ ùkû. w t»z x w w w w»z w, ù ƒ»z y ù y w ³»z y wsƒ w» w». w w tü e»z w» w»z x œ t (Hydrologic Unit) w. Arc Hydro» š ASTER GDEM wš, w 5 (,,,, ) ùkù w w w t w. t w w 21 «, 93 «, 885.» ûw t 840 wwš ƒƒ»z x w w 1,725»z w»z ƒ w.»»z y Á d ƒ y (RACS ) w.
8 Kim and Yun: Zoning Hydrologic Units for Geospatial Climatology in North Korea 27 REFERENCES Hellweger, F., 1997: AGREE - DEM Surface Reconditioning System. The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Jenson, S. K., and J. O. Dominique, 1988: Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation model data for geographic information system analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54, Jung, I. K., and S. J. Kim, 2003: Comparison of DEM Preprocessing Method for Efficient Watershed and Stream Network Extraction. Journal of Korean Society of Civil Engineering 23, (In Korean with English abstract) Kim, N. S., 2009: Updating DEM for Improving Geomorphic Details. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 12, (In Korean with English abstract) Martz, L.G W., and E. D. Jong, 1988: Catch: a FORTRAN program for measuring catchment area from digital elevation models. Computers and Geosciences 14, Pfafstetter, O., 1989: Classification of hydrographic basins: coding methodology. Unpublished manuscript, Departamento Nacional de Obras de Saneamento, August 18, 1989, Rio de Janeiro. Saunders, W. K., and D. R. Maidment, 1995: Grid-Based watershed and stream network delineation for the San Antonio - Nueces Coastal Basin, Proceedings of Texas Water '95, Texas Section, American Society of Civil Engineers, San Antonio, Texas, Sung, D. G., and G. S. Cho, 2002: A Study on the Extraction of Watershed and Stream Network in using BurnDEM. Journal of Korean Society of Civil Engineering 22, (In Korean with English abstract) Yun, J. I., 2010: Agroclimatic maps augmented by a GIS technology. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 12, (In Korean with English abstract), 2005: w» l (II). w œ, 300pp.
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