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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 1 pp. 1-7, 이재원 1*, 이선봉 2, 최해운 2 1 계명대학교대학원기계공학과, 2 계명대학교기계자동차공학과 Analysis of Homogenized Laser Beam Display by a Polymeric Stretchable Diffuser Jae-Won Lee 1*, Seon-Bong Lee 2 and Hae-Woon Choi 2 1 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Keimyung University 2 Division of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Keimyung University 요약본논문은스트레쳐블폴리머디퓨저를이용하여서간섭성이있는레이저의단점인스페클효과를감소하는결과를비교분석하였다. 자체제작한 RGB 모듈을기반으로하여빔컴바이너를거쳐서레이저빔을집속한후고전압저주파수를통해서레이저빔을균질화하였다. 평균 180~300Hz 정도의주파수를가한결과레이저빔의균질효과가나타났다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이션을통한디퓨저와 DMD 반사경을구현하였으며, 808nm 레이저빔을가상으로조사하여서디퓨저유무에따른빔의산란도및균질도를검증하였다. 결과적으로디퓨저를통한빔의균질도가산란효과를감소시켰고, 이를통한디스플레이선명도를개선할수있을것으로기대된다. 청색레이저의투과도가 83% 정도로적색이나녹색레이저에비해서상대적으로취약하였는데, 이는디퓨저내부를통과시레이저빔의굴절의양이많아져서확산각이증가하였기때문으로분석되었다. 레이저와광학장치사이에디퓨저를사용하여이미지구현했을때스페클패턴은제거되었으며, 레드 (650nm), 그린 (532nm), 블루 (405nm) 파장에서 10-20% 정도의밝기감소가나타났으며, 전체적인밝기감소는 13% 정도이루어졌다. 또한, 스트레쳐블폴리머를이용한경우시간축균질도도 30fs에서 110fs로개선되었다. Abstract A stretchable polymeric membrane shaped diffuser was used to homogenize the coherent laser beam. The developed RGB module was used to focus and defocus test by beam combiners. Average oscillation frequency was set at 180Hz~300Hz and it resulted in the best homogenization effect in visual range. The blue laser module turned out to be the worst case for the transmission and primary reason is believed to be the short length of irradiated laser beam. The developed system removed the speckling and the brightness was decreased by 10 ~ 20% for the RGB laser. Overall the brightness was decreased by 13% and homogenity with respect to the temporal axis was improved from 30fs to 110fs. Key Words : Diffuser, Head up display (HUD), Laser, Speckle patterns, Stretchable polymer 1. 서론 레이저기술은비약적인발전을이루어서가공분야뿐만아니라디스플레이분야에서도그동안난제였던부분들을단계적으로극복해왔다. 최근차량이스마트화되 면서주행중운전자에대한정보제공의일환으로헤드업디스플레이가많이연구되었다. 많은분야에서사용되는레이저는각각의특성이활용분야에따라장 / 단점으로작용할수있다. 대표적인예로레이저의간섭성을들수가있는데, 이러한간섭성을이 * Corresponding Author : Jae-Won Lee(Keimyung Univ.) Tel: darkjaewon@nate.com Received September 17, 2013 Revised (1st October 16, 2013, 2nd October 21, 2013) Accepted January 9,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 1 호, 2014 용하면원거리측정이나속도측정뿐만아니라가공부품의정밀측정까지가능하게되었다. 단점으로보강간섭과소멸간섭이반점과같은형태로표면에나타나게된다. 현재스페클패턴 (Speckle patterns) 을이용한연구들이진행되고있다. 국내에서는스페클간섭법을이용한기계적물성평가로압력배관내부결함검사에관한연구 [1] 와 MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) 재료를μm -nm단위까지의시편을인장시험을통해탄성계수, 항복강도, 극한강도와열팽창계수를측정하는연구가진행되었으며 [2], 물체감지에의해광센서입력변화로인한스페클패턴이변화를측정해침입자의유무를판단할수있는침입자센서도연구되었다 [3]. 또한의료분야의맥파측정장치및맥파측정방법에대해서도연구 [4] 되었다. 해외에서는스페클패턴을이용한레이저표면인증 (Laser Surface Authentication) 시스템 [5] 을연구하고있다. 이처럼스페클패턴은다양하게연구되고있다. 하지만, 이러한간섭성은디스플레이분야에서는불필요한패턴즉, 스페클패턴을형성하게된다 [6]. 이러한레이저의특성인간섭성으로인하여나타나는현상은표면이레이저의파장보다큰입자의크기를가진경우, 즉거칠기가큰물체에레이저를조사할경우물체의표면에서난반사된광들이겹쳐서간섭을일으키게된다. 본연구에서는차량용헤드업디스플레이 (HUD) 에레이저광원이사용될시발생할수있는레이저기반광학장치의스페클패턴에단점을극복하기위한방안으로스트레쳐블폴리머와마이크로미러장치의결합을통한개선방법의제안과이방법의개선효과를증명하였다. 2. 실험장치 2.1 레이저발생장치 본연구에사용된레이저기반광학장치의광원부구조는 Fig. 1과같다. 먼저다양한칼라재현을위해서 RGB 레이저를사용하였으며, Fig. 1의 a는그린레이저, b는레드레이저, c는블루레이저 d는레이저드라이버를나타내었다. 또한, 광학경로변경을위한매니퓰레이터로서 e는 532R, f는 650R/532T, g는 405R/650T/523T의빔컴바이너 (Beam combiner) 를사용하였다. e,f,g 의빔컴바이너로앞에숫자는파장을의미하여 650은적색계열, 532는녹색계열, 405는청색계열을나타낸다. 뒤에영어 R은반사 (reflection), T는투과 (transmission) 를의미한다. [Fig. 1] Schematic of laser for RGB combination 2.2 광원분산및제어장치디지털마이크로미러장치 (Digital Micromirror Device, Texas Instrument Inc.) 는고해상도디스플레이를가능케한계기가되었으며, 마이크로가공기술의발전과더불어디스플레이시장및유관기술에큰기여를하였다. Fig. 2에도시된바와같이 DMD장치는수 μm 크기의반사경을수십만개배열한형태로서, 입사된광원이반사경의방향에따라서디스플레이의최종형상이결정이되게된다. [Fig. 2] Digital Micro mirror Device [7] 본연구에사용된스트레쳐블폴리머는얇은투명재질의폴리머박막에저주파 (180Hz ~300Hz) 고전압을가하게되면폴리머가수축과팽창을하는장치이다. 이러한폴리머표면은미세한패턴이형성되어있어서레이저빔이입사될시랜덤한패턴을형성하게되고이를통해서레이저빔의간섭에의한스페클링을최소화할수있는장치이다. Fig. 3에서도시된바와같이약 5~10mm 크기의 Aperture를형성하고스트레쳐블폴리머가설치된다. 스트레쳐블폴리머에는네개의전극 (Electrode) 이부착되어있고, 이를통해서고전압저주파의에너지가공급이되는구조로되어있다. 제조사에서자체테스트한투과도를보면가시광영역에서의평균투과율은 80% 이상의우수한투과율을가지고있다. 우수한투과율은에너지효율의관점뿐만아니라폴리머의에너지흡수가낮아져서변형이나왜곡의문제점도개선할수있다. 2
3 [Fig. 3] Stretchable polymer based diffuser [8] 기술된내용을바탕으로스트레쳐블폴리머기반의디퓨저와레이저광원의결합된장치를기본으로한최종실험장치가 Fig.4와같이구성이되었다. [Fig. 4] Laser source with stretchable polymer based diffuser 3. 결과 3.1 하드웨어성능의정량적결과 2절에서기술된실험장치를기본으로하여서스트레쳐블폴리머를통한레이저빔의균질도를측정하였다. [Fig. 5] Comparison of Homogeneity Image of a Speckle pattern without diffuser Speckle pattern image with diffuser Fig. 5에서보여진바와같이발진된광원이디퓨저를통하지않은상태 Fig. 5 에서는상대적인간섭이많이발생하여스페클이많이발생되었지만, 디퓨저를작동시킨상태 Fig. 5 에서는상대적으로스페클이많이감소한것을알수가있다. 구축된시스템의성능을정량적으로평가하기위하여각빔컴바이너별투과도및반사도실험을수행하였다. 실험은디퓨저를작동혹은미작동상태에서진행하였으며, 광원을적분하여측정할수있는적분구 (Integrating sphere, IS-200 series, Thorlabs Inc.) 를사용하였다. 이에대한결과가 Table 1에정리되어있다. [Table 1] Measurement of the RGB laser output Color Diffuser off Diffuser on Efficiency Red 92.3μW 84.4μW 91.4% Green 92.2μW 80.6μW 87.4% Blue 103.8μW 86.8μW 83.6% Table 1에서나타난바와같이레이저빔의색깔에따라서효율의차이가발생하기는하지만, 평균 80% 이상의우수한투과도를보여주었다. 효율이상대적으로적은블루레이저의경우는파장이상대적으로짧아서스트레쳐블폴리머내부에서산란이많아졌기때문일것으로분석이되며, 이는제조사 Fig. 3에서제공한테스트결과와동일한경향을보여주고있다. 3.2 컴퓨터시뮬레이션실험에서나타난스페클감소를정량적으로분석하기위해서유한요소해석법을이용하여서광원의산란을분석하였다. 분석에사용한유한요소해석툴은 COMSOL Multiphysics TM 4.2a 버전의 RF 모듈을사용하였으며, 도메인의크기는 30μm x 12μm 크기로설정하였다. 3
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 1 호, 2014 광원을매니플레이션 (Manipulation) 하기위한광학부품으로는디퓨저의패턴과 DMD의마이크로미러를사용하였다. 디퓨저의재질은폴리머를사용하고굴절계수는 n=1.4 로설정하였다. 또한 DMD 마이크로미러의반사도및산란도는재질및조도에대해서변하게된다. 하지만, 시뮬레이션을단순화하기위해서조도에의한산란도는분석하지않고, 본연구에서주로분석하고자하는내용인디퓨저를통한균질도향상에초점을맞추고자하였다. 따라서, 산란의효과를명확히하기위해서 DMD 재질을실리콘재질보다비교적반사도가높은금속으로서설정하여분석하였다. Fig. 6 과같이설정한도메인에근적외선영역인 808nm 파장의레이저빔은 25fs (fs = sec) 동안조사하였다. 25fs 의짧은펄스를통해서레이저빔의산란패턴을명확하게할수있을것으로기대하였다. 또한, DMD 미러의인접한곳에서 probe 위치를설정하여서산란되는빔의강도를정량적으로측정을하였다. [Fig. 6] Simulation domain Fig. 7에는레이저빔이디퓨저를통하지않고 DMD 에까지전파되는형상을보여주고있다. 레이저빔은 20fs 이후공기중에서전파되는모습이도시되어있다. 40fs 에레이저빔은자유공간 ( 공기 ) 에통과를하고, 70fs 에는 DMD 미러에도달하게된다. 이후레이저빔의일부는미러의모서리에서강한산란이일어나게되고일부는하부로반사된다. (c) [Fig. 7] Laser beam propagation without diffuser t=20fs 40fs (c) 70fs 반면, Fig. 8에는레이저빔이디퓨저를통과하여DMD 에까지전파되는형상을보여주고있다. 레이저빔은 40fs 에레이저광원은디퓨저를통과하게되고, 이때마 4
5 이크로패턴에의해서레이저광이일시집광되면서통과를한다. 집광후다시 Defocusing 효과로산란되면서레이저광산란및간섭효과로인해서균질화가진행이되며, 90fs 에는 DMD 미러에도달하게되고균질화된빔의대부분은반사가일어나고일부산란된다. 정량적인분석을위해서프로브위치 Fig. 6에서전기장세기를시간별로측정하였다. [Fig. 9] Comparison of laser irradiation after DMD mirror at the probe location (c) [Fig. 8] Laser beam propagation without diffuser t=40fs 70fs (c) 90fs Fig. 9 에서예시된바와같이디퓨저를통과하지않은레이저빔은 80fs 에직접적인레이저빔조사를받고, 이후모서리산란에의한빔이 110fs 정도에 2차적으로발생을하게된다. 다시말하면, 80fs는 DMD 미러의간섭이아니지만 110fs 제조사된레이저는모서리산란에의해발생되는손실로분석될수있다. 전체적으로디퓨저를사용하지않은경우펄스의시간폭은약 30fs ( 65fs 에서 95fs) 였다. 반면, 디퓨저를사용한경우는이러한산란보다는 110fs 근처에서직접적인조사를받게되고, 완벽하지는않지만시간영역에서 (Temporal) 균질화된가우시안형태 ( 입사빔과유사 ) 를이루게됨을알수가있었고, 시간폭은약 110fs (80fs에서 160fs) 로균질도가향상이되었다. 5
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 1 호, 결론 본논문에서는레이저기반광학장치의스페클패턴개선방안에대한연구로레이저빔에스트레쳐블폴리머를사용하여빔을균질화하고, DMD를통해서이미지를개선하는내용을소개하고있다. 스트레쳐블폴리머를통해서레이저빔의균질도가향상됨이육안으로확인되었고, 극초단레이저컴퓨터시뮬레이션을통해서균질효과가증대됨을알수있었다. 구성된 RGB 레이저의경우디퓨저를통과하면서그효율이일부감소되기는하였지만, 블루, 그린, 레드모두우수한투과율을보였다. 레이저와광학장치사이에디퓨저를사용하여이미지구현했을때스페클패턴은제거되었다. 각각레드 (650 nm ), 그린 (532nm), 블루 (405nm) 파장에서 10-20% 정도의밝기감소가나타났으며, 전체적인밝기감소는 13% 정도이루어졌다. 컴퓨터시뮬레이션결과자체간섭으로인한빔의균질화로인해서레이저빔산란이일부감소되는것을알수있었고, 균질도는향상되었다. 추가적인연구에서는레이저기반광학장치의스페클패턴개선시현재밝기감소에영향을주는인자를파악하여밝기와스페클패턴을함께개선해야할것으로판단된다. 또한파장별산란의민감도를추가로시뮬레이이션하여서분석하면, Table 1과유사한결과가나올것으로기대되며이를통해서디퓨저형상최적설계에기초자료로활용될것으로기대가된다. References [1] Chan-Ju. Park, "Development of inside crack measuring technique for pressure pipeline using speckle interferometry", PhD dissertation, Dept of Mechanical Design Engineering, Graduate School of Chosun University, [2] Kyung-Suk. Kim, Ki-Su. Kang, Hong-Suk. Yoon, Jung-Gu. Choi, Hyang-Seo. Lee, Jin-Hyeok..Son, Sang-Kyu. Baek, Yu-Hwang. Lee, Chang-Jun. Ji, "Measurement Technique of Mechanical properties materials for MEMS by Laser Speckle Interferometry", International Joint R&D Projects, Chosun University, [3] In-Su. Kim, Jin-Seok. Gang, Ki-Man. Kim, "Implementation and Analysis of Digital Signal Processing System for Intruder Detection using the Variations of the Optical Speckle Patterns", Journal of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp , [4] Hyeon. Heo, Ki-Chang. Nam, Eun-Geun, Kim. Young. Heo, "Pulse wave measuring apparatus using laser speckle image and Pulse wave measuring method using this apparatus", Korea Patent, No , [5] Russell Cowburn, "Laser surface authentication reading Nature's own security code", p , Comtemporary Physics, Vol. 49, Isuue. 5, DOI: [6] Jae-Won. Lee, "A Study of RGB Lasers and Fiber Optics Implemented HUD System for Automotive Applications", Master`s Thesis, Graduate school of Keimyung University, [7] Texas Instrument, DLP 0.3 WVGA Chipset, Texas Instrument, 2012, (accessed 09, 2013) [8] Optotune, Application Note technical data sheet, Optotune AG, 2013, (accessed 09, 2013) 이재원 (Jae-Won Lee) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 자동차전자장치, 지능형자동차 2010 년 2 월 : 계명대학교기계자동차공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2011 년 3 월 ~ 2012 년 12 월 : 한국전자통신연구원위촉연구원 2013 년 2 월 : 계명대학교일반대학원기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2013 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 계명대학교산업기술연구소연구원 이선봉 (seon-bong Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2004년 2월 : 부산대학교대학원기계공학 ( 공학박사 ) 2007년 2월 : 대구경북과학기술원지능형자동차연구팀장 2007년 3월 ~ 현재 : 계명대학교기계자동차공학과교수 2009년 12월 ~ 현재 : 대구경북자동차부품진흥재단전무이사겸지능형자동차사업단장 < 관심분야 > 자동차전자장치, 지능형자동차 6
7 최해운 (Hae-Woon Choi) [ 정회원 ] 2003 년 5 월 : Univ. of Contral Florida 기계공학 ( 공학석사 ) 2007 년 8 월 : Ohio State Univ. 용접공학 ( 공학박사 ) 2008 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 계명대학교기계자동차공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 레이저가공, 레이저용접 7
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