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1 대한응급의학회지제 22 권제 1 호 Volume 22, Number 1, February, 2011 원 저 응급실에서혈역학적안정성감시를위한말초관류지수 (perfusion index; PI) 의사용 충남대학교의학전문대학원응급의학교실 조성욱 한규홍 승 유인술 Availability of the Peripheral Perfusion Index for Monitoring of Hemodynamic Stability in the Emergency Department Sung Uk Cho, M.D., Kyu Hong Han, M.D., Seung Ryu, M.D., In Sool Yoo, M.D. Purpose: In hemodynamically unstable patients, tissue perfusion is decreased and various means of continuous observation are required. However, prior methods for observing hemodynamic instability are invasive and/or difficult for continual observation. The present study evaluated the usefulness of the perfusion index (PI) in monitoring hemodynamically unstable patients in the emergency department. Methods: From December, 2009 to April, 2010, patients admitted to our hospital emergency department with signs of hemodynamic instability were studied. Vital signs and stroke volume index (SVI) and cardiac index (CI) were measured, and PI was continuously monitored by a Radical-7 pulse oximeter (Masimo, USA). Each variable was measured 1 hour before and after treatment, and treatment methods included fluid therapy and vasoconstrictors, according to the patient condition. Status on changes and correlation between variables following treatment were confirmed through the Wilcoxon rank test and Spearman correlation test, respectively. The standard level of significance was p<0.05. Results: Of the 26 patients, 19 were male (73.1%), with an 책임저자 : 승대전광역시중구대사동 640 충남대학교병원응급의학과 Tel: 042) , Fax: 042) rs0505@cnu.ac.kr 접수일 : 2010년 7월 5일, 1차교정일 : 2010년 8월 4일게재승인일 : 2010년 9월 3일 이연구는 2009 년도충남대학교학술연구비에의해지원되었음. 59 average age of 68.54±14.32 years. Significant changes in each variable 1 hour before and after treatment were mean arterial pressure 53.51±8.29mmHg / 74.68±12.95 mmhg (p<0.001), SVI 26.70±14.04/34.27±13.56(p<0.001), CI 2.12±1.02/3.12±1.53(p<0.001), and PI 1.23±1.00/1.77± 1.32(p<0.001). Variations of heart rate (R=-0.430, p=0.032) and SVI (R=0.432, p=0.031) were correlated to the variation of PI (dpi). Conclusion: PI may be useful in monitoring hemodynamically unstable patients in the ER. Key Words: Cardiac output, Hemodynamics, Perfusion, Pulse oximetry Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University 서 환자가조직으로의관류량이감소하는쇼크상태가되면여러장기들에기능장애가발생한다. 이런혈역학적으로불안정한환자들에대해혈역학적지표를감시하는것은응급실에서매우중요한일이다. 따라서이런환자들은여러가지방법을통해상태를지속적으로감시하면서이에맞는치료를시행하게된다. 혈역학적인감시를위해여러가지감시방법이사용된다. 가장기본적으로는환자의생체징후인혈압, 맥박수, 호흡수등을지속적으로감시하는것이고, 침습적인방법으로는도관삽입을통해동맥압, 중심정맥압, 심장박출량등을측정하여환자치료의지표로사용하고있다. 그러나이런방법들은조직의관류상태를반영하지못하고실제적인쇼크상태의회복에대한지표로제한점이있는것으로보고되었다 1,2). 또한정확한측정을위해서는침습적인방법을사용하여야하며이런침습적인방법들은시술하는데시간이소요되고응급실에서항상가능하지않다는단점이있다. 그리고급성기처치가우선시행되어야하기때문에환자상태감시를매번침습적으로시행하기도 론

2 60 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 22 권제 1 호 2011 어렵다. 반면에말초관류상태를반영하는지표들은외부온도변화, 체온, 스트레스등에영향을받고전체조직의관류상태를반영하는지에대한의문점을가지고있음에도불구하고초기에조직의관류상태변화를반영할수있는장점이있다. 이런이유들로인해여러가지비침습적인혈역학적감시방법이나말초관류상태를관찰할수있는지표를찾기위한여러노력이있어왔다 3-8). 그중맥박산소측정기를이용하여말초관류량을예측하는방법으로말초관류지수 (peripheral perfusion index: PI) 를이용한연구들이발표되었다 6,9-12). 하지만 PI는직접적으로심박출량이나체내수액량을예측할수없고환자마다그값이다르며말초혈액순환에영향을미치는온도변화, 환자의혈관상태, 움직임등에따라값의정확도가보장되지않는다는단점이있어실제사용에서제한점으로작용하고있다 5). 그러나이러한제한점에도불구하고 PI는비침습적이고맥박산소측정기의설치만으로지속적으로측정할수있다는장점이있다. 그리고아직까지혈역학적으로불안정한환자에대해치료전후의 PI 변화량이혈역학적변수들과상관관계가있는지에대한연구가부족하고, 기존연구와같이중환자실이나수술실에서기계환기를시행받고신경근차단제가사용된환자들을대상으로한것이아닌응급실과같은환경에서도하나의지표로사용될수있는지에대한연구도아직수행되지않았다. 따라서혈역학적으로불안정하여지속적인처치에대한반응을관찰할필요가있는응급실환자를대상으로치료에따른 PI의변화량이혈역학적인지표의개선여부를반영하는지알아보고자하고자한다. 대상과방법본연구는본원 IRB(institutional review board) 의승인하에시행되었고연구에참여한모든환자혹은보호자로부터동의를받았다. 2009년 12월부터 2010년 4월까지본원응급센터에내원하는환자중혈역학적으로불안정한징후를보이는만 18세이상의환자를대상으로하였다. 혈역학적으로불안정한징후는수축기혈압이 90 mmhg 이하이거나평균동맥압 (mean arterial pressure, MAP) 이 65 mmhg 이하인경우로정의하였다. 환자중상부위장관출혈등의이유로경식도탐색자 (transesophageal probe) 를시행할수없는경우혹은환자혹은보호자로부터연구에동의를받지못한경우는제외하였다. 기본적으로환자의생체징후인수축기혈압, 이완기혈압, 맥박수 (heart rate, HR) 등을환자가바로누운상태로상완에서자동혈압감시기인 Dinamap procure 300 monitor (GE medical systems information technologies, Milwaukee, USA) 를사용하여 20분간격으로반복측정하였다. 또한 Cardio-Q(Deltex medical, West sussex United Kingdom) 를이용하여경식도탐색자를흉부대동맥의혈류가가장명확하고일정한파형으로관찰되는부위에위치시킨후고정시켜모니터에나타나는일회박출지수 (stroke volume index; SVI), 심장박출지수 (cardiac index; CI) 를지속적으로관찰하였고, 맥박산소측정기인 Radical-7(Masimo, Irvine, USA) 을이용하여수액을연결하지않은손의중지말단부에부착하여 PI를지속적으로감시하고기록하기전에환자의움직임을최대한자제시킨후안정적인파형이관찰되는동안기록하였다. 각변수들은치료초기와 1시간후의값을기록하였고, 치료방법은수액요법, 혈관수축제등을환자의상태에맞게적용하였다. 각변수들을기록하기전에의식이있는환자는움직임을자제시킨상태에서, 의식이없는환자는움직임이없는상태에서안정되게파형이관찰되는동안의값을기록하였다. 수액요법은생리식염수를환자의몸무게를기준으로 20 ml/kg를 30분에걸쳐주입하였다. 적절한수액요법에도불구하고지표들의개선이보이지않는경우에는혈압상승제인 dopamine, dobutamine, norepinephrine을환자의반응에따라용량을조절하였다. 경정맥팽대, 하지부종등심부전이의심되는소견이동반된경우에는수액요법을바로시행하지않고심장초음파등을시행하여체액량에대한평가를시행한후체액량과다소견이없는경우에시행하였다. 기존의연구에서제시된바와같이 1시간의치료이후 SVI 값이초기값에비해 15% 이상개선된경우를반응군으로그렇지않은경우를무반응군으로하였다 13, 14). 전체환자의치료에대한반응여부를확인하기위해각지표의치료전후값을비교하였고, 치료에대한반응여부에따라분류하여각군에서의지표값들의변화량이상관관계를보이는지확인하였다. 이때각변수들중명목변수는빈도및백분율로표현하였고 χ 2 -test 혹은 Fisher s exact test를시행하였으며, 연속변수는평균값 ± 표준편차로표현하였고 Mann-Whitney test 혹은 Wilcoxon signed ranks test를시행하였다. PI의변화량 (ΔPI) 과다른변수들의변화량에대한상관관계는 spearman 상관계수로확인하였다. 또한 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve를이용하여치료에대한반응유무에대한 ΔPI의 area under the curve (AUC) 및 cut-off value를확인하였다. 각통계방법의유의수준은 p<0.05을기준으로하였으며, 모든통계분석은 SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하였다.

3 조성욱외 : 응급실에서혈역학적안정성감시를위한말초관류지수 (perfusion index; PI) 의사용 / 61 결과대상환자는 26명으로평균나이는 68.54±14.32세, 남자가 19명 (73.1%) 이었다 (Table 1). 대상환자들의저혈압의원인은대부분은패혈증 (17명, 65.4%) 이었고, 다음으로저혈량성쇼크 (6명, 23.1%) 가많았다. 치료방법으로 는수액요법만시행한경우가 13명 (50.0.%) 였고, 추가로혈압상승제도사용된경우는 13명 (50.0%) 이었다. 치료전과 1시간후의값중의미있는변화를보인변수는 Table 2. 에서보이는것과같이평균동맥압 53.51± 8.29 mmhg/74.68±12.95 mmhg(p<0.001), SVI 26.70±14.04/34.27±13.56(p<0.001), CI 2.12± 1.02/3.12±1.53(p<0.001), PI 1.23±1.00/1.77± Table 1. General characteristics of patients (n=26) Characteristics Number (%) p-value Male 19 (73.1) Age(years, Mean±SD*) 68.54±14.32 BSA (Mean±SD*) 1.62±0.17 Type of Shock Septic 17 (65.4) Hypovolemic 06 (23.1) Cardiogenic 01 (03.8) Neurogenic 01 (03.8) Unknown 01 (03.8) Type of management Fluid only Response 11 (42.3) Non-response 02 (07.7) Fluid+Vasopressor Response 08 (30.8) Non-response 05 (19.2) * SD: standard deviation BSA: body surface area Table 2. Comparison of variables between initial and after 1 hour treatment Variables Group Initial 1 hr p-value MAP* (mmhg) Total (n=26) 53.51± ±12.95 <0.001 Response (n=19) 53.67± ±12.32 <0.001 Non-response (n=7) 53.10± ±11.84 <0.018 HR (beats/min) Total (n=26) 99.42± ±18.30 <0.071 Response (n=19) ± ±17.42 <0.027 Non-response (n=7) 82.71± ±11.76 <0.933 SVI (ml/m 2 ) Total (n=25) 26.70± ±13.56 <0.001 Response (n=19) 25.55± ±14.43 <0.001 Non-response (n=6) 29.85± ±11.85 <0.917 CI (l/min/m 2 ) Total (n=25) 2.12± ±1.53 <0.001 Response (n=19) 2.01± ±1.66 <0.001 Non-response (n=6) 2.42± ±1.03 <0.026 PI (%) Total (n=26) 1.23± ±1.32 <0.001 Response (n=19) 1.07± ±1.28 <0.001 Non-response (n=7) 1.63± ±1.47 <0.753 * MAP: mean arterial pressure HR: heart rate SVI: stroke volume index CI: cardiac index PI: peripheral perfusion index

4 62 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 22 권제 1 호 (p<0.001) 등이있었다. 또한 ΔPI는다른변수의변화량중맥박수 ( 상관계수 = , p=0.032) 와 SVI( 상관계수 =0.432, p=0.031) 에의미있는상관관계를보였다. 하지만수액요법만시행한군과혈압상승제를추가로사용한군간에각지표들은유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 3). 전체환자중치료에대한반응군은 19명, 무반응군은 6 명, 그리고관찰도중에 SVI 및 PI를측정할수없었던환자 1명이있었다 (Table 4). 치료에대한반응유무에대한 ΔPI의 ROC curve에서 AUC는 0.807(SE=0.109, 95% CI: 0.593~1.021, p=0.026) 였고 (Fig. 1), cut-off value 0.25를기준으로하였을때민감도 0.737(95% CI: 0.486~0.899), 특이도 0.714(95% CI: 0.303~ 0.949) 로나타났다. 지표에는여러가지가있는데이런지표들은하나의지표만가지고환자의상태를평가하는것이아니라전반적인지표에대한분석을통해환자를평가하게된다. 그리고이런지표들에는평균동맥압, 맥박수, 중심정맥압, SVI, CI 등이있다. 하지만이지표들은대부분침습적이고, 침습적이지않은경우에는정확성이불확실하거나지속적인관찰이어려운단점이있다 2,15,16). 또한대표적인혈역학적지표의감시방법인폐동맥도자 (pulmonary artery catheter) 는치료에있어지표가되기는하지만침습적이고임상적인예후를변화시키지못하고비용적인효과에서그실효 고 찰 본연구는혈역학적으로불안정한환자가치료를통해여러지표들이개선되는것과같이 PI가혈역학적상태의개선여부를반영하는지, 그리고여러다른대표적인혈역학적지표들과상관관계가있는지를알아보고자하였다. 그결과 PI는다른지표들과같이치료전후로유의한변화가있는것으로나타났으며, ΔPI는다른지표들중 SVI의변화량과는양의상관관계를, 맥박수의변화량과는음의상관관계를나타냈다. 또한치료에대한 SVI의반응유무에대해서도 ΔPI는 AUC 0.807에 cut-off value 0.25에서민감도 0.737, 특이도 0714을보였다. 혈역학적으로불안정한환자들을감시하는데사용되는 Fig. 1. ROC curve of ΔPI between responders and nonresponders to treatment. AUC=0.807(p=0.026). Table 3. Correlation between ΔPI* and other variables Variables Correlation Index p-value ΔMAP Fluid only Fluid+Vasopressor ΔHR Fluid only Fluid+Vasopressor ΔSVI Fluid only Fluid+Vasopressor ΔCI Fluid only Fluid+Vasopressor * ΔPI: variation of perfusion index ΔMAP: variation of mean arterial pressure ΔHR: variation of heart rate ΔSVI: variation of stroke volume index ΔCI: variation of cardiac index

5 조성욱외 : 응급실에서혈역학적안정성감시를위한말초관류지수 (perfusion index; PI) 의사용 / 63 성이의문시되고있다 2). 따라서비침습적인방법으로이를대체하기위한노력들은지속되었고이를위해심장초음파를시행하거나도플러를이용한경식도탐색자를사용하거나피부를통한저항측정을통해심장박출량, 전신혈관저항, 혈류속도등을측정하는방법등이사용되고있다 16). 또한말초혈관의관류량을맥박산소측정기의파형분석을통해측정하거나중심체온과피부체온의차이값를이용하여말초혈액순환을확인하는방법도비침습적인방법으로사용되기도한다 5). 그러나지속적인관찰이어렵거나시행자의능력에의존적인경우, 간단하고비침습적이나정확도를보장하지못하는경우등의문제점이같이존재하고있다. 그중경식도탐색자를이용하는방식은사용이쉽고지속적인관찰을할수있으며피부를통한저항방식에비해정확도가인정받고있지만의식이명료한사람에게는구역반사등의불편함이있고환자의자세변화에따라탐색자의위치가변하는단점이있다 3,17). 이런방법들과비교했을때 PI는지속적인관찰이가능하고사용이간편하며비침습적이고환자의불편감이없다는장점이있다. 하지만직접적으로심박출량이나체내수액량을예측할수없고환자마다그값이다르며말초혈액순환에영향을미치는온도변화, 환자의혈관상태, 움직임등에따라값의정확도가보장되지않는다는단점이있어실제사용에서제한점으로작용하고있다 5). 본연구에서는이런제한점을인식하고 PI가직접적으로혈역학적인변화를보여주는지를확인하기위한것이아닌초기 PI에비해혈역학적인개선이이루어지는과정을 PI 가반영하는지와응급실의실제상황에서제한점이되는변수를통제하지않은상태에서사용가능한지를보고자하였다. 때문에 PI의측정때의식이있는환자는움직임을자제시킨상태에서의식이없는환자는움직임이없는상태에서안정되게파형이관찰되는동안의평균적인값을기록하여이를보완하는것이외의다른조절은하지않은상태로관찰하였다. 그결과치료전과 1시간후의각지표들은 PI를포함하여대부분의미있게개선이되었다. 하지만 PI는이런지표들중치료전후의변화값이 SVI와맥박수와만상관관계가있는것으로나타났고, CI 및평균동맥압과는의미있는상관관계를보이지못했다. 그러나이런 결과는 Table 3. 에서나타난것과같이 CI와평균동맥압은반응군과비반응군에상관없이치료에대한반응이있었지만, SVI와맥박수그리고 PI는반응군에서만의미있는변화가있었고비반응군에서는변화가없었기때문으로생각된다. 특히 CI는치료에도불구하고 SVI가증가하지않고맥박수만증가해도개선되는것으로보일수있기때문에상관관계가떨어진것으로추정된다. Lima 등 6) 의연구에서 PI는중환자들의말초조직으로의관류정도를관찰하는데사용될가능성이있고그경계값이 1.4라하였다. 그러나측정된 PI 값의범위가넓었고, 직접심박출량을측정한환자는 37명의혈역학적으로불안정한환자중 16명에그쳤으며, ΔPI와심장박출량의변화량에대한상관관계를보이지는못했다. 반면본연구에서는 26 명의환자중경식도탐색자가유지되지못한 1명을제외한모든환자에서 SVI, CI를측정하였고그결과 ΔSVI와 Δ PI가유의한상관관계를보였다. 물론전체환자수가상대적으로적어추가적인연구가필요할수있겠으나혈역학적으로불안정한급성기환자의관찰변수로써 PI의가능성을확인한결과였다고판단된다. 또한치료에대한반응군과무반응군사이의 ΔPI에대한 ROC curve에서 AUC는 0.807이었고 cut-off value를 0.25로하였을때의민감도와특이도가각각 0.737, 0714으로나왔다. 따라서 PI 가치료에대한반응을감시하기위한보조지표로사용될수있고다른침습적인방법이나정확도가높은방법을사용할수없는경우에는이를대체할수있는지표임을보여준것으로생각된다. 결론 PI는응급실에서혈역학적으로불안정한환자의관류량개선을확인할수있는하나의지표로써그가능성이있어보인다. 하지만단독으로평가를하는것보다는보조적인지표로사용될수있을것이며, 그유용성및다른지표와의관계에대해서는추가적인연구가필요할것으로사료된다. Table 4. Relation between ΔPI* and responsiveness to treatment ΔPI* Response Responsiveness Non-response < Total * ΔPI: variation of perfusion index Total

6 64 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 22 권제 1 호 2011 참고문헌 01. Rady MY, Rivers EP, Nowak RM. Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14: Harvey S, Young D, Brampton W, Cooper AB, Doig G, Sibbald W, et al. Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD Dark PM, Singer M. The validity of trans-esophageal Doppler ultrasonography as a measure of cardiac output in critically ill adults. Intensive Care Med 2004;30: Compton FD, Zukunft B, Hoffmann C, Zidek W, Schaefer JH. Performance of a minimally invasive uncalibrated cardiac output monitoring system (Flotrac/Vigileo) in haemodynamically unstable patients. Br J Anaesth 2008;100: Lima A, Bakker J. Noninvasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion. Intensive Care Med 2005;31: Lima AP, Beelen P, Bakker J. Use of a peripheral perfusion index derived from the pulse oximetry signal as a noninvasive indicator of perfusion. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: Tao W, Zwischenberger JB, Kramer GC. Rapid monitoring of gastrointestinal intraluminal PCO2 as an end-organ perfusion index. Crit Care Med 1997;25: Drucker W, Pearce F, Glass-Heidenreich L, Hopf H, Powell C, Ochsner MG, et al. Subcutaneous tissue oxygen pressure: a reliable index of peripheral perfusion in humans after injury. J Trauma 1996;40(3 Suppl):S De Felice C, Latini G, Vacca P, Kopotic RJ. The pulse oximeter perfusion index as a predictor for high illness severity in neonates. Eur J Pediatr 2002;161: Keller G, Cassar E, Desebbe O, Lehot JJ, Cannesson M. Ability of pleth variability index to detect hemodynamic changes induced by passive leg raising in spontaneously breathing volunteers. Crit Care 2008;12:R Cannesson M, Desebbe O, Hachemi M, Jacques D, Bastien O, Lehot JJ. Respiratory variations in pulse oximeter waveform amplitude are influenced by venous return in mechanically ventilated patients under general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24: Shamir M, Eidelman LA, Floman Y, Kaplan L, Pizov R. Pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform during changes in blood volume. Br J Anaesth 1999;82: Cannesson M, Musard H, Desebbe O, Boucau C, Simon R, Henaine R, et al. The ability of stroke volume variations obtained with Vigileo/FloTrac system to monitor fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Anesth Analg 2009;108: Muller L, Louart G, Bengler C, Fabbro-Peray P, Carr J, Ripart J, et al. The intrathoracic blood volume index as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients with acute circulatory failure: a comparison with central venous pressure. Anesth Analg 2008;107: de Wilde RB, Geerts BF, Cui J, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. Performance of three minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring systems. Anaesthesia 2009;64: de Waal EE, Wappler F, Buhre WF. Cardiac output monitoring. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009;22: Singer M. Oesophageal Doppler. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009;15:244-8.

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