(Ⅳ),,,,,,,,, A time series study on variations in concentration of indoor air pollutants at new apartments in Korea ( ) S.K.Jang, M.H.Kwon, J.M.Ryu, S

Transcription

1 (Ⅳ),,,,,,,,, A time series study on variations in concentration of indoor air pollutants at new apartments in Korea ( ) S.K.Jang, M.H.Kwon, J.M.Ryu, S.Y.Seo, J.Y.Lim, H.J.Lim Y.J.Lim, S.R.Won, S.J.Jung, S.Y.Park Indoor Environment and Noise Research Team Climate and Air Quality Research Department National Institute of Environmental Research

2 1. ( ) 2.,. 3.. ( ) ( ). (1) ' ' ' ' ' i -

3 '08 12 (2) - TVOC (, ). (1) ( ) - 30, ( ) - 30, ( ) - '06 25, 28, 31, 34, 36 ( 5 ) - '07 13, 16, 19 ( 3 ) - '08 (,,, ) ( 4 ) ( ) 1) - (Tenax-TA) 2) - DNPH- (2) ( ) : GC/MS ( ) : HPLC - ii -

4 (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,,,, 36,,,. 2., % ( 83 %, 80 %, 81 %), 60 %. 3. 2, 2,. - iii -

5 4. 36,. 5. (p<0.05). 6. (p<0.05). 7. (p<0.05). 8. (p<0.05). 9. '05 '06, '07, , - iv -

6 v -

7 i vi xii xvii ABSTRACT xx I. 1 II ( ) 14 III vi -

8 (1) 26 (2) (1) 30 ( ) 30 ( ) 32 (2) (1) 35 (2) 36 (3) 37 (4) 37 (5) (1) 39 (2) vii -

9 (1) 41 (2) (1) 45 (2) (1) 47 (2) (1) '05 51 (2) '06 55 (3) '07 56 (4) ' (1) '05 60 (2) ' viii -

10 (3) '07 66 (4) ' '05 71 (1) '05 71 (2) 77 (3) '05 86 (4) ' '06 90 (1) '06 90 (2) 96 (3) ' (4) ' ' (1) ' (2) 112 (3) ' (4) ' ' (1) ' (2) ' (3) ' ix -

11 . 131 (1) 131 (2) (Active) (Passive) (1) 148 (2), (1) 150 (2) 151 (3) 151 (4) (1) 156 (2) x -

12 (1) 179 (2) 180 ( ) 180 ( ) 181 ( ) 182 ( ) 183 ( ) 184 V xi -

13 GC/MS GC/FID HPLC Tenax-TA DNPH GC/MS VOCs GC/FID VOCs HPLC Carbonyls GC/MS GC/FID 49 - xii -

14 4-7. HPLC (TD) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '05~' ' '05 VOCs '05 I '05 II ' ' ' '06 VOCs '06 I '06 II xiii -

15 4-29. ' ' ' '07 VOCs ' ' ' ' ' ' ' , xiv -

16 I II xv -

17 xvi -

18 DNPH GC/MS GC/FID HPLC ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '05 I '05 II ' ' xvii -

19 4-15 ' '06 I '06 II ' ' ' '07 I '07 II ' ' ' I II xviii -

20 xix -

21 ABSTRACT Volatile organic compounds(vocs) and carbonyl compounds are known to have adverse health effects and to play an important role in induction of Sick Building Syndrome(SBS). VOCs and carbonyl compounds originate from numerous sources, e.g. building materials, consumer products, furniture, offices machines, and human activities in indoor environment and contribute to indoor air pollution. This study was carried out to investigate the variations of the concentrations of major compounds (or indoor pollutants) through the time series study and to grasp influential factors on the concentrations of the indoor air pollutants at the new apartments in South Korea. The major indoor air pollutants, in the new apartments before the occupation were toluene, xylene, acetone and formaldehyde, orderly. Specially the concentrations of formaldehyde in the new apartments were increased more than twice after the occupation, which is probably due to the emissions from new furnitures and renovation of the apartments. The mean concentrations of the most of indoor air pollutants tend to decrease according as an increase of dwelling periods. As dwelling periods were increased from 2 months to 36 months after occupation, the mean concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde were decreased approximately 80 % and 60 %, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of indoor air pollutants during the summer seasons with high temperature( ) and high relative humidity(%) were higher than other seasons. - xx -

22 The relatively high concentrations of indoor air pollutants were found in the studied apartments with the introduction of new furnitures, the replacement of the floor and wall paper and remodeling the verandas and decorations. The floor levels of the apartment buildings were divided into 3 groups(low floor, middle floor, and high floor) to investigate the correlations with indoor air pollution levels. Before the occupation, it was found not to have any increasing trend as it went to the high floors, but after occupation most of air pollutants showed increasing tendencies from the low floors to the high floors and they were significant in statistical analysis.(p>0.05) The mean concentrations of toluene, xylene and formaldehyde in the buildings established in 2006 and 2007 were generally lower than those established in 2005 at the preoccupancy stage. This decrease might be affected by the enactment of "Act on indoor air quality management" in December, Lastly, the concentrations of the indoor air pollutant in the newly builded buildings are affected by the living patterns of residents, whereas the concentrations before the occupations were controlled by the law. Therefore, it is important to put the efforts for risk communications with residents to achieve more comfortable and healthier living environments. The concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde in new apartment were shown to be affected by indoor environment according to living pattern. So new apartment need to be controlled in door air quality so that the residents can have more comfortable and healthier living environment. - xxi -

23 1970,.,, (IAQ : Indoor Air Quality),,,.. (SBS : Sick Building Syndrome) 1983 (WHO : World Health Organization), (MCS : Multiple Chemical Sensitivity), (SHS : Sick House Syndrome).. WHO 30 %, 5., )

24 (VOCs : Volatile Organic Compounds),,,, ,, (bake-out). 1, 2, , ,

25 II. 1.. HVAC(Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning),.,, 2-1. (PM 10 ),,,. (CO), (NO 2 ), (SO 2 ) (CO 2 ), (VOCs), (Formaldehyde), (Rn). (CO, NO 2, SO 2 ),.,,,,,,,,,,., (, ), 9,., (, ),,, (Bioaerosol) - 3 -

26 .,,,,.,,. 2-1., (CO, NO 2, SO 2 ) (,,, ),,,, -,,, -,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,, -,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,,, (, ), -, (, ),,, -,,,,,, -,,, - 4 -

27 < 2-1 >,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (, ),,,,, - -,,, - -, -, -, -, - -, -, D- (VOCs, PAHs,,,, ),,,, -,,, -,,,,, - 5 -

28 ,,,,, -.. 2), %, % %, %, (, ).,,, (PB), (MDF, Medium Density Fiberboard)

29 , (1.5 mg/l), ,, (0.3 ~ 1.5 mg/l) ,, 3) ,,., passive sampler 8 hr 5 day, 2-2,,, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. 4) μg/m 3, μg/m 3,

30 2-2. Location Formaldehyde (μg/m 3 ) Acetaldehyde (μg/m 3 ) Toluene (μg/m 3 ) Benzene (μg/m 3 ) o-xylene (μg/m 3 ) Ethylbenzene (μg/m 3 ) Ref. Hong Kong 16 (11 23) ±8.4 (26 77) 4.7±0.5 (1.5 10) 4.5±0.4 (1 10.8) 2.6±0.8 (ND 5) 5 Satelite County, Maxico 37±9 (19 50) 19±5 (7 28) Talnepantla County, Mexico 47±17 (12 81) 27±12 (8 52) Parism France 24.3± ± Prince Edward Island, Canada Michigan, USA Korea Seoul, Korea Asan, Korea berore occupation 150.9±2.0 ( ) 58.2±1.5 ( ) ± ± ± ± * months * 9.55 * : m.p-xylene + o-xylene 4 Chunrong Jia 9) (Michigan),, 53 VOCs. AA μg/m 3, μg/m 3, m,p μg/m 3, 4.79 μg/m 3, YP μg/m 3, μg/m 3, m,p μg/m 3, 4.89 μg/m 3,.,, m,p-, 1 2 μg/m 3, - 8 -

31 ,, m,p-, n- α-, D μg/m 3. /, BTEX(,,, ), TMBs(Trimethylbenzenes, ),, /, D- /. / 1 10, D Shun Cheng Lee 5) CO 2, PM %, 500 CFU/m 3 23 %. LPG LNG LPG, 6. / 3.8:0.7, 3.3:0.6, m,p- 2.3:0.6, o- 1.4:0.8,. 12)

32 27 75 %,. Jo 13)14), (0 13 ), TVOC , , ,,.. 30,,. 40,., 40 5 cm.. 15)

33 14, 65 %, 24 %,. 16) / /. ( / / ).,,, /., 17) TVOC,. TVOC. CO 2, TVOC,,. 18). 19), PVC (tile), PVC (sheet) TVOC 0.04 mg/m 2 hr, PVC

34 0.78 mg/m 2 hr. VOC PVC 3 5, VOC 30 %. 1,633.8 μg/m 3, PVC 2.5,. 20) TVOC PVC 1.35 mg/m 2 hr, 0.33 mg/m 2 hr, non-pvc 0.29 mg/m 2 hr PVC 5 TVOC. PVC PVC, non-pvc mg/m 2 hr. TVOC 3, ) VOCs TVOC,,,,. 25, 50 % 79 %,

35 63 %, 37 %, (trichlorofluoromethane) 29 %. (dichlorobenzene) (methylenechloride) 36 %, 27 %, 44 %, 22 %. 22) 4, 1, PVC (0 ~ 700 ) PVC 4,,.,,, (0 ~ 700 ). PVC,. PVC,,., PVC,, +, + +, VOC ~ 3, ~ , 80 %, 10 %, 20 %, 60 %

36 3. ( ) 23) (Indoor Air Quality) 1980,., ,,,., 13 ( )., 3,000 m 2,,,, CO, CO 2,. (2004.7),, (2000.6). EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) (ORIA : Office of Radiation and Indoor Air) (IED : Indoor Environments Division), (HUD : Department of Housing and Urban Development),.,

37 (CO, NO 2,, (PAHs) ),.. (ASHRAE : American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers)., WHO 1987 " (Air Quality Guideline for Europe)", WHO.,,,,,,. (UBA). (EPA), (ICL : Indoor Climate Labeling).., PM 10,,.,,

38 . Environment Protection Group.,. (NHMRC : National Health and Medial Research Council).,,,., ,

39 ) TVOC HCHO 100 /m 3 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene 1,4-Dichloro benzene Acetaldehyde Dibutyl phthalate Chlorpyrifos Tetradecane Diazinone Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Phenocab N-Nonyl Aldehyde 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trichloroethylene Chloroform 1,3-Butadiene Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-hlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride WHO (30 ) 260 /m 3 (1 ) 260 /m 3 (1 ) 700 /m 3 (24 ) 250 /m 3 ( ) WHO:Air Quality Guidelines for Europe 1)300 /m 3 2)300~3000 /m 3 3)3000 /m /m 3 (81ppb) (30 ) (ASHRAE) /m 3 (100ppb) 9000 /m 3 (5000ppb) 50 /m 3 (20ppb) : /m /m 3 ( ) 120 /m 3 (100ppb) 300 /m 3 (GV ) 3000 /m 3 (GV ) 30 /m 3 (GV ) 3000 /m 3 (GV ) 2 /m 3 (GV ) 20 /m 3 (GV ) 200 /m 3 (GV ) 2000 /m 3 (GV ) 0.1 /m 3 (GV ) 1 /m 3 (GV ) 5 /m 3 (GV ) 50 /m 3 (GV ) 200 /m 3 (GV ) 2000 /m 3 (GV, 24 ) (IRK: ):2004:GV,

40 < 2-3 > TVOC 200 / 3,000 ppb (1,305 /m 3 ) HCHO 100 /m 3 (30 ) 30 / 120 /m 3 (100 ppb) (8 ) Benzene 5ppb ( ) (16.25 /m 3 ) Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene 1,4-Dichloro benzene Acetaldehyde Dibutyl phthalate Chlorpyrifos Tetradecane Diazinone Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Phenocab N-Nonyl Aldehyde 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trichloroethylene Chloroform 1,3-Butadiene 1ppb ( ) (2.25 /m 3 ) Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-chlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride :1999 : 2001:si :1999 :

41 < 2-3 > TVOC500 / (1 ) TVOC VOC 250 / 600 / (261ppb) 600 / (1 ) HCHO 120 / 100 / (81ppb) 100 / 100 / (80ppb) Benzene 16.1 / (5ppb) 110 / Toluene / (290ppb) 260 / (70ppb) Ethylbenzene / (333ppb) 3800 / (880ppb) Xylene / (333ppb) 870 / (200ppb) Styrene 220 / (50ppb) 1,4-Dichloro benzene 200 / (33ppb) 240 / (40ppb) Acetaldehyde 48 / (30ppb) Dibutyl phthalate 220 / (20ppb) Chlorpyrifos 1 / (0.07ppb) Tetradecane 330 / (40ppb) Diazinone 0.29 / (0.02ppb) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 120 / (7.6ppb) Phenocab 130 / (3.8ppb) N-Nonyl Aldehyde 41 / (7.0ppb) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 500 / (83ppb) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 200 / 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 200 / Trichloroethylene 770 / (143ppb) Chloroform 163 / (33ppb) 1,3-Butadiene Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-chlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene 1000 / Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene 250 / (37ppb) Carbon tetrachloride : / (16ppb) AQ :GoodClass 8 (2003 ) :

42 , 3-2, 3-3, ' ' , ( 25 ) ( 36 ),. 1, 2 7 1, 2, 3, 1 1. ' ( 13 ) ( 19 ) , 1, 2. ' , 2,

43 In-cheon Gyeong-gi Seoul Gang-won do Chung-cheong do Jeon-ra do Gyeong-sang do '05 '06 '07 ' 세대수 최초측정세대수

44 년신축공동주택제외

45 3-3. '05 '06 '07 '08 '05. 2~4 120 '06. 4~5 72 '07. 4~5 48 ' '05. 5~ ' '07. 7~ ' '05. 8~ '06. 9~ '07. 9~10 46 ' '05. 10~ ' '07.12~' ' '05. 11~ ' '08. 3~4 36 ' '06. 1~ ' '08. 6~ ' '06. 4~ ' '08. 9~10 25 ' '06. 7~ ' '08.12~' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

46 2.. (active air sampler),,,, 43. (passive air sampler) 36. TVOC n- n ), 3-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, Aldehyde 8..,,,,, ). (bacteria) (fungi)

47 3-4. Group Compounds Group Compounds Benzene n-hexane Toluene 2,4-Dimethylpentane Ethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Aromatic Hydrocarbons m,p,o-xylenes Styrene m-ethyltoluene p-ethyltoluene o-ethyltoluene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Aliphatic Hydrocarbon n-heptane n-octane n-nonane n-decane n-undecane n-dodecane n-tridecane n-tetradecane 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene n-pentadecane 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene n-hexadecane Nonanal Chloroform Decanal 1,2-Dichloroethane Formaldehyde 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Aldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionalehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde Halogenated Hydrocarbon (Halocarbon) Carbon Tetrachloride 1,2-Dichloropropane Bromodichloromethane Trichloroethylene Alcohol Butanol Dibromochloromethane Acetate Butyl acetate Tetrachloroethylene α-pinene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Terpen β-pinene D-Limonene Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Acetone

48 3.. (1), 30, 5., 5. ( 3-2)., ( ) m m. EPA method TO-17 (VOCs) EPA method TO-11A ( ) (field blank) (lab blank) ( )

49 4,.,. MP- 30H (Sibata, JP) 100 ml/min 30 2 Tenax-TA 200 mg (1/4 9 cm, Perkin Elmer, UK). Tube conditioner (ATC 1200, ACEN) (99.999%) 100 ml /4 PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) 50 ml (vial) 4. - (active air sampling) (passive air sampler),. '05 '06 6 '05 16~36, '06 2 ~ 36. 3M OVM # , 4. MP- 100H (Sibata, JP) 500 ml/min 30 2 DNPH- (Supelco, USA). (Waters, USA)

50 .,. '05 '06 6 EPA method IP-6C DSD-DNPH (Supelco, USA) 72., 4. (1) 30 (2) 1 (3) 30 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) 30 : 30. (2) : (, ).,. (3) :

51 (a) Indoor air active sampling (b) Indoor air passive sampling (C) Outdoor air sampling 3-3. (2),,, '05 25 ~ 36, '06 13 ~ 36. '05 '06 6. MAS-100 (Merck) Bio Air Sampler 100 L/min 2.5. TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) (petri dish), SDA (Sabouraud -Dextrose Agar). (incubator) 48, 72 35, 25 ( 3-5)

52 3-5. Bacteria Fungi Sampling Flow 100 L/min 100 L/min Sampling Time 2.5 min 2.5 min Media TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) Incubator 35, 48 hr 25, 72 hr.,, HPLC, ( %). (100 ppm, Japanese Indoor Air Standards Mixture, Supelco), GC/FID Aldrich, (CS 2, carbon disulfide). (CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mixture 1, Supelco).. (1) ( ) TVOC VOCs (TD ; Thermal Desorption, Shimadzu, Japan)

53 / (GC/MS, GC-2010, Shimadzu, Japan), GC/MS Parameter Desorption time and flow Desorption temperature Cold trap packing Cold trap holding time Trap heat temperature Trap cool temperature In split Valve temperature Interface heat temperature Condition 15 min, 60 ml/min 280 Tenax-TA 5 min No GC/MS Parameter Condition GC column VB-1 (60 m 0.25 mm 1.0 um) Initial temperature 40 (6 min) Oven ramp rate 1 4 /min ( ) Oven ramp rate 2 20 /min ( ) Final temperature 250 (10 min) Column flow 1.5 ml/min MS source temperature 200 Detector type EI (Quadrupole) Mass range amu Electron energy 70 ev

54 ( ) GC FID (flame ionization detector) Shimadzu GC-2010, 3-8. (CS 2 ) 1.5 ml, 30. VOCs.,. (3M OVM # 3500/3510, 1982) GC/FID Parameter Condition GC column VB-1(60 m 0.25 mm 1.0 μm) Initial temperature 40 (4 min) Oven ramp rate 1 4 /min ( ) Oven ramp rate 2 20 /min ( ) Final temperature 280 (20 min) Column flow 1.50 ml/min Make up gas, flow N 2, 30.0 ml/min H 2 flow 40.0 ml/min Air flow 400 ml/min Injection volume 1.0 μl Split ratio

55 3-9. No. Compounds Recovery Coefficient Calculation Constant A (mg/m 3 ) Calculation Constant B (ppm) 1 n-hexane Chloroform ,2-Dichloroethane ,4-Dimethylpentane ,1,1-Trichloroethane n-butanol Benzene Carbon tetrachloride ,2-dichloropropane Trichloroethylene Isooctane n-heptane Toluene Butyl acetate n-octane Tetrachloroethylene Ethylbenzene m,p-xylene Styrene o-xylene n-nonane α-pinene m-ethyltoluene p-ethyltoluene o-ethyltoluene β-pinene ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene n-decane ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene D-Limonene Nonanal n-undecane n-dodecane n-tridecane n-tetradecane n-pentadecane n-hexadecane

56 (2) DNPH- (High performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC - LC 10Avp, Shimadzu, Japan). HPLC DNPH nm UV 360 nm., ( / (8:2, v/v), ) 1.2 ml HPLC Parameter Injector Column Detector Mobile phase Gradient elution Detection Flow rate Injection volume Oven Temp. Shimadzu SIL-10ADvp Condition ACE 5 C-18 (150 mm 4.6 mm 5 μm) UV-VIS Detector, Shimadzu Water/Tetrahydrofuran(8:2, v/v)(a) Acetonitrile (B) 0 20 min : A/B = 80/20 40/ min : A/B = 40/60 80/ min : A/B = 80/20 hold Absorbance at 360 nm 1.2 ml/min 20 μl 40 H 2 NHN O 2 N NO 2 + R O H H + H 2 C=H 2 NHN O 2 N NO2 + H 2 O 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) Aldehyde H=R : Ketone 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone 3-4 DNPH

57 DNPH CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 1(Supelco, USA) 5. DNPH DNPH DNPH derivatives ( 3-4). SPE(Soild Phase Extraction, ) vacuum manifold (Supelco, USA), (HPLC grade) 5 ml, ,. DNPH- HPLC.. DNPH,, / /GC/MS DNPH / /HPLC,. (1) VOCs Tenax-TA ml/min 30,

58 . DNPH- 500 ml/min 30, DNPH-. (2) (calibration curves) (20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng),. DNPH CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 5 ( 3-11) ( : μg/ml) Calibration curves Cali-1 Cali-2 Cali-3 Cali-4 Cali-5 Compounds Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Acrolein Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

59 (3) (RF; Response Factor) (Retention Time, RT) (RSD; Relative Standard Deviation, %). (batch). DNPH. (4) (Detection limits) (IDL; Instrumental detection limits) (MDL; Method Detection Limits), MDL. MDL 99 %. MDL (signal/noise) ,. variance (S 2 ) 2.1. xi = x i x' = x = 1/n xi s = (S 2 ) 1/2-37 -

60 t (n-1, α=.99). No of samples t-statistic t (n-1, 0.99) n-1, 1 % student-t, n. MDL VOCs (sensitivity) (Glaser 1981, US EPA 1990). MDL Signal Noise (IDL) (5) (TD) GC/MS (recovery test). cold trap transfer line transfer line GC Injector cold

61 trap. GC split ratio 5.. (1)..,,,,,, (built-in). (2) 2 ( 3, 3-3 ).,,,

62 , SPSS for Windows (1),,,,,,. (2) Spearman Correlation analysis ( ), Kruskal-Wallis test ( ), Mann-Whitney test ( ), Tukey-test ( ), (p) (3), t-test, Mann-Whitney test. (4) (Regression analysis)

63 . 1.. (1) GC/MS, VOCs TIC(Total Ion Chromatogram) GC/FID, , GC/MS

64 uv(x10,000) 2.5 Chromatogram min GC/FID HPLC, 4-3,.. (x10,000) Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Acrolein Acetone Butyraldehyde Benzaldehyde min 4-3 HPLC

65 (2) GC/MS 43 (20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng),. TVOC, VOCs 43. GC/FID 37. ( 20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng). VOCs 37, TVOC. HPLC 7 DNPH 7 CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 5.. VOCs (lineality, R 2 )

66 Tenax-TA VOCs Cabonyls 0.61 % % ( 4-1). U.S. EPA 5 % (EPA Method TO ), VOCs Carbonyls 4-1. Tenax-TA DNPH- Compounds Concentration (μg/m 3 ) Ratio* First tube Back-up tube (%) Benzene 6.86 N.D. - Toluene N.D. - Ethylbenzene N.D. - Xylenes N.D. - Styrene 7.00 N.D. - TVOC 2, Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Remark Tenax-TA DNPH * Ratio (%) = [ Conc. in Back-up tube / Conc. in (First+Back-up) tube ] 100 * Tenax-TA Total sample volumes : 3 L (100 ml/min, 30 min ) DNPH-cartridge Total sample volumes : 15 L ( 500 ml/min, 30 min ). GC/MS, GC/FID HPLC

67 (1) GC/MS. GC/MS 0.1 %, 2.5 % ( 4-2) GC/MS VOCs (Unit :RSD(%), n=20) No. Compounds Retention time Response factor No. Compounds Retention time Response factor 1 Hexane < n-nonane < Chloroform < α-pinene < ,2-Dichloroethane < p-ethyltoluene < ,4-Dimethylpentane < m-ethyltoluene < ,1,1-Trichloroethane < ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene < n-butanol < o-ethyltoluene < Benzene < β-pinene < Carbon tetrachloride < ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene < ,2-Dichloropropane < n-decane < Bromodichloromethane < ,4-Dichlorobenzene < Trichloroethylene < ,3,5-Trimethylbenzene < Isooctane < D-Limonene < n-heptane < Nonanal < Methyl isobutyl ketone < n-undecane < Toluene < ,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene < Dibromochloromethane < Decanal < Butyl acetate < n-dodecane < n-octane < n-tridecane < Tetrachloroethylene < n-tetradecane < Ethylbenzene < n-pentadecane < ,23 Xylenes < n-hexadecane < Styrene <

68 GC/FID 20.. n-hexane %, % ( 4-3) GC/FID VOCs (Unit :RSD(%), n=20) Compounds Retention Response Retention Response Compounds time factor time factor n-hexane < o-xylene < Chloroform < n-nonane < ,2-Dichloroethane < α-pinene < ,4-DimethylPentane < m-ethyltoluene < ,1,1-Trichloroethane < p-ethyltoluene < n-butanol < o-ethyltoluene < Benzene < β-pinene < Carbon tetrachloride < ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene < ,2-Dichloropropane < n-decane < Trichloroethylene < ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene < Isooctane < D-Limonene < n-heptane < Nonanal < Toluene < n-undecane < Butyl acetate < n-dodecane < n-octane < n-tridecane < Tetrachloroethylene < n-tetradecane < Ethylbenzene < n-pentadecane < m,p-xylene < n-hexadecane < Styrene <

69 (2) HPLC %, 7.5 % ( 4-4) HPLC Carbonyls (Unit :RSD(%), n=24) Compounds Retention time Response factor Formaldehyde < Acetaldehyde < Acetone < Acrolein < Propionaldehyde < Butylaldehyde < Benzaldehyde < (1) GC/MS, ng (1,4-dichlorobenzene) 4.48 ng (isooctane). 3 L μg/m 3. GC/FID,

70 ng (isooctane) ng (chloroform), μg/m GC/MS Compounds MDL MDL Compounds ng μg/m 3 ng μg/m 3 Hexane n-nonane Chloroform α-pinene ,2-Dichloroethane m-ethyltoluene ,4-Dimethylpentane p-ethyltoluene ,1,1-Trichloroethane ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene n-butanol o-ethyltoluene Benzene β-pinene Carbon tetrachloride ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene ,2-Dichloropropane n-decane Bromodichloromethane ,4-Dichlorobenzene Trichloroethylene ,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Isooctane D-Limonene n-heptane Nonanal Methyl isobutyl ketone n-undecane Toluene ,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Dibromochloromethane Decanal Butyl acetate n-dodecane n-octane n-tridecane Tetrachloroethylene n-tetradecane Ethylbenzene n-pentadecane Xylene n-hexadecane Styrene

71 4-6. GC/FID Compounds MDL MDL Compounds ng μg/m 3 ng μg/m 3 n-hexane o-xylene Chloroform n-nonane ,2-Dichloroethane α-pinene ,4-DimethylPentane m-ethyltoluene ,1,1-Trichloroethane p-ethyltoluene n-butanol o-ethyltoluene Benzene β-pinene Carbon tetrachloride ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene ,2-dichloropropane n-decane Trichloroethylene ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene Isooctane D-Limonene n-heptane Nonanal Toluene n-undecane Butyl acetate n-dodecane n-octane n-tridecane Tetrachloroethylene n-tetradecane Ethylbenzene n-pentadecane m,p-xylene n-hexadecane Styrene (2) HPLC, 4-7, μg/ml (acrolein) μg/ml (propionaldehyde). 15 L μg/m

72 4-7. HPLC Compounds MDL MDL Compounds μg/ml μg/m 3 μg/ml μg/m 3 Formaldehyde Propionaldehyde Acetaldehyde Butylaldehyde Acetone Benzaldehyde Acrolein , % (TD) Benzene 101 o-xylene 102 Toluene 112 α-pinene 92 Ethylbenzene 96 β-pinene 99 m,p-xylene 111 n-decane 118 Styrene 104 D-Limonene

73 2.. (1) ' A-1 17, 6,. 7 8 m. A-2, 18,.. B 8,.,. C 20, 100 m 6,. 800 m,. D 23, 6. E 20 4,, 100 m

74 . F m,,,. G 13,, m,. H m 15,,. I 15,, 50 m 8,. J 15, 5 m 4,.. K 15, 5 m 6,,

75 (a) (b), 4-4 '

76 (a) (b), 4-5 '

77 (2) ' A ,,. 100 m,, 200 m 6,. L m 8,. M 18, 2. N 18, 200 m, 100 m,, 150 m 4.. O m,,,

78 . P 15, 200 m 8.,. Q 15,, 6,, 200 m. (3) ' R , km. S 15, , 2 km. T 27 29, 2,,

79 (a) (b) (c) (d) 4-6 '

80 (a) (b) (c) 4-7 '07. (4) ' U 20,,. 5 km. V 15, 2, 200 m, 400 m. W 13, 2, 1 km,

81 었다. 은평 X 지점은 최고층이 15 층 건물로 아파트 주변 200 m거리에 8차선 도로가 있으며, 교통량은 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 주변에 북한산이 있으 며, 약 400 m거리에는 지하철역이 존재하였다. 또한 측정 아파트 주변에 는 아파트 공사 진행이 한창이었다. (a) 경 기 (b) 대 구 (c) 서 울 그림 4-8 '08년 신축 공동주택의 측정지점 실외환경

82 . (1) '05 '05 '06 ' , ,,,,. PVC non-pvc, PVC..,,., 2.3 m,. 4-11, , %

83 4-9. '05 site A-1 A-2 B C D E PVC non-pvc PVC - non-pvc PVC PVC PVC, PVC, PVC PVC non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC (m) ,, 33 (17 ) 24, 33, 41, 50 (18 ) 31 (16 ) 32, 39, 47 (20 ) 39 (23 ) 31 (20 ) 26 1, , , 미확인

84 4-10. '05 site F G H I J K non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC PVC PVC PVC, PVC PVC non-pvc - non-pvc PVC PVC PVC (m) (17 ) 31 (13 ) 23 (15 ) 36, 42, 50 (15 ) 16, 20 (15 ) 17, 20 (15 ) ,003 - : 미확인

85 4-11. '05 1st survey 2nd survey 3rd survey dwelling period temperature ( ) humidity (%) mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 6 months after 8 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months

86 (2) ' , , ,,,,. PVC non-pvc, PVC,.,.,.,,., 2.3 m,. 4-13, , %

87 4-12. '06 site A-3 L M N O P Q PVC PVC PVC PVC, non-pvc PVC PVC PVC PVC, PVC PVC,, PVC non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC PVC PVC - -, (m) ,, - -,, - 31 (18 ) 33 (14, 15 ) (18 ) 24, 25 (18 ) 49, 56 (23 ) 33 (14, 15 ) 24, 32, 43 (15 ) ,029 미확인

88 4-13. '06 temperature ( ) humidity (%) dwelling period mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation st survey 2nd survey 3rd survey after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months (3) ' , , , PVC,.,,, 2.3 m,

89 4-15, , % '07 미확인 site R S T PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC (m) ,,, 30,33 (20,23,25 ) ,20 (13,15,17,18 ) ,34,39,45,52 (17,19,20,25,27,29 ) , '07 survey 1st survey 2nd dwelling period temperature ( ) humidity (%) mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months

90 (4) , ,, PVC.,, 2.3 m, , % '08 site U V W X PVC - -,, (m) , - - 미확인 30,33 (13,15,16,17,18,20 ) ,19,22 (15 ) 1 7, ,24 (13 ) 1, 12, ,53 (13,14,15 ) 1 4,

91 4-17. '08 temperature ( ) humidity (%) dwelling period mean s.d. mean s.d. spring summer autumn winter before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months

92 4-18. '05~' PVC, non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC, PVC, PVC,,,,, PVC PVC, non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC,,,,,, -,,,,,, -,,, (m) ,,,,,,,,,,, 16 ~ ~ ~ ~ 53 (13 ~ 23 ) (14 ~ 23 ) (13 ~ 29 ) (13 ~ 20 ),,,,

93 3.. '05 ' , 2 36 ( ) (1) '05 '05, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 22 (2 ) 25 ~ 36 (3 ) , μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3.., (89.89 ~ ) μg/m 3, (75.10 ~ ) μg/m 3, (41.02 ~ ) μg/m 3, (17.89 ~ 26.79) μg/m 3, (11.81 ~ 52.31) μg/m 3., 10 D μg/m 3, μg/m %,

94 , , (94.47 ~ ) μg/m 3, , (40.33 ~77.78) μg/m 3 2, 1 60 % (39.06 ~ 78.63) μg/m 3, 1 2, (21.94 ~ 57.34) μg/m 3, D μg/m 3, 6. 1, , (75.43 ~ ) μg/m 3, 1 2, (39.77 ~ 63.71) μg/m (29.04 ~ 64.19) μg/m 3, 1 2, 2 D μg/m 3, 6., VOCs, 2 1,, 37 %

95 4-19. '05 No. before occupation conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence 2 10 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence months conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence months conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Xylenes Toluene Toluene Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Xylenes Acetaldehyde Toluene Acetone Acetone Acetone Xylenes Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Acetone β-pinene Acetaldehyde D-Limonene D-Limonene Butyl acetate Benzaldehyde Nonanal n-decane α-pinene β-pinene Ethylbenzene Nonanal n-butanol D-Limonene Propionaldehyde n-tridecane Acetaldehyde α-pinene Styrene Ethylbenzene Styrene Styrene β-pinene Benzaldehyde n-nonane Nonanal α-pinene Decanal Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ,4-Dimethylpentane n-tridecane Styrene

96 ' , aromatic 37 %, aldehyde 34 %. Terpene 6% Ketone 12% Acetate 1% Alcohol 1% Aromatic 37% Aldehyde 34% Aliphatic 9% 4-9 '05, 4-10, aromatic 70 % %. aldehyde 10 % %. aldehyde. 2)

97 . ug/m period Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-10 '05. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene) TVOC identified VOCs , identified VOCs, TVOC identified VOCs TVOC BTEXS 0.32, BTEXS,, 2 25, 28, , BTEXS TVOC BTEXS

98 before occupation identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS Etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d. VOCs /TVOC ratio , after 2 months after 4 months after 6 months after 8 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene

99 (2) ' (2 36 ) , 4-23., TVOC 1, μg/m 3, VOCs μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. Aldehyde, μ g/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m %. TVOC 1, μg/m 3, 2 ( μg/m 3 ) 13 ( μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m %, 19 16, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m ( ) μg/m 3, 28 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m %, 6 50 % %

100 , μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4 (34.98 μg/m 3 ) 13 (8.71 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m ( ) μg/m 3, 9.77 μg/m 3, 34, μg/m 3, 8.27 μg/m % %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4 ( μg/m 3 ) 13 (30.15 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3.,, %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4 (13.83 μg/m 3 ) 13 (3.82 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) μg/m 3 2, μg/m 3, μg/m %, %, %. D-, 0.38 μg/m

101 2 (6.17 μg/m 3 ) (19.78 μg/m 3 ), μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 25, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., D-,., μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 16 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 16 ( ) μg/m 3, μg/m %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m

102 67 %..,,,, 4 16, , 16, 19 ( 4-11, 4-12)

103 4-21. '05 I ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds before occupation after 2 mo nths after 4 months after 6 months after 8 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC 1, Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde <MDL <MDL

104 4-22. '05 II ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

105 4-23. '05 compounds after 2 months after 4 months after 6 months after 8 after 10 after 13 after 16 after 19 after 22 after 25 after 28 after 31 after 34 after 36 months months months months months months months months months months months Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde

106 4-11 '05 I

107 4-12 '05 II

108 (3) '05 ' ,. Chunrong Jia 9) 53,. 27, 68 %, 22, 35 % μg/m 3, 89.4 μg/m 3, μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 60.0 μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m

109 ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Ethylbenzene 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene ug/m 3 Xylenes 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Styrene 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter (c) Xylene (d) Styrene TVOC 실내온도실내습도 Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde

110 (4) 05 / (I/O). I/O, 1,.,. ' I/O 4-24., 0.40 ~ μg/m 3, 2.25 μg/m 3.,., I/O ~ VOCs D-, α,β- Terpene I/O, μg/m 3. Chunrong Jia 9), I/O 1 10, D

111 4-24. '05 after residence 2~36 months Seoul Incheon Gyeonggido Jeonrado Gyeongsangdo Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone

112 (1) 06 06, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 22 (2 ) 25 ~ 36 (3 ) 4-25., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., ( ~ ) μg/m 3, (66.19 ~ ) μg/m 3, (72.77 ~ ) μg/m 3, 30 % (23.41 ~ 69.54) μg/m 3, ( ) μg/m 3, 2.5. D μg/m 3, μg/m , (94.12 ~ ) μg/m

113 , (55.48 ~ 87.50) μg/m 3, (48.65 ~ 67.71) μg/m D μg/m , 25 36, (84.87 ~ ) μg/m 3, 1 2, (45.23 ~ 71.06) μg/m (45.82 ~ 60.86) μg/m 3, D μg/m 3,

114 4-25. '06 no. before occupation conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 2 10 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence months conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence months conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetone Toluene Toluene Toluene Butylaldehyde Acetone Acetone Acetone Formaldehyde Xylenes D-Limonene D-Limonene Xylenes Acetaldehyde Xylenes Acetaldehyde Styrene D-Limonene n-decane Xylene Butyl acetate Styrene Acetaldehyde Nonanal Acetaldehyde α-pinene Nonanal n-decane Ethylbenzene Nonanal Styrene Styrene n-tridecane Benzaldehyde α-pinene Ethylbenzene n-dodecane Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene n-butanol n-decane n-tridecane Benzaldehyde α-pinene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone β-pinene n-tridecane Benzaldehyde

115 ' aldehyde 36 %,, aromatic 29 %, ketone 14 %,, aliphatic 10 %, '05. Ketone 14% Acetate 1% Alcohol 1% Aromatic 29% Terpene 8% Aliphatic 10% Aldehyde 36% Halocarbon 1% 4-14 '06., 4-15, aromatic 50 % %. aldehyde 26 %

116 36 40 %. aldehyde. ug/m period Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-15 '06. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS TVOC identified VOCs 2, 4, , TVOC identified VOCs TVOC BTEXS ratio 0.39, ,

117 0.25. BTEXS TVOC BTEXS '06 VOCs identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d. VOCs /TVOC ratio before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene

118 (2) '06 72 (2 36 ) , 4-29., TVOC μg/m 3, VOCs μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. aldehyde μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. '06,, '05 38 %, 75 %, 25 % 32 %,. TVOC μg/m 3, 2 1, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m % μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 13 ( ) μg/m 3 25 ( ) μg/m 3, %., 8.43 μg/m 3,

119 27.46 μg/m 3 3, 4, μg/m %, %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m ~ μg/m 3, %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m %. D-, 0.93 μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m %., μg/m μg/m 3, 4, μg/m %, %., 9.34 μg/m

120 , μg/m 3, 4, μg/m 3 67 %, 19 36, %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m 3, μg/m %. 2,,. '05, ( 4-16, 4-17)

121 4-27. '06 I ( : μg/m 3 ) Compounds before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

122 4-28. '06 II ( : μg/m 3 ) Compounds after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

123 4-29. '06 compounds after 2 after 4 months months after 7 months after 10 after 13 months months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde after 36 months Benzaldehyde

124 4-16 '06 I

125 4-17 '06 II

126 (3) '06 ' , '05. 27, 64 %, 22, 42 % μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3,. VOCs

127 ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m Ethylbenzene 실내온도실내습도 Spring Summer Autumn Winter,% (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene Xylenes 실내온도실내습도 ug/m 3,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter (c) Xylene (d) Styrene ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도,% Spring Summer Autumn Winter (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde 4-18 '

128 (4) 06 / (I/O ratio). I/O, 1,.,. ' I/O 4-30., 0.89 ~ μg/m 3, 4.08 μg/m 3.,., I/O ~ VOC D-, α,β- terpene I/O, μg/m , 3 : 1 24)

129 4-30. '06 after residence 2~36 months Seoul Gyeonggido Chungcheongdo Gangwondo Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone

130 ' ' ' '07, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 19 (2 ) 4-31., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., ( ~ ) μg/m 3, 3, (74.08 ~ ) μg/m 3, (81.03 ~ 98.05) μg/m 3, 4 D μg/m (81.84 ~ ) μg/m 3 1, (55.48 ~ 87.50) μg/m 3, (41.91 ~ 74.43) μg/m ,

131 , '07 no. before occupation Conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 2 10 months Conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence months Conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetone Toluene Acetone Formaldehyde Acetone Toluene Xylenes D-Limonene Nonanal Styrene Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde n-tridecane Xylenes n-tridecane Nonanal Styrene D-Limonene Benzaldehyde n-decane Decanal Decanal n-tridecane n-dodecane Ethylbenzene Nonanal Xylenes n-decane α-pinene n-decane n-hexadecane Benzaldehyde Styrene n-dodecane Ethylbenzene n-butanol 9.33 ' aldehyde 43 %,, aromatic 21 %, ketone, aliphatic 13 % '05, '06, '07 aldehyde

132 10 %. Ketone 13% Acetate 1% Alcohol 2% Aromatic 21% Terpene 6% Aliphatic 13% Aldehyde 43% Halocarbon 1% 4-19 '07., 4-20, aromatic 50 % %. aldehyde 20 % %. aldehyde

133 ug/m period Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-20 '07. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS TVOC identified VOCs 0.52, TVOC BTEXS ratio 0.31, BTEXS. 2 10, 13, , BTEXS TVOC BTEXS

134 4-32. '07 VOCs before occupation identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d.vocs /TVOC ratio after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months mean i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene (2) ' , 4-34., TVOC μg/m 3, VOCs μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. '07, '05 35 %, 80 %, 30 %,

135 . TVOC μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m % μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m %., μg/m 3, 2, μg/m %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m %., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m %. D-, 0.08 μg/m 3, μg/m 3, 4, μg/m 3. 13, %

136 , μg/m μg/m 3, 4, μg/m %., 9.62 μg/m 3, μg/m 3, ~ μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m %. 2,,. '05, '06, ( 4-21, 4-22)

137 4-33. '07 compounds before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months ( : μg/m 3 ) after 19 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

138 4-34. '07 compounds after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene D-Limonene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

139 4-21 '07 I

140 4-22 '07 II

141 (3) '07 ' , '05, '06. 28, 74 %, 21, 44 % μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3,. '05, '06, '

142 ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter (a) Toluene ug/m 3 Ethylbenzene 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter (b) Ethylbenzene ug/m 3 Xylenes 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter (c) Xylene ug/m 3 Styrene 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter (d) Styrene ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도, % Spring Summer Autumn Winter (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde 4-23 '

143 (4) / (I/O ratio).,. ' I/O I/O 1.18 ~ 1.89, μg/m 3, μg/m 3.,., I/O ~ VOC D-, α,β- terpene I/O, μg/m

144 4-35. '07 city after residence 2~19 months compounds Gyeongido Gyeongsangdo Chungcheongdo Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone

145 '05 ~ ' , 4 2. ' ,,,, 4, 2 4. (1) '08 ' μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3 2. '05 ~ ' ,

146 μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3,. 2, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m , μg/m 3, μg/m 3,. 2, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, D μg/m 3 2., 4-24, 38 %, 2 34 % 35 %. Terpene 2% Ketone 12% Acetate 1% Alcohol Ketone Acetate Alcohol 1% Aromatic Aromatic Terpene 9% 2% 2% 34% 38% 7% Aldehyde 34% Halocarbon 1% Aliphatic 11% Aldehyde 35% Halocarbon 1% Aliphatic 10% (a) (b)

147 4-36. '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) no. before occupation Spring Summer Autumn Winter after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months 1 Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Styrene Nonanal Nonanal Nonanal α-pinene n-decane Xylenes D-Limonene n-tridecane Decanal n-decane Decanal Xylenes 9.10 D-Limonene Ethylbenzene Styrene Xylenes M.I.B.K Xylenes Xylenes n-decane 9.01 β-pinene n-decane n-tridecane n-decane Styrene n-pentadecane Ethylbenzene β-pinene 8.15 Xylenes Styrene n-dodecane M.I.B.K Xylenes Decanal D-Limonene Ethylbenzene 6.96 n-tridecane Nonanal 7.87 Xylenes n-dodecane n-butanol Ethylbenzene n-decane n-tridecane 5.15 α-pinene n-butylacetate 6.84 Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene n-butylacetate β-pinene n-butanol n-tetradecane 3.98 n-tetradecane 9.19 n-tridecane 6.72 α-pinene n-butylacetate n-tridecane α-pinene α-pinene ,2,4-TMB ,2,4-TMB 5.92 n-dodecane 4.94 n-tetradecane n-tetradecane Ethylbenzene n-tetradecane n-butylacetate 9.30 n-dodecane 3.19 Nonanal 5.90 M.I.B.K 4.74 β-pinene Butylaldehyde Formaldehyde Butylaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetone Acetone Acetone Formaldehyde Acetone Acetone Acetone Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde 8.37 Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde Butylaldehyde 9.37 Benzaldehyde 3.25 Benzaldehyde 4.09 Benzaldehyde M.I.B.K :.Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

148 (2) '08 ' ,, %, 18, 48 % μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m μg/m 3. 2 ( 2 ) μg/m 3, ( 2 ) μg/m 3., μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3. '08 '05 ~ '07 2,. '05 ~ '07, , 2., VOCs

149 ,. '08 15 '05 ~ '07,. 2, '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds before occupation spring summer autumn winter after 2 month before occupation after 2 month before occupation after 2 month before occupation after 2 month Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC , , Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde Temp Humidity(%)

150 ug/m 입주전 입주후 ug/m 3 35 입주전 입주후 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene ug/m 3 40 입주전 입주후 ug/m 입주전 입주후 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 0 Spring Summer Autumn (c) Xylene (d) Formaldehyde 4-25 '08., '08 30, 5 (1, 5 )

151 4-38. '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds spring summer autumn winter 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC , , , Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone (3) 08 /.,. '08 2 I/O 4-39., 6.59, , 7.02 μg/m 3, , 1.85 μg/m 3 50.,, VOC D-, terpene

152 I/O, 91.9 μg/m '08 compounds city after residence 2 months Seoul Gyeonggido Gyeongsangdo Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone

153 . (1) '05 ~ ' , ~ μg/m 3, ~ μg/m 3, ~ μg/m 3, ~ μg/m , , , ,. '07,, '05 36 %, 80 %, 29 %. μg/m Toluene Xylenes Ethylbenzene Styrene Formaldehyde

154 4-40. no conc. (μg/m 3 ) no conc. (μg/m 3 ) no conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. Total conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Xylenes Acetone Acetone Xylene Formaldehyde Butylaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetone Acetone Formaldehyde Xylenes Formaldehyde Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene Ethylbenzene β-pinene Styrene n-tridecane Butylaldehyde Butyl acetate Butyl acetate Nonanal Butyl acetate α-pinene Acetaldehyde Benzaldehyde Styrene n-butanol Ethylbenzene Decanal β-pinene Acetaldehyde n-tridecane Ethylbenzene Acetaldehyde Styrene n-dodecane n-decane α-pinene n-nonane n-decane n-hexadecane n-tridecane M.I.B.K M.I.B.K n-dodecane Benzaldehdye 8.35 M.I.B.K : Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

155 4-41 TVOC , μg/m 3, 3 1, μg/m 3. VOCs μg/m 3, μg/m 3, aldehyde μg/m 3, μg/m compounds 2005 (n=120) 2006 (n=72) 2007 (n=48) Total (n=297) mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC 1, , Formaldehyde Acetone Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde '05 ~ ' aromatic 45 ~ 58 %, 2005, aldehyde 13 ~ 27 %

156 μg/m Total Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpenes Aldehyde Halocarbon Alkane Aromatics (2) 36 '05 ~ ' ~ μg/m 3, ~ μg/m 3, ~ μg/m 3. 3 ~ 4, 50 %,., 10 D- ' μg/m 3, ' μg/m 3, ' μg/m 3 7, 6, 5, μg/m 3, ' μg/m 3, μg/m 3 5, 5, 4. VOCs,, D-,

157 no (2~36 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no (2~36 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no (2~19 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. Total conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Xylene Xylene Acetaldehyde Xylene Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde D-Limonene Acetaldehyde Ethylbenzene D-Limonene Xylene D-Limonene D-Limonene Styrene Nonanal Ethylbenzene Benzaldehdye α-pinene Styrene Benzaldehdye Nonanal Nonanal n-tridecane Nonanal β-pinene n-decane n-decane Styrene Styrene Ethylbenzene α-pinene α-pinene α-pinene Benzaldehdye Benzaldehdye n-decane n-decane n-tridecane n-dodecane n-tridecane

158 aromatic, aldehyde. μg/m Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic Total , compounds ( : μg/m 3 ) Total mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

159 , μg/m μg/m 3 15 % 6 50 % % μg/m μg/m 3 30 % 7 70 % %. 6 ~ 7 80 % % μg/m μg/m % % VOCs, D

160 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds dwelling period (month) Temperature ( ) Humidity (%) Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

161 4-45. compounds dwelling period (month) Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes Styrene TVOC Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde

162 dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) I

163 ) m 200 / g ( u n 150 tio tra n e 100 c n o c dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) dwelling period (month) II

164 '05 ~ ' , μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m 3, μg/m μg/m 3, μg/m 3. ug/m

165 . (Active) (Passive) (active sampling method) (passive air sampling method). '05 '06 6 '05 16 ~ 36, '06 2 ~ passive active..,,,,, , (R) 0.43, 0.59, 0.49, 0.52, active passive active

166 4-46. compounds(n=100) active (μg/m 3 ) passive (μg/m 3 ) Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde R : coefficient of correlation( 상관계수 ) R

167 Passive ug/m ug/m Passive Passive ug/m Active (a) Benzene Active (c) Ethylbenzene Active (e) Formaldehyde ug/m Passive Passive Passive ug/m ug/m Active (b) Toluene Active (d) Xylene Active (f) Acetaldehyde

168 . '05 '06, ' , ' CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m 3, CFU/m CFU/m 3, CFU/m Bacteria Fungi spring (n=62) summer (n=38) autumn (n=38) winter (n=35) (Unit : CFU/m 3 ) mean mean S.D spring (n=37) summer (n=6) autumn (n=15) winter (n=35) mean mean S.D

169 concentration (CFU/m 3 ) Bacteria Fungi 0 spring summer autumn winter , 20. 1, pollutant Bacteria Fungi season I/O ratio A-1 B C D E F G H mean spring autumn winter spring autumn winter

170 4.. (1) 2., , , , '05 ' %, 48.2 %, 63.4 %, % ( : (%)) '05 (n=120) '06 (n=62) '07 (n=44) '08 (n=52) 3.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (12.6) - 5(12.2) 15(28.9) (20.2) 25(34.7) 4(9.6) 12(23.1) (52.1) 35(48.2) 26(63.4) 12(23.1) (15.1) 12(16.7) 6(14.6) 13(25.0) (27.7) 10(17.5) 12(30.8) (23.8) 16(28.1) 12(30.8) (37.6) 24(42.1) 12(30.8) (10.9) 7(12.3) 3(7.7)

171 (2), %, %, % %, %, % %, %., %, % , ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 '08 76(66.1) 37(66.1) 28(65.1) - 23(20.0) 9(16.1) 6(14.0) - 15(13.0) 7(12.5) 3(7.0) - 1(0.9) 3(5.4) 6(14.0) (22.4) 10(17.5) 15(33.3) 14(26.4) 3 78(67.2) 38(66.7) 24(53.3) 26(49.1) 4 12(10.3) 9(15.8) 6(13.3) 13(24.5) 5(4.4) 2(3.5) - 17(32.1) 110(95.7) 55(96.5) - 36(67.9) 5(4.3) 4(7.02) 4(8.9) - ( ) 1(0.9) 1(1.8) - - ( ) 91(78.5) 41(71.9) 23(51.1) 12(22.6) 19(16.4) 11(19.3) 18(40.0) 41(77.4)

172 . (1) 4-51 '05 ' %, 41.8 %. '07 ' %, 39.2 %. '05, '07 ' %, ' % ( : (%)) ( ) '05 '06 '07 ' (36.4) 184 (29.4) 204 (32.5) 11 (1.75) 160 (25.9) 161 (26.1) 79 (12.8) 217 (35.2) 182 (41.8) 114 (26.2) 134 (30.8) 5 (1.2) 111 (26.1) 124 (29.1) 79 (18.5) 112 (26.3) 76 (35.9) 48 (22.6) 81 (38.2) 7 (3.3) 52 (25.4) 37 (18.1) 25 (12.2) 91 (44.4) 11 (21.6) 15 (29.4) 20 (39.2) 5 (9.8) 16 (33.3) 8 (16.7) 7 (14.6) 17 (35.4)

173 (2) % ( : (%)) '05 ' (8.9) (91.2) 07, 08 년설문조사미포함 (3) , ' %, ' %, ' % %, 17.1 %, 13.7 %, 12.6 %, 11.5 % ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 45(39.1) 70(60.7) 18(42.9) 24(57.1) 23(51.1) 22(48.9)

174 4-54. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 Total 34(30.1) 18(19.2) 19(30.2) 71(26.3) 12(10.6) 8(8.5) 3(4.8) 23(8.5) 16(14.2) 10(10.6) 11(17.5) 37(13.7) 2(1.8) 4(4.3) - 6(2.2) 14(12.4) 9(9.6) 8(12.7) 31(11.5) 2(1.8) 7(7.5) 2(3.2) 11(4.1) 14(12.4) 15(16.0) 5(7.9) 34(12.6) 15(13.3) 17(18.1) 14(22.2) 46(17.1) 4(3.5) 6(6.4) 1(1.6) 11(4.1) (4) ' %, ' %, ' % %, 10.6 %, 9.6 %, 8.7 % ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 95(82.6) 20(17.4) 31(73.8) 11(26.2) 40(88.9) 5(11.1)

175 4-56. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 Total 38(9.3) 19(10.3) 15(6.7) 72(8.0) 34(8.4) 14(7.6) 13(5.8) 61(6.7) 13(3.2) 4(2.1) 10(4.5) 27(3.0) 46(11.3) 26(14.5) 24(10.8) 96(10.6) 31(7.6) 22(6.9) 26(11.7) 79(8.7) 44(10.8) 20(6.2) 23(10.3) 87(9.6) 21(5.2) 9(4.1) 11(4.9) 41(4.5) 22(5.4) 7(2.8) 14(6.3) 43(4.8) 13(3.2) 6(1.4) 4(1.8) 23(2.5) 11(2.7) 21(2.1) 8(3.6) 40(4.4) TV 24(5.9) 28(9.7) 19(8.5) 71(7.8) - 7(6.9) 13(5.8) 20(2.2) 4(1.0) 4(0.7) 4(1.8) 12(1.3) 63(15.5) 30(17.2) 25(11.2) 118(13.0) 29(7.1) 19(5.5) 10(4.5) 58(6.4) 14(3.4) 40(2.1) 4(1.8) 58(6.4) %, %. 16, 25 ( 4-34)., 18.3 %, 14.1 %,

176 12.4 %, 18.2 %, 15.1 % 11.2 %, 20.8 %, 20.5 %, 13.9 %. 70 새집증후군 호소율 ( % ) 거주기간 ( 개월 )