쎄듀-Sense UP 독해모의고사 (정답해설)

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2 18 (During this period ~ to complete my memoirs.) Now that I have completed my term as president / and shall no longer be engaged / in the business of government, // I look forward to enjoying the pleasures [that remain to me]. now that (= since) term[t ; m] be engaged in look forward to v-ing be determined to-v set[give] an example consequence[k nsikwéns] conduct[k nd<kt] recklessness[rèklisnis] commencement [k mènsm nt] achievement[ t í;vm nt] 19 ~; we enjoy reading books [that are ours] much more than books [(that) we borrow]. 2 1 A good reason for marking passages / in your books is that it helps O you OC to remember those significant parts and OC to find them more quickly / when you need to. that is that help+o+oc(tov) to and to to find available[ vèil bl] formal[f ; mâl] etiquette [ètikét] casualness[k,uâlnis] cf. casual A, not B place a book face down significant[signífik nt] 20 Part of ~ be said. presume that state[steit] sensitive[sèns tiv] plain[plein] in the hope that[of] keep v-ing turn down commercial [k má; Âl] break[breik] indirect[ìndirèkt] costly[k ;stli] secondhand[sék ndh nd] 21 2 ense Up

3 The bill is worth U $620, which makes O it OC very attractive to drug gangs and other criminals // because it lets them carry around large amounts of cash. O OC which gang[gæ\] rob A of B exchange rate 22 (duality) [n][b][i] bin nib In speech production, there is the physical level at which we produce individual sounds, like [n], [b] and [i]. (= In speech production, there is a physical level. We produce individual sounds, like [n], [b] and [i] at the physical level.) operate[ pâréit] simultaneously [sàimâltèini sli] production[pr d=k Ân] cf. produce[pr dδù;s] individual[ìndivíd,u l] in itself combine [k mbáin] cf. combination[k mbinèi Ân] distinct[distí\applet] cf. distinctive duality[dδu; l ti] economical[ì;k n mikâl] feature[fí;t ] be capable of 23 orchid[ ; kid] botanic[b t nik] hybrid[háibrid] on display Mandarin[m nd rin] register[rèd, st ] cf. registration[réd, strèi Ân] prior to first-come-first-served duration[dδuârèi Ân] admission[ædmí Ân] 24 Wilson IT explore[ikspl ; ] innovation[ìno vèi Ân] feature [fí;t ] artificial intelligence holography[h l gr fi] admission[ædmí Ân] available[ vèil bâl] advance reservation 25 FIFA FIFA As France was (both host ~ competition) in 1998, / (C ) Germany was both host [of the World Cup] and the eventual C winner [of the competition] in As C 3

4 C both A and B A B Unfortunately, 2010 was the first year / in the entire period [to see O a host nation, / outh Africa, / OC fail to reach the second round]. see+o+oc O OC O OC OC v v-ing p.p. performance[p f ; m ns] cf. perform[p f ; m] host nation cf. co-host runner-up chart[t ; t] period [píâri d] end up v-ing win the championship cf. championship[t mpi n ìp] make it eventual[ivènt u l] 26 serve as headquarters[hèdkw ; t z] in the event of devastating[dèv stéiti\] fuel[fjù; l] cf. refuel[ri;fjù; l] airborne[ b ; n] cf. in midair aircraft[ kr ft] on occasion(s) smash[smæ ] windshield [wínd ì;ld] 27 others marathons others draw drawing a large number of so that fewrunners alike young and old alike ~, but there are plenty of others(= marathons) [held in other cities and even in small towns], / drawing many thousands of participants. keep fit a way of life regularly[règjul li] work out weight training run on a treadmill cross-training marathon[m r ^ n] organizer[ ; g nàiz ] participate[p ; tísipéit] cf. participant[p ; tísip nt] draw[dr ;] (drew-drawn) aim to-v wheelchair[ wí;lt ] 28 (A) emit absorb absorbs (B) add to detract from adds to (C) drop rise rise (A) (B) (C) This causes a rise [in sea levels] [that threatens to drown low-lying countries such as the Maldives]. trend[trend] remainder[rimèind ] carbon dioxide (CO ) trap[træp] evaporation[iv p rèi Ân] water vapor cause A to-v release[rilí;s] massive[m siv] sea level threaten to-v drown[draun] low-lying 29 Edward ~, was playing music loud enough to shake the walls and windows. enough to-v v v After that, / Edward went back to his apartment / feeling proud of himself / because he had taken a firm stand 4 ense Up

5 and (he had) let O the newcomer OC know that loud music was not going to be tolerated. know pounding[páundi\] drive A crazy tenant[tèn nt] turn down embarrassed[imb r st] take a firm stand tolerate[t lâréit] thump[^<mp] 30 awaken[ wèikân] Yet much ~. They can lend an air of authority to our opinions, and (they) make what we say sound like common sense. and make+o+oc OC sound We tell someone [who is undecided] He who hesitates 1 1 IO1 DO1 is lost, and (we tell) Look before you leap to someone [who (we think) is acting too boldly]. and tell A B tell B to A we think proverb[pr v ; b] cf. proverbial[pr vá; bi l] enduring [indδùâri\] belief[bilí;f] distinctive [distí\appletiv] air of authority[ ^ ;r ti] common sense hesitate[hèzitéit] leap[li;p] boldly [bóuldli] absence[ bsâns] fond[f nd] spoil [sp il] broth[br (;)^] universal[jú;nivá; sâl] permanent[pá; m n nt] beneficial[bén fí Âl] contradictory[k ntr díktâri] O2 owhen feels ignored. O1 2 O2 OC2 And when he speaks to her, // he can get the impression that she is overacting [with all her noises], and (that she is) only pretending to listen. tend to-v get the impression (that) overact[òuv r kt] indicate[índikéit] 32 bigwig The more ~ people s heads. bigwig bigwig bigwig bigwig This is (the case/situation) where we got the word bigwig, / which is an expression [that makes fun of people [who think they re important]]. where the case the situation whichthatwho take a bath unwashed[>nw t] stink[stí\k] louse[laus] cf. lice[lais] wig[wig] fashionable [f Ân bâl] increasingly[inkrí;si\li] costly [k ;stli] 33 possession ownership Consequently Thus For instance 5

6 Possession is nine-tenths of the law is a saying C [that suggests that just having a thing [in your possession] is almost C the same as legally owning it]. suggest that is the same as ~, it gives people the idea that if they just hold onto a IO DO thing, / it will be hard for the real owner to get it back, / which will make the thing theirs. the idea that that if + which if back Just imagine // how hard it would be to get your piano O back from somebody [who has been looking after it for you / for ten years]. how imagine have been v-ing for ten years possession[p zè Ân] cf. possess[p zès] suggest (that) legally[lí;gâli] cf. legal[lígâl] own[oun] cf. owner[óun ] ownership[óun ìp] hold onto imagine[im d,in] look after term[t ; m] confused[k nfjù;zd] definitely[dèf nitli] 34 (If there was ever ~ and I would disappear.) he followed me / all the way to the parking lot [behind the supermarket], // where our beat-up old family car was parked / with laundry hanging out the windows. where the parking lot with v- p.p. laundry If there was ever a time [when I wished the earth would open up and swallow me whole], it was when I got in the car and ~. = a time ~ whole C I wished when a time when it was catch up with all the way beat-up swallow[sw lou] look[luk] irritated[ir téitid] aggressive[ grèsiv] embarrassed[imb r st] 35 Those [whose anger had increased] / were far more likely to smoke, drink heavily, do little physical exercise, and be obese. ThoseThose far more likely be likely to smokedrinkdobe The study suggests / that those of us [who remain angry] / will suffer poorer health / and die sooner than our less angry peers. suggests that those of us will suffer (will) die let go of hostile[h st l: -tail] cf. hostility[h stíl ti] either A or B worsen[wá; sân] obese[o bí;s] peer[pi ] be subject to prejudice [prèd, dis] 36 6 ense Up

7 To stay productive at work, how you are compensated, or paid, for your work should be closely tied to what motivates you. To stay how what to motivate[móut véit] cf. motivation[mòut vèi Ân] politician[p lití Ân] chase after profit[pr fit] selfless[sèlflis] virtuous[vá; t u s] ideal[aidí;âl] boredom[b ; d m] frustration[fr<strèi Ân] idleness[áidlnis] productive[pr d=ktiv] compensate[k mp nséit] encourage [enká;rid,] likewise[láikwàiz] productivity[pròud<ktív ti] slide[slaid] 37 As he lay there, / still frightened by the dream, / he recalled those spears [with the oddly placed holes] and suddenly 1 realized: ~. 2 O1 still frightened by the dream frustrating[fr=streiti\] invent[invènt] cf. invention[invèn Ân] sewing machine lie[lai] frighten[fráitn] recall[rik ;l] spear[spi ] oddly[ dli] needle[ní;dl] turn A into B savage[s vid,] surround[s ráund] eye-shaped tip[tip] capture [k pt ] murder[má; d ] desperately[dèspâr tli] produce[pr dδù;s] 38 You could have saved yourself three dollars. You could have told me that the older girl is six; ~. could have p.p. ~. But Marianne and Kate would have known it wasn t the truth. would have p.p. (if I had done so) admission[ædmí Ân] for free make sure (that) set an example 39 quality of life rainy days life s riches 7

8 ome people feel // that it s very important to save everything, and to get the very last drop of value out of even those things [that cost very little, such as soap]. Only then do they think (that) it s okay to open a fresh bar. Only then affect[ fèkt] quality of life a bar of soap cf. bar[b ; ] constantly [k nstântli] abundance[ b=nd ns] creamy[krí;mi] toss A out 40 A person s right ~ with age. then the decision ~ anybody s age. ~, so judging people unfairly / on the basis of their age is just as wrong as doing it / on the basis of nationality, gender, or race. as as... A person s right [to fair treatment and equal employment opportunity] does not lessen with age. It may indeed be true / that an older worker has, say, O less strength / than a younger worker. It may be true that say If less strength makes the older one less fit for the O OC particular job, / then the decision [not to employ that worker] should be based on the younger worker s greater suitability 1 and (should) not (be based) on anybody s age. 2 the elderly the youngindication[ìndikèi Ân] unfairly[>nfè li] on the basis of nationality[n Ân l ti] gender[d,ènd ] potential [po tèn Âl] employee[impl ii;] cf. employment employ merit[mèrit] universal [jú;nivá; sâl] principle[príns pl] equality[i(;)kw l ti] fair treatment lessen[lèsn] be based on suitability[sùt bíl ti] evaluate[iv ljuéit] on the grounds of truthful[trù;^fl] qualified[kw l fàid] confident [k nfidânt] putting your mind ~ what happens tep up to success You can take charge of your circumstances and O what happens in your life // when you stop searching for targets [to 1 blame] / and start focusing on how you can remedy the problem. 2 8 ense Up

9 ~: putting your mind and talents to work / to make O you OC more successful / no matter what happens. = whatever: ~ put A to work A to make to let down it is tempting to-v point the finger at nightmare[náitm ] get into the habit of v-ing go wrong outcome[áutk>m] take charge of circumstance [sá; k mst ns] target[t ; git] focus on efficient[ifí Ânt] get around unexpected[>nikspèktid] delay[dilèi] put[set] A to work deal with step up stepping-stone remedy[rèm di] err[ ; ] divine[diváin] skeleton[skèl tn] the Minister of War Trembling with fear, / believing these few moments to be his last, / he went and opened it. he ~ If the dawn had not brought this news, I would be the one in a coffin tonight! If had p.p.... If With such a threat hanging over my head, I shall be too nervous to make even ten shoes! With v-ing v v such a threat hang too to-v v dynasty[dáin sti] blacksmith[bl ksmì^] smith summon A to B minister[mínist ] set A to-v declare war comfort[k=mf t] cheerful[t í fl] cost A B tremendous[tr mènd s] tremble with haste[heist] nail[neil] coffin[k ;fin] shut[close] A tight swiftly[swíftli] cut A short his[her, your] Majesty threat[^ret] hang over one s head cold-hearted unmoved[>nmù;vd] dismiss[dismís] 9

10 18 We are ~ unsatisfactory. The more information you can provide, the faster we can fix the problem. the the inspect[inspèkt] overlook[òuv lùk] shipping[ ípi\] catalogue[k tâl ;g] place an order original[ ríd, nâl] container[k ntèin ] enclose[enklóuz] in detail 19 a deep capacity for empathy, a special ability to empathize with kids to my mind somewhat[s=m w t] plain[plein] out of the question charm[t ; m] rule out mean-spirited purely[pjù li] desirable[dizáiâr bl] quality[kw l ti] essential[isèn Âl] capacity (for) empathy[èmp ^i] cf. empathize (with) tune in to need[ni;d] 20 but that s what give and receive o you re too busy or too lazy to add a personal touch to gifts. too to-v v ~, but that s what makes a personalized gift so O rewarding / to give and receive. OC what makes why that s why a personalized gift is so rewarding to give and receive. People are always touched by it, which 1 increases O1 the value of the gift and 2 makes O2 it OC2 worth keeping. = the gift which personal[pá; sânâl] touch[t<t ] who cares? recipient[risípi nt] make fun of clumsy[kl=mzi] time-consuming all that inspiration[ìnsp rèi Ân] off-the-shelf rewarding[riw ; di\] worth v-ing 21 No evidence mere fiction. 10 ense Up

11 The legend of Atlantis may have been created by Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher. may have p.p. Plato ~, he wrote about this magnificent city, / which was home to a great civilization, but which sank into the sea / after a series of violent earthquakes. which but this magnificent city Atlantis philosopher[fil s f ] sink(-sank-sunk) into violent[vái l nt] exist[igzíst] cf. existence[igzístâns] regard A as B mere[mi ] moral[m (;)râl] ideal[aidí;âl] theme[^i;m] rethink[ri;^í\k] legacy[lèg si] make A up 22 Life, so they seem to feel, would hardly be worth living at all without their friends. o they seem to feel life would hardly be worth living at all without their friends.life hardly ~ at all Being part of a group of friends gives teenagers a IO sense [of security and belonging] and a feeling that they are DO1 DO2 understood and accepted. OO a sense a feeling that This intense need [for being part of a group and being constantly involved with one s friends] lessens / as we grow older / but (it) is the defining characteristic [of being a teen]. C but This intense need for and take A for granted vital[váitâl] intense[intèns] constantly[k nstântli] be involved with lessen[lèsân] define[difáin] priority[prai (;)r ti] Our university is committed to hiring and developing staff [who desire to work in a high performing culture [that encourages the outstanding work of our faculty and students]]. hiring developing be committed to v-ing staff[stæf] outstanding[àutst ndi\] faculty[f kâlti] regular[règj l ] temporary[tèmp réri] department[dip ; tm nt] ongoing[ ngòui\] maintain[meintèin] submit[s bmít] cover letter resume[rèzumei] attachment[ t t m nt] 24 Greentree 11

12 Unsafe behaviors may result in expulsion from the O1 park, serious or fatal injury. result in expulsion ~ park serious ~ injury commemorate[k mèm réit] historic [hist (;)rik] cf. historical[hist (;)rikâl] suspension bridge observe[ bzá; v] expulsion [iksp=l Ân] fatal[fèitl] designated[dèzignéitid] trail[treil] walkway[w ;kwéi] slippery[slíp ri] supervise [sù;p vàiz] retrieve[ritrí;v] notify[nóut fài] intentionally[intèn nâli] railing[rèili\] device[diváis] 25 baby carriage stroller define[difáin] cf. definition[déf ní Ân] possession[p zè Ân] a six-figure annual income cf. annual income illustrate[íl stréit] respondent[risp nd nt] according to minority[main ;r ti] 26 O2 Thirty years later, with the Civil War raging, / she established ~ at the front line, which earned her the nickname The Angel of the Battlefield. with the Civil War rage raging which Upon returning home, ~ until 1904, when she retired at the age of eighty-three. upon immediately after Immediately after she returned home when founder[fáund ] cf. found establish [ist bli ]seriously[síâri sli] injured[índ, d] rage[reid,] agency [èid,ânsi] the wounded battlefield[b tlfì;ld] appoint A (as) B sail to retire[ritái ] 27 (A) <keep v-ing v (B) making takes (C) does takes sort through selection[silèk Ân] save on manufacture[m njuf kt ] raw material 28 increasedintensified N 12 ense Up

13 follow The free service allows you to post 140-character messages, or tweets, to a continuously updated page, // and other users can choose to follow you / to have O your tweets OC sent directly to them. post A to B A B to post 140-character messagestweets have O OC OC sent gain in popularity enormously[in ; m sli] allow A to-v post[poust] character[k rikt ] continuously[k ntínju sli] diminish[dimíni ] cope with volume of what for? spread[spred] 29 a young man the old man pull away jump up backwards[b kw dz] innocent[ín snt] compartment [k mp ; tm nt] immediately[imí;di tli] O2 1 1 O1 OC1 he should have been devoting everything to A fighting the cancer, // he said. B should have p.p. devote A to B B A Painting a vivid picture of his mother s dying struggle helped Obama to win much support, / and he eventually 1 O1 OC1 2 turned his health care reform bill into law. andhelp A to-vturn A into B of turn A into B A B A B be renowned as[for] campaign for[against] health care reform [ri;f ; m] cancer[k ns ] move A to-v insurance[in ùâr ns] bill[bil] eventually[ivènt u li] bring about intuition[ìntδuí Ân] will[wil] simplicity[simplís ti] 31 No event in history nothing ever stays the same the constancy of change itself pay attention to uncomplicated[<nk mplikéitid] simple common sense the same as differ[díf ] in a ~ regard essential[isèn Âl] precedent[prèsidânt] permanent[pá; m n nt] constancy[k nst nsi] repeat oneself advantage[ dv ntid,] victor[víkt ] perfectly[p fèktli]

14 the higher a year ~, and you have to identify very quickly whether or not the word relates to your partner. whether or not or not ~ : the higher the number of bad words [(that) you associate with your partner], the higher the likelihood that you ll break up within a year. the the... the likelihood that association[ sòusièi Ân] cf. associate A with B work on automatic[ ;t m tik] reveal[riví;l] persistent[p ; sístânt] flash[flæ ] identify[aidèntifài] relate to category[k t g ;ri] personal trait consistent[k nsístânt] likelihood[láiklihúd] break up (with) unspoken[>nspóukân] intention[intèn Ân] solid evidence[proof] cheat[t i;t] confirm[k nfá; m] long-term 33 Yet, However In other words A lot of people [who visit zoos] think that everything O [the animals do] from the monkey [throwing its poo] to the the tiger [walking back and forth in front of them] is nothing but C a friendly and welcoming performance. that think from A to B A B ~, zoo animals are ~ dying from the boredom of being well fed, well housed, and well protected from natural enemies. zoo animals feed, house, protect back and forth nothing but onlywelcoming [wèlk mi\] interpretation[intë; pr tèi Ân] caged[keid,d] far from survival[s váivâl] relative[rèl tiv] threaten[^rètn] boredom [b ; d m] feed[fi;d] fed-fed house[hauz] natural enemy 34 (shocking and urgent) And there indeed she was: Miss Morgan [flat on her back on the floor, out for the count]. There Here There[Here] pure[pju ] draw in a breath of air for a moment in mid-air thump[^<mp] fall down sensational[sensèi nâl] at once get[have, take] a good look flat on one s back festive[fèstiv] solemn[s l m] monotonous[m n tân s] ense Up

15 phenomenon[fin min n] phenomena occasional [ kèi, nâl] mass[mæs] emigration [émigrèi Ân] gray squirrel cf. squirrel[skwí;râl] excessive[iksèsiv] build-up hunger[h=\g ] estimate[èstiméit] migrate[máigreit] amuse[ mjù;z] devour[diváu ] manage to-v mighty[máiti] noticeable[nóutis bâl] 36 texture[tèkst ] move around stick[stik] take apart exploration [ékspl rèi Ân] instinctive[instí\appletiv] linguistic [li\gwístik] competence[k mp tâns] soak up stress-free cf. -free 37 the deadly poison he is confident that it s the ants [(that) the frogs eat] that produce O the poison. It is that...the ants the frogs eat poisonous[p izân s] cf. poison actually[ kt u li] deadly[dèdli] disable[disèibl] research[risá; t ] confident that harmless[h ; mlis] mature[m tδù ] coat[kout] reveal[riví;l] species[spí; i(;)z] including[inklù;di\] highly[háili] toxic[t ksik] substance[s=bstâns] make up diet[dái t] 38 The argument Chinese Room Argument that The result o that Then come instructions, / written in your language, / for relating one piece of Chinese to another. argument[ ; gj m nt] formulate[f ; mj léit] influential[ìnfluèn l] philosophy[fil s fi] demonstrate [dèm nstréit] intelligence[intèl d,âns] instruction [instr=k Ân] writing[ráiti\] 39 15

16 In fact, it was so hard to refine aluminum in those days that it was used only for jewelry. (= In fact, to refine aluminum in those days was so hard that it was used only for jewelry.) it to so that... They made it possible / because they transfer heat much faster than iron pots, / thus reducing the time [it takes for food to cook]. thus produce[pr dδù;s] cf. production mass-produced [m spr dδù;st] pure[pju ] valuable[v lju; bl] refine[rifáin] jewelry [d,ù; lri] come to-v incredible [inkrèd bâl] range[reind,] practical[pr ktikâl] pot[p t] transfer[trænsfá; ] iron[ái n] reduce[ridδù;s] 40 vulnerable give up Typical of this natural pattern is the behavior of C wolves in combat. Instead of ripping open the neck, as he had seemed so intent on doing just moments before, the stronger wolf stops fighting, understanding that he has won. O doingripping open the neck understanding ~ vulnerable[v=lnâr bl] recognize[rèk gnàiz] presentation[prézântèi Ân] switch off typical[típikâl] behavior[bihèivj ] combat[k mbæt] rip A open (be) intent on opponent[ póun nt] compromise[k mpr màiz] vital[váitl] surrender[s rènd ] rosepotential He cared for it faithfully, watering it and waiting for the day [that it would flower]. One of the greatest gifts [you can have] is to be able C to reach past the thorns and (to) find the rose / within others. care for faithfully[fèi^f li] cf. faithful[fèi^f l] bud[b<d] blossom[bl s m] flower,bloomthorn[^ ; n] depressed[diprèst] neglect[niglèkt] pure[pju ] innocent[ín snt]amidst[ mídst] defect[difèkt] failing[fèili\] gracious[grèi s] characteristic [k rikt rístik] nobility[no bíl ti] conquer [k \k ] ambition[æmbí Ân] potential [po tèn Âl] mission[mí Ân] ense Up

17 her legs her ears and tail her ears and tail her ears and tail her ears and tail her legs her ears and tail ears! ~ If only the rest of me could be as cute as my tail and my ~; I wish I didn t have them at all! If only I wish If only At that moment, / suddenly came the sound of hunters and barking dogs. ~ and the dogs had her by her tail! by e.g. I caught her by the shoulder. It was they that caused her to be caught in this terrible trap. O OC It was[is] that...they What a pretty pair of soft white ears you have! How cute they look when you style them like that! ~ whathow spring[spri\] for quite some time frown[fraun] unshapely[>n èipli] ugly-lookingon earth pick up scent[sent] thorny[^ ; ni] cf. thorn[^ ; n] crawl[kr ;l] fluffy[fl=fi] trap[træp] say[talk] to oneself highlight[háilàit] delicate[dèlik t] envy[ènvi] asset[ set] catch sight of he was so pleased with what she saw that she stayed for quite some time, / putting her ears up and down, and shaking her tail left and right. so that... he 17

18 18 booklet[bùklit] occasion[ kèi,ân] beloved [bil=vid] condolence[k ndóul ns] 19 (Instead of ~ viewpoint) ~, you see your two-year-old [at the sink] O splashing water all over the floor. OC see watchfeelhear O OC OC v annoying[ n ii\] maliciously[m lí sli] miserable[mízâr bâl] mess[mes] splash [splæ ] sink into mindset [máinîsét] inconvenience[ìnk nví;nj ns] convenienceviewpoint[vjù;p int] point of viewdevelopmentally [divél pmènt li] appropriate[ próupriéit] go on to get out of strain [strein] along with 20 (Our lives ~ baggage behind.) While (she was) traveling abroad, my friend Ellen was upset to discover that the airline had lost her baggage. be that I never would have believed / I could have gotten by with such a tiny amount of stuff, she said afterwards. If the airline hadn t lost my baggage get by with such a/an abroad[ br ;d] baggage[b gid,] luggageget by afterwards[ ft w dz] apply to what is called drag[dræg] expand[iksp nd] throughout[^ru;áut] journey[d,á; ni] weigh down responsibility[risp ns bíl ti] leave A behind 21 U U T U 18 ense Up

19 U U U commute[k mjù;t] irrational[ir nâl] exaggerative[igz d, réitiv] masterminding [m st màindi\] illogical[il d,ikâl] 22 ~, and told Morton about the time (when) he had become unconscious after accidentally inhaling ether. the time when (told) (had p.p.) surgery[sá; d,âri] put A into a trance exist[igzíst] geologist[d,ì; l d,ist] chemist[kèmist] regularly[règjul li] particularly[p tíkjul li] accidentally[ ksidènt li] experiment[ikspèrim nt] unconscious[>nk n Âs] inhale[inhèil] exhale[ekshèil]blackout[bl kàut] account[ káunt] 23 ~ he can be scanned for a microchip and (can be) included in the shelter s lost-pet listings. included can be break loose local[lóukâl] scan[skæn] keep ~ away from... potential[po tèn Âl] medical attention scratch[skræt ] 24 Cooking olutions Cooking olutions Cooking olutions Cooking olutions [email protected] Cooking olutions Cooking olutions become the property of Cooking olutions All recipes submitted and republished may be and used for any purpose. submit[s bmít] check[t ek] come up with approve[ prù;v] reserve[rizá; v] property[pr p ti] 25 19

20 used[ju;zd] circuit[sá; kit] landfill[l ndfìl] cf. landfilling recovery[rik=vâri] export[èksp ; t] retread[rí;tréd] end up mostly[móustli] stockpile[st kpàil] eyesore[áis ; ] take a route economic cycle power plant convert A to B derive[diráiv] asphalt[ sf ;lt] pave[peiv] percentage[p sèntid,] account for 26 (The wagon cook ~ were never carried) (settlers traveling ~ of North America) Chuck wagon Chuck wagon was the name [given to the wagon [that carried food and cooking supplies / for settlers [traveling in wagon trains / across the great plains of North America]]]. chuck wagon supply[s plái] settler[sètl ] feed[fi;d]-fed-fed logger[l ;g ] remote[rimóut] refrigeration [rifrìd, rèi Ân] stew[stδu;] 27 (A) (This ~ ones) spring (B) and families (C) (we ~ taking) which in the family It is ~ that... A popular proverb in Africa, the place from which (= where) all human beings originate, is ~. Africa the place ~ originate This proverb and hundreds of similar ones(= proverbs) [from all over the world] spring / from the importance [that we place on children and families]. It s (the place) [where we learn whom we can trust and O 1 (we learn) from whom we should stay away]. O 2 where the place originate from spring from place the importance on socialize[sóu làiz] provide A for B (= provide B with A) protection [pr tèk Ân] look after emotional[imóu nâl] psychological[sàik l d,ikâl] stay away from 28 accept lack Physically and mentally, too, older bodies lack the O ease [that younger bodies have] with using ~. the ease lack cause[k ;z] so-called continuously [k ntínju sli] present A with B soak up in the know impatient[impèi Ânt] physically[fízikli] mentally[mènt li] lack[læk] ease[i;z] furthermore[fá; " m ; ] resist[rizíst] A rather than B 29 passers-by 20 ense Up

21 ~ How stupid it is to make O it(= the donkey) OC carry two! how it to donkey[d \ki] take turns to-v[v-ing] alongside[ l ;\sàid] passer-by call A names get down (from) tie A to B upside down 30 Once we that commitment. When salespeople you have said. When salespeople get you to make a statement O OC about yourself and (about) how you think (that) you would behave in a certain situation, // they know that later you will want to O behave in a way [that goes along with / what you have said]. get A to-v A v about yourself how situation and that that a way commit to (v-ing) cf. commitment[k mítm nt] encounter[inkáunt ] salesperson[sèilzpë; sn] admit[ dmít] position[p zí Ân] issue[í u;] feel obliged to-v honor[ n ] make a statement go along with value[v lju;] be in one s best interest(s) cf. interest [íntr st] humility[hju;míl ti] consistency [k nsístânsi] publicity[p<blís ti] 31 You ve changed the anger. / tating a fear changes the size of it: ~. let s say that for ages happen to-v chat[t æt] anger[ \g ] exist[igzíst] (out) in the open state[steit] depending on connect A to B perspective[p ; spèktiv] point of view closeness [klóusnis] emotion[imóu Ân] transform[trænsf ; m] manage[m nid,] mood[mu;d] lead to understanding[>nd st ndi\] 32 Punishment as be effective. ~: if punishment really worked, then there would be no discipline problems in schools. if... 21

22 Punishment [that s cruel or extreme] tends to fail / in the end // because it(= punishment that s cruel or extreme) makes the punished one focus only on the cruelty and injustice [of the O OC punishment] / instead of ~. because make O OCO OC instinctive[instí\appletiv] seek[si;k] basis[bèisis] modification[m difikèi Ân] therapy[^èr pi] cf. therapist[^èr pist] reward[riw ; d] administer[ dmínist ] aim to-v diminish[dimíni ] appropriate [ próupri t] desired[dizái d] employ[impl i] discipline[dís plin] cf. self-discipline cruel[krù; l] cf. cruelty[krù; lti] injustice[ind,=stis] justice encourage[ink=;rid,] self-control 33 Meanwhile However Meanwhile, the abused partner puts up with the O abuse / in the belief that they can make O it OC stop ~. the belief that make O OC O OC make v People [who are emotionally abused in a relationship] often blame themselves / and keep their feelings hidden / 1 O1 2 O2 OC2 from family and friends. who keep O OC O OC O2 OC2 p.p. emotional[imóu nâl] cf. emotionally[imóu Ân li] abuse[ bjù;z] cf. abuser[ bjù;z ] relationship[rilèi Ân ìp] unreasonable[<nrí;zân bâl] demand[dim nd] constantly[k nstântli] unresponsive[>nrisp nsiv] responsive make a threat basically[bèisikli] bully[bùli] obedience[o bí;di ns] put up with in the belief that cf. belief[bilí;f] prolong[pro l ;\] worsen[wá; sân] make the most of 34 Knowing this, / she gathered her courage / and set off at a hurried pace / along a route [that she would have feared in daylight]; ~. Knowing this(it was a ~ keep her hidden.) strike the hour plunge into chilly[t íli] beneath[biní;^] set off onward[ nw d] expanse[iksp ns] chaotic[kei tik] urgent[á; d,ânt] desperate[dèspârit] 35 ~; therefore, a tired driver [who has had a drink] will be more dangerous than a well-rested driver [who has had the same]. deprivation[déprivèi Ân] cf. deprive[dipráiv] motorist[móut rist] a series of virtual-reality penalty[pènâlti] discourage A from v-ing alcoholic[ lk h (;)lik] fatigue[f tí;g] estimated 22 ense Up

23 [èst méitid] 36 listen to a sound / as it(= the sound) moved toward them(= participants) ~, participants had to and press a button / as soon as the sound was immediately in front of them. as evolutionary[év lù; néri] psychologist[saik l d,ist] survive[s váiv] experiment [ikspèr m nt] participant[p ; tís p nt] fitness[fítnis] tend to-v weakling[wí;kli\] 37 The gestures [birds make / when they put dust 1 on their feathers and then shake themselves and arrange their 2 3 feathers with their beaks] / look like the movements [they make / when bathing in water]. A bird [bathing in dust] is much like you rubbing your C hands with sand / to get dust and dirt off. you like rubbing sand dust[d<st] arrange[ rèind,] beak [bi;k] get A off dirt[d ; t] get rid of cf. rid A of B fluffy[fl=fi] excess[iksès] convincing [k nvínsi\] theory[^í ri] parasite[p r sàit] crawl[kr ;l] 38 Concerns [about air and water pollution, the spread O 1 O 2 of pesticides and toxic chemicals, and the alarming loss of O 3 species] / have led many governments to take aggressive action O OC for the environment. Concerns about lead A to-v A v Doing this / not only robs the home nation of jobs and income, / but also makes the global environmental crisis more 2 2 OC2 severe. not only A but also B A B B pesticide[pèst sàid] toxic[t ksik] chemical [kèmikâl] alarming[ l ; mi\] loss[l (;)s] species[spí; i(;)z]take action aggressive [ grèsiv] prolong[pro l ;\] in the short[long] term[t ; m] introduce[ìntr dδù;s] corporation[k ; p rèi Ân] do good incidence[íns dâns] rob A of B crisis[kráisis] severe[siví ] 1 23

24 39 best before best before sell by display until sell by display until best before fit[unfit] for human consumption cf. consumption[k ns=mø Ân] consumer[k nsù;m ] consume legal[lígâl] pre-packed lack of mark A with B assume that all the same manage[m nid,] stock [st k] reduction[rid=k Ân] guidelines[gáidlàinz] indicate[índikéit] high quality be guaranteed to-v be free of risk[risk] expire[ikspái ] expect A to-v 40 Every time their horoscopes get it right, / they take it as confirmation that astrology really works, // yet every time a horoscope is wrong, / they see it as no proof that astrology is a fraud. yet every time take A as B see A as B A B People tend to give weight to evidence [that supports their beliefs] and (tend) to ignore contradictory evidence. astrology[ str l d,i] horoscope[h ;r skòup] bias[bái s] confirmation[k nf mèi Ân] proof[pru;f] evidencefraud[fr ;d] countless[káuntl s] recollection[rék lèk Ân] any number of preconception [prì;k nsèp Ân] subject[s=bd,ikt] extroverted [èkstro vë; tid] introverted cf. extroversion [ékstro vá;, n] assess[ sès] librarian[laibr Âri n] recall [rik ;l] give weight to strengthen[strè\^ân] abandon [ b nd n] contradictory[k ntr díktâri] trustworthy [tr=stwë; "i] specific detailed o break the ice detail[dí;teil] cf. detailed[dí;teild] follow (up) A with B typically[típikâli] involve [inv lv] extract[ikstr kt] specific[sp sífik] fish[fi ] straightforward[stréitf ; w d] productive [pr d=ktiv] 24 ense Up

25 43-45 Heyerdahl The academics a voyage. Heyerdahl may have failed to prove his theory the earliest Polynesians were outh American Indians ~, but he could not get it(= an original anthropological O history of Polynesia) published in academic journals. OC get it publish published Heyerdahl may have failed to prove his theory, ~. may have p.p. ~, pointing out that primitive boats could not have survived such a voyage. that primitive boats ~, and measured roughly fourteen by five and a half meters. by e.g. The table measures three feet by four feet. frustrated[fr=streitid] unemployed[>nimpl id] anthropologist[ n^r p l d,ist] cf. anthropological [ n^r p l d,ikâl] academic[ k dèmik] sail[seil] cf. set sail nothing but only bamboo[bæmbù;] cabin[k bin] old-fashioned [òuldf Ând] navigation[n vigèi Ân] voyage[v i d,] coral[k ;r l] make (the) headlines accepted[ ksèptid] opposite[ p zit] overland[óuv l nd] ridicule[rídikjú;l] point out primitive[prím tiv] raft[ræft] be willing to-v risk one s life to-v vine[vain] roughly[r=fli] about, approximately[ pr ksim tli]launch[l ;nt ] naval[nèivâl] horrified[h ;r fàid] beg A to-v reconsider[rì;k nsíd ] determined to-v 25

26 18 (If your heart ~ from a shelter.) ~, but I thought she looked much older than that, / what with all the gray hairs on her face and the fact that she A B was missing a leg. what with A and (what with) B A B But inside her worn-out exterior lies a pure heart and ~. M beloved[bil=vid] definitely[dèf nitli] worn-out exterior[ikstíâri ] pure[pju ] endless[èndlis] be set on adopt[ d pt] bring out gratitude[gr t tδú;d] 19 Luck has your own luck! Let s say // (that) your lifelong ambition is to be C the head designer [of a famous fashion label], / but the only job [(that) you can get / with your current qualifications] is sales assistant [in one of the company s stores]. lifelong[láifl (;)\] ambition[æmbí Ân] label[lèib l] qualification[kw l fikèi Ân] assistant[ sístânt] reflect on commitment[k mítm nt] retail[rí;teil] halfway[h fwèi] negative[nèg tiv] attitude[ titδú;d] be on the lookout for talented[t l ntid] take the initiative competently[k mpit ntli] have little[nothing] to do with get ahead 20 For better not the exception. For instance withdrawal C History is full of examples of nations [achieving success in the world community / by engaging openly in dialogue]. achieving nations by v-ing v withdrawal[wi"dr ;Âl] cf. withdraw from pull out turn away draw back discussion[disk= Ân] outcome[áutk>m] engagement[ingèid,m nt] cf. engage in A rather than B exception[iksèp Ân] achieve[ t í;v] consistently[k nsístântli] reach an agreement unification[jú;nifikèi Ân] ense Up

27 It was because / Haverhill had covered and developed its wetlands, // while Newburyport had allowed its O wetlands to remain untouched. O OC wetland[wètl nd] throughout[^ru;áut] profitable[pr fit bâl] untouched[>nt=t t] absorb[ bs ; b] overflow[òuv flóu] spread[spred] conflicting[k nflíkti\] restore[rist ; ] connection[k nèk Ân] effective[ifèktiv] prevention[privèn Ân] 22 ~, a compact car gives a driver the ability [to get IO DO around quicker, and park more easily / than those [stuck behind the wheels of bigger, bulkier cars]]. the ability to get around quicker (to) park more easily those people stuck crude oil compact[k mp kt] fuel-efficient status[stèit s] get around stick[stik]-stuck-stuck behind the wheel bulky[b=lki] 23 The displayed works are true spectacles of the modern age [that illuminate the aesthetic and cultural transformations] [that swept through Paris in the late 19th century]. exhibition[éks bí Ân] upcoming[=pk>mi\] Impressionism[imprè ÂnìzÂm] landmark[l nîm ; k] revere[riví r] Post-Impressionism illuminate[ilù;m néit] aesthetic[es^ètik] transformation [tr nsf mèi Ân] sweep through feature[fí;t ] sculpture[sk=lpt ] on loan famed[feimd] awe[ ;] era[íâr ] 24 tartran Pass NCard tartran NCard 27

28 semester[simèst ] transit[tr nsit] route map faculty[f kâlti] issue[í u;] student fees the student body 25 chart[t ; t] illustrate[íl stréit] poultry[póultri] period[píâri d] sharp[ ; p] gap[gæp] consistent[k nsístânt] upward[=pw d] decline[dikláin] category[k t g ;ri] regain[rigèin] 26 It is said that ~ the campus. ~ but that number could hardly be possible / given the size of the campus. hardly given It wasn t until December of 2009, / when the U.. Army came to enjaray, / that moves [to repair and reopen the school] began. It is not until that... when enjaray December of enroll at including [inklù;di\] exaggeration[igz d, rèi Ân] indicate [índikéit] except[iksèpt] throughout [^ru;áut] 27 (A) their bodies where (B) expose (C) a very good sign that what toxin[t ksin] pollutant[p lù;tânt] accumulate [ kjù;mjuleit] sensitivity[séns tív ti] decline[dikláin] sicken[sík n] ~ 28 There are the younger years. evitable none inevitable not inevitable evitable In none of these stages / is it inevitable that C it people will suffer O the problems [associated with aging]. In none of these stages it that A major factor [in how well your body functions / in later years] is how well you treat O it / in the younger years. C factor in in how well later years how 28 ense Up

29 aging[èid,i\] tend to-v associate A with B numerous[nδù;m r s] medication[médikèi Ân] function[f=\apple Ân] misconception[mìsk nsèp Ân] on one s own productive[pr d=ktiv] adulthood[ d=lthúd] evitable[èv t bâl] inevitable suffer[s=f ] take place not necessarily major[mèid, ] factor in 29 Dr. Whiting ~, for it was so painful a job to set the broken leg / that it forced terrible screams from him and (it) 2 made O2 Frank, [who was helping], OC2 quite weak and pale. for so a(n) that... that make O OC O OC This prompted Jack to ask, innocently, if he should O not be on his feet again in a week. if ask should It takes at least three weeks for a broken bone to knit, It takesfor A to-v A v disappointment[dìs p intm nt] physically [fízikâli] painful[pèinfâl] set[set] scream[skri;m] pale[peil] ache[eik] dreadfully[drèdf li] bruise[bru;z] cheerful[t í fâl] make light of prompt A to-v innocently [ín sntli] on one s feet standing knit[nit] properly[pr p li] mend[mend] 30 If Detroit everybody s interest. One way [that(= how) automobiles are produced in the tates] is by building them(= automobiles) in factories in C Detroit. One way that how automobile[ ;t m bì;l] load A onto[into] B cf. load A (up) with B overseas[òuv sí;z] economist[ik n mist] protection[pr tèk Ân] tariff[t rif] trade barrier assistance[ sístâns] manufacturer[m njuf kt r ] not necessarily interest[íntr st] be in partnership with be in competition with 31 Relationships will each other. If you really cared about me, you d know why I m upset! If... This kind of complaint comes from the belief that people should be sensitive enough or smart enough to know your mind. the belief that enough to-v v Trying to have a close relationship [in which you don t = where 29

30 reveal your needs] is like driving a car / without a steering wheel. C care about belief[bilí;f] sensitive [sèns tiv] responsibility[risp ns bíl ti] ask for end up v-ing inappropriately[ìn próupri tli] anger[ \g ] relationship [rilèi Ân ìp] steering wheel crash[kræ ] clearly [klí li] disagreement[dìs grí;m nt] reveal[riví;l] truly[trù;li] comfortable [k=mf t bâl] threaten[^rètn] 32 catch- catch catch It s a catch combat pilot cf. combat[k mbæt] desperately [dèspâr tli] transfer[trænsfá; ] state that declare [diklè ] insane[insèin] sane request[rikwèst] clearly[klí li] refer to tolerate[t lâréit] stuck[st<k] contradictory [k ntr díktâri] 33 speech Nevertheless However In other words We often take for granted our ability [to produce 1 O1 and understand speech], and don t give much thought to it, // just as we don t normally pay much attention / to the workings [of our O heart, brain, or liver]. take A for granted A A our ability to for granted just as ~, wherever human beings live together, / their most fundamental connection is established by their ability [to talk to each other], / even if some members can only speak in sign language. wherever even if ~, speech is a fundamental part of / what it means to be human. what it means to be take A for granted give a thought to normally[n ; m li] liver[lív ] in short tend to-v overlook[òuv lùk] fundamental[f>nd mèntl] connection [k nèk Ân] establish[ist bli ] sign language set A apart from B be linked with closely[klóusli] abstract[ bstrækt] 34 ome spread snowflakes on the boughs of the trees, // taking the flakes out of their muffs; others hang flakes on the sleeping chimney, ~. some ~, others... taking at once nod one s head approvingly [ prù;vi\li] fairy[f Âri] snowflake[snóufléik] cf. flake bough[bau] beard[bi d] decorate[dèk réit] chaotic[kei tik] 35 2 O2 30 ense Up

31 meditation[méditèi Ân] truthfulness[trù;^fâlnis] compassion[k mp Ân] tolerance[t l r ns] practitioner[præktí Ân ] seek to-v strive to-v selflessness[sèlfl snis] communist[k mjunist] ruling party in private credit A with B 36 A study [of secondary school students in cotland] / revealed their perceptions [of the main role [that school plays in O their lives]]. schoolwork[skù;lwë; k] secondary school reveal [riví;l] perception[p sèp Ân] primarily[praimèr li] social[sóu Âl] stepping-stone get through for one s sake cf. sake 37 on the other hand either A or B script[skript] plot[pl t] innovate[íno véit] approach[ próut ] take charge of portrayal[p ; trè l] outline[áutlàin] sequence[sí;kw ns] basically[bèisikâli] 38 made a mistake its mistake dopamine in the brain this pleasure-giving chemical Researchers [who were training monkeys to do simple visual tasks] found that success had a strong effect on the O monkeys brains. who train A to-v A v that have a(n) ~ effect on... For monkeys, as well as humans, / this pleasure-giving chemical / acts not only as a reward / but also as a stimulating force [that leads to further success]. B as well as Anot only A but also B B A B visual[ví,u l] task[tæsk] handicap [h ndik p] a surge of chemical[kèmikâl] stimulating[stímj léiti\] neural[nδùâr l] soar[s ; ] master[m st ] 31

32 39 shark finning specifically[spisífik li] fin[fin] win a prize ecological[ìk l d,ikâl] activism [ kt vìzâm] inhumane[ìn ju;mèin] environmentally [invàir nmèntâli] disastrous[diz str s] practice[pr ktis] associate A with B water[w ;t ] worth a fortune sell for appetite for manage to-v protection[pr tèk Ân] 40 this high-priced water Twenty-five percent minerals from it. But this high-priced water may not be as special as it claims to be (special). not as as... it high-priced water Twenty-five percent of the spring water and mineral water [sold in the tates] is merely tap water [purified in a factory C process [that removes even the good minerals from it]]. pay for gallon[g l n] up to claim to-v tap[tæp] faucet[f ;sit] purify [pjùr fài] cf. purifier[pjùrifài ] process[pr ses] built-in portable[p ; t bl] refreshing[rifrè i\] scarce[ske s] overpriced [òuv práist] the firm purpose You saw what they have ~, with the firm purpose [of showing IO the boy DO how poor people live]. show show IO DO how extremely[ikstrí;mli] wealthy[wèl^i] industrialist [ind=stri list] countryside [k=ntrisàid] grateful[grèitfl] turn to compared to contain [k ntèin] chemical[kèmikâl] all the way to pay A to-v keep (on) v-ing ense Up

33 I completed my degree in a graduate social work degree. A B B A A But it was clear even after graduating high school C that my parents hadn t stopped expecting more from me. ~, but my parents insisted (that) I (should) do something with a future in it instead. insist that should ~, and everything [(that) I did at college] was guided / by what my parents wanted O me OC to do. base[beis] recipe[rès pi] improve[imprù;v] insist (that) enroll in pharmacy[f ; m si] cf. pharmacist[f ; m sist] immediately[imí;di tli] graduate[gr d,u t] persist[p ; síst] eventually[ivènt u li] worthless[wá; ^lis] principle[príns pl] uncertain[>nsá; t n] matter[m t ] 33

34 18 (you can build your strength with a professional public speaking class!) You may think that you can do without it, // but being good at it / is an asset not only in your career / but also in social settings. it public speaking You ~ without it. Being good at it is ~ in social settings. but not only ~ but also... suffer from stage fright intend to-v take a class[course] get around to v-ing asset[ set] career[k rí ] setting[sèti\] terrific[t rífik] boost[bu;st] selfconfidence have trouble v-ing upcoming [=pk>mi\] polish[p li ] 19 Overalltourism to cope. It s money that would be better spent on science and conservation. it is that...that money it is that that spend money on Antarctica[ænt ; ktik ] on the rise cruise ship ski-trekking flow[flou] management[m nid,m nt] disturb[distá; b] coastal [kóustâl] risk[risk] oil spill likelihood[láiklihúd] adventurous[ dvènt Âr s] rescue[rèskju;] extremely[ikstrí;mli] costly[k ;stli] conservation[k ns ; vèi Ân] overall[óuv r ;l] lead to exploitation [ékspl itèi Ân] cf. exploit[ikspl it] cope[koup] spot[sp t] access to restrict[ristríkt] 20 DD Many online resources [for walking holidays] provide interested travelers with detailed descriptions and A B illustrations [of various historical trails and / day trips [that include visits [to popular ~ locations]]. provide A with B B detailed descriptions and illustrations of a wealth of hiking trail provide A with B 34 ense Up

35 detailed[dìtèild] description[diskríp Ân] illustration[ìl strèi Ân] historical[hist (;)rikâl] cf. historic monument[m njum nt] specific[sp sífik] handy[h ndi] reference[rèfâr ns] specialize in cf. specialized[spè Âlàizd] accommodation[ k m déi Ân] point[p int] spot[sp t] keep[stay] in shape must[m<st] 21 The first thing [that these people do / when (they are) faced with any big task] is to identify the main objective or C best outcome. be faced with task[tæsk] identify[aidèntifài] outcome[áutk>m] break down A into B a series of manageable[m nid, bâl] short-term basically[bèisikâli] clearly[klí li] component[k mpóun nt] complex[k mplèks] steadily [stèdili] intimidated[intímidéitid] be made of confidently[k nfid ntli] tackle[t kâl] at a time lighten[láitn] workload [wá; kl d] hold A back 22 Part of an effective manager or employer involves knowing how to be a good bearer of bad news. O Part of being ~ employer involves knowing ~ to tell staff or that they that they will not get raises this year, have made an error, or are not performing ~ expected. or that or that bearer[be r ] break the news face to face sympathize with digest[daid,èst] cope with 23 galerieslafayette.com Located in the center of Paris, / the main store on Boulevard Haussmann / is considered to be the second most visited attraction after the Louvre; Located in the main store on Boulevard Haussmann boulevard[bù(;)l v ; d] attraction [ tr k Ân] leading[lí;di\] 24 The story 35

36 The tory The tory The tory submit[s bmít] hand inoriginal[ ríd, nâl] literary [lít réri] sci-fi[sáifái] horror[h ;r ] edit[èdit] cf. editor[èd t ] publication[p>bl kèi Ân] entry[èntri] fee[fi;] reserve[rizá; v] deadline [dèdlàin] 25 organic[ ; g nik] agricultural[ grik=lt Âr l] beekeeping[bí;kì;pi\] grazing[grèizi\] global[glóubâl] proportion[pr p ; Ân] farmland[f ; ml nd] in particular devote A to B hectare[hèktàr] ha 26 He planned of years. Once the work was found again, / people realized that it could equal the anatomy textbooks [published today]. O Oncefrom the moment that observation[ bz vèi Ân] anatomy[ n t mi] detailed[dí;teild] note[nout] finding[fáindi\] expand[iksp nd] understanding [>nd st ndi\] peel off cut A in half over and over again skull[sk<l] organ[ ; g n] plan to-v publish[p=bli ] hidden[hídn] 27 believes or a person feels some of the time at other times events go go bad what that If a person believes that an outcome will be good 1 O 1 or feels generally optimistic about it, ~. 2 C 2 believes feels or neither A nor B optimist[ ptimist] cf. optimistic [ ptimístik] pessimist[pèsimist] cf. pessimistic [pésimístik] turn out tend to-v outcome [áutk>m] expectation[ékspektèi Ân] quotation [kwo tèi Ân] whether it be A or B 28 wear outwork out wears out with without With damage restore restore 36 ense Up

37 With care, it should last at least 80 years, / but it ~. With With care if rusty[r=sti] the same goes for last[læst] at least badly[b dli] neglect[niglèkt] abuse[ bjù;z] twowheeler 29 Georgie Hay the tooth fairy ~, but the more she talked, the more unbelievable her mom s stories seemed. the the ~, and she decided right then and there never to believe what she said ever again. O to not never catch A out the tooth fairy exist[igzíst] insist[insíst] defend[difènd] unbelievable[>nbilí;v bâl] confront[k nfr=nt] tell the truth admit[ dmít] then and there 30 Now, many and optimistic. The ancient Babylonian Code of Hammurabi was C one [of the earliest formal systems [to say that a punishment should equal the crime / an eye for an eye. ]] The states began regarding punishment more broadly O as correction or cure / only relatively recently. began regarding or cure regard A as B A B devise[diváiz] get[take, have] revenge individual[ìndivíd,u l] administer justice[punishment] cf. justice[d,=stis] code[koud] formal[f ; mâl] equal[í;kw l] state[steit] broadly[br ;dli] criminal[kríminâl] potential[po tèn Âl] reform[rif ; m] humanitarian[ ju;m nitèri n] optimistic[ ptimístik] correction[k rèk Ân] cure[kju ] protection[pr tèk Ân] requirement[rikwái m nt] preventive measure cf. measure[mè, ] 31 Females can grow up to five inches long, / which is a third larger than the average male. which a third extraordinary[ikstr ; d néri] ordinaryaverage [ vârid,] stretch out measure[mè, ] resident[rèzidânt] assemble[ sèmbâl] porch[p ; t ] cupboard[k=b d] slightly[sláitli] annoyance[ n i ns] distraction[distr k Ân] cf. distract[distr kt] abundant[ b=nd nt] foodstuff[fù;dst>f] 32 37

38 Newtonian world view Newton s laws The logical goal is getting to the point [where we C can understand and explain every single phenomenon / in terms of what happened in the past]. In theory, / a total understanding [of what has caused everything to happen] would give us absolutely accurate IO DO knowledge [of all [that will happen in the future]]. DO of what of that all human being rely on concept[k nsept] causality[k ;z l ti] cf. causally[k ;zli] be inclined to-v condition[k ndí Ân] compelling[k mpèli\] drive[draiv] quest[kwest] logical[l d,ikâl] cf. logically[l d,ikâli] phenomenon [f n m n n] in terms of accurate[ kj r t] world view fixed[fikst] limited [límitid] permanent[pá; m n nt] sufficient [s fí Ânt] meaningless[mí;ni\l s] 33 Yet, However Therefore ready[rèdi] make up workforce[wá; kf ; s] unreliable[>nrilái bâl] reliable, dependable[dipènd bl] long-term basis[bèisis] take advantage of lack[læk] frighten[fráitn] mature-aged cf. aged [èid,d] strictly[stríktli] operate[ pâréit] computerize[k mpjù;t ràiz] cash register deep fryer dispenser [dispèns ] 34 Darker-mith Tony Tony Darker-mith Tony Tony! Tony Tony Darker-mith dazed[deizd] report[rip ; t] have A ready jersey[d,á; zi] be taken aback speechless[spí;t lis] vanish[v ni ] mutter[m=t ] kook[ku;k] quarterback[kw ; t b k] 35 Eventually, the women demanded that Marie Claire magazine (should) publish feminist editorials. demand that should should originate in with the aim of in tune 38 ense Up

39 with feature[fí;t ] drive[draiv] in part publicize[p=blisaiz] vehicle[ví;ikâl] favorable[fèivâr bâl] feminist[fèm nist] editorial[édit ;ri l] 36 Your lecturer may be a great storyteller [who manages to convey a feeling of what it was like to be alive / back then]. a feeling of what it was like to-v v it to-v But if you were to see The eventh eal, a classic film ~ Ingmar Bergman, / you would have a much more powerful sense of the historical period. If were to-v ~... comprehend[k mprihènd] the Black Death lifelike[láiflàik] illustration[ìl strèi Ân] storyteller [st ;ritél ] manage to-v convey [k nvèi] historical[hist (;)rikâl] vivid[vívid] representation[réprizentèi Ân] 37 ADHD Daily Report Card ADHD ADHD Rewarded like this, // children become more motivated / to help O themselves OC do better in class. children Rewarded help O OCO OC OC to v deficit[dèf sit] hyperactivity[hàip ræktív ti] cf. hyper [hàip -] disorder[dis ; d ] have a problem[difficulty] v-ing distracted[distr ktid] follow through on assignment [ sáinm nt] behavioral [bihèivj r l] reward[riw ; d] personal[pá; sânâl] motivated[móutivéitid] cf. motivational input[ínpút] reinforce [rì;inf ; s] symptom[símøt m] have an impact on performance[p f ; m ns] 38 But This is because be supposed to-v official[ fí Âl] definition [déf ní Ân] partly[p ; tli] slight[slait] identical[aidèntikâl] announcement[ náunsm nt] cf. announce[ náuns] stuck in traffic analysis[ n l sis] affect[ fèkt] state of mind light[heavy] traffic 39 39

40 be tempted to-v cupboard[k=b d] be filled with ready-to-eat treat[tri;t] gain weight lose weight pregnancy[prègn nsi] cf. pregnant[prègn nt] father-to-be would-be fatherout of sympathy tend to-v crave[kreiv] snack[snæk] abundance [ b=nd ns] opportunity[ p tδù;n ti] likely[láikli] 40 For instance, if you think it will take ages to organize your room well, / you might end up putting it(= to organize your room) off forever. it takesto-v v age e.g. the Ice Age You tell yourself that you ll get it done on aturday morning ~. C OC get O OC O OC done A good skill [to acquire] is the ability [to realistically C calculate / how long things will take]. totally[tóut li] overestimate[òuv rèstimeit] underestimatetask[tæsk] be unlikely to-v organize[ ; g nàiz] end up v-ing put off tell oneself that acquire[ kwái ] realistically[rì lístikli] cf. realistic unrealistic calculate[k lkjuléit] pace[peis] ignorant[ígnâr nt] overconfident[òuv k nfidânt] complete[k mplí;t] simplify[símplifài] because deep personal survival Andrea As you ~ personal experience, / your actions and decisions are influenced as much by how you feel as (by) what you think. Asas much as... e.g. I was under as much stress as her. Consider the story of Mary Jane and Gary Chauncey, who were with their eleven-year-old daughter, Andrea, on a train journey [that was fated to end / in the Big Bayou Canot Bridge Disaster]. who Mary Chauncey But in the darkness and chaos, with the train sinking in 40 ense Up

41 muddy water, ~. with Ov-ing O v There s no doubt that history is filled with similar examples [of parents making heroic sacrifices / to save their beloved children]. There is no doubt that parents making to to save That people do these things gives us an insight [into the IO DO role [that selfless love plays in human history]]. Rational thought might tell you / that what Andrea s parents did was unwise, // but their hearts made it(= what Andrea s parents did) their only choice. but influence[ínflu ns] logical[l d,ikâl] be fated to-v -bound[-baund] aboard[ b ; d] derail[dirèil] crash into be confined to cf. confine[k nfáin] chaos[kèi s] somehow[s=mhàu] manage to-v rescuer[rèskju; ] incredibly[inkrèd bli] courageous[k rèid, s] bravethere is no doubt that be filled with heroic[hiróuik] beloved[bil=vid] insight into play a role in selfless[sèlflis] selfish[sèlfi ] suggest that override[òuv ráid] survival[s váivâl] rational[r Ânl] unwise[>nwáiz] extraordinary[ikstr ; dânéri] have something[nothing] in common direct[dirèkt] impact[ímpækt] Accomplishment requires in your life till now. You are what you have thought most about / in your C life / till now. what Without a hoop / there s no way [to know if a shot was made], nothing for fans [to cheer for], no way [to score]. imaginary[im d,inéri] tension[tèn Ân] warm up court[k ; t] attainable[ tèin bâl] meaningful[mí;ni\f l] take aim at accomplishment[ k mpli m nt] determine[ditá; min] take possession of lightning-quick sail[seil] arc[ ; k] hoop[hup] set a goal steady[stèdi] necessity[n sès ti] 41

42 18 (but making new friends ~ very difficult) (Any good ~ and bored?) talk on the phone nearby[ní bài] keep fit in one s 40s(forties) cf. in one s 60s(sixties) hang out with volunteer[v l ntí ] 19 IT IT In her efforts [to make O her business OC work] / she had learned a lot, and she wanted to pass this knowledge O2 on to others. make O OC OC v had p.p. ~, she made O it OC possible to improve others lives as well as her own. it to financial[fain n Âl] in the end get out of completely[k mplí;tli] see A as B view A as B failure[fèilj ] opportunity[ p tδù;n ti] advisor [ dváiz ] expert[èksp ; t] guidance[gáidns] personal[pá; sânâl] positive[p z tiv] improve [imprù;v] glitter[glít ] bygones [báig ;nz] 20 You can walk for hours through the Louvre admiring paintings, / but the experience becomes much more interesting when someone knowledgeable is walking with you. admiring paintings knowledgeable someone -one, -thing, -body admire[ dmái ] knowledgeable[n lid, bâl] distinguished[distí\gwi t] refer[rifá; ] zoom in on artwork[ ; twë; k] accessible[ ksès bâl] approachable[ próut bâl] ense Up

43 Despite the telegraph [being invented as early as 1837], / it was not until 1843 that ~. it was not until ~ that... telegraph[tèligræf] as early as of consequence contribute[k ntríbju;t] to strengthen [strè\apple^ân] timely[táimli] 22 Deforestation [as a result of fires [caused by human activity]] / accounts for around a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions, // and that percentage could become larger. All forest fires [combined] release an amount of carbon O dioxide [(that is) equal to fifty percent of that(= carbon dioxide) [produced by the burning of fossil fuels]]. The more fires there are, the more carbon dioxide is released; / and the warmer the planet, the more forest fires there will be. the the impact[ímpækt] ecosystem[í;kousìst m] underestimate [>nd rèstimeit] deforestation[di;f ristèi Ân] account for greenhouse gas emission [imí Ân] percentage[p sèntid,] cf. percent combine[k mbáin] release[rilí;s] carbon dioxide produce[pr dδù;s] fossil fuel intensify[intènsifài] cf. intense[intèns] store[st ; ] deadly[dèdli] vicious circle virtuous circle C2 Free Fun Fitness Week! Free Fun Fitness Week Free Fun Fitness Week Free Fun Fitness Week Our training programs / will help you strengthen / O OC all the problem areas [you wish to focus on] / by using personalized meal plans and fitness plans. all the problem areas that fitness[fítnis] give away personal[pá; sânâl] secure[sikjù ] one on one personalized[pá; sân làizd] enter into the draw 24 Wedgewood/andpoint andpoint [email protected] complete with ample[ mpl] storage[st ;rid,] closet[kl zit] utility[ju;tíl ti] hang out with mature[m tδù ] contact[k ntækt] set up 25 43

44 extreme[ikstrí;m] compared with slightly [sláitli] curiously[kjùri sli] hardworking [h ; dwë; ki\] regard A as B relaxed[ril kst] 26 Arbitrators come from a wide variety of professions ~, the parties [involved in a serious disagreement] present their cases to an independent professional [called an O arbitrator]. There is no judge or jury, just the independent arbitrator, who is hired by the parties to listen to their arguments and (to) decide how to end their conflict. who the independent arbitrator arbitration[ ; bitrèi Ân] cf. arbitrator[ ; bitréit ] formal[f ; mâl] be similar to go to court party[p ; ti] be involved in disagreement[dìs grí;m nt] case[keis] professional[pr fè nâl] cf. profession [pr fè Ân] jury[d,ùâri] argument[ ; gjum nt] volunteer [v l ntí ] treatment[trí;tm nt] go on resolve[riz lv] 27 themselves make O OC O OC attracted be that what horoscope[h ;r skòup] vague[veig] characterization[k rikt rizèi Ân] name after at times 28 reduce induce nerve[n ; v] upcoming[=pk>mi\] butterfly[b=t flài] cf. have butterflies in one s stomach full-on anxiety[æ\zái ti] stage fright sweaty[swèti] nausea[n ;zi ] dizziness[dízinis] tension[tèn Ân] urge to-v temporary[tèmp réri] 29 Different value disagreement is bad. disagreement For some people, / dealing with it in the workplace may become more of an issue // as the workplace evolves / C 44 ense Up

45 to include more and more people [from different backgrounds]. a fact of life deal with workplace[wá; kpléis] issue[í u;] evolve[iv lv] reality[ri l ti] come up against disagreement [dìs grí;m nt] negative[nèg tiv] positive[p z tiv] reframe[ri;frèim] in terms of interaction[ìnt r k Ân] relationship[rilèi Ân ìp] risk[risk] anxiety[æ\zái ti] privilege[prívâlid,] 30 going east They say / that flying west is like shifting to C weekend time, when you stay out late and wake up to a late brunch. It is like v-ing v when weekend time jet lag temporary[tèmp réri] characterize[k rikt ràiz] sleepiness[slí;pinis] insomnia[ins mni ] mood[mu;d] long-distance time zone severity[sivèr ti] cf. severe[siví ] vary[vèri] factor[f kt ] regularly[règjul li] round trip totally[tóut li] exhausted[igz ;stid] shift[ ift] awaken[ wèikân] multiple[m=ltipâl] 31 There was a striking difference between the way [stress affected their ability [to interpret emotions correctly]]. Activity [in the face-assessing part of the brain] slowed down / in the men, indicating that stress reduces O their = which indicates that ~ ability [to correctly assess other people s feelings]. indicating that which indicates that which This indicates that it s an evolutionary survival impulse [in women] to bond with others in times of great stress. response to the opposite of in one respect cf. respect[rispèkt] deliberately[dilíb r tli] striking[stráiki\] accurate[ kj r t] cf. accurately assess[ sès] evaluate[iv ljuéit]light up region[rí;d,ân] indicate that evolutionary[év lù; neri] survival[s váivâl] impulse[ímp<ls] bond with directly[dirèktli] get away from conflict [k nflìkt] 32 In factwho quit smoking. An experiment [involving hundreds of employees / at a major corporation] has found that tempting them with a O reward is C a highly effective way [to get O smokers OC to quit]. In fact, the experiment was so successful that the C 45

46 corporation will have O a quit-smoking program [based on the experiment] OC come into effect next year. so that... have O OC O OC have v But considering (that) the group [that received bonuses] had O three times the success rate [of the group [that got no such bonuses]], // programs [such as this] seem to achieve O clearly positive results. considering (that) seem to-v v experiment[ikspèrim nt] employee[impl ii;] involve[inv lv] major[mèid, ] minor[máin ] corporation[k ; p rèi Ân] highly[háili] effective[ifèktiv] successful[s ksèsf l] based on come into effect bonus[bóun s] considering (that) clearly[klí li] positive[p z tiv] negative[nèg tiv] prevent A (from) v-ing cigarette[síg rét] manage[m nid,] 33 Besides Therefore Besides, even if Queen Marie had made this comment, it would not have had the same meaning / as it does today. if had p.p., would have p.p. even if legend has it (that) remark[rim ; k] Parisian[p rí,i n] confession[k nfè Ân] run out of ruthless[rù;^l s] insufficient[ìns fí Ânt] propaganda[pr p g nd ] 34 (exciting and expectant) Thus, ~ everybody waited and watched the farstretching London highway, / hardly believing that the king would ever come. believing (waited and watched) full-faced[fùlfèist] confront[k nfr=nt] remote[rimóut] upland[=pl nd] stand on tip-toe remainder[rimèind ] amid[ míd] chatter[t t ] far-stretching[f strèt i\] expectant[ikspèktânt] triumphant [trai=mf nt] unsettling[>nsètli\] 35 modernization[m d nizèi Ân] agriculture[ grik>lt  ] availability[ véil bíl ti] cf. available overall[óuv r ;l] region[rí;d,ân] consumer[k nsù;m ] developing world achievement[ t í;vm nt] be unlikely to-v sustain[s stèin] expand[iksp nd] billion[bílj n] multiply [m=ltiplài] ense Up

47 Without these, we would lose the memory of the Jews of Kolkata. Without ~, would[could, might]... storehouse[st ; hàus] jew[d,u;] cf. jewish[d,ù;i ] originally[ ríd,ân li] trader[trèid ] establish[ist bli ] vibrant[váibrânt] custom[k=st m] cuisine[kwizí;n] a handful of cf. handful[h nîfúl] elderly[èld li] 37 Instead urprisingly, it s the great big eyes on top of their heads that make O it OC possible. ( The great big eyes on top of their heads make it possible.) It is that... the great big their heads when it comes to swallow[sw lou] reach out eyeball[áib ;l] blink[bli\k] over-dramatically eyelid[áilid] cf. lid[lid] 38 (supporting) for example Installing a solar energy system / on the roof of your home / is a great leap forward / in achieving independence [from fossil fuels] and (in) reducing your domestic greenhouse gas emissions. in achieving ~ fuels reducing ~ emissions and tates will do this / through their Energy Buy-back cheme, / which pays home owners for any surplus electricity [produced by their solar power system]. which their Energy Buy-back cheme pay A for B A B install[inst ;l] solar energy system leap[li;p] fossil fuel reduce[ridδù;s] domestic[do mèstik] greenhouse gas emission [imí Ân] forward-thinking scheme[ski;m] surplus [sá; pl<s] credit[krèdit] subsidize[s=bsidàiz] pay for itself Federal Government cf. state government substantial[s bst n Âl] incentive[insèntiv] 39 The artists were also attracted by the cheap rents. also Built as warehouses or factories for the thriving 19th century garment industry, the buildings had been ~. Built the buildings abandoned[ b nd nd] warehouse[wè hàus] welllit district[dístrikt] be associated with cast iron ornate[ ; nèit] thrive[^raiv] garment[g ; m nt] designated[dèzignéitid] preservation[préz vèi Ân] real estate skyrocket[skáir kit] arty[ ; ti] 47

48 40 monochronic polychronic monochronic polychronic People [who volunteer in the developing world for the Peace Corps] are taught to tolerate different cultural concepts of time. be taught to-v v teach A to-v volunteer[v l ntí ] tolerate[t lâréit] the norm cf. norms[n ; ms] constant [k nstânt] variable[v Âri bâl] adjust to unbending [>nbèndi\] cf. bend[bend] attend to widespread[wáidspréd] without notice on time punctuality[p>\kt u l ti] flexible[flèks bâl] convenience [k nví;nj ns] temporary[tèmp réri] changeable[t èind, bâl] individualism[ìndivíd,u lizâm] owhat understanding? Perhaps it s our teachers. respect and understanding sympathy we shouldn t judge others too quickly or too harshly for their problems and mistakes The idea that people will laugh at you and reject you / can be even more scary than the thought of failure itself. that The idea can be even Were he alive today, however, it s unlikely (that) he = If he were ~ would get as much respect. If were if if he were it s unlikely that Great tragic stories make us sense O1 how easy it is for disasters to happen to us, O2 how hard it is to lead a good life, and O3 why we shouldn t judge others too quickly or too harshly ~. sense and how it is for to-v it to for disasters to happen reject[rid,èkt] scary[skèâri] failure[fèilj ] tragic[tr d,ik] cf. tragedy[tr d, di] character[k rikt ] literature[lítâr t ] audience[ ;di ns] understanding[>nd st ndi\] represent A as B human being weakness[wí;knis] on one s side feel for feel sympathy forit is unlikely (that) cf. likely[láikli] as much horrible[h ;r bâl] blame A for B noble[nóubâl] be encouraged tov disaster[diz st ] lead a life harshly[h ; li] self-esteem enthusiasm[in^ù;zi zâm] sympathy[símp ^i] considering [k nsídâri\] downfall[dáunf ;l] task[tæsk] generous[d,ènâr s] be patient with ense Up

49 The power in his field. which the dawn of the Internet Age make it possible for A to-v A v v With his computer and the privacy [offered to him by the Internet], / Bob was able to make a life-changing transition, / which might never ~. with which With his transition ~, which might never have happened if he had been born any earlier than he was (born). (which) have p.p. if had p.p.... The power of technology gave Bob a sense [of personal IO DO security] and the confidence [to connect with others] / as a student and eventually as a professional in his field. as highly[háili] painfully[pèinf li] cf. painful interaction (with) constant [k nstânt] anxiety[æ\zái ti] totally[tóut li] worst of all compete in public speaking cf. make[give, deliver] a speech enable A to-v endure[indδù ] face-to-face expand[iksp nd] collaborate[k l b réit] chat[t æt] with ease easilyreveal[riví;l] let alone make fun of shaky[ èiki] speak up coincide with dawn[d ;n] colleague[k li;g] intellectual[ìnt lèkt uâl] all of a sudden suddenlyin scope make the transition technology[tekn l d,i] eventually[ivènt u li] after allprofessional[pr fè nâl] necessity[n sès ti] favor[fèiv ] not only A but also B bold[bould] withdraw from But Bob s arrival at college coincided with the dawn of the Internet Age, which made O it OC possible for fortune to favor not only the bold but also the shy. 49

50 18 AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) AA AA AA You too could just assist ~ and see what a difference it(= a local AA meeting) makes. = all the difference that it makes what all e.g. Give me what books(= all the books that) you have on the subject. anonymous[ n n m s] kick[break] the habit of v-ing consist of addiction[ dík Ân] regularly[règj l li] alcohol-related critical[krítikâl] attendance[ tènd ns] on a voluntary basis in need of make a difference 19 Nevertheless, it s your house. A clutter-free refreshing sleep. That is why it is so often used / as a dump / for everything [that you don t want guests to see or that gets in the way]. That is why everything that Nevertheless, it s this room that ought to be the most peaceful and relaxing / in your house. it is that... this room ought to-v v have to-vshouldmust traditionally[tr dí nâli] off limits dump[d<mp] get in the way relaxing [ril ksi\] restful[rèstfl]get rid of unpleasantness [>nplèzântnis] intend to-v with the exception of bedlinen[bèdlìnin] cf. linen[línin] take a look unmatched[>nm t t] clutter[kl=t ] truly[trù;li] refreshing [rifrè i\] organize[ ; g nàiz] disrupt[disr=pt] disturb[distá; b]unexpected [>nikspèktid] make sure (that) 20 This over-emphasis literature itself. Analysis and criticism [of the works (themselves)] were trivial / in comparison to the enormous effort [expended C on the study of the circumstances [in which these works were produced]]. themselves the works in comparison to the enormous effort in which where This over-emphasis [on the social and political realities of the period [in which a work was produced]] may have prevented real enjoyment [of the work (itself)]. O 50 ense Up

51 This over-emphasis may have p.p. itself literary[lít réri] cf. literature[lítâr t ] preoccupied with historical[hist (;)rikâl] cf. historic setting[sèti\] analysis[ n l sis] trivial[trívi l] in comparison to enormous [in ; m s] expend[ikspènd] emphasis [èmf sis] political[p lítikâl] logical[l d,ikâl] scholarship[sk l ìp] circumstance[sá; k mst ns] 21 justify[d,=stifài] ome of the common symptoms. The most common cause. The most common cause [of dehydration in C children] are infections [caused by viruses such as the flu or by bacteria]. are infections dehydration[dì;haidrèi n] define[difáin] extreme[ikstrí;m] loss[l (;)s] body fluid cf. fluid[flù;id] be likely to-v suffer from symptom[símøt m] vomit[v mit] combination[k mbinèi Ân] infection[infèk Ân] flu[flu;] tend to-v first aid 22 (Darkness, stillness, ~ good shape.) character complexity character (Being) tored correctly, fine wine can last for many years ~. = If it(fine wine) is stored correctly ~. fine wine store tored ~, because the complex organic reactions [that give IO wine DO its character] occur / in this range of temperatures. Also important is humidity, which must be kept at C around 70%. humidity which ~ 70%) complexity[k mplèks ti] shipwreck[ íprék] stillness[stílnis] humidity[ ju;míd ti] vital[váitl] Celsius[sèlsi s] particularly[p tíkjul li] factor[f kt ] organic reaction range[reind,] cause A to-v cork[k ; k] spoil[sp il] 23 Croft Foundation Day showcase[ óukéis] format [f ; mæt] refreshment[rifrè m nt] soft drinks stall [st ;l] display[displèi] exhibition[éks bí Ân] tug of war onward [ nw d] 24 51

52 prings tip[tip] checkroom[t èkrú(;)m] be subject to security[sikjùâriti] inspection[inspèk Ân] admission[ædmí Ân] mobility[mo bíl ti] access[ kses] facility [f síl ti] free of charge stroller[stróul ] collection [k lèk Ân] tripod[tráip d] 25 water charge y high Concern [about plastic waste] was high, with nearly 30% of people saying (that) it s the reason [why they don t buy bottled water]. with saying Trust in the government was a factor [influencing just over 10% of respondents [not buying bottled water]]. bottled water cf. bottle[b tl] ownership [óun ìp] water charge survey[s ; vèi] respondent[risp nd nt] cf. respond decisive[disáisiv] factor[f kt ] rank[ræ\k] equally[í;kw li] household[háushòuld] influence [ínflu ns] 26 It causes giardiasis, / an infection [that results in O severe diarrhea [that can last for days]]. giardiasis an infection nasty[n sti] bug[b<g] intestine[intèstin] infect[infèkt] cf. infection result in severe[siví ] millions of come out of faucet[f ;sit] come into contact with swallow [sw lou] parasite[p r sàit] 27 women take care of be taken care of attempt to become a character she a handsome prince she carry off The complex, / which gets its name from the famous fairy tale, / is said to become more apparent in women // as they get older. which the complex as term[t ; m] complex[k ;mpleks] popularize [p pjul ràiz] independence[ìndipènd ns] attempt to-v define[difáin] motivate [móutivéit] unconscious[>nk n Âs] fairy tale apparent[ p rânt] portray[p ; trèi] victim[víktim] circumstance[sá; k mst ns] self-sufficient 52 ense Up

53 cf. sufficient[s fí Ânt] rescue[rèskju;] carry off live happily ever after 28 authority figure figure feature most mostly flawflow flaws A role model is a person [whose qualities and actions you admire most and (you) wish to imitate]. whose a person you admire wish identification[aidént fikèi Ân] preschooler[prí;skù;lâ ] unconsciously[>nk n Âsli] primary[práim ri] heroic[hiróuik] look up to maturity[m t ù r ti] adopt[ d pt] 29 Cho be covered in[with] mist[mist] in the distance point to[at] ghostly[góustli] bend over tend[tend] cf. tend to-v 30 The project work together. interact withcollaborate with The kids expressed the view that they had O improved / through working in this cooperative way. They also said that they had made new friends // O because the project made them collaborate with / kids [that they O OC normally wouldn t have worked with ]. mixed[mikst] improve[imprù;v] literacy[lítâr si] design[dizáin] pupil[pjù;pâl] view[vju;] interact with particularly[p tíkjul li] disagreement[dìs grí;m nt] collaborate with[on] normally[n ; m li] overall[óuv r ;l] intensive [intènsiv] cooperative [kou p réitiv] 31 It rose to power of innovation. 53

54 The ships [they built] loaded more cargo, // and their joint stock company system reduced risk. trading[trèidi\] superpower[sù;p pàu ] joint stock company alliance[ lái ns] porcelain[p ; sâlin] dominate[d minéit] shipbuilding[ ípbìldi\] mining[máini\] stock exchange sum up rise to power seafaring[sí;féâri\] expertise[éksp tí;z] pursuit of cargo[k ; gou] reduce[ridδù;s] innovative[íno véitiv] accumulation[ kjú;mj lèi Ân] geographically[d,ì; gr fik li] low-lying accomplish[ k mpli ] 32 If you you feel. Look around and you ll see / that the way [you O move] can change O you. and the way how And I will succeed at / whatever I have to do // when I get there. whatever anything that psychologist[saik l d,ist] link A to B slack[slæk] posture[p st ] sluggish[sl=gi ] pace[peis] attitude[ titδú;d] depressed[diprèst] self-confidence cf. confident[k nfidânt] average[ vârid,] matter[m t ] steady[stèdi] 33 In contrast displacement 2 1 That is to say displacement meow[miáu] be inclined to-v design[dizáin] exclusively [iksklù;sivli] effectively[ifèktivli] property [pr p ti] displacement[displèism nt] cf. displace[displèis] immediate[imí;di t] 34 (In a panic) I (a sigh of relief) I had completely forgotten (that) he was coming // O until I heard the housekeepers call: ~. O OC (had forgotten) heard OC (v) v-ing I tried to look as calm as if I had been reposing comfortably all afternoon // as I went through the shaking of hands. as if as in an awful state in a panic repose[ripóuz] go through dine[dain] converse[k nvá; s] breathe a sigh of relief cockroach[k kròut ] 54 ense Up

55 35 dog days the Dog tar dog days They believed / that irius added its heat to the heat of the un / and that the combined effect was the unbearably hot weather [they called the dog days. ] believed and they called the unbearably hot weather they called it(=the unbearably hot weather) the dog days it extremely[ikstrí;mli] humid[ jù;mid] be derived from constellation[k nst lèi Ân] worship[wá; ip] divine[diváin] being[bí;i\] combine[k mbáin] unbearably [>nb Âr bâli] 36 You might think // (that) you could save a small fortune / compared to buying a house [that doesn t need any work o done OC ]. need (done) run-down[r=ndáun] fix up fortune [f ; t Ân] cf. a small fortune compared to qualified[kw l fàid ] bargain-priced cf. bargain[b ; g n] drive A crazy renovation[rén vèi Ân] consumption[k ns=mp Ân] 37 As a result medieval times widely[wáidli] consider A (as, to be) B recipe[rès pì;] be limited to ever since physician[fizí Ân] in terms of chemistry[kèmistri] cf. chemical[kèmikâl] view A as B digestion[daid,èst Ân] process[pr ses] classify[kl sifài] acid[ sid] tooth decay cf. decay[dikèi] diabetes[dài bí;tiz] 38 The challenging view has been challenged The builders free citizens In return for their work The theory that the pyramids were built by slaves / was ~. The theory that The challenging view has it that ~. A has it that ~ A A rumor legend 55

56 commonplace[k m npléis] Pharaoh[f Ârou] dwelling[dwèli\] priest[pri;st] 39 These log-covered had other problems under the weight of coach[kout ] cause A to-v stumble[st=mbâl] vastly[v stli] average[ vârid,] dirt[d ; t] dust[d<st] muddy[m=di] puddle[p=dl] dry up improve[imprù;v] period [píri d] side by side trap[træp] gap[gæp] 40 When you focus your mind on something challenging, mental resources Have you ever noticed that // when you are in a really bad mood, / doing ~, solving ~, or memorizing a poem can make you completely forget your feelings [for a while]? O OC thatwhen that doing a poem When ~ challenging, / mental resources are pulled away 1 from the bad feelings factory and (are) put to work / to solve the puzzle or to memorize the poem. 2 in a bad[good] mood sudoku[su;dóuku;] completely[k mplí;tli] task[tæsk] negative [nèg tiv] emotion[imóu Ân] cf. emotional[imóu nâl] take up drain[drein] focus A on B challenging[t lind,i\] pull A away temporarily[témpârèr li] escape from apply A to B eliminate[ilíminéit] investigate [invèstigéit] trivial[trívi l] correct [k rèkt] evaluate[iv ljuéit] continuous [k ntínju s] diminish[dimíni ] demanding[dim ndi\] Thus / it s strange that so many people feel that O what they have and who they are is not C enough. We do it / by comparing it with that [of the people A B [ O whom we consider OC to be our equals]]. compare A with B A B it what we have that what they the people whom we consider to be our equals have We feel fortunate // only if we have as much as, or more than, / the people [(whom) we grow up with, go to school with, or work with ] (have). 56 ense Up

57 only if Given the great inequalities [we see everywhere], / it s remarkable that we don t have terrible feelings of envy [about everyone [who is richer or more successful / than we are]]. given That s why the hardest successes [to endure] are those of the people [(whom) we re close to ]. C That s why those the successes be blessed with unimaginable [>nim d,in bâl] psychology[saik l d,i] in isolation compare A with B measure A against B fortunate[f ; t Ân t] achievement[ t í;vm nt] overly[óuv li] annoyed[ n id] envious[ènvi s] cf. envy[ènvi] in height given[gívân] inequality [ìnikw l ti] remarkable[rim ; k bâl] enormous [in ; m s] privilege[prívâlid,] reference group endure[indδù ] role model expert[èksp ; t] Well, one thing the next. Put your best on your door. ~ and Tony was on his way to becoming the best chef that the restaurant s owner had ever had. that Put your best into whatever is there in front of you, and opportunities will start knocking on your door. put one s best into A A whatever you into and. By the time he was interviewed, everyone ~. by the time on one s way to chef[ ef] put A into action principle[príns pl] achievement[ t í;vm nt] for sure make an effort to-v lead to apply for scrub[skr<b] spotless[sp tlis] cf. spot[sp t] interview[ínt vjú;] in need 57

58 18 Try to reduce your personal dependence on fossil fuels by walking or biking whenever (it is) possible. whenever possible it is public health malnutrition[m lnδu;trí Ân] drown[draun] flood[fl<d] heatstroke[hí;tstròuk] heat wave absorb[ bs ; b] carbon dioxide atmosphere[ tm sfì ] dependence on fossil fuel device[diváis] eco-friendly[ékoufrèndli] cut[k<t] annual[ njuâl] emission [imí Ân] greenhouse gas 19 They believe, as I do, for Africa. non-reliance on aid HI Africa Governance Initiative I am incredibly proud of the progress [that has been achieved by those countries [working with the Africa Governance Initiative, which supports reconstruction programs in Rwanda and ierra Leone]]. trendy[trèndi] argue that cf. argument [ ; gjum nt] aid[eid] weakness[wí;knis] lie in target[t ; git] poverty[p v ti] underdevelopment [>nd divèl pm nt] incredibly[inkrèd bli] governance[g=v n ns] initiative[iní tiv] reconstruction[rì;k nstr=k Ân] corruption[k r=p Ân] investor [invèst ] cf. invest non-reliance reliance[rilái ns] recovery[rik=vâri] prosperity [pr spèr ti] 20 He believes that by the farms. Joe Martin, PhD, says that chicken farmers used to plant O trees / only to hide their chicken houses from view, ~. that say only to-v to v In his six-year study, Martin found that planting three rows [of trees [of varied species and size]] reduced dust by 56 O percent, liquid ammonia by 53 percent, and unpleasant smells O O by 18 percent. that found that reduced and Not only do trees purify the air, / they also improve the water quality around chicken farms, ~. not only PhD Doctor of Philosophy research[risá; t ] plant[plænt] play a role act asreduce[ridδù;s] pollutant[p lù;tânt] filter[fílt ] varied[vèrid] species [spí; i(;)z] dust[d<st] liquid[líkwid] unpleasant[>nplèzânt] purify[pjùr fài] improve[imprù;v] 58 ense Up

59 21 but one theory ~, but one theory says that this desire stems from a feeling that something [in one s past] is unfinished. a feeling that While we are collecting, / we are engaged in a kind of worship, // experiencing the kind of feeling that people usually associate with meditation or prayer or romantic love. experiencing that the kind of feelingassociate A with B A seashell[sí; el] in short theory[^í ri] stem from as though be engaged in worship[wá; ip] associate A with B meditation[méditèi Ân] romantic[ro m ntik] psychological [sàik l d,ikâl] protection[pr tèk Ân] uncertainty[>nsá; tnti] loss[l (;)s] collectible[k lèkt bâl] 22 fall behind launch[l ;nt ] mass media mere[mi ] politics[p l tiks] improvement[imprù;vm nt] gap[gæp] struggle with severe[siví ] lack[læk] fund[f<nd] overcrowded[òuv kráudid] tuition fees inequality[ìnikw l ti] equalitycrisis[kráisis] subsequent[s=bsikw nt] restructuring[ri;str=kt ri\] transfer A to B state[steit] 23 AP Drama Club AP Drama Club CR3 2BE AP Drama Club AP Drama Club AP Drama com what it takes monologue[m n l ;g] 24 permanent[pá; m n nt] temporary[tèmp réri] 59

60 exhibition[éks bí Ân] symposia[simpóuzi ] explore[ikspl ; ] diversity[divá; s ti] admission [ædmí Ân] security[sikjùâriti] 25 share[ e ] expenditure[ikspèndit ] average [ vârid,] household[háushòuld] peak[pi;k] portion[p ; Ân] constant[k nstânt] result in reduction[rid=k Ân] 26 In the essaynot a Black poet. ~, but his father insisted that he (should) do something more practical. insist that that should ~ a talented Black writer would prefer to be considered O a poet, not a Black poet. to consider A (as) B be considered (as) a poet A, not B B A major[mèid, ] central[sèntr l] figure[fígj ] poetry[póu tri] insist that argue thatenroll in acclaimed[ klèimd] talented[t l ntid] prefer to-v enormously [in ; m sli] productive[pr d=ktiv] genre[, ;nrâ] 27 (the hemispheres) (cooperate) Although Despite It is that It is ~ that the left side of the brain rather than visualizing naming hemisphere[hèmisfì ] manipulate[m nípjuleit] make sense cf. make sense of utterance[=târ ns] be concerned with infant[ínf nt] cf. infancy[ínf nsi] visualize[ví,u làiz] 28 developed undeveloped Construction companies [planning any major work in England] have to follow the polluter pays principle, whose O purpose is to protect any sites [that archaeologists have not yet had O the chance [to study]]. planning ~ England whose the polluter pays principle The principle views any company [that plans to build A in undeveloped areas] as a polluter. B view(= see) A as B A B consider A B, regard A as B, think of A as B considering[k nsídâri\] historical site including[inklù;di\] World Heritage ite protection[pr tèk Ân] construction[k nstr=k Ân] polluter[p lù;t ] cf. pollution[p lù; Ân] principle[príns pl] 60 ense Up

61 archaeologist[ ; ki l d,ist] aim to-v ensure that 29 Federico Alvear he He says that he has not paid O any taxes on the O moon and that /several years ago, ~, / he said O (that) he did not know the value of the land. says that and permit[p ; mít] cf. permission[p mí Ân] property[pr p ti] claim[kleim] legal [lí;gâl] astronaut[ str n ;t] land[lænd] official[ fí Âl] expedition[éksp dí Ân] tax inspector assess[ sès] 30 O ~, / one way [in which a good mother and wife expresses O her love / for her husband and children] is by presenting ~ food and showing ~ eaten. C by presenting ~ food showing ~ eaten and One woman [whose weight declined from 170 to 140 pounds / when she divorced her husband] reported: ~. integral[íntigr l] present A with B concern[k nsá; n] adequately[ dikwitli] provide for negative[nèg tiv] decline[dikláin] divorce[div ; s] skinny[skíni] sensitivity[séns tív ti] unfailing[>nfèili\] cuisine[kwizí;n] 31 For instance hedging expressions kind ofsort ofi thinki feel kind ofsort of Kind of and sort of are speech forms [used in C everyday English] / to hedge what would otherwise be C direct O statements. to what to ~ and I think that Joe might have stolen it. might have p.p. hedge[hed,] direct[dirèkt] statement[stèitm nt] regularly[règjul li] frequently[frí;kw ntli] potential[po tèn Âl] take care to-v A rather than B third party cf. party[p ; ti] refer to abstract [ bstrækt] 32 unless This is because to hearing them. 61

62 What s also certain is that you won t hear the C majority of them, / unless you make a conscious effort [to do so]. It s fun to find the origin [of a strange sound] / by making it(= a strange sound) the object [of a treasure hunt]. It to find range[reind,] naturally[n t Âr li] tune out become[be] used to v-ing analyze[ n làiz] track A down object[ bd,ekt] extremely[ikstrí;mli] conscious[k n Âs] identify[aidèntifài] 33 For example To say that professional networking is important for your career is a huge understatement. C to(to say ~ for your career) that ~ career say understatement[>nd stèitm nt] virtually[vá; t u li] in terms of mutually[mjù;t u li] go out of one s way to-v 34 Now and then came a rustling sound through the M trees, but wind it was not; ~. C but wind (it) moth[m (;)^] fragrance[frèigr ns] croak[krouk] cast a shadow now and then rustle[r=sâl] breath[bre^] cheerful[t í f l] alarming[ l ; mi\] gloomy[glù;mi] spectacular[spekt kj l ] 35 Businesses [that give IO workers DO the option of working from home] save money [on office space and utilities], and attract (more employees) and retain more employees. 2 telecommute[télik mjù;t] carbon[k ; b n] emission[imí Ân] take up option[ p Ân] productivity[pr d<ktív ti] encouragement[inká;rid,m nt] utility[ju;tíl ti] retain[ritèin] ense Up

63 Your memory isn t like a container [that gets filled up]; it s more like a tree [that grows new branches [for hanging memories on]. The more you know, the more it grows, and the more you can remember. the the... container[k ntèin ] fill up capacity[k p s ti] sandcastle[s nîk sl] splash[splæ ] 37 C A B A C A B C A B But the study says that white turbines attract bugs, which often leads the birds and bats [that eat them] to their death. which white turbines attract bugs wind turbine highly[háili] beneficial [bén fí Âl] lead A to B opposite[ p zit] indicate[índikéit] prevent A (from) v-ing conclude that unlikely that current[ká;r nt] trend[trend] 38 Furthermore However, it can be a meaningful way [to be a better person] to make such should statements. it to-v And it s probably true / that few people [who say (that) they should be saving more money or whatever]/ actually make any changes in their habits. it that furthermore[fá; " m ; ] moreoverbe open to motivate A to-v statement[stèitm nt] resolution[réz lù; Ân] or whatever make a change 39 One thing three faces. our foundation face, the one we re born with Many cultures have original proverbs [expressing the belief that one s face is a reflection of one s soul]. original proverbs expressing the belief that 63

64 Finally, // there s the one [that changes according to the situations [we may be in], or the messages [we re receiving]]. age[eid,] cosmetic surgery plastic surgeryessence[èsâns] original[ ríd, nâl] belief[bilí;f] popularity[p pjul r ti] fascination[f sinèi Ân] cf. fascinating foundation[faundèi Ân] be born with at will frown[fraun] according to situation[sìt uèi Ân] 40 hoppers in shoppers did. hoppers [in a gloomy mood] recalled an average O of three times more objects / than the cheerful shoppers did (= recalled). twicethree times The results add to a growing body of evidence that our ability [to think clearly and (to) remember things obviously] This fault-finding attitude not only pushes people away, but also makes you feel bad. not only A, but also B A B A B Anybody [who goes through life / looking for cracks in relationships, defects in other people s personalities and general situations [that could do with an upgrade] is never going to be very happy or content. Anybody looking for for and constantly[k nstântli] fault-finding push A away be absorbed in apply A to B go through defect[difèkt] catch A in the act of grateful[grèitf l] is significantly influenced / by our emotions. a growing body of evidence that The researchers found that the worse the weather and the more depressed the person, the sharper their memory. the the researcher[risá; t ] randomly[r nd mli] checkout counter mood[mu;d] upbeat[=pbì;t] promote[pr móut] recall[rik ;l] gloomy[glù;mi] depressed[diprèst]growing [gróui\] obviously[ bvi sli] significantly [signífik ntli] influence [ínflu ns] confused[k nfjù;zd] sharp[ ; p] Then The man A fit, fabulous-looking gentleman 64 ense Up

65 I was sitting at the airport, (was) reading the Wall treet Journal, (was) sipping a cup of coffee, and (was) enjoying my time alone // as I waited for my flight. and Being a warm, outgoing, and approachable person, ~. ince I am a warm, ~ person engagement[ingèid,m nt] sip[sip] outgoing[áutgoui\] approachable[ próut bâl] force[f ; s] blind[blaind] badly[b dli] buddy[b=di] luggage[l=gid,] faith[fei^] be responsible for attitude[ titδú;d] destination[dést nèi Ân] light[lait]-lit-lit flame[fleim] tap[tæp] fabulous[f bj l s] reunion[ri;jù;ni n] 65

66 18 Many studies indicate a strong relationship [between O families eating together and better nutrition], / as well as other effects / such as higher grades in school, ~ and well-being. B as well as A (= not only A but also B) A B B diet[dái t] tend to-v nutritious[nδu;trí s] cf. nutrition[nδu;trí Ân] well-balanced[wèlb l nst] manner[m n ] indicate[índikéit] relationship[rilèi Ân ìp] obesity[o bí;s ti] skip[skip] reward[riw ; d] in the long run 19 Ideally, we should aim for the sweet spot, where our expectations [of what we can accomplish in a day] perfectly match reality. O where the sweet spot beat[bi;t] multitask[m>ltit sk] concentrate on stick to move on to keep on v-ing ideally[aidí; li] sweet spot expectation[ékspektèi Ân] accomplish[ k mpli ] reality[ri l ti] 20 Memorizing vocabulary important thing. The more vocabulary a student understands, the more encouraged they ll be to speak. (= As a student understands more vocabulary, they ll be more encouraged to speak.) the the leave aside vocabulary[vo k bj léri] get by grasp[græsp] encourage A to-v 21 But when in common. 66 ense Up

67 These widespread natural similarities support the idea that our expressions of emotion 1 are programmed in O our genes, and (are) 2 not learned or (are not) 3 acquired from our cultural environment. the idea that differ in enormously[in ; m sli] nationality [n Ân l ti] when it comes to have in common facial expression express[iksprès] cf. expressiveness[iksprèsivnis] lower[lóu ] downturned mouth cf. downturn[dáuntë; n] recognize A as B widespread[wáidspréd] similarity[sìm l r ti] gene[d,i;n] acquire A from B universal[jú;nivá; sâl] 22 upported by scientists, journalists, lawyers, and other professionals, / NGOs are forcing governments and corporations to share power. fight a battle corporation[k ; p rèi Ân] do wrong protest[prátest] unchecked[<nt èkt] welfare[wèlf ] constantly[k nstântli] make headlines visible[víz bâl] numerous[nδù;m r s] countless[káuntlis] activist [ ktivist] grassroots organization cf. grass roots arm with nothing but onlysocial networking platform journalist[d,á; nâlist] force A to-v 23 Our air conditioning needs a major repair [that can only take place / while we are closed]. a major repair while The library s website will also be available for those [needing to manage their accounts online, download ebooks or eaudiobooks, and use other online resources]. those needing needing to manage, download, use maintenance[mèintân ns] additional[ dí nâl] due to undergo[>nd góu] director[dirèkt ] annex[ nèks] account[ káunt] resources[ris ; siz] 24 Belleville Belleville This event will be held outdoors but (this event will be held) indoors if it rains. if flea market vendor[vènd ] outdoors[áutd ; z] indoors merchandise[má; t Ândàiz] collectible[k lèkt bâl] to name a few garage sale application[ plikèi Ân] eligible[èlid, bâl] retail[rí;teil] craft[kræft] exhibitor[igzíbit ] second hand 67

68 25 donate[dóuneit] cf. donor[dóun ] volunteer[v l ntí ] previous[prí;vi s] indicate[índikéit] preference [prèfâr ns] A rather than B charitable [t r t bâl] in terms of generous[d,ènâr s] by far 26 it s found only in minerals an advanced industrial process Although ~, it s found only in minerals [from which it(= aluminum) can only be extracted / by an advanced industrial process [that uses huge amounts of energy]]. (= Although ~, it s found only in minerals, and it(= aluminum) can only be extracted from the minerals by ~.) which mineralsit One of its greatest benefits is its lightness, which is why it s used so extensively in the aerospace industry. which not long ago abundant[ b=nd nt] extract[ikstr kt] advanced[ dv nst] process[pr ses] a huge amount of extensively[ikstènsivli] aerospace industry combine A with B mixture[míkst ] rust[r<st] incredibly[inkrèd bli] be exposed to erosion[iróu,ân] 27 Catching up on lost sleep lie-ins doesn t alertness alertness p.p. so that so that they are ~, because it s regular, deep, extended sleep that you need. O it is that... it is that In addition, they say that sleep-deprived drivers and workers are more prone to cause serious accidents / after falling asleep / at the wheel or when (they are) operating machinery. function[f=\apple Ân] catch up on lie-in extended[ikstèndid] insufficient[ìns fí Ânt] sufficientreaction[ri; k Ân] alertness[ lá; tnis] long-term deprivation [déprivèi Ân] cf. deprive[dipráiv] boost[bu;st] immune system be prone tov at the wheel cf. wheel[ wi;l] 28 refer prefer John Doe represent release protect project John Doe John Doe John Doe Jane Doe 68 ense Up

69 Anyone [who has read a detective novel or seen a cops-and-robbers movie] / has heard the name John Doe used to O C describe an unidentified or unidentifiable male victim or suspect. the name John Doe use used As early as the mid-17th century, / the name was used in British courts to represent imaginary tenants [being evicted from land [whose ownership was ambiguous or disputed]]. to represent tobeing imaginary tenants whose land unidentified[>naidèntifaid] suspect[s spèkt] imaginary[im d,inéri] tenant[tèn nt] evict[ivíkt] ownership[óun ìp] ambiguous[æmbígju s] dispute[dispjù;t] unnamed[<nnèimd] 29 ~, My friend, / in the 20 years since I left my country, / this is the only time [(when) I ve heard O my name C OC spoken / just like my family used to say it]. the only time when hear O OC spoken pronounce[pr náuns] make an effort to-v supplier[s plái ] Greek[gri;k] accent[ ksent] for a while used to-v 30 He observed adults at all. Their sense of justice, observed Piaget, is also rather primitive // since it(= their sense of justice) takes into C account only the damage [caused], and (it does) not (take into account) the intention [of the one [who caused it(= the damage)]]. observed (that) their sense of justice is also rather primitive since This is why a girl [who breaks three teacups / while helping her mother] would think (that) she deserves more O punishment / than if she were to break just one teacup in anger. This is why if were to-v would[could, might] pioneering[pài ní i\] psychologist[saik l d,ist] career[k rí ] take into account intention[intèn Ân] deserve[dizá; v] complex[k mplèks] unconditional [>nk ndí nâl] conditional prominent[pr min nt] 31 O 2 O 1 69

70 For example, the study notes that emissions reductions [of up to 100%] have been achieved in Brazil and other countries [that use sugarcane / to produce ethanol fuel]. notes that that that use fuel to produce to The main problem is that rainforests are cleared / to grow the palm trees for the oil, / which greatly adds to carbon in the atmosphere. is that to grow which that panel[p nl] sustainable [s stèin bl] management[m nid,m nt] acknowledge that biofuel[báio fjú(;) l] fossil fuel greenhouse gas emission[imí Ân] note[nout] manufacture[m njuf kt ] sugarcane[ Úg kéin] ethanol[è^ n (;)l] production [pr d=k Ân] bio-diesel clear[kli ] carbon[k ; b n] atmosphere[ tm sfì ] cost-efficient climate-friendly geographical[d,ì; gr fikâl] extract A from B 32 Modern schools were born in the Industrial 1 Revolution, / more than 200 years ago, // and were designed / for the purpose [of producing obedient factory workers]. creativity[krì;eitív ti] cf. creative incredibly[inkrèd bli] lead A to-v the Industrial Revolution for the purpose of obedient[o bí;di nt] be based on regulate[règjuléit] perspective[p ; spèktiv] 2 point of viewincompetent [ink ;mpitânt] competent 33 For example Instead ~, and they work to stretch imaginations, (to) open up new horizons, (to) share important knowledge, and (to) build character in students. to and employment[impl im nt] characteristic[k rikt rístik] cf. characterize[k rikt ràiz] politics[p l tiks] suit[su;t] seek[si;k] recognition[rék gní Ân] brand[brænd] diverse[daivá; s] range[reind,] extremely[ikstrí;mli] individual[ìndivíd,u l] stretch[stret ] imagination[im d,inèi Ân] lay the foundation(s) for cf. foundation[faundèi Ân] 34 I I 70 ense Up

71 Digging swiftly in the hot earth, I made a small hole and quickly took a crushed ten-dollar bill from my pocket. Digging sneak into plot[pl t] check to see that rumble[r=mbâl] a streak of yellow crushed[kr< t] slip ~ into 35 Every day we are bombarded by images of celebrities movie stars, models, pop stars, athletes [whose appearances have been carefully groomed] and [who are presented as ideal]. celebrities celebrities If the ideal [you re being force-fed at the moment] doesn t suit you, / open your eyes wider and look around for one [that does]. the ideal doesn t suit one an ideal does suits you bombard[b mb ; d] celebrity[s lèbr ti] groom[gru(;)m] ideal[aidí;âl] media-generated markedly[m ; kidli] force-feed 36 And, as the levels of excellence [required of worldclass performers] / keep rising, // these training routines have to C begin increasingly earlier in childhood. as world-class[wá; ldkl s] trait[treit] motivate A to-v stick to unbelievably[>nb lí;v bli] excellence[èks l ns] require[rikwái ] performer[p f ; m ] routine [ru;tí;n] increasingly[inkrí;si\li] in earnest pressure[prè ] on average cf. average[ vârid,] 37 Tiredness is a useful feeling [that can indicate (that) there is a problem with your body]. O extremely[ikstrí;mli] once in a while light food low in A high in A wholegrain [hóulgréin] digest [daid,èst] generate [d,èn réit] indicate [índikéit] burn[b ; n] crash down see-saw wear out 38 DNA testing this DNA testing 71

72 this better tool a national data bank of DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA fingerprint[fí\g prìnt] sufficient[s fí Ânt] criminal[krím nâl] investigation[invést gèi Ân] wrongfully[r ;\f li] convict[k nvíkt] reliable[rilái bâl] code[koud] 39 silphium A.D. uch was the demand for it that whenever a fresh shipment of it arrived from Cyrene, / people would line up and pay huge prices. (= The demand for it was such that whenever ~.) such that such The ancient Libyan city of Cyrene was famed for silphium, a plant [(that was) highly prized by the ancient Greeks and Romans alike]. A of B A B silphium a plant shipment[ ípm nt] line up Libyan[líbi n] Cyrene[sairí;ni] be famed for highly[háili] prize[praiz] alike[ láik] the ancients flavor[flèiv ] bad breath essential[isèn Âl] component[k mpóun nt] an array of cf. array[ rèi] perfume[p ; fjù;m] make a profit cf. profit[pr fit] tempt A to-v seed[si;d] extinct[ikstí\applet] 40 The results cultural stereotype. A group of psychologists tested the hypothesis that something [as deep as cultural norms] can be affected / by mood swings. the hypothesis that that as as... something Interestingly, an uplifted mood made the subjects more O OC likely to explore values [that aren t typical of their cultural norms]; // the Asians acted with more independence than usual, / while =more independently the Europeans conformed more. while with psychologist[saik l d,ist] hypothesis[haip ^ sis] norm[n ; m] affect[ fèkt] mood swing depressing[diprèsi\] cf. depressed[diprèst] uplifted[<plíftid] subject[s=bd,ékt] typical[típikâl] conform[k nf ; m] daring[d Âri\] break out of stereotype[stèri tàip] indicate that accordingly[ k ; di\li] outlast[àutl st] broaden[br ;dn] think and talk only about what you want 72 ense Up

73 His work [in mathematics and physics] increased 1 human knowledge and human understanding [of the universe] / and laid the groundwork [for modern science]. 2 O2 O1 In its simplest terms, success begins with you exercising your freedom [to take deliberate, systematic control [over your conscious thoughts]]. you exercising By firmly disciplining yourself / to think and talk only about / what you want, / and by refusing to dwell upon things [that you don t want], / you begin your journey [toward the stars]. O by and by v-ing happen to-v philosophy[fil s fi] be sure that moral[m (;)râl] physics[fíziks] lay the groundwork (for A) manage to-v astonishing[ st ni i\] term[t ; m] exercise[èks sàiz] deliberate[dilíb r t] systematic[sìst m tik] conscious[k n Âs] unconsciousfirmly[fá; mli] discipline oneself dwell upon[on] cf. dwell[dwel] noticeable[nóutis bâl] from time to time ~; we need a good compass and map / or we can too easily find O ourselves OC lost. find O OC O OC O OC OC lost elevation[él vèi Ân] peak[pi;k] award[ w ; d] lifelong[láifl (;)\] prestigious[prestíd, s] badge[bæd,] merit[mèrit] passionate[p Ân t] take up 73

74 accomplish[ k mpli ] cf. achievement [ t í;vm nt] exhausted[igz ;stid] triumphant [trai=mf nt] calm down put effort into compass[k=mp s] marked [m ; kt] trail[treil] summit [s=mit] extremely[ikstrí;mli] advanced[ dv nst] proper[pr p ] detailed[dí;teild] topographical[t p gr fikâl] turn out to-v mission[mí Ân] set up camp at dawn campsite[k mpsàit] uphill[=phìl] endure[indδù ] undergrowth [=nd gròu^] design[dizáin] realizable[rí; laiz bl] trial and error 18 It would be wise to consult a career counselor before committing yourself to further education. It to before committing ~ education go nowhere degree[digrí;] assume[ sδù;m] diploma[diplóum ] riches[rít iz] incentive[insèntiv] graduate[gr d,uéit] be wary of+-ing expertise [éksp tí;z] build on existing [igzísti\] end[end] in itself guarantee [g r ntí;] land[get] a job dissatisfaction[diss tisf k Ân] consult[k ns=lt] commit oneself to 19 significant[signífik nt] curator[kδuârèit ] administrative[ædmín stréitiv] cf. administration[ædmìn strèi Ân] staging[stèid,i\] exhibition[éks bí Ân] upkeep[=pkì;p] arena[ rí;n ] free of charge unconvincing[>nk nvínsi\] the latter the former 20 o the trick and confident. And smile enough to show that you feel good, // but (do) not (smile) so much as / (enough) to suggest (that) you re crazy. enough to-v v not so much as as much as suggest proper[pr p ] turn A off 74 ense Up

75 desperate to-v figure that attitude [ titδú;d] at ease relaxed[ril kst] respectful [rispèktfl] arrogance[ r g ns] suggest[s d,èst] tune[tδu;n] 21 First of all, it is strongly recommended that you (should) invest your money in a range of different schemes ~. that should Avoid taking out bank loans, and make sure (that) you repay O the balance on your credit cards on time, / to avoid paying their high interest fees. avoid make sure that to retirement[ritái m nt] ahead[ hèd] in advance invest[invèst] scheme[ski;m] share[ ] real estate bond[b nd] financial[fain n Âl] take out a loan repay[ripèi] balance[b l ns] on time insurance policy ensure[in ù ] cover[k=v ] risky[ríski] for a rainy day 22 Among high-income per year. More than a third of American households own a third of 1 1 guns, // and there is no doubt / that it is the easy access to these guns that s responsible for a great many of the nation s suicides, the number one category of shooting deaths. there is no doubt that that it is that... the easy access to these guns ownership[óun ìp] shooting[ ù;ti\] per[p ; ] household[háushòuld] access to be responsible for a great many suicide[sù;isàid] category[k t g ;ri] outnumber[àutn=mb ] murder[má; d ] accidental[ ksidèntl] combined[k mbáind] self-defense guarantee that seriously[síâri sli] 23 Meetup GMAT take place registration[réd, strèi Ân] meet up grab[græb] nonfiction[n nfík Ân] host[houst] range[reind,] attendee[ téndí;] 24 75

76 challenge[t lind,] waterfall[w ;t f ;l] stream [stri;m] bead[bi;d] drain[drein] digital art artwork[ ; twë; k] committee[k míti] approximately[ pr ks mitli] deadline[dèdlàin] take away entry[èntri] post[poust] be eligible for 25 Birds make up the second largest class in this graph with 37 of the 207 total threatened bird species listed as critically endangered. with listed extinction[ikstí\apple Ân] category[k t g ;ri] vulnerable[v=lnâr bl] endangered[endèind, d] cf. endanger[endèind, ] critically[krítik li] class[klæs] mammal[m mâl] make up amphibian[æmfíbi n] portion[p ; Ân] 26 she and her king ruled Egypt with cruelty Legend has it that she and her king ruled O Egypt with cruelty, // demanding total loyalty from their subjects / and immediately executing anybody who failed to please them. = whoever with with cruelty cruelly demanding executing and anybody who capture[k pt ] imagination [im d,inèi Ân] archaeologist[ ; ki l d,ist] seeker[sí;k ] fortune[f ; t Ân] likely[láikli] enduring[indδùâri\] appeal[ pí;l] air[ ] compared to[with] legend[rumor] has it that cf. legendary[lèd,ândéri] cruelty[krù; lti] loyalty[l i lti] subject[s=bd,ekt] execute[èks kjú;t] fame[feim] consider A (to be) B 27 find to to agree ~ independently hard to it to it Questions have surrounding ~ we think Questions think behave differently name A after B B A A A The hypothesis name was named suggest language ~ thought that Questions [surrounding language and its relation- ship to the way [we think]] have been food for thought / to O philosophers and linguists / for centuries. But apir and Whorf s studies ~ language do suggest that language does at least partially determine O thought. suggest dodoes relationship[rilèi Ân ìp] philosopher[fil s f ] linguist[lí\gwist] hypothesis[haip ^ sis] anthropologist [ n^r p l d,ist] argue that independently [ìndipènd ntli] suggest that partially[p ; li] determine[ditá; min] 76 ense Up

77 28 wettest driest Well, the colder the air is, the less evaporated water it can hold, / and any temperature [lower than 40 degrees below zero] makes it very hard to produce snow. O OC the the and any ~ zeroit to As temperatures rise, / the amount of moisture in the air, and therefore (the amount) of any snow [that might fall], rises. as essentially[isèn li] Antarctica[ænt ; ktik ] 29 moisture[m ist ] it gives genres of painting It is basically and shoes. Originating in ancient cultures, and (being) very popular ~ 17th century, / it gives artists more freedom [to IO DO arrange the elements [that comprise the subject of a work]] / than do(= give) other genres of painting. originate in[from] arrange[ rèind,] element[èlim nt] comprise[k mpráiz] genre[, ;nrâ] incorporate[ink ; p réit] moral[m (;)râl] philosophical[fìl s fikâl] basically[bèisikâli] depict[dipíkt] inanimate[in nim t] animate household [háushòuld] range from A to B twodimensional[tú;dimèn nâl] cf. three-dimensional [^rì;dimèn nâl] barrier[b ri ] mixed[mikst] still life self-portrait cf. portrait[p ; tr t] sculpture[sk=lpt ] abstract[ bstrækt] landscape[l nîskéip] 30 A smile may be an independent reaction, reflecting the amusement [a baby feels] / at the sight of an interesting object. reflecting A smile engage A in B imitation[ìmitèi Ân] individually[ìndivíd,u li] cf. individual[ìndivíd,u l] largely[l ; d,li] independent[ìndipènd nt] companion[k mp nj n] discomfort[disk=mf t] unpleasant[>nplèzânt] genuine[d,ènjuin] sympathy[símp ^i] intellectual[ìnt lèkt uâl] 31 77

78 syndrome[síndroum] portray[p ; trèi] identify[aidènt fài] disgust[disg=st] inability[ìn bíl ti] cf. ability[ bíl ti] be responsible for imply[implái] subconsciously[s<bk n sli] imitate[ímitéit] involuntary[inv l ntéri] reaction[ri; k Ân] 32 collaborate[k l b réit] cf. collaboration[k l b rèi Ân] collaborative[k l b r tiv] effective[ifèktiv] in charge challenge[t lind,] furiously[fjùâri sli] chair[t ] diversity[divá; s ti] counsel[káunsâl] unity[jù;n ti] assume[ sù;m] distribute[distríbju;t] evenly[í;vânli] at one s own pace 33 However Nevertheless In short It was always such a delightful thing, to open the envelope or turn over the card, and slowly read the words [someone had written to you, in ink, by hand]. It to open ~ by hand to to open ~ the card (to) slowly read ~ by hand and someone had ~ by hand the words In short, the more technology develops, the more we miss the personal touch. the the diverse[daivá; s] advance[ dv ns] instant messaging social networking site let go of 34 thick and gray, swollen, threatening to knock you over, growl They(= The small rocks) make it(= the water) so thick and gray (that) you can t tell whether your next step is going to be a few inches deep or a few feet. so ~ that you that whether ~ or tell glacier[glèi ] rocky[r ki] swollen [swóulân] current[ká;r nt] downstream[dáunstrí;m] by degrees knock over weird[wi d] ense Up

79 stand out survey[s vèi] define A as B tight-knit attachment[ t t m nt] buddy[b=di] connection [k nèk Ân] lasting[l sti\] cite[sait] 36 It registered 8.8 on the Richter scale, which (NAA claims) is strong enough to push earth off its axis. Itone of the world s biggest-ever earthquakes which 8.8 on the Richter scale NAA claims Chile is a well-functioning modern democracy [whose wealth and laws guarantee / that buildings are constructed / to withstand disasters]. register[rèd, st ] claim[kleim] push A off B axis[ ksis] considering[k nsídâri\] death toll overpopulation[òuv p pjulèi Ân] wellfunctioning[wèlf=\apple ni\] guarantee[g r ntí;] construct[k nstr=kt] withstand[wi"st nd] desperately[dèspâritli] corrupt[k r=pt] substandard[s>bst nd d] 37 their their The rules of grammar are constantly changing, and that [which is correct today] may be hopelessly out of date in just a few years ~. and which ~ today that that The rules of grammar constantly[k nstântli] hopelessly[hóupl sli] out of date meet[mi;t] obvious [ bvi s] pronoun[próunàun] singular[sí\gj l ] gender[d,ènd ] acceptance[ ksèptâns] standard[st nd d] 38 this general assumption the bird s a mere bird the Western scrub jay C2 1 79

80 Despite this general assumption that animals aren t smart / and don t think like we do, // a recent study suggests / that human beings may not be the only animals [that plan for the future]. that this general assumption that suggests that animals migrate[máigreit] hibernate[háib néit] in advance of famine[f min] merely[mí li] cf. mere[mi ] instinctive[instí\appletiv] cf. instinct[ínsti\applet] colleague[k li;g] be convinced that assumption[ s=mø Ân] handy[h ndi] scarce[sk s] 39 (a robot that can move freely ~ being developed) fetch[fet ] voice-operated the disabled the handicappeddesktop[dèskt p] chore[t ; ] stand still 40 With five minutes of class remaining, the teacher asks you to write a short paragraph [explaining what causes O O.C tides]. With It not only keeps them awake, but (also), while they re writing, they re doing a very active form of thinking. not only ~ but (also) while they re writing tide[taid] awake[ wèik] Whether they re items [that belonged to a family member [who has died]], gifts from a school sweetheart, or things [(that) we loved to ~ kids], ~. be are items ~, gifts ~, things ~ or let go of sweetheart[swí;th ; t] take up dust[d<st] miniaturize[mín t ràiz] get rid of hold onto set aside permanent[pá; m n nt] reminder [rimáind ] downsize[dáunsàiz] restore[rist ; ] uselessness[jù;slisnis] sentimental[séntimèntl] regain[rigèin] 80 ense Up

81 43-45 Now let me tell you about a man someone else everal years ago, I heard a very successful financial O expert explain that ~. OC hear hear, see, watch, notice ery simply, having a large savings allowed him to pursue O OC his dreams and any interesting opportunities [that came along]. having allow A to-v A v financial[f in n Âl] prior to sacrifice [s kr fàis] discipline[dís plin] saving[sèivi\] end up v-ing fortune[f ; t Ân] decade[dèkeid] paycheck[pèit ék] dismiss[dismís] start-up company virtually[vá; t u li] decline[dikláin] risky[ríski] promising[pr misi\] relatively[rèl tivli] initial[iní Âl] stock[st k] venture[vènt ] time off drawback[dr ;b k] steady[stèdi] 81

82 18 However due to poverty[p v ti] better off talented[t l ntid] go right make the best of 19 but continued are made Dieters are sometimes convinced that they have C to say goodbye / to all the foods [they love] // if they ever hope O to reach their ideal weight. Thus (being) convinced, / they try to willpower = Thus they are convinced (that), themselves through day after miserable day, / struggling not to O = as they struggle not to~ give in to temptation. Thus convinced struggling temptation they try to willpower willpower dieter[dái t ] cf. diet be convinced that say goodbye to ideal[aidí;âl] willpower[wílpau ] day after day miserable[mízâr bâl] give in to extreme[ikstrí;m] denial[dináiâl] self-defeating be certain to-v thankfully[^ \kf li] painful [pèinf l] lose weight slight[slait] modification [m difikèi Ân] stick with cf. stick[stik] for life approach [ próut ] 20 Clearly, advertisements [for potentially harmful products [that have become so popular / among young women / for fat reduction and body shaping]] should be regulated by law. There is surely a need [for government authorities to categorize slimming substances as drugs / rather than as foodstuffs or cosmetics] / to ensure that they(= slimming substances) undergo proper clinical trials. a need to to categorize cosmetics for government authorities to ensure slimming[slími\] legislation[léd,islèi Ân] substance[s=bstâns] regulate[règjuléit] manufacturer[m njuf kt r ] warning[w ; ni\] side effect surely[ ù li] authority[ ^ ;r ti] categorize[classify] A as B A rather than B foodstuff[fù;dst>f] cosmetics[k zmètiks] ensure that undergo[>nd góu] proper[pr p ] appropriateclinical trial reclassify[ri;kl sifài] cf. classification[kl sifikèi Ân] 82 ense Up

83 21 assess[ sès] cf. assessment[ sèsm nt] pinpoint [pínp int] at a time brainstorm [brèinst ; m] consistently [k nsíst ntli] disorganized[dis ; g nàizd] overbook[òuv bùk] at the last minute take note of give A credit for B inspection[inspèk Ân] 22 But the study was disproved / when it was revealed that the rats had received doses of saccharin [equal to humans drinking 100 cans of diet soda every day for their entire lives]. when it that equal to ~ entire lives doses of saccharin equal to to drinking humans drinking artificial[ ; tifí Âl] sweetener[swí;tn ] too good to be true indigestible[ìndid,èst bâl] absorb[ bz ; b] convert[k nvá; t] tooth decay widespread[wáidspréd] disprove [disprù;v] dose[dous] misconception[mìsk nsèp Ân] 23 teven teven teven Each year, teven alumni athletes gather for our annual Alumni Games, reviving athletic skills from the days = and they revive when they proudly wore the teven green and white. reviving alumni[ l=mnai] alumnus annual[ njuâl] revive[riváiv] pirate[páiâr t] stop by sportswear[sp ; tsw ] 24 MIC MIC MIC MIC MIC mic.eure@ .com Organized by MIC undergraduate students, it has 83

84 been held almost every year at the MIC University since Organized ~ students it(=the MIC University Mathematics Tournament) has been held undergraduate[>nd gr d,uit] Algebra [ ld, br ] Geometry[d,i; m tri] registration [réd, strèi Ân] deadline [dèdlàin] comment[k m nt] 25 GDP G7 GDP GDP G7 G7 Growth in ~ in 2001, after which it has remained below 5%. whichgrowth in in 2001 Gross Domestic Product(GDP) cf. gross[grous] domestic[d mèstik] gradually[gr d,u li] recover[rik=v ] cf. recovery economic[ì;k n mik] downturn[dáuntë; n] excluding[iksklù;di\] definite[dèf nit] indication[ìndikèi Ân] upward[=pw d] negative[nèg tiv] positive[p z tiv] throughout[^ru;áut] 26 Exercisefind helpful. AD The condition, / sometimes (which is) referred to as the winter blues, / is distinguished mainly by its relationship / to the seasonal reduction in daylight hours. The symptoms are the same as (the symptoms) for depression: ~. AD the symptoms Exercise, especially, is [ O what most AD sufferers find C OC helpful]. what the thing which find find O OC O OC reduce[ridδù;s] cf. reduction[rid=k Ân] affective disorder cf. affective[ fèktiv] suffering[s=fâri\] cf. sufferer [s=fâr ] expert[èksp ; t] recognize [rèk gnàiz] symptom[símøt m] make an appearance refer to A as B distinguish [distí\gwi ] mainly[mèinli] depression[diprè Ân] respond to treatment[trí;tm nt] 27 insist that should that integrating math works is about students The traditional idea the alternative view that insist concerned the teachers encourage O to-v EL But recent international conferences and studies [involving education experts and experienced teachers] have promoted the alternative view that the integration [of science, O math, and language studies] can strengthen O a student s overall progress and performance. the alternative view that In fact, many of the teachers [concerned] insist that integrating English-language instruction with science and math definitely works for the students in their classrooms. proficient[pr fí Ânt] conference[k nfâr ns] alternative[ ;ltá; n tiv] integration[ìnt grèi Ân] cf. integrate A with B strengthen[strè\^ân] overall[óuv r ;l] performance[p f ; m ns] insist that instruction[instr=k Ân] definitely[dèf nitli] available[ vèil bl] encourage A to-v adopt[ d pt] acquisition[ kwizí Ân] 84 ense Up

85 28 respectfully respectively respectively attribute A to B be attributed to contribute A to B e.g. They contribute their own time to the project. overpower overprotect overpowered The report stated that the Internet is rapidly replacing the conventional news media and (stated) that, in Korea, it has long ~ traditional newspapers. that and stated keen[ki;n] reference[rèfâr ns] according to lead[li;d] well-established connectivity[k nektív ti] rank[ræ\k] replace[riplèis] conventional[k nvèn nâl] 29 messenger[mèsind, ] swallow[sw lou] beak[bi;k] fall asleep exhausted[igz ;stid] hop[h p] place[pleis] remark [rim ; k] 30 Mothers and fathers took it very seriously that children even infants (should) be absolutely obedient. take A seriously A it that that should be Evidence [from many different sources] tells us that IO DO cruel and violent punishment of children was not at all C unusual. parenting[pèr nti\] to say the least obedient[o bí;di nt] command A to-v will[wil] spare[spe ] rod[r d] spoil[sp il] priest[pri;st] insufficient[ìns fí Ânt] sufficientsin[sin] in the eyes of cruel [krù; l] violent[vái l nt] comfort[k=mf t] vast[væst] tender[tènd ] ineffective[ìnifèktiv] unstable[>nstèibâl] 31 The researchers harm you. 85

86 Believe it or not, it seems that taking a shower might not always be good for you. C it seems that not always The researchers also said O that, // in showers [that have the bacteria], / the first sprays of water [coming out of the shower] are most likely to harm you. C The shower acts like an aerosol, / spraying the bacteria = as the shower sprays ~ into the air, / which means that our daily shower may not be C the clean-and-healthy necessity [that we like to think it is]. spraying the air which believe it or not researcher[risá; t ] bacteria[bæktíâri ] spray[sprei] be likely to-v aerosol[ Âr s ;l] daily[dèili] necessity[n sès ti] lung[l<\] following[f loui\] run[r<n] 32 In other words it s being brighter light Wisdom is the ability [to see what s right / without having to think about what makes O it OC right]. the ability to see to without about what wisdom[wízd m] accurately[ kjur tli] aspect[ spekt] spontaneity[sp nt nèi ti] creativity[krì;eitív ti] intuition [ìntδuí Ân] pioneering[pài ní ri\] psychologist [saik l d,ist] philosopher[fil s f ] define A as B in a different[new] light fixed[fikst] habitual[h bít l] non-habitualpattern[p t n] exist[igzíst] logic[l d,ik] be aware of ignorance[ígnâr ns] come up with 33 peer pressure Furthermore, / refusing to resist it(= peer pressure) leads to a loss of individuality. leads peer pressure tobacco [t b kou] addict[ dikt] get[be] hooked disgusting[disg=sti\] first-timer powerful[páu f l] literally[lítâr li] ruin[rù;in] give in to resist[rizíst] individuality[ìndivid,u l ti] follow A around 34 Every day at 5 p.m., instead of playing with our M1 fourth- and fifth-grade friends / or sneaking out to the empty lot / to hunt ghosts and animal bones, my brother and I had to go to Chinese school. M2 86 ense Up

87 instead of my brother and I sneak out lot[l t] plead[pli;d] heritage[hèritid,] hilly[híli] tearful[tí f l] stern[stá; n] principal[príns pâl] rock[r k] horrifying[h ;r fàii\] 35 tudies have shown / that the increased blood supply to the brain [which occurs during vigorous activity] / improves our memories as well as our level of fitness. which that B as well as A not only A but also B tress makes our bodies produce a hormone [called O C cortisol], which is harmful to brain cells and thus (is harmful) to memory. make OC a hormone called cortisol Acute stress, / which is the kind (of stress) [(that) you feel / before doing a bungee jump], / actually boosts your immune system. which the kind (of stress) before loss[l (;)s] unavoidable[>n v id bâl] aging[èid,i\] dwindle[dwíndl] vigorous[vígâr s] fitness[fítn s] at any cost cell[sel] acute[ kjù;t] boost[bu;st] immune system meditation[méditèi Ân] capacity[k p s ti] 36 paint a picture of go through encourage A to-v aspect[ spekt] exhausted[igz ;stid] tend to-v mindless[máindlis] convince A that feed on stressed out stressed 37 In regions [where winters bring lots of snow], // for instance, / many animals turn pure white in winter, and grow 1 C1 2 darker coats or feathers in spring, / to match their changing surroundings. turn becomegetgrow and grow to overall[óuv r ;l] coloring[k=l ri\] cell[sel] fur[f ; ] cf. coat[kout] pattern[p t n] adapt to surroundings[s ráundi\z] so as to-v predator[prèd t ] outer[áut ] seasonally[sí;zân li] region[rí;d,ân] pure[pju ] 38 O2 87

88 seeing the whole as a shape in itself drawing the square filling ~ the square When artists draw the human body, / one of the challenges [they face] is seeing the whole as a shape in itself. C one of is seeing For example, you might have a model [who is rather large and short] someone [whose basic form appears to be more like a square / than like anything else]. a model someone who whose face[feis] see A as B in[of] itself in proportion balanced[b l nst] collection[k lèk Ân] drawing[dr ;i\] subject[s=bd,ikt] overall[óuv r ;l] 39 one master list kitchen K bathroom BTH BTH1 BTH2 BTH3 With a thick magic marker, / label each box on all four sides with the room [it goes in] / and this will save you the trouble [of checking O where it goes]. DO2 1 O1 2 2 IO2 alternatively[ ;ltá; n tivli] manage[m nid,] master list cf. list set up keep track of label A with B annoying[ n ii\] assign[ sáin] note[nout] read[ri;d] electrical[ilèktrikl] 40 And she saw Dad hiding chocolates in the yard the ones [he pretended were reindeer poo!] = he pretended (that) the ones were ~. see O OC OC v v-ing v-ing creep[kri;p] writing[ráiti\] reindeer[rèindì ] poo[pu;] knowing[nóui\] wrapping paper make-believe renew[rinδù;] detail[dí;teil] undermine [>nd máin] But the emergency lane I think the best bad things happen. 88 ense Up

89 In a way, they treat everything [that happens] / as if it were front-page news. as if treat The reason [(why) the emergency lane is so bad] is that it s C all about stress and urgent needs. Consider for a moment just how silly and pointless / it is O to be so upset so much of the time. consider how lane[lein] stay away from emergency[imá; d, nsi] cf. in case of (an) emergency treat A as B virtually[vá; t u li] critical[krítikâl] potential[p tèn Âl] perspective[p ; spèktiv] anxious to-v in a way urgent[á; d,ânt] pointless[p intlis] appreciate[ prí; iéit] cut off in traffic mess up all the time free A from B a great deal of frustration[fr<strèi Ân] hesitate[hèzitéit] When you want have your gift. philosopher[fil s f ] renowned[rináund] throughout[^ru;áut] counsel[káunsâl] acquire[ kwái ] captive[k ptiv] release[rilí;s] choke[t ouk] gasp for air[breath] determine to-v revenge[rivènd,] stumble[st=mbâl] tearfully[tí rfli] admit[ dmít] comforting[k=mf ti\] take A by the hand obediently[o bí;di ntli] wade[weid] with all one s might 89

90 18 In addition, some parents claim / that only academic subjects (should) be included in a school s curriculum. that suggest, request, demand, claim, insist, order that should pose[pouz] junk food fitness[fítnis] qualified[kw l fàid] downplay[dáunpléi] resource[rí;s ; s] pl. pl. 19 Competing to impress your parents, teachers, peers, co-workers, or anybody else / will be ultimately unrewarding. Competing ~ anybody else to impress to If you start with a strong belief / in what you can do [that depends on no one else s mind], / you will have a much easier time / tolerating those [for whom nothing is enough]. what you can do in that a strong belief have a easy[hard] time ing tolerating those peer[pí ] unrewarding[=nriw ; di\] conform to ideal[aidí;âl] accomplishment[ k mpli m nt] approval[ prù;v l] tolerate[t lâréit] firm[f ; m] self-esteem share[ ] 20 The important thing get better at! The important thing is to pay attention to whatever it is [you are practicing], / because that s what you ll get better at! whatever to because what is unstoppable[>nst p bâl] follow[f lou] scorer[sk ;r ] foul shot 90 ense Up

91 free throw cf. foul[faul] defender [difènd ] cf. defend deliberately[dilíb r tli] apparently[ p r ntli] over and over improve[imprù;v] badly[b dli] in itself reinforce[rì;inf ; s] permanent [pá; m n nt] pay attention to weakness[wí;knis] justify[d,=stifài] 21 In its original and purposes. These days essay means any relatively short piece of writing [that has O the purpose of informing, persuading, or entertaining its reader]. that [ ] of or its reader informing, persuadingentertaining Loosely understood in this way, / the form admits much variety in subject, purpose, tone, and style. Loosely understood the form original[ ríd, nâl] usage[jù;sid,] prose[prouz] characterize[k r kt ràiz] personality[pë; sân l ti] cover[k=v ] define[difáin] precisely[prisáisli] there is no need to-v narrowly[n rouli] restrict[ristríkt] inform[inf ; m] entertain[ént tèin] loosely [lù;sli] admit[ dmít] variety[v rái ti] tone[toun] format[f ; mæt] 22 o, make a list of the ideas, experiences, and skills [that you would like others to know (that) you have]. that to know you have the ideas, experiences, and skills to know you have that Among good reasons for fighting shyness, / perhaps the best is giving others a chance [to know / how special you are]. (the best) (is) (giving ~ you are) resolve[riz lv] no less ~ than... in advance self-conscious perceive [p sí;v] reward[riw ; d] 23 Actors in Action Parker Actors in Action to support the drama program and actors here at our school, The purpose of the club is to share information about various drama related events, and to have a place for theater enthusiasts here to meet and share! to support, to share, to have and enthusiast[en^ù;zi st] enroll[enróul] due[dδu;] annual[ njuâl] benefit[bèn fìt] 91

92 24 The Green Fitness Aquatics The Green Fitness Aquatics Lake A full range of swim lessons [for children and adults], classes and open swim hours mean that you can add a O number of water activities / to your family s health and fitness plan. and that mean add A to BA B aquatic[ kw tik] a full range of reserve[rizá; v] certified[sá; t fàid] lifeguard[láifg ; d] on duty therapy[^èr pi] 25 immigrant[ímigr nt] infrastructure [ínfr str>kt ] category[k t g ;ri] 26 memorial[m m ;ri l] monumental[m njumèntl] carving[k ; vi\] cf. carve[k ; v] height[hait] catch the sun symbolize[símbâlàiz] independence[ìndipènd ns] permanent[pá; m n nt] union[jù;ní n] delay[dilèi] lack[læk] funding[f=ndi\] foreign-born citizens permit have been permitted a number of are marry marry which that sound sound Korean genuinely Of them, / 81 were C women, most of whom O migrated to Korea and married Koreans, said court officials. Of them, ~ Koreans said 81 of them were women of them whom of women Other very common names [such as Lee, Park, and Choi] followed, which may indicate a general preference for having a name [that sounds genuinely Korean]. 92 ense Up

93 which Other ~ followed adopt[ d pt] surname[sá; néim] preference[prèfâr ns] migrate to official[ fí Âl] indicate[índikéit] genuinely[d,ènjuinli] 28 independent dependent They argued that because polar bears have evolved to survive as top predators / in the wilds [of the Arctic], // it is C wrong for human beings to raise Knut as their baby. that argued it to for human beings to polar bear to do with zookeeper[zù;kì;p ] raise[reiz] by oneself activist [ ktivist] concerned that domestic[d mèstik] predator[prèd t ] evolve[iv lv] the wilds of the Arctic 29 tigers laws Now the number of them has fallen / to fewer than 3,000, ~ the number of The organization warns that they will be extinct in the O wild by 2022 unless immediate action is taken [to save these extremely endangered animals]. that unless immediate action to What we need now is for them to be strictly enforced. C What to them at least wildlife[wáildlàif] organization[ ; g nizèi Ân] immediate[imí;di t] action[ k Ân] extremely [ikstrí;mli] endangered[indèind, d] in the name of engage in extermination [ikstë; minèi Ân] campaign against under pressure (from) consistently[k nsístântli] enforce[inf ; s] protection[pr tèk Ân] illegal[ilí;gâl] legal conservationist[k ns ; vèi Ânist] cf. conservation[k ns ; vèi Ân] skeptical[skèptikâl] adequate[ dikw t] strictly[stríktli] 30 People buy a robotic vacuum cleaner because they think it will save them time and energy or because they think it s fashionable to own one. it a robotic vacuum cleaner it to own one robotic[roub tik] vacuum cleaner feature[fí;t ] patrol[p tróul] detect[ditèkt] inspect[inspèkt] command[k m nd] security guard 31 93

94 irtual Reality (R) is a technology [that allows you to look at, (to) listen to, and (to) move around inside a computer world [(which is) every bit as fantastic as the wildest reality]]. that a technology that allow A to-v A v to and channel[t nl] virtual[vá; t u l] cf. virtual reality every bit wild[waild] eliminate[ilíminéit] threedimensional cf. dimension[dimèn Ân] goggles[g gâlz] wired[wái d] miniature[mín t ] measure[mè, ] accurately[ kj r tli] 32 omething [every sports fan knows] is that the game C is rarely over, / even when the majority think it is (over). defeat[difít] field goal lead to incredibly[inkrèd bli] uper Bowl continuous[k ntínju s] opponent[ póun nt] 33 for example In contrast to Each culture has its own rules [governing how, when, and where to display emotions]. governing its own rules to to govern[g=v n] display[displèi] instruction[instr=k Ân] conceal[k nsí;l] in the presence of stand-offishness cf. offish[ ;fi ] literally[lítâr li] embrace[imbrèis] 34 Yukon Day had broken cold and gray, exceedingly cold and gray, when the man turned aside from the main Yukon trail, the path he had been following, and climbed the high earth-bank, where a smaller trail led eastward through the forest. when, where and then, and there exceedingly[iksí;di\li] turn aside earth-bank subtle[s=tl] gloom[glu;m] absence[ bsâns] gloomy[glù;mi] ense Up

95 ~, visitors [from English-speaking countries] may find themselves in trouble / if they aren t aware that it s not polite to give no as an answer. it to aware that unless[ nlès] if notfluent in convey[k nvèi] disagreement [dìs grí;m nt] proper[pr p ] translation[trænslèi Ân] tone[toun] misunderstand[mìs<nd st nd] aside from regional[rí;d, nâl] presume that cf. presume[prizù;m] positive[p z tiv] 36 perfume[pá; fju;m] ingredient[ingrí;di nt] no more than onlyprice tag packaging[p kid,i\] definitely[dèf nitli] brand-name blending [blendi\] fragrance[frèigr ns] pure[pju ] essence [èsâns] preservative[prizá; v tiv] 37 However acidity[ síd ti] cf. acidic[ sídik] neutralize[nδù;tr làiz] release[rilí;s] substance[s=bstâns] toxic[t ksik] rob A of B nutrient[nδù;tri nt] essential[isèn Âl] absorb[ bs ; b] stop A from v- ing contrary to misconception[mìsk nsèp Ân] eventually[ivènt u li] corrode[k róud] process[pr ses] do damage fastacting 38 However (grade inflation) This refers to the tendency of professors [to overevaluate students work and consequently to assign grades higher than the work deserves]. and the tendency whereas[ w Âr z] inaccurate[in kj rit] flawed[fl ;d] increasingly[inkrí;si\li] inflation [inflèi Ân] refer to tendency [tènd nsi] over-evaluate assign[ sáin] deserve[dizá; v] 39 Aside from this Therefore 95

96 Aside from this, / there are no rules on O how to conduct correctly, which is why so many different conducting styles exist. which aside from conduct[k nd=kt] cf. conductor[k nd=kt ] exist[igzíst] choir[kwái ] cf. choral[k ;râl] orchestra[ ; k str ] rely on basically[bèisikâli] instruction[instr=k Ân] precise[prisáis] meaningful[mí;ni\f l] distinction between A and B typically[típikâli] baton[b t n] indicate[índikéit] convey[k nvèi] expressively[iksprèsivli] emotional[imóu nâl] tone[toun] musical[mjù;zikâl] 40 There must have been confusion and distress, ~. must have p.p. set out expedition[éksp dí Ân] trial[tráiâl] mitten[mítân] considerate[k nsídâr t] cf. considerable[k nsídâr bâl] consideration [k nsìd rèi Ân] witness[wítnis] miraculous[mir kj l s] Chilean[t íli n] copper[k p ] appoint[ p int] confusion [k nfjù;,ân] distress[distrès] emphasis[èmf sis] adventurous[ dvènt Âr s] aggresive[ grèsiv] altruism[ ltruìzâm] egoism experimental [ikspérimèntl] cooperation[kou p rèi Ân] The farmer saved him from what would surely have been a horrible death. if had p.p. would have p.p. Inside the carriage was a nobleman [dressed in the finest of clothes], ~. struggle to-v feed[fi;d] (fed-fed) labor[lèib ] in the distance desperately[dèspâr tli] carriage[k rid,] nobleman[nóubâlm n] drown[draun] ensure (that) discoverer[disk=v r ] stable[stèibl] prevention[privèn Ân] spare[sp ] rod[r d] spoil[sp il] deserve[dizá; v] ense Up

97 It was only after four days with them, // after the train had finally arrived, // that I began to share the students ability to ignore timetables and clocks. It was[is] ~ that... only after four days with them It was that depart for be supposed to-v bound[baund] ridiculous[ridíkj l s] tap[tæp] platform[pl tf ; m] trivial[trívi l] regarding[rig ; di\] 97

98 18 worth v-ing strive for besides [bisáidz] packet[p kit] poll[poul] productive[pr d=ktiv] rank A as B flexible [flèks bâl] 19 It has been taken for granted / that police are allowed to check ID, ~. take it for granted that It that resident[rèzidânt] registration[réd,istrèi Ân] require A to-v cf. demand[dim nd] authorize A to-v criminal investigation criteria[kraitíri ] selection[silèk Ân] suspect[sáspekt] [s spèkt] claim to-v distinguish[distí\gwi ] immigrant [ímigr nt] influence[ínflu ns] dialect [dái lékt] take it for granted that unavoidably [>n v id bli] rely on racial[rèi l] target [t ; git] in this respect courteous [ká; ti s] 20 Pursuing happiness you ll ever do. Consider O how much time and energy many people devote to their bodies, / whether it s going to the gym, jogging, kickboxing, or yoga; ~. how how bodies consider whether truly[trù;li] substantial[s bst n Âl] expert[èksp ; t] profession[pr fè Ân] make an effort not many only a fewapply A to B emotional[imóu nâl] short-lived New Year s resolution cf. resolution[réz lù; Ân] devote A to B approach[ próut ] work[w ; k] rewarding[riw ; di\] ense Up

99 Half of the respondents said (that) they regularly can t board a train [that they have waited for ] // because the O train is already too full / when it arrives. that said survey[s vèi] customer[k=st m ] capital[k pitl] respondent[risp nd nt] mentally[mènt li] overcrowding[òuv kráudi\] cf. overcrowded regularly[règjul li] square meter pack[pæk] abnormal[æbn ; mâl] highly[háili] unpleasant[>nplèzânt] technical[tèknikâl] public transportation 22 ~: it cuts down on paper and ink production, / so you can reduce harm to the environment / as you keep yourself O up-to-date and well-read. C so as as keep OC CR video cassette recorder scarce[sk s] evolve[iv lv] text[tekst] e-book reader in one cut down on up-to-date well-read paperback [pèip b k] 23 FA (FA) All required information must be provided // and your Entry/Abstract (must be) received / on or before April 1st this year. and received must be scholarship[sk l ìp] innovative[íno véitiv] laboratory[l bâr t ;ri] equipment[ikwípm nt] entry[èntri] abstract[æbstr kt] statement [stèitm nt] summarize[s=m ràiz] description[diskríp Ân] fee[fi;] confirmation[k nf mèi Ân] receipt[risí;t] approval[ prù;v l] refer to award[ w ; d] eligibility[élid, bíl ti] current[ká;r nt] academic [ k dèmik] individually[ìnd víd,u li] maximum[m ks m m] 24 life cycle sibling[síbli\] sack lunch outdoor[áutd ; ] departure[dip ; t ] in time 99

100 25 OECD OECD OECD Finland was the best performer overall among the three nations, / being the only one [to score 560 in every subject]. being and it was the only one performance[p f ; m ns] cf. performer mean[mi;n] assessment[ sèsm nt] overall[òuv r ;l] surpass[s p s] 26 classified ads The classifieds are club activities, and dating. struggle to-v badly[b dli] partly [p ; tli] meet[mi;t] other than classified ads the classifieds notice[nóutis] place[pleis] individual [ìndivíd,u l] secondhand[sèk ndh nd] garage sale 27 We deprive deprived of by amount recommend p.p. much less only OECD Only recently have health professionals begun to take our lack of sleep seriously. well-being expert[èksp ; t] depression[diprè Ân] strengthen[strè\^ân] immune system in general professional[pr fè nâl] take A seriously lack[læk] pressure[prè ] compete[k mpí;t] productivity[pròud<ktív ti] 28 the first television the ceremony took part took place Today, the awards are decided / by the votes [of around 6,000 Academy members, of which actors constitute the largest group]. the votes of which around 6,000 Academy members annual[ njuâl] promote[pr móut] start out award[ w ; d] be known as manshaped present[prizènt] broadcast [br ;dk st] take part throughout[^ru;áut] constitute[k nstitδú;t] ense Up

101 ~ he was on the edge of death / when flight attendants handed a laptop-sized machine to the doctor. O when when e.g. He was beginning to recover when he had another attack. It turned out that ~ an in-flight defibrillator, which had been introduced on American flights just two days earlier. had been introduced had been p.p. recognize[rèk gnàiz] irregularly[irègjul li] critical[krítikâl] on the edge of flight attendant electric shock turn out that in-flight 30 art something that was planned deliberately art artfulartisanartistic effortarrangement They all support the idea that there s a difference between a rock [(that) you happen to sit on in a forest], and a rock [that you carry out ~ other rocks / to create a circle of seats]. the idea that that difference between A and B a rock a rock literally[lítâr li] production[pr d=k Ân] cf. product[pr d kt] related (to) contain [k ntèin] dictionary definition arrangement [ rèind,m nt] cf. arrange[ rèind,] latter [l t ] deliberately[dilíb r tli] assemble [ sèmbâl] have much[nothing] to do with creativity[krì;eitív ti] intention [intèn Ân] 31 ludlings finger, dog inger-fay, og-day ludlings -ay finger inger-fay dog og-day rhyme[raim] key[ki;] A is disguised as B cf. disguise[disgáiz] and so on and so forthdistort[dist ; t] original [ ríd, nâl] existing[igzísti\] 32 Wherever this smaller families. Also, many very poor people believe O that the more children they have, the more likely it is that at least one child will survive / to care for the parents in their old age. believe thatthe the that to care for to victim[víktim] the other way around oppositelack[læk] primitive[prím tiv] cultural[k=lt Âr l] birth control at least care for reduce[ridδù;s] lower[lóu ]poverty 101

102 [p v ti] provide A for B health care control over combat[k mbæt] superstition[sú;p stí Ân] upgrade[=pgréid] birthrate[bá; ^reit] hidden[hídn] 33 however Plus More money must be spent / to make O our cities sidewalks and street crossings OC safe and completely accessible to the disabled. to make O OC O OC OOC and severe[siví ] disability[dìs bíl ti] cf. the disabled disabled peoplecompletely[k mplí;tli] exclude A from B attempt to-v accessible to pedestrian[p dèstri n] sidewalk[sáidw ;k] universal[jú;nivá; sâl] biological[bài l d,ik l] be entitled to(-v) dignity[dígn ti] 34 I I would not take initiative stand up for what I wanted. would what corporation[k ; p rèi Ân] intense[intèns] competition[k mp tí Ân] initiative[iní tiv] stand up intimidate[intím déit] workforce[wá; kf ; s] timid[tímid] 35 Fast-food restaurants are spreading everywhere // and so, / it seems, / are our waistlines. so waistline[wèistlàin] weed[wi;d] it s no wonder that weight loss be sure to-v ad advertisement[ dvá; tism nt]infomercial[ìnf umá; Âl] information commercial overnight[òuv náit] treadmill[trèdmìl] permanent[pá; m n nt] 36 (use) (utilize)(pay) (remuneration) (say again) (reiterate) fancy[f nsi] utilize[jù;tâlàiz] remuneration[rimjú;n rèi Ân] reiterate[ri;ít réit] intellect[ínt lékt] superior[s píâri ] command[k m nd] cf. have a good command of A get A across idiot [ídi t] ense Up

103 37 the beauty products ~, mercury, another deadly substance, was an ingredient of rouge, widely used by women to redden their lips C and cheeks. used rouge treatment[trí;tm nt] preparation[prép rèi Ân] historically[hist rikli] contain[k ntèin] sunscreen [s=nskrì;n] clay[klei] fashionable[f Ân bâl] whiten[ wáitn] lead[li;d] mercury[má; kjuri] deadly[dèdli] substance[s=bstâns] ingredient[ingrí;di nt] rouge[ru;,] widely[wáidli] redden[rèdn] 38 They found // that, while the effects of fire vary in O different ecosystems, / some general principles apply. found that <while while wildfire[wáildfài ] acre[èik ] ecosystem[í;kousìst m] phenomenon[fin m n n] critical [krítikâl] patch[pæt ] re-seed[rì;sí;d] principle[príns pl] depending on mosaic [mo zèiik] untouched[>nt=t t] regenerate [rid,èn réit] fireweed[fái wì;d] thrive[^ráiv] 39 It s easy to drink. Many people find themselves overeating and O OC drinking / to cope with their feelings. OC urrounded by all this, / people can t help but feel under pressure.(= Because they are surrounded by all this, ~) people urrounded It s easy to do / when there s all that holiday food [to eat] and all those holiday drinks [to drink]. It overeat[òuv í;t] cope with associate A with B sharp[ ; p] seek[si;k] depression[diprè Ân] be related to intensify[intènsifài] the elderly chaos[kèi s] cannot help but v cannot help v-ingunder pressure 40 dissatisfied neglect neglect ignore dissatisfied discontented 103

104 ~, only 53.9 percent of Korean children [from the 4th grade to the 12th grade] feel C satisfied and happy, which is the lowest level / in the OECD. The well-being [of Korean children] has been ignored / as they are forced to do better at school, which makes O most of them OC feel discontented with their lives. which survey[s ;rvei: s ; vèi] reveal[riví;l] cause A to-v dissatisfied[diss tisfàid] satisfied for one thing neglect[niglèkt] ignore[ign ; ]in particular especiallyphysically[fízik li] totally[tóut li] unfulfilled[>nfulfíld] compete for well-being force A to-v disrespect[dìsrispèkt] secure[sikjù ] discontented[dìsk ntèntid] contented It s not that that s hurting us. dissatisfied The trick longing to have it. more isn t better It s the unceasing desire [for more and more] that s hurting us. It is[was] that... Then they started thinking (that) they should have bought a bigger house in a better area, ~. should have p.p. opportunity[ p tδù;n ti] on record in itself unceasing[>nsí;si\] eat into appreciate [ prí; iéit] blessing[blèsi\] settle in stop A from v-ing tendency[tènd nsi] convince[k nvíns] longing to-v spend v-ing make a decision to-v conscious[k n Âs] latter[l t ] strategy [str t d,i] infinitely[ínfinitli] fulfilling[fulfíli\] advanced[ dv nst] dissatisfied [diss tisfàid] unsatisfiedneed[ni;d] the Tongue the Belly Menenius Agrippa 104 ense Up

105 (Being) Unable to collect the money necessary for running the state, and fearing the unrest would spread, / the enate sent ~. the enate and Each of you, said he, must surely understand / that O O everything [you send to me] I immediately 1 convert to your needs, and 2 distribute / throughout our Body / for the good of us all. that O everything you send to me for the good of From then on, the parts stopped giving him assistance, ~. stop try v-ing to-v stop v-ing stop to-v v try v-ing vtry to-v(v He claimed how unfair it was that the products of their O labor went to the Belly [who never does a thing to help himself]. claim how itthat that ~, the Hands declared that they would work no more, the Feet (declared) that they were finished carrying the Belly everywhere, and the Teeth (declared) that they would never again chew ~. region[rí;d,ân] empire[èmpai ] association [ sòusièi Ân] demonstrate[dèm nstréit] attempt to-v pass through unrest[>nrèst] the enate crisis[kráisis] address[ drès] cf. make[give, deliver] a speech surely[ ù li] convert to distribute[distríbju;t] throughout[^ru;áut] for the good of assistance[ sístâns] desperately[dèspâr tli] perish[pèri ] belly[bèli] offend[ fènd] resolve to-v refuse A B supply[s plái] stir up resentment [rizèntm nt] highly[háili] claim[kleim] product [pr d kt] labor[lèib ] help oneself applause[ pl ;z] declare that digest[daid,èst] amid[ míd] beg A to-v senseless[sènslis] ~, and tried desperately to return to work. 105

106 18 community[k mjù;n ti] raise money[funds] cf. fundraising[f=ndréizin\] fundraiser[f=ndréiz ] put out organizer[ ; g nàiz ] in charge manage[m nid,] assign A to B task[tæsk] volunteer[v l ntí ] donation[do nèi Ân] ingredient[ingrí;di nt] 19 If the straight news fair democracy. We, / the readers and viewers, / can only make a good choice about which commentary is C most accurate or O valuable // when we already have the facts. which about which commentary If the straight news itself is biased, / then the choice is not between different opinions, but between misleading versions of events. not A but B A B reporting[rip ; ti\] relate to subjective[s bd,èktiv] commentary[k m ntéri] editorial[édit ;ri l] Op-Ed Opposite the Editorial page journalism[d,á; nâlìzâm] accurate[ kj r t] biased[bái st] misleading[mislí;di\] have nothing to do with have something to do with confuse A with B 20 For those who the local economy. It is often impossible / to find out who grew it, what pesticides were used on it, or which route it travelled O2 from farm to store. It to Farmers on average receive only 20 cents [of each food O dollar spent], // with the rest going / to transportation, processing, packaging, refrigeration, and marketing. with the rest going be concerned about find out pesticide [pèstisàid] make sense on average transportation[tr nsp tèi Ân] processing [pr sesi\] packaging[p kid,i\] directly[dirèktli] retail[rí;teil] give A access to stable[stèibl] consumer [k nsù;m ] encourage A to-v organic[ ; g nik] benefit[bèn fìt] O3 O1 106 ense Up

107 21 (Your ongoing ~ energy-efficient model.) Most people [who are planning to buy a big appliance for their home] only budget for what they will have to pay at the O checkout counter. Rarely do people consider how much more it will cost O // once they get it home, plug it in, and switch it on. Rarely how (how ~ cost) consider once budget for checkout counter plug in switch on long-term expense[ikspèns] add up to ongoing[ ngoui\] eventually[ivènt u li] triple [trípâl] initial[iní Âl] energy-efficient save on cutting-edge 22 One arrangement [in existence since ancient times] is the dowry, / which is an amount of money, goods, or property [that a bride brings to her marriage]. One arrangement is which the dowry that an amount of money, goods, or property Occasionally, a poor widow [who lacked a dowry] was granted an exceptional right [to a share in the estate of the deceased]. a poor widow was granted who ~ dowry a poor widow to a share ~ the deceased an exceptional right pension[pèn n] scheme[ski;m] widow [wídou] cf. widower[wídou ] arrangement[ rèind,m nt] inheritance[inhèritâns] in existence an amount of property[pr p ti] era[íâr ] be meant to-v v sustain[s stèin] occasionally[ kèi,ân li] grant[grænt] exceptional[iksèp nâl] estate[istèit] the deceased cf. deceased[disí;st] apply[ plái] 23 ( If your video is in another language, make sure (that) you submit a detailed description [written in Korean or English]. make sure that written a detailed description sponsor[sp ns ] the Ministry of Foreign Affairs upload[=plòud] legal[lígâl] submit[s bmít] description[diskríp Ân] application form submission [s bmí Ân] entry[èntri] notify[nóut fài]

108 Central Reservations aqua.org Dare to walk on the feeding bridge, where sharks swim silently just inches beneath you. Dare to where the feeding bridge behind-the-scenes aquarium [ kw Âri m] expert[èksp ; t] incredible[inkrèd bâl] predator[prèd t ] dare to accompany [ k=mpâni] senior[sí;nj ] buy-out 25 Podcasting ~ by the Inc. 500, with only 5% of them using it. with+ v-ing corporation[k ; p rèi Ân] 26 Like many its environment. species[spí; i(;)z] lizard[líz d] cf. reptile[rèpt l] native to in existence average[ vârid,] in length in weight visible[víz bâl] limited[límitid] detect[ditèkt] low-pitched high-pitched in color extend to highly[háili] signal[sígnâl] 27 suggest that that that <should+ should should not only but (also) not only A but (also) B wish years ago snore[sn ; ] refer A to B dramatic [dr m tik] fit A with B oral[ ;râl] appliance[ plái ns] restless[rèstl s] 28 supporters opponents burqa 108 ense Up

109 The burqa, / the loose robe [that some Muslim women have to wear / to cover their head and body in public], / has long been a focus of controversy in Europe. The burqa France has ~ in public, / arguing that no woman should be compelled by her family or her culture to wear religious clothing. arguing that argue that should+ robe[roub] in public focus [fóuk s] controversy[k ntr vë; si] ban[bæn] argue that[for] compel A to-v religious[rilíd, s] lead to discrimination[diskrìminèi Ân] identity[aidènt ti] immigration [ìmigrèi Ân] on the basis of equality[i(;)kw l ti] 29 a recent study Gochujang not only sharpens the appetite but, as a recent study reports, it may even help to prevent obesity. not only A but (also) B A B as help to-v v chili[t íli] paste[peist] savory[sèivâri] sour[sáu ] ferment[f ; mènt] mere[mi ] seasoning[sí;zâni\] mustard[m=st d] flavor[flèiv ] dressing[drèsi\] match[mæt ] sharpen one s appetite substance[s=bstâns] increasingly[inkrí;si\li] health-conscious contain[k ntèin] 30 Hard to ay I m orry CD ~, think about a favorite song [that you share ] O1 and how you can bring it into your apology or (how you can) O2 offer it as a gift, ~. about a favorite song how and lyric[lírik] tolerance[t lâr ns] relevance[rèl v ns] promptness[pr mptnis] bravery[brèivâri] 31 REM REM lack[læk] release[rilí;s] appetite[ p tàit] vicious cycle signal[sígnâl] set to-v affect[ fèkt] heart rate ruin[rù;in] dog-tired 32 If sheets to survive. 109

110 cientists [at Kingston University in England] are promoting the idea that not making your bed / after you get up O may be C better / for your health. the idea that not your health not get up not This kills the dust mites by robbing them of O what they need to survive. them they the dust mites of what dust mite microscopic[màikr sk pik] pillow[pílou] sweat[swet] cf. sweaty[swèti] inhale[inhèil] exhale[ekshèil] poo[pu;] severe[siví ] allergy[ l d,i] asthma[ zm ] point out moist[m ist] in a mess cf. mess up circulate [sá kjuléit] rob A of B 33 For example imilarly ~ from Eskimo people s maps [showing human settlements [where the explorers might go for supplies or shelter]]. showing maps human settlements It shows not only roads and basic features of the landscape, but also illustrations of fish in the lakes, crocodiles in a canal, and a bridge over the canal. not only A but also B of civilization[sìv lizèi Ân] explorer[ikspl ;r ] rely on Arctic[ ; ktik] obtain[ btèin] considerable[k nsídâr bâl] settlement[sètlm nt] supply[s plái] shelter[ èlt ] represent[réprizènt] geography[d,i; gr fi] brochure[brou ù ] illustration[ìl strèi Ân] canal[k n l] tourist attraction 34 ingle parents have even less (time with their children on weekdays), which makes the hours between dinner and bedtime very important. even less which assignment[ sáinm nt] editorial[éd t ;ri l] battleground battlefieldinvolvement[inv lvm nt] give away 35 While problems [such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes] are rising in the elderly, // advances [in medical 110 ense Up

111 treatment] are also making it possible for them to remain alive O OC and active for longer. it to for them to prosperity[pr spèr ti] newborn baby developed country longevity[l nd,èv ti] aging[èid,i\] challenge[t lind,] life expectancy diabetes[dài bí;tiz] the elderly advance in medical treatment epidemic[épidèmik] complicate[k mplikéit] typical[típikâl] 36 It can also collect private information [stored on your computer], and allow your computer to be used remotely. stored on your computer private information and allow A to A your computer to use to be used (the) chances are (that) bargain for more than freeload[frí;lòud] remote[rimóut] promote[pr móut] affordable[ f ; d bâl] upcoming[=pk>mi\] store[st ; ] 37 corporate[k ; pâr t] lay-off closure[klóu, ] shift[ ift] non-essential electronics[iléktr niks] be likely to-v continually[k ntínju li] continuously[k ntínju sli] decline[dikláin] specialize in survive[s váiv] drive A to-v 38 This stereotype in fact on the other hand when it comes to A encourage[enká;rid,] vivid[vívid] regard A as B excessive [iksèsiv] display[displèi] perceive[p sí;v] minimize[mín màiz] maximizestereotype [stèri tàip] local[lóukâl] 39 on the other hand 111

112 solitary[s l téri] species[spí; i(;)z] intelligent[intèlid,ânt] cf. intelligence [intèlid,âns] see A as B indicator[índikéit ] cf. indicate [índikéit] specific[sp sífik] adaptation [ dæptèi Ân] be dependent on depend[rely] onsurvival[s váivâl] evolutionary[év lù; néri] 40 Eileen Mulligan, a personal success coach, urges her clients to exercise. O C inspiration[ìnsp rèi Ân] cf. inspired[inspái d] urge A to-v meditation[méd tèi Ân] frame[freim] come up with design[dizáin] lightweight[láitwéit] magnesium[mægní;zi m] engage in passive [p siv] cooperative[kou p réitiv] I call it a trap // because it s too easy to focus on what s wrong with life / instead of what s fine. it to too ~ to-v v trap[træp] focus on appreciate [ prí; iéit] automatically[ ;t m tik li] fragrance[frèigr ns] trivial[trívi l] unpleasantness[>nplèzântn s] ense Up

113 I would like to tell IO her DO (that) // every time I give O food to a homeless family, // I think of her. every time whenever allowance[ láu ns] kneel down do A a favor pass on checkout[t èkàut] budget[b=d,it] roll down 18 consideration[k nsìd rèi Ân] distributor[distríbj t ] wholesaler[hóulséil ] retailer[rí;teil ] make a profit margin[m ; d,in] take A into account 19 It s time this problem. o far this year, / the administrators have denied 1 a request [for a running track around the football field], (have) rejected a donor s offer [to build a swimming pool on unused 2 college land], and (have) even refused to begin a dance program [for students]. It s time (that) college administrators did something positive about this problem. It is time (that) that should e.g. It is time that you thought[should think] of your future. all over keep fit cf. fitness[fítnis] claim (that) in the middle of in opposition to direct[dirèkt] indirect trend[trend] financial[fain n Âl] facility[f síl ti] so far administrator[ dmínistréit ] deny[dinái] reject[rid,èkt]refuse[rifjù;z] request[rikwèst] donor[dóun ] nowhere [nóuw ]

114 A woman had two water pots [that she carried / on the ends of a pole / across her shoulders]. pot[p t] crack[kræk] daily[dèili] well[wel] ashamed[ èimd] stand[stænd] cry out cannot help but v cannot help v-ingall the way path[pæ^] deserve[dizá; v] fair[f ] beautiful 21 controversy[k ntr vë; si] alternate between distrust[distr=st] effectiveness[ifèktivnis] proponent[pr póun nt] opponent[ póun nt] reinforce[rì;inf ; s] enhance[enh ns] contribute to acquisition[ kwizí Ân] overburden[òuv bá; dn] promote[pr móut] cheating[t i;ti\] compound[k mpaund] socio-economic inequality[ìnikw l ti] abolish[ b li ] pros and cons 22 pollinate[p l néit] cf. pollination[p l nèi Ân] in the making colony[k l ni] collapse[k l ps] devastating[dèv stéiti\] widespread[wáidspréd] along with merit[mèrit] impending[impèndi\] 23 Alumni illage [featuring booths [representing various colleges, departments, campus programs, and chapters of the Alumni Association]. featuring Alumni illage representing booths homecoming[hóumk>mi\] alumni[ l=mnai] extend[ikstènd] faculty[f kâlti] entertainment [ént tèinm nt] feature[fí;t ] booth[bu;^] represent[réprizènt] chapter[t pt ] reveal[riví;l] reunion[ri;jù;ni n] complimentary[k mpl mèntâri] ense Up

115 bureau[bjùârou] sponsor[sp ns ] county[káunti] agriculture[ grik>lt ] competitor[k mpèt t ] video conferencing visual aids deduction[did=k Ân] 25 they the younger group The younger group averaged only 0.1 hours per day reading, equal to the time [(that) they spent using a computer for leisure]. they spent the time average[ vârid,] portion[p ; Ân] 26 It was only the enormous wealth [of alparaiso] that made it possible to build ~. O OC It is[was] that... that it to build Chilean[t íli n] seaport[sí;p ; t] be famed for cf. be known as feature[fí;t ] declare A (to be) B the Pacific mainly[mèinli] steep[sti;p] funicular[fju;níkj l ] funicular railway operate on install[inst ;l] enormous [in ; m s] innovative[ín véitiv] a port of call 27 remember v-ing asking agan Unsatisfied then by looking and a dream surrendered which Unsatisfied ~, agan found a book [that told him IO that the stars were greatly distant suns]. DO Unsatisfied Because he was unsatisfied that a book that told astronomer[ str n m ] sun[s<n] incredible[inkrèd bâl] surrender[s rènd ] 28 alert at the same time spontaneously constant 115

116 It s simple for us / to move to a distant place in an instant, to be in two places at once, or to fuse two persons into one. It or (to move ~, to be ~, or to fuse ~) for us logic[l d,ik] govern[g=v n] waking[wèiki\] reality[ri l ti] cf. in reality category[k t g ;ri] be[become, get] involved in occur[ ká; ] possibly [p s bli] at the same time pay attention to in an instant at once fuse A into B indeed[indí;d] 29 restoring peace This works who hurt you. It takes quite a while [after being hurt] for your warmth and trust to grow back. it takes for to-v v This works / when you become aware of the harm [you do to yourself / by holding on to your anger and hurt], and (when you) decide O to let go forever of your bad feelings / towards the one [who hurt you]. become aware ofhold on tolet go of decide to get even (with) in kind quite a while warmth[w ; m^] process[pr ses] restore[rist ; ] become[be] aware of hold on to let go of 30 to Losing a job is stressful, but it turns out / that staying employed / after company layoffs is not fun, either. it turns out that ~ that staying ~ layoffs They found / that people [who kept working] were more 1 1 likely to take sick days than before layoffs and (they) were 2 2 twice as likely to die / from heart disease compared to those employees [who were laid off by the company]. found thatand twice as likely twice as ~ as... as compared to layoff[lèi (;)f] cf. lay off institute[ínstitδú;t] occupational[ kj pèi nâl] sick day compared to overwork[òuv wá; k] pleasurable [plè,âr bâl] dignity[dígn ti] 31 At last he learns that to break the cycle and (to) be free and happy, he himself must change. that learn to break ~ happy to notice[nóutis] conflict[k nflikt] co-worker colleague[k li;g] play a role of 116 ense Up

117 weatherman[wè" m n] cycle[sáikâl] 32 the asteroid would be safely moved off its course over many years Rather than destroy the asteroid and risk its pieces [falling down on Earth], / the strategy aims to gradually change the asteroid s direction. A rather than B B A rather than B A A B gradually change ~ direction destroy the asteroid ~ on Earth asteroid[ st r id] collide with cf. collision [k lí,ân] strategy[str t d,i] crash[kræ ] risk[risk] nuclear powered gravity[gr v ti] resistance[rizíst ns] alter[ ;lt ] orbit [ ; bit] 33 consequently till However, those [who don t like anything about the experience] complain that it s too superficial, / and that too much control is exerted over both the paying visitors and the Disney employees. who those complain that and ~; it is as though every step [you take] was anticipated by a Disney spy. as though interstate[ínt stéit] superficial[sú;p fí Âl] exert[igzá; t] stroll[stroul] leisurely[lí;, li] anticipate[æntísipéit] 34 to the extent transfusion[trænsfjù;,ân] medical care sort of loath[lou^] 35 They are asking people around the world to help O C resolve the conflict / with a lasting peaceful solution. OC resolve help ~, the most serious act of aggression [noted in a year] / was one man touching another on the shoulder in anger. C stand out nonviolent[n nvái lent] peninsula[pinínsâl ] quarrel[kw ;râl] warfare[w ; f ] resolve[riz lv] conflict[k nflikt] lasting[l sti\] 117

118 federated[fèdâréitid] noted[nóutid] 36 aggression[ grè Ân] continually[k ntínju li] make sure (that) 37 obvious[ bvi s] perform[p f ; m] make sense cooperative[kou p r tiv] be superior to be less likely to-v 38 O What one culture considers OC to be a routine favor [that any friend can ask] may be considered terribly rude C elsewhere. What consider consider O to-v what that a routine favor cross-cultural conflicting[k nflíkti\] be obliged to-v misunderstanding social customs acceptable[æksèpt bâl] routine[ru;tí;n] favor[fèiv ] cf. ask a favor of loan A B 39 fluid[flù;id] take in diarrhea [dài rí; ] get better antibiotic[ ntibai tik] medication[médikèi Ân] symptom[símøt m] vomit[v mit] dehydration[di;haidrèi n] play catch-up expel[ikspèl] ense Up

119 A B prejudice[prèd, dis] identify with instinct [ínsti\kt] barefoot[b fút] overwhelming[òuv rhwèlmi\] be accustomed to disregard [dìsrig ; d] Not only do Bruce Lee s thoughts apply to fighting, ~. not only do These days, technology changes so fast that many things [that were up-to-date only yesterday] are today being thrown in the trash. so ~ that... that many things that were ~ yesterday immortal[im ; tâl] imitate[ímitéit] shapeless[ èiplis] vital[váitâl] thrive[^raiv] stick to escape from revolutionary[rév lù; Ânéri] oldfashioned up-to-date defeat[difí;t] tactic[t ktik] criticism[krítisìzâm] we tend to define ourselves as a certain type of person a series of grab one s attention recognize [rèk gnàiz] cut back overemphasize [òuv rèmf sàiz] pressured[prè d] cf. pressure[prè ] constant[k nstânt] cf. constantly[k nstântli] characteristic[k rikt rístik] over and over extremely[ikstrí;mli] 119

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