식물병연구 Res. Plant Dis. 28(4): (2022) Mini-Review Open Access Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination of Cer

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1 식물병연구 Res. Plant Dis. 28(4): (2022) Mini-Review Open Access Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals and Cereal Products in Korea *Corresponding author Tel: Fax: ORCID Received November 14, 2022 Accepted December 12, 2022 * Theresa Lee*, Seul Gi Baek, Sosoo Kim, Ji-Seon Paek, Jin Ju Park, Jangnam Choi, Jung-Hye Choi, Ja Yeong Jang, and Jeomsoon Kim Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Korea In this review, the mycotoxin contamination of Korean cereals and their products is analyzed by crop based on scientific publications since Barley, rice, and corn were investigated heavier than the others. The common mycotoxins occurred in all cereals and their products were deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Nivalenol was detected in all samples analyzed but more frequently or mainly in barley, rice, and oat. Fumonisin was commonly detected in corn and sorghum but also in adlay, millet, and rice. Adlay and millet were similar in the contamination pattern that fumonisin and zearalenone were the most frequently detected mycotoxins. Zearalenone was the most commonly detected mycotoxin with concentrations higher than the national standards (maximum limit), followed by deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxin. However, most occurrence levels were below the maximum limits for respective mycotoxins. This result shows that barley, rice, corn, sorghum, millet, and adlay are more vulnerable to mycotoxin contamination than other cereals and therefore continuous monitoring and safety management are necessary. Keywords: Cereals, Contamination, Mycotoxins Research in Plant Disease eissn A,,,. (species) Aspergillus flavus A A. ochraceus, Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides (Desjardins, 2006).. (van der Lee, 2015).,, The Korean Society of Plant Pathology This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 180 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4. (Del Ponte, 2022).,,,, ( 2000,,. Table 1.., (88 ) B1, B1, A,,, % 7.3 ng/g, 60.6 ng/g, 6.0 ng/ g, 159 ng/g, 462 ng/g, 47.0 ng/g (Park, 2005a) A % 6 ng/g (Table 2) (Park, 2005b) (21 ) (21 ) (Song, 2008), (134 ) (Ok, 2007b) (14 ) (7 ) 43%, 29% 48.2 µg/kg, 9.3 µg/kg 100% 60.7 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a) (43 ), (25 ), (76 ), (51 ) (44%), (16%), (14%), (5%) (0.035 mg/kg), (0.031 mg/kg), (0.020 mg/kg), (0.017 mg/kg) (Ok, 2009b) , 5%, 8%, 14%, 30.8 µg/kg, 9.7 µg/ kg, 43.8 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a) % 57.5 µg/kg. 2007,,. 4,180 ng/g, (3,607 ng/g), (569 ng/g) 94%, 100% 20%, 2% (Lee, 2011).,, 327 ng/g, 765 ng/g, 96 ng/g 1,355 ng/g (60 ) (24 ) (Kim, 2010) (32 ) µg/kg,, 1 (122 µg/kg, 133 µg/kg, 3,403.4 µg/kg) (Lee, 2010) B ( 3-, 15-, 4- ). (35 ), (64 ), (60 ) 45.0 µg/ kg, 23.1 µg/kg, 45.4 µg/kg 31.7 µg/kg, 18.2 µg/kg, 28.9 µg/kg (Ok, 2011b). 15- (24.1 µg/kg) 3-10 µg/kg 4- (18.7 µg/kg), (15 µg/kg), (8.9 µg/kg). (Ok, 2011a) % ( 12.6 µg/kg), 8.8% ( 11.5 µg/kg),,, 7.5% ( 2.7 µg/ kg), 1.3% (43.2 µg/kg), 28.8% (34.9 µg/kg), 83.8% (201.3 µg/ kg) (Ok, 2014b). 2011

3 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No Table 1. Mycotoxin occurrence in Korean cereals and cereal products reported in scientific publications between 2000 and Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Adlay HPLC Park et al. (2013) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Adlay product HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Adlay product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Barley ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) Rowed malting, 6-rowed husked, 6-rowed hulless ELISA/HPLC Pei et al. (2004) LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) < ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) Unhulled, naked, silage, malting HPLC Ryu et al. (2011) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a) HPLC Park et al. (2013) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015)

4 182 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Barley product Powder, roasted, bisquet, meal, flour, tea ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) Malt, pearled barley ELISA/HPLC Pei et al. (2004) Beer LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) Beer HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Beer HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) < ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) Powdered malt HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) Buckwheat HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) Buckwheat product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Buckwheat product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Corn ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) < ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) LC-MS Lee et al. (2010) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a)

5 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 ~100 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) Corn product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Flakes, snack, starch, popcorn, others ELISA/HPLC Kim et al. (2002) Roasted, meal, flour, snack, others ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) Canning corn LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) Canned corn, popcorn HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Breakfast cereals HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) Corn-based food LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) HPLC Park et al. (2013) < Snack HPLC Ok et al. (2014a) Popcorn HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) Roasted, popcorn LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Millet 2002, Millet HPLC Oh et al. (2007) (BEA) HPLC Song et al. (2008) HPLC Park et al. (2013) Millet HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) Common millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Millet LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) Proso millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) Proso millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019)

6 184 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Proso millet HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Proso millet UPLC Choi et al. (2021) Oat LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Rice Polished HPLC/MS Park et al. (2005a) Polished LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) Polished ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) Polished, brown LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) Polished, brown, glutinous HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Polished brown, colored, blue-tinged GC-MS Lee et al. (2011) Polished, brown, glutinous HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) < ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Polished, brown, glutinous GC Ok et al. (2011b) Paddy Lee et al. (2010) White, brown HPLC Ok et al. (2014b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) Paddy, husk, brown, blue-tinged, bran, broken, discolored, polished Polished LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a) HPLC Lee et al. (2013) HPLC Park et al. (2013) Glutinous HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (DAS) Paddy, husk, brown, blue-tinged, broken, discolored, polished (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) LC-MS Lee et al. (2014) Glutinous, brown LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Brown LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a)

7 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Rice product Brown LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) Cereals HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) Brown LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Rye HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Rye product HPLC Park et al. (2013) Sorghum HPLC Park et al. (2013) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Wheat (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) Wheat product HPLC Ryu et al. (2011) HPLC Park et al. (2013) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) Flour LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a)

8 186 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Flour HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Buscuits, bread, flour HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) HPLC/LC-MS Jang et al. (2011) < ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Flour GC Ok et al. (2011b) HPLC Park et al. (2013) < Dnack HPLC Ok et al. (2014a) Flour HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Others 2002, HPLC Oh et al. (2007) LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) Buscuits, bread, cereals HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Infusion tea, starch, sunshik HPLC Jang et al. (2011) (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Mixed grains, breakfast cereals GC Ok et al. (2011b) Misutgaru, snack, others LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) < Dry noodle, instant noodle, infant formula Roasted grain powder, bake flour, frying flour HPLC/UPLC Ok et al. (2014a) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) < Sunsik LC-MS/MS Jung et al. (2015) <2016 (HT-2 toxin) Mixed grains LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) < (ALT, AME, TEN, BEA, ENN) Unknown cereals and product LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2019) 2017~ LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) AFB1, aflatoxins B1; OTA, ochratoxin A; FB1, fumonisin B1; DON, deoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol; ZEN, zearalenone; 3-ADON, 3-acetyl DON; 15-ADON, 15-acetyl DON; 4-ANIV, 4-acetyl NIV; DAS, diacetoxyscirpenol; BEA, beuvericin; ENN, enniatin; ALT, alternariol; AME, alternariol monomethyl ether; TEN, tentoxin; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC, gas chromatography; UPLC, ultra performance liquid chromatography. Open and closed circles indicate mycotoxin not detected ( ) or detected ( ), respectively.

9 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No Table 2. Korean standards for mycotoxin limits in foods Mycotoxin Target food Maximum limits Total aflatoxin (sum of B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2) Plant nature material (except algae) Processed foods <15 μg/kg (<10 μg/kg for B 1) <15 μg/kg (<10 μg/kg for B 1) Infant formula, weaning food, baby food <0.10 μg/kg for B 1) Ochratoxin A Cereals <5 μg/kg Fumonisin (sum of B 1 and B 2) Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc.) Corn (except corn intended for starch or starch sugar manufacture) Sorghum Simply processed sorghum (ground, cut, etc.) Simply processed corn (ground, cut, etc.) Processed cereal products containing > 50% of simply processed corn or sorghum) Breakfast cereals Processed corn for popcorn <4 mg/kg <2 mg/kg <1 mg/kg Deoxynivalenol Cereals (except corn) <1 mg/kg Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc., except corn) Corn Simply processed corn (ground, cut, etc.) Breakfast cereals Infant formula, weaning food, baby food Noodles <2 mg/kg <0.5 mg/kg <0.2 mg/kg <0.75 mg/kg Zearalenone Cereals <100 μg/kg Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc.) Snacks Infant formula, weaning food, baby food Breakfast cereals <50 μg/kg <20 μg/kg <50 μg/kg The mycotoxins related to cereals were selected from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Notification (No , ). 4. (47 ), B1, 36.2%, 29.8%, 6.4% 6.7 µg/kg, 6.7 µg/kg, 93.1 µg/kg (Kim, 2013a). (9 ) (4 ) (Park, 2013) (45 ) 56%, 4.4 mg/kg 38%, 2.2 mg/kg (Lee, 2013) mg/kg, mg/kg, mg/kg, mg/kg mg/kg (,, 6.6 mg/kg) 2 7% diacetoxyscirpenol (Lee, 2014) (8 ), (14 ), (11 ), (12 ) 25% 110 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) (4 ), (13 ), (11 ) T-2/HT-2 T-2/HT-2 1.3/0.0 µg/kg, 4.0/4.2 µg/ kg (Paek Kang, 2015) B1 1%

10 188 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No ng/g, B1 B2 42% ( 22.8 ng/g), 44% ( 18.8 ng/g), 7% ( 12.3 ng/g), 5% (36.8 ng/g), 32% ( 37.6 ng/g) (Kim, 2017a) (,,, ) (B1+B2, 11.2 µg/kg), 1 (15.4 µg/kg) (Yang, 2019). (8 ) 1 (B1+B2) 33.6 µg/kg.,,, A. A,, 6. (Eriksen, 2004; Minervini, 2004).,, (30 ) (32 ) (,, ) 12.5% B1 (8 11 ng/g) A (7 8 ng/ g) A (Park, 2002a). 33% ng/g, 38% 120 ng/g (Park, 2002b) (20 ) 2.28 µg/g, 2 (12 ) 1.78 µg/g, 6 (20 ) 2.35 µg/g (13 ) 0.39 µg/g (Pei, 2004) (22 ) 22.7% 0.9 ng/g A, (46 ) 2% 0.3 ng/g (Park, 2005b) (12 ) 0.03 µg/g (Song, 2008) (134 ) (7, ) (Ok, 2007b) % µg/kg, 7% 33.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a) (84 ) (26, ) 58% 12% mg/kg (Ok, 2009b) (70 ) (26, ) 54% 17.4 µg/kg, 12% 20.9 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a) (39 ) B 5 59% µg/kg (56%, 40.1 µg/kg), 15- (31%, 7.1 µg/kg), 3- (26%, 3.9 µg/kg), 4- (15%, 9.9 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011a) (16 ), (46 ), (12 ), (11 ) 7.02 µg/g, 9.74 µg/g, 5.39 µg/g, 8.13 µg/g, 4.2 µg/g, 2.41 µg/g (Ryu, 2011) ( 0.65 µg/g), 0.07 µg/g (43 ) µg/kg, 55.8% ( 334 µg/kg), 34.9% ( 8.95 µg/kg) (Kim, 2013a) (16 ) 44% µg/kg (8, ) G2 (0.02 µg/kg) (27.5 µg/kg) 1 (Kim, 2013b)...,, , A,..

11 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No (4 ) µg/g (Song, 2008) (7 ) 17.8 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a) (41 ) (44, ) 59%, 41% mg/kg, mg/kg (Ok, 2009b) (41 ) 59% µg/kg (,, ) 38 43% µg/kg (Ok, 2009a) ( ) B, 85 79% µg/kg µg/kg ( 65%, 58.5 µg/kg; 21%, 31.8 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b). 15-, , 5.1 µg/kg, 8.6 µg/kg ( ) 21.0 µg/kg, 4.9 µg/kg, 9.5 µg/kg ( ) (41 ),, 92.7%, 73.2%, 17.1% 5.65 µg/g, 1.03 µg/g, 0.16 µg/ g (Ryu, 2011) (20, ) 6.7% 8.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a) (8 ) 75% ( 94.9 µg/kg), 1 B1 (0.02 µg/kg), (14 ) 21% ( µg/kg) (Kim, 2013b).,, / (0.098 ng/g) (Oh, 2007) (16 ) 13% ( ) 0.18 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 38% µg/kg T µg/kg 4.4 µg/kg T-2/HT-2 (Paek Kang, 2015) B1 & B2, B1 & B2,,, 7 (Kim, 2017a). B1 9% 5.6 ng/ g, B1 52% 32.6 ng/g, 25% 16% 212 ng/g, ng/g, 14% 61.5 ng/g (5 ) A 4.8 µg/ kg ( ), (5 ) B µg/kg (Kim, 2017b) (9 ) (7 ) (B1+B2) 46.0 µg/kg, 57.5 µg/kg 64.6 µg/kg, 21.5 µg/kg (Yang, 2019) (18 ) (66.7%, µg/kg), (90.9%, 35.7 µg/kg) 2018 (8 ) (12.5%, µg/kg), (12.5%, 9.2 µg/kg), (B1+B2) (25%, µg/kg) (Lee, 2020) (24 ) (45.8%, ng/g), (41.7%, ng/g), (62.5%, ng/g), ( ) (37.5%, 96.7 ng/g), T-2/HT-2 (8.3%, ng/g) (Choi, 2021) µg/kg,... (1996, 76 ) B1 (71.4%), (40.0%), (41.7%), (37.5%) ( 1,010 ng/g) (332 ng/ g), (188 ng/g), (165 ng/g) (Kim, 2002) B1( ng/g) B1(8 11 ng/g) (Park, 2002a). 18

12 190 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 22% 5.8 ng/g, 47 19% 84 ng/g (Park, 2002b) % µg/kg( 4.8 ) B1 (Ok, 2007b). (3 ) 0.23 µg/g (Song, 2008) (14 ) 71% 1,842.3 µg/kg 64%, µg/kg (7 ) 86% µg/kg (Ok, 2007a) (96 ) 77%, mg/kg, (32 ) 19%, mg/kg, (8 ) 63%, mg/ kg (Ok, 2009b) % µg/kg (18 ) 33% 36.5 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a) (19 ),,,. 26% 2,667 µg/ kg, 10.5% 1,364 µg/kg, 26% µg/kg 3.8 (Lee, 2010). B1 68.4% 3,091.8 µg/kg, B2 21% µg/kg, B3 15.7% µg/kg B, 25 96% µg/kg 52%, µg/kg 15- (80%, 98.0 µg/kg), 4- (FUS- X, 24%, 19.1 µg/kg), 3- (28%, 6.8 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b) (84 ) 1 B1 B µg/kg, 32.9 µg/kg (Kim, 2013a) (9 ) 22.2% 8.5 µg/kg (Choi, 2012), 2012 (32 ) 10.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a) (4 ), (6 ) 33% ( ) µg/kg, µg/kg (10 ) 60% µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) (3 ) T µg/kg (Paek Kang, 2015) (~100 ) 8 (Kim, 2017a). 8 B1 (47%, 2,990 ng/g), B2 (59%, 620 ng/g) (13%, 1,405 ng/g) (18%, 570 ng/g), 3- (2%, 27.7 ng/g), (7%, 14.7 ng/g), T-2 (2%, 13.7 ng/g), B1 1% 5.7 ng/g µg/kg (5 ) 3 (B1+B2) 8.4 µg/kg, µg/kg 5 (Yang, 2019)..,., B µg/kg (Park, 2013), 2012 (11 ) 18% ( ) 0.30 µg/kg, 55% µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) T-2/HT µg/kg, 5.4 µg/kg (Paek Kang, 2015) B1, (B1+B2),,,. 4%, 1.7 ng/g, B1 95%, ng/g, B2 89%, ng/g, 70%, ng/g, 53%, ng/g, 62%, ng/g 3 (Kim, 2017a) (8 ) B1 B2, µg/kg, 20.7 µg/kg, 28.6 µg/kg (Kim, 2017b) (8 ) (B1+B2) 75%, µg/kg 50%, 34.0 µg/kg (Yang, 2019) ,, % µg/

13 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No kg, 46.7%, µg/kg, 96.9%, 55.9 µg/kg, B1 46.7%, µg/kg, B2 66.7%, µg/kg (Lee, 2020) (15 ) %, µg/kg, 53.3%, µg/kg, B1 86.7%, 1, µg/kg, B2 46.7%, µg/kg., ,, (7 ) 2017 (46 ) (Yang, 2019) ,, %, µg/kg, 66.7%, 3,277.0 µg/kg, 4.8%, 6.9 µg/ kg, B2 2.4%, 12.9 µg/kg (Lee, 2020).,, % B µg/kg 85% µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) (12 ) B1, B2, µg/kg, µg/kg, 26.5 µg/kg (Kim, 2017b) (5 ) 80%, 100% 90.6 µg/kg (B1+B2) ( 66.0 µg/kg) (Yang, 2019) µg/kg, 103 µg/kg ,,, (Lee, 2020) ( µg/kg) B1( µg/kg), B2( µg/kg) ( 90.0 µg/kg) ( 32.1 µg/kg) , (5 ) 100% mg/kg (Ok, 2009b) (7 ) 1 20 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) %, mg/kg, 38%, mg/kg, 24 38%, mg/kg (Ok, 2009b). 2008,, 432,, 66.7% (34 ) 41% µg/kg (Jang, 2011) B (, 3 ). (18 ) 61% 1,096.8 µg/kg 57.6 µg/kg 10.1 µg/kg (Ok, 2011b). (40 ) 95% µg/kg (88%, 88.9 µg/kg), 15- (25%, µg/kg), 4- (33%, 22.5 µg/kg), 3- (15%, 6.4 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b) , 31.6% 4.8% 29.7 µg/kg, 2.2 µg/kg (Choi, 2012) (35 ), (30 ), (36 ) 1, 2, µg/kg, 3.6 µg/kg, 17.6 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a) B µg/kg ( ) 0.13 µg/kg, µg/kg (Kim, 2013b) (47 ) 66.4 µg/kg 100% ( 29.3 µg/kg) A 48.3 µg/kg 4.1 µg/kg (Jung, 2015) (Kim, 2017a).

14 192 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 B1 4% 12.4 ng/g (B µg/kg). 40% ( 175 ng/g), 19% ( 162 ng/g) B1 B2 74% 58% 80.1 µg/kg 22.1 µg/kg. A, HT-2 47% ( 36.0 µg/kg), 1% (0.5 µg/kg), 1% (4.3 µg/kg) Alternaria. Alternaria Alternaria 70 (Escrivá, 2017) (alternariol), (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME), (tentoxin) (Kim, 2019). AME ( µg/kg), (46.64 µg/kg) µg/kg. Fusarium µg/kg B 6.28 µg/kg ( ) (,, ) (Yang, 2019).,... (Jang, 2019). 10..,,..,,,...,,,.,.,,,,,,, ,,..,,.,,.. ( )..,,,,,.

15 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No Conflicts of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Acknowledgments This study was carried out with the support of Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ014895), National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References Choi, E. J., Kang, S. T., Jung, S. Y., Shin, J. M., Jang, M. S., Lee, S. M. et al Analysis and uncertainty estimation of zearalenone in cereal-based products by LC-MS/MS. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 44: Choi, J.-H., Nah, J.-Y., Lee, M.-J., Jang, J.-Y., Lee, T. and Kim, J Fusarium diversity and mycotoxin occurrence in proso millet in Korea. LWT 141: Del Ponte, E. M., Moreira, G. M., Ward, T. J., O Donnell, K., Nicolli, C. P., Machado, F. 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