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1 대한척추외과학회지제 15 권제 4 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 15, No. 4, pp 272~276, 2008 자발성척추경막외혈종의수술적치료 - 증례보고 - 김명호 민상혁 유현열 단국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Surgical Treatment of Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma - A Case Report - Myung-Ho Kim, M.D., Sang-Hyuk Min, M.D., Hyun-Yul Yoo, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dankook Hospital, College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea Abstract Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas without any risk factors, such as spinal tap, trauma, pregnancy, bleeding diathesis, vascular malformations, hypertension, etc. are relatively rare clinical entities. In addition, the clinical suspicion is quite difficult because there are various clinical symptoms according to the size and location of hematoma. However, the speed of diagnosis and initiation of the appropriate treatment are important because the outcome for patients is usually determined by the location and degree of neurological deficits and the duration of dural compression. We report the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in this case with a review of the relevant literature. Key Words: Thoracolumbar spine, Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma, Surgical treatment 자발성척추경막외혈종은매우드문질환으로 100,000 명당 0.1 명꼴로발생하는것으로추산되며 1) 1869 년 Jackson 2) 에의해처음보고된이후전세계적으로약 400 례정도가보고되어있으며, 우리나라에서는 1978 년정등 3) 에의해처음보고된이후약 20 례정도보고되어있다. 척추경막외혈종은척수나마미를압박하여신경증상이나마비를초래할수있는질환으로외상이나연속적경막외마취를위한도관삽입이나요추천자와같은침습적인시술후에주로발생한다. 그리고대부분자발성경막외혈종은여러위험인자들인고혈 압, 혈액응고장애, 임신, 혈관기형, 외상등이동반된경우드물게발생할수있으며, 위험소인이없는환자에서발생한자발성경막외혈종은매우드물다. 또한혈종의크기나위치에따라서다양한임상증상을나타낼수있어조기진단이어렵고이로인하여적절한치료가늦어질경우심각한신경학적장애를남길수있다. 이에저자들은국내보고가드문위험인자가전혀없이흉요추부에발생한자발성경막외혈종환자를자기공명영상으로진단하고초기에수술적으로치료하여우수한결과를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고자한다. Address reprint requests to Sang-Hyuk Min, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, 16-5, Anseo-dong, Cheonan City, Choongnam, , Korea Tel: , Fax: , osmin71@naver.com
2 자발성척추경막외혈종 김명호외 증례보고 48 세남자환자로수년전부터평소간헐적인하요추부의동통이있었으나특별한진단이나치료받은적은없는분으로내원당일오후 12 시경일어서서허리굽히는동작의스트레칭동작을한이후흉요추부이행부위로심한요통이발생하여집근처 2 차병원을방문하였다. 방문당시시행한단순방사선검사상특이소견없었으며, 이학적검사역시특별한신경학적증상이없었으나약 1 시간뒤부터좌측하지로 Grade I 의근력저하소견과감각저하소견발생하여, 추가적인평가및치료위해발병 4 시간 30 분후에본원응급실로전원되었다. 과거력상특이병력없었으며, 가족력또한특이사항없었다. 본원내원당시활력징후는혈압 120/80 mmhg, 맥박수 92 회 / 분, 호흡수 22 회 / 분, 액와부체온은 36.7 였다. 신경학적검사상좌측고관절, 슬관절, 족근관절의굴곡근력및신전근력은모두 trace 에해당하였으며우측은전반적으로 Grade V (-) 에해당되었다. 감각은양하지의요추피부분절이하로감각저하소견관찰되었다. 항문반사와망울해면체반사의소실소견보였으며항문주위감각의 50% 정도의소실소견관찰되었다. 이차적척수손상을최소화하기위해 Methylprednisolone 을 NASCIS (The National Spinal Cord Injury Study) III 권장사항대로 20 mg/kg 를 1 시간에걸쳐정맥주사하였으며, 그후매시간마다 5.4 mg/kg 를정맥주사하였다. 말초혈액검사상백혈구 138,000/mm 3, 헤모글로빈 16.0 g/dl, 혈소판 /dl 이었으며, 혈액응고검사에서 Prothrombin time (PT) 11.2 초, International Normalized Ratio (INR) 0.91, activated Partial thromboplastic time (aptt) 29.9 초, Bleeding time (BT) 2 분으로정상이었다. 그외흉부방사선및흉요추부방사선에서는특이소견보이지않았다. 발병 6 시간후에흉요추부자기공명영상을시행하였으며, 흉추 10 번에서요추 2 번사이에추궁판과경막사이의경막외공간에 T1 강조영상에서척수와비교했을때비슷한신호강도, T2 강조영상에서혼합신호강도를보이는혈종에합당한종괴소견관찰되었다 (Fig. 1A, B). 축상면에서혈종은경막외공간에서경막을압박하여좌측으로전위시키고있었다 (Fig. 1C). 본례에서는혈종에의한신경학적증상이급격히진행되는소견관찰되어증상발현 8 시간 30 분후에흉추 10 번에서요추 2 번까지좌측추궁판부분절제술및혈종제거술을시행하였다. 수술소견상흉추 10 번상단부위에서요추 2 번상단부위까지혈종에의한척수압박소견관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 수술후활동성출혈이없음을확인하였으며배액관을유지한후창상을봉합하였다. 수술후 2 일째부터좌측고관절굴곡근과무지굴곡근의근력이각각 Grade III 와 IV 로회복되었으며일부하지감각의회복소견을보였다. 수술후 3 일째항문반사와망울해면체반사가회복되었으며슬관절신전근과족관절및무지신전근의각각 Grade V, III, III 의근력회복소견보였으며요추부코르셋을착용한후휠체어보행을시작하였다. 수술후 5 일째도뇨관제거후자력배 Fig. 1. Sagittal MRI obtained in a 48-year-old mas suffering from sudden onset back pain and sensorimotor paralysis. (A) A T1 weighted image shows epidural masses at T10 to L2 level that have homogeneous intermediated signal intensity representing acute hematoma (yellow arrow). (B) T2-weighted image show epidural masses at T10 to L2 level that have hyperintense with hypointense foci (yellow arrow). (C) T2-weighted image show epidural mass that have hyperintense foci (yellow arrow) and displace thecal sac toward left side (yellow arrow head)
3 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008 뇨시행하였으며수술후 8 일째혈액배액관을제거하였으며고관절굴곡근과족관절신전근근력이각각 Grade IV, IV 로향상되었다. 수술후 11 일째슬관절신전근과무지신전근근력이각각 Grade V, IV 로향상되었다. 수술후 14 일째족관절신전근근력이 Grade V 로향상되었으며우측발바닥을제외한모든하지의감각이정상으로회복되었다. 보행기를이용한보행연습을시작하였다. 수술후 18 일째모든하지의감각이정상으로회복되었으며수술후 22 일째무지신전근의근력이 Grade V 로향상되면서모든근력의완전한회복을보여보행기없이보행하도록하였다. 수술후 26 일째추시자기공명영상을시행하였으며경막외공간의혈종은모두소실됨을확인하였다 (Fig. 3). 또한수술후 5 개월째시행한복부의 CT 혈관조영술에서혈관기형의증거를발견할수없었다. 고 찰 Fig. 2. Partial hemilaminectomy from T10 to L2 is done at left side. (A) The epidural hematoma was visible under the sublaminar space (yellow arrow) that compressed the dural sac. (B) The epidural hematoma was removed. 요추부의경막외혈종은척추골절이나척수강조영술, 요추천자, 경막외마취와같은침습적인척추시술후에주로발생하며척추경막외혈종의원인으로출혈성진환, 항응고제사용, 혈관기형, 염증성척추질환, 종양, 외상및척추천자나수술등과같은의인성합병증등이고려된다 2,3,4). 자발성은이러한다양한원인에기인하지않는경우로정의되지만, 많은저자들에있어서출 Fig. 3. Well decompressed cord at postoperatively 2 weeks. Follow-up T1 (A) and T2 (B) weighted images at 2 weeks demonstrate complete resolution of the hematoma and relief of dural compression (yellow arrow)
4 자발성척추경막외혈종 김명호외 혈성질환, 항응고제의사용, 혈관기형, 염증성척추질환, 종양등에의한경우는자발성의범주에포함시키고있다. 척추경막외혈종은혈종의크기와위치에따라서다양한임상증상을나타낼수있으며신경학적이상소견의정도및진행성여부에따라수술적또는보존적치료를시행할수있다. 대부분의치료의결과는내원시신경학적결손의부위, 신경결손의정도, 수술이필요하다면감압까지의시간등에의해서좌우된다 4). 하지만위험소인이없는자발성척추경막외혈종의경우는더욱드물며빠른진단과적절한치료가요구되는질환임에도불구하고초기내원시증상이심혈관계질환, 뇌병변질환, 경막의종양이나염증성척추질환, 횡척수염과같은신경과질환들과비슷한점이많아조기진단에어려움이많다 5,6). 이질환의특징적인증상은발병된척추분위를중심으로국소적인동통및방사통을호소하고시간이지남에따라척수의압박, 사지혹은마비를동반한마미증후군, 방광의이완등을동반한척수병증을유발할수있다. 조기진단의어려움으로적절한치료가늦어질경우심각한신경학적장애를남길수가있으며뇌병변장애로오인되어항응고치료시혈종의확대및증상의악화를유발할수있어주의를요한다. 심혈관계질환의증거가없고뇌신경마비또는안면근육의이상소견이없는상, 하지의마비증상의경우반드시척수손상으로인한증상일가능성에대해서인지하고의심되는경우에는반드시자기공명촬영을실시해야한다. 척추경막외혈종의진단은과거전산화단층촬영이나, 척수강조영술이이용되었으나, 현재는자기공명영상이가장유용하며, 위치, 범위, 척수압박의정도를정확하게평가할수있다 7). 치료방법의선택에있어서신경의압박부위및신경결손의정도가중요하며신경학적증상이악화되지않는경우조심스럽게보존적요법을시도할수있다. 일부저자들은증상발현 12 시간내에신경학적증상의호전이나타나는증례에서보존적치료로도양호한결과를보고하였다 8,9). 또한신경학적증상을보이는경우많은저자들에의해즉각적인추궁판절제술및감압술을시행하는것이양호한결과를보인다고보고되었다 4.10). 이견이많지만일부저자들은증상발현 24 시간이내의경우혈종압박으로인한척수의이차적인변화를막을수있는시간으로알려져있고 12 시간이내에서는불완전척수손상의경우완전한회복을기대할수있다고한다 10). 본증례의경우증상발생 4 시간 30 분만에급격히진행하는양상의신경증상이발생하였고이후 4 시간의추적관찰에서에서신경회복의소견이전혀없었다. 또한혈액응고검사상모두정상소견을보여수술의위험성이적다고생각되었고혈종압박으로인한척수의이차적인변화가발생하기전에가급적빠른시간내의수술적감압이필요할것으로생각되었다. 본증례는위험요소가없는자발성흉요추부경막외혈종으로진행하는하지마비및마미증후군의증상을보이는 48 세남자환자를비교적빠른시간에수술적감압술을시행하여신경학적증상의완전회복을얻은예이다. 이처럼특별한원인이없더라도갑자기발생한요통과신경압박에의한증상이나타날경우감별진단으로급성자발성경막외출혈을의심해야하며신속한진단이필요할것으로판단된다. 참고문헌 01) Holtas S, Heiling M, Lonntoft M: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: finding at MR imaging and clinical correlation. Radiology 1996; 199: ) Jackson R: Case of spinal apoplexy. Lancet 1869; 2: ) Chung HI, Yim MB, Byun IS, Kim IH: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 1978; 7: ) Groen RJ, van Alphen HA: Operative treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas: a study of the factors determining postoperative outcome. Neurosurgery 1997; 39: ) Betty RM, Winston KR: Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. A consideration of etiology 1984; 61: ) Ravid S, Schneider S, Maytal J: Spontaneous spinal epidural hamatoma: an unconnon presentation of a rare disease. Childs Nerv Syst 2002; 18: ) Lovblad KO, Baumgartner RW, Zambaz BD, Remonda L, Ozdoba C, Schroth G: Nontraumatic spinal epidural hematomas. MR features. Acta Radiol 1997; 38: ) Wagner S, Forsting M, Hacke W: Spontaneous resolution of a large spinal epidural hematoma: Case report. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: ) Duffill J, Sparrow OC, Millar J, Barker CS: Can spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma be managed safely without operation? A report of four cases. J Neurol Neusurg Pychiatry 2000; 69: ) Shin JJ, Kuh SU, Cho YE: Surgical management of spontaneous spial epidural hematomas. Eur Spine J 2006; 15:
5 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008 국문초록 척추천자, 외상, 임신, 혈액응고장애, 혈관기형및고혈압등의위험소인없이발생한자발성척추경막외혈종은매우드물며혈종의크기와위치에따라서다양한임상증상을나타낼수있어그진단에어려움이있다. 그러나치료의결과는내원시신경학적결손의부위과신경결손의정도, 감압수술까지의걸린시간등에의해서좌우되므로빠른진단과적절한치료가중요하다. 저자들은위험소인없이발생한자발성척추경막외혈종환자를수술적방법으로치료를시행하고, 양호한결과를얻어문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 색인단어 : 흉요추, 자발성척추경막외혈종, 수술적치료 통신저자 : 민상혁충남천안시안서동 16-5 단국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Tel: Fax: osmin71@naver.com
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