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1 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 44 권제 2 호 2009 J Korean Orthop Assoc 2009; 44: 척수압박을동반한흉추부거대동정맥루 -1 예보고 - 박승림ㆍ조규정ㆍ윤영현ㆍ이문ㆍ강석봉ㆍ편해욱ㆍ정세진 인하대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Giant Thoracic Spinal Arteriovenous Fistula with Cord Compression - A Case Report - Seung Rim Park, M.D., Kyu Jung Cho, M.D., Young Hyun Yun, M.D., Moon Lee, M.D., Seok Bong Kang, M.D., Hae Wook Pyun, M.D., and Se Jin Jung, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea A spinal arteriovenous fistula is a rare vascular disease that is characterized by abnormal connections between the vertebral artery or its branches and the neighboring veins. Bruit and back pain are common symptoms related to the fistula. Spinal cord dysfunction can also occur as a result of blood flow steal, venous hypertension, or mechanical compression of the nerve roots and spinal cord. We report a huge arteriovenous fistula in the spinal canal at the thoracic vertebra, which was characterized by a large azygous vein connected to the epidural vein causing osteolysis on the vertebral body and spinal cord compression symptoms. Staged embolization was performed using 80 coils. Key Words: Arteriovenous fistula, Azygous vein, Cord compression 척추동정맥루 (spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, spinal dural AVF) 는분절또는영양동맥과그분지동맥과주변의정맥과의비정상적인연결을특징으로하는혈관질환이다. 병변부위에서의잡음및동통이가장흔한증상으로알려져있으며, 척수병증또한나타날수있다 4,7). 이러한동정맥루는추체를용해시키고, 척수를기계적으로압박하여통증및신경학적증상을일으키고, 이차적으로도류현상 (steal phenomenon) 과출혈, 그리고울혈성척수병증 (congestive myelopathy) 에의해신경학적증상이더악화되는것으로알려져있다 4). 저자들은일반적인척추강내동정맥루와달리척추강내동정맥루와연결된기정맥 (azygous vein) 의비정상적인확장으로추체의골용해를유발하고, 척추강까지 침범하여척수병증을일으킨증례를경험하였으며, 색전술을시행할시 80개의코일을이용하여다단계색전술이필요했을정도로그크기가거대하여문헌적고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례보고 62세여자로내원 5년전부터흉추부의동통으로한의원에서간헐적으로침, 뜸등으로치료를받은과거력이있었다. 내원 10일전부터급격히흉추부동통이악화되었고, 양측하지의근력약화로기립및보행장애주소로내원하였다. 환자는스스로배변및배뇨를할수없었다. 진찰소견상흉추부에압통을호소하였고, 타진시악화되었다. 체 통신저자 : 조규정인천시중구신흥동 3 가 인하대학교병원정형외과 TEL: ㆍ FAX: chokj@inha.ac.kr * 이논문은인하대학교의연구비지원에의해연구되었음. Address reprint requests to Kyu Jung Cho, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, 7-206, Sinheung-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: , Fax: chokj@inha.ac.kr 261
2 262 박승림ㆍ조규정ㆍ윤영현외 4 인 간및하지에저림감각을특징으로하는이상감각을보였다. 하지직거상검사는음성이었으나, 고관절굴곡근과외전근의근력은좌측 2등급, 우측은 3등급으로약화되어있었고, 양측족무지신전근, 굴곡근과족관절신전근은 3등급으로약화되어있었다. 바빈스키징후 (Babinski's sign) 와발목클로누스반사 (ankle clonus reflex) 가양성이었으며, 슬관절과족관절의심부건반사는모두증가되어있었다. 항문반사와항문주위감각은정상이었다. 흉추부단순방사선사진상이상소견은없었으나, 전산화단층혈관조영술상기정맥은최대직경 45 mm 로확장되어있었고, 양측늑간정맥도불규칙한진행을보이며확장되어있었다 (Fig. 1). 자기공명영상검사상흉추 5, 6번의경막외공간내에경막외정맥이커지면서 후늑간동맥과함께동정맥루를형성하였으며, 경막외정맥과소통하는기정맥도비정상적으로확장되어있었다. 거대해진기정맥 (azvgous vein) 은우측추간공 (vertebral foramen) 까지침범하면서척추체의골용해소견을보였으며, 확장된기정맥 (azvgous vein) 과경막외정맥이척수를압박하고이로인해척수내부신호변화가관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 흉추부혈관조영술상공급동맥과연결된확장된기정맥을확인할수있었고, 복벽의대부분의정맥들이흉추 5, 6번위치의기정맥으로배출되고있었다 (Fig. 3). 단계별로코일을이용하여기정맥에색전술을시행하였으며그크기가거대하여 80개의코일을이용하여수회에걸쳐단락을완전히폐쇄할수있었다 (Fig. 3). 수술 Fig. 1. CT angiography shows tortuous dilated epidural veins (arrow) which drain to markedly enlarged azygous vein (arrowheads). Fig. 2. T-spine MRI shows huge dilated azygous and epidural veins causing osteolysis at the vertebral body and compressing spinal cord (Arrow). Preoperative thoracic spinal angiographies shows.
3 척수압박을동반한흉추부거대동정맥루 263 Fig. 3. A 63-year-old woman had progressive lower enlarged feeding arteries connecting markedly dilated azygous vein. (A, B) After embolization, AP (C) and lateral (D) angiographies depict massive coil packing (arrow) in azygous vein and near total obliteration of shunt flow. 직후흉추부동통이감소하였으며, 양측하지의저림증상은호전되었다. 5일째부터요추보조기착용후서기연습을시행하였고 7일째보조기를이용하여보행을시작하였다. 2주째시행한신체검사에서양측고관절굴곡근과외전근의근력및족무지신전근, 굴곡근과족관절신전근의근력도 4단계까지호전되었고, 대소변을스스로볼수있었다. 퇴원후지속적으로보조기를이용하여보행연습을하였다. 3개월후환자는간헐적인동통만을호소하였고, 지팡이를이용하여보행을하였으며, 세면과옷갈아입기등기본적인활동이가능하게되었다. 고찰척수동정맥병변 (spinal cord arteriovenous lesion) 은해부학적위치와병태생리학에근거하여동정맥루 (arteriovenous fistula) 와동정맥기형 (arteriovenous malformation) 으로나눌수있고, 전자는다시경막외 (extradural) 와경막내 (intradural) 로후자는경막외내 (extradural-intradural) 와척수내 (intramedullary), 그리고척수원뿔내 (conus medullaris) 로나눈다. 원인에따라외상성동정맥루와비외상성동정맥루로나눈다. 외상에의해발생되는경우가많은데경부나흉요추부의관통상이나천자술같은인위적인외상으로발생한다 8).
4 264 박승림ㆍ조규정ㆍ윤영현외 4 인 비외상성척추동정맥루는선천성과자발성으로나누어진다. 선천성병변은분만외상이있었던경우에발생할수있다고하나분만외상이없는경우가더많은것으로알려져있다. 자발성척추동정맥루의발병기전은동맥류의파열및팽창에의해발생하는신경섬유종증과연관이있는경우 1,3,9) 를제외하고는아직밝혀지지않았다. 본예에서는비외상성으로 fistula 로서자발적으로생긴것으로사료되며경막외 (extradural) 에존재하였다 10). 대부분의척추동정맥루는척추강을따라경막주위에동맥과정맥의비정상적인단락에의해이루어진다. 특히본예에서는경막외정맥과소통되는종격내의확장된기정맥이척추를침범하여추체를골용해시키면서직접적으로척수를압박하고있었다. 기정맥이확장되면서정맥압의증가로흉추 5번, 6번의추체의골용해소견을가져왔다고사료된다. 추체의골용해소견을보이는척추동정맥루는동맥류성낭종, 혈관종, 포충낭 (hydatid cyst), 섬유성이형성증, 골육종, 전이성종양등과감별해야한다. 동맥류성낭종은주로소아나젊은성인에게발생하며, 수개월동안의경한동통을호소한다. 방사선검사상추체의후방구조물에지주를보이고, 팽창성의방사선투과성이높은특징을가진다. 추체에발생하는혈관종은팽창성을보이지않으며, 인접추체를침범하지않는방사선적소견을보인다. 포충낭 (hydatid cyst) 은전산화단층촬영술상저음영의수액을포함하며, 섬유성이형성증은소아에게발생하여, 골격성장이멈출때까지서서히커지며, 동통은없다. 골육종과전이성종양은고연령군에서발생하며, 대부분상당한통증을일으킨다. 척추동정맥루의초기증상은누관형성에따른병변부위에서의잡음및척추동통이다. 그러나경추에생긴동정맥루가아니면잡음을청진하기힘들며, 본예에서도동정맥루가깊은흉추에위치하고있어잡음의청진은어려웠다. 또한척추동통도비특이적이어서다른질환과의감별이용이하지않았다. 환자는흉추부동통으로특별한진단없이고식적치료를 5년간받아왔다. 이때흉통은동통의악화없이지속적으로발생하였는데이는골용해에따른증상으로사료된다. 대부분의환자에서단순방사선사진에서이상소견을찾아볼수없기때문에진단이늦어지게되며, 본환자에서도신경학적증상이발생된이후본원으로전원되었다. 병변이진행되면척수병증등의심각한증상을나타내거나합병증을유발할수있다. 이는병변이직접척수를압박하여나타날수있으며, 도류현상 (steal phenomenon) 으로인한이차적허혈과정맥성고혈압에의해서도척수증상이유발될수있다 5). 본예에서는흉추 5, 6번에위치하여확장된기정맥 (azygous vein) 이추체를침범하고, 추간공을팽창시키고직접적으로척수를압박하였으며, 이런직접압박에의해척수병증이발생했다고생각되며, 또한압박과함께도류현상 (steal phenomenon) 으로인해이차적허혈도척수병증발생에관여하였을것으로사료된다. 동정맥루의진단과치료에있어척수주위의혈관과의연결관계와척수압박여부를파악하는것이가장중요하다. 자기공명영상검사를시행하여척수와신경근의압박과신호변화를확인할수있는데, 조영제를사용하여 3차원자기공명영상검사를시행할경우혈관의상관관계와척수주위정맥을좀더정확히볼수있다. 그러나무엇보다척추동정맥루에혈관조영술을이용하면, 공급동맥, 단락, 그리고정맥을통한배출을전체적으로알수있어가장정확한진단을얻을수있으며, 수술전척추주위의전반적인혈관들의상관관계를이해할수있어술후에발생할수있는합병증을막는데도움이된다. 척추동정맥루의이상적인치료는비정상적인누공을선택적으로막아, 모동맥 (parent artery) 과유출정맥 (draining vein) 과의정상적인열림 (patency) 과흐름을유지시키는것이며, 비가역적인척수병증이발생하기전에조기에치료하는것이무엇보다중요하다 2). 혈관내술기가발달하기전에는많은수의혈관을찾는것과누관까지접근하는것이어려워대부분의수술적방법의결과가만족스럽지못한것으로알려져있다 6). 동정맥누관을막기위한가장간단하고믿을수있는방법으로혈관내색전술이개발되었다. 색전물질도함께발전하였고, 현재는분리가능한풍선 (detachable balloon) 과코일이많이쓰여지고있다. 본예에서는단계별로코일을이용하여기정맥에색전술을시행하였으며그크기가거대하여 80개의코일을이용하여단락을폐쇄할수있었다. 참고문헌 1. Anegawa S, Hayashi T, Torigoe R, et al: Symptomatic
5 척수압박을동반한흉추부거대동정맥루 265 arteriovenous fistula in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I. No Shinkei Geka, 25: , Criscuolo GR, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL: Reversible acute and subacute myelopathy in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas. Foix-Alajouanine syndrome reconsidered. J Neurosurg, 70: , Hauck EF, Nauta HJ: Spontaneous spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulae in neurofibromatosis type-1. Surg Neurol, 66: , Kataoka H, Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Ueba T, Hashimoto N: Venous congestion is a major cause of neurological deterioration in spinal arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery, 48: , Inci S, Akdemir P, Ozgen T: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula and venous aneurysm: an unusual association. Surg Neurol, 60: , Madoz A, Desal H, Auffray-Calvier E, et al: Vertebrovertebral arteriovenous fistula diagnosis and treatment: report of 8 cases and review of the literature. J Neuroradiol, 33: , Nagashima C, Iwasaki T, Kawanuma S, Sakaguchi A, Kamisasa A, Suzuki K: Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery with spinal cord symptoms. Case report. J Neurosurg, 46: , Reddy M, Schöggl A, Saringer W, Reddy B, Matula C: Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 42: , Schievink WI, Piepgras DG: Cervical vertebral artery aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae in neurofibromatosis type 1: case reports. Neurosurgery, 29: , Spetzler RF, Detwiler PW, Riina HA, Porter RW: Modified classification of spinal cord vascular lesions. J Neurosurg, 96(Suppl 2): S145-S156, = 국문초록 = 척추강내동정맥루는척추동맥과주변의정맥과의비정상적인연결을특징으로하는드문혈관질환이다. 이동정맥루는형성되면서척추체에골용해를일으켜병변주위로통증이나잡음을유발한다. 또한동정맥루가척수를직접적으로압박해서척수병증을일으킬수있으며, 도류현상 (steal phenomenon) 으로인한이차적허혈과정맥성고혈압에의해서도척수병증이나타날수있다. 저자들은제 5, 6 번의흉추부위에서척추강내동정맥루가형성되고, 경막외정맥과연결된기정맥 (azygous vein) 이비정상적으로커지면서골용해를유발하고척수를압박하여신경학적증상을일으킨거대한척수강내동정맥루 1 예를경험하였으며, 80 개의코일을이용하여단계적색전술을시행하여치료하였다. 색인단어 : 척추동정맥루, 기정맥, 척수압박
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