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1 2009 년도한국해양과학기술협의회공동학술대회 5 월 28( 목 )~29 일 ( 금 ) 창원컨벤션센터 (CECO) 해상유출유원격탐지기술개발동향분석오상우 *, 김선동, 이문진, 이승현 ( 한국해양연구원해양시스템안전연구소 ) Technical Review of Oil Spill Remote Sensing S.W.Oh *, S.D.Kim, M.J..Lee, S.H.Lee (MOERI/KORDI) 요약본논문에서는해상에유출된기름을원격으로탐지하는기술을탐지매개체를기준으로분류하였고, 분류된기술들의특징을분석한내용에대해나타낸다. 해상유출유원격탐지기술은탐지매개체를기준으로크게광학센서, 마이크로웨이브센서로분류할수있으며, 광학센서는가시광센서, 적외선센서, 자외선센서로, 마이크로웨이브센서는라디오미터와레이더로구분할수있다. 분류된기술들은유출된기름이존재하고있는환경조건에탐지정밀도가달라지며, 탐지방법에따라센서의구성및크기에차이가있다. 이러한이유로효과적인원격탐지를위해서는유출유가존재하는조건과원격탐지가수행되는장소 ( 배, 비행기, 인공위성등 ) 에따라여러방법이선택적으로적용될필요가있다. ABSTRACT Technologies of oil spill remote sensing are classified as a detection medium and classified technologies are analyzed in this paper. Oil spill remote sensing technologies can be grouped as Optical Sensor, Microwave Sensor. Optical Sensor is consist of visible sensor, infrared sensor and ultraviolet sensor and microwave sensor is made up of radiometer and radar. Detection rate of oil spill remote sensing can be varied according to physical locations in which oil spill exists and the configuration and size of sensors are various as a detection method. Effective detection of oil spill in remote sensing method does need to be selectively applied as physical conditions of oil spill and locations(ship, aircraft, satellite) where sensors exist. Key Words : Oil Spill( 기름유출 ), Remote Sensing ( 원격탐지 ), Optical Sensor( 광학센서 ), Microwave Sensor( 마이크로웨이브센서 ) 1. 서론 해양에서의기름유출은해양생태계에치명적이며, 그영향은수십년에걸쳐지속될수있는큰문제이므로, 해상에유출된기름을신속히방제하는작업을위해여러분야의다양한과학적인접근이이루어지고있다. 그중유출된기름의위치와양을정확히파악하는작업은방제계획수립, 방제방법선택, 방제자재배치에있어매우중요하다. 기름의위치와양을모니터링하는방법중원격탐지 (Remote Sensing) 기술은단일장비를이용하여짧은시간내에넓은영역의기름유출양상을알수있다는장점이있어방제작업에있어자주활용되고있으며, 탐지효율을높이기위핸오랜기간동안다양한방법을통해연구되고있다. 본논문에서는기름유출을원격탐지하는여러방법중대표적인기술들에대해간략히소개하며, 각기술의특징을분석한내용을제시한다. 원격탐지에사용된방법 ( 매개체 ) 를기준으로광학센서, 마이크로웨이브센서로분류하였으며, 분류된기술의특징은그동안관련된시험및연구결과자료를바탕으로정리하였다.
2 2. 광학센서 (Optical Sensor) 2.1 가시광센서 (Visible Sensor) 가시광선영역의빛을이용하는원격탐지방법은가장보편화된방법으로, 주로비디오카메라또는스틸카메라를이용하기때문에경제적인측면에서적용이쉬우며, 촬영된영상정보에 GPS를이용한위치정보를더하면기름유출영역을직관적으로파악할수있다. 전자기파의가시광영역에대해기름은물보다반사도가높으며, 특정파장에대한흡수성이크지않으므로빛의반사를통해물과기름을구분할수있다. 스틸카메라를통해획득한유출유영상정보를이용하여기름이유출된영역의크기를산정하는기술적테크닉들이많이개발되어있으며, 광학필터들을이용하여, 물과기름을분별하는방법들이적용되고있다. 하지만이런방법들은주변빛의밝기및반사각도에따라분별력의변화가큰한계가존재한다. 이러한단점을극복하고자저조도광학카메라기술등이새롭게적용되고있지만가시광센서는수동형탐지 (Passive sensing) 방법이므로전체지역에대한일부유출양상을보이며, 태양광과해풍에따라부분적으로기름에의한영상과유사하게보일수있는가능성이있으므로정확한유출정보를얻을수는없다. 또한해초등해양생물이존재하는지역이나수중에구조물등이있을경우, 이들과기름이비슷하게보일수있으며, 해안근처에기름이유출된경우시각적으로어두운부분으로덥이게되어기름이구별되지않을가능성이크다. 가시광영역의빛을이용하는수동형탐지방법인가시광센서는앞에서열거한여러단점들이있어정확한기름의유출양상을파악하는데에는제한적이지만, 경제적으로적용이쉽기때문에기름방제에있어기본적인정보나유출지역의특징을제공하는데에는효과적이다. 2.2 적외선센서 (Infrared Sensor) 기름은두께에따라태양열을흡수하고다시열에너지 ( 파장 8 14 μm, TIR(Thermal Infra Red) 영역 ) 형태로재방사하는특성을갖고있다. 적외선이미지로기름의영상을보면두꺼운층의기름은뜨거운 (hot) 영상으로보이고, 중간층은차가운 (cool) 영상으로보이며얇은층은탐지되지않는특성을띈다 ( 그림 1 참조 ). 이러한변화양상이일어나는정확한두께가정의되진않았지만, 뜨거운영역과찬영역은기름의두께가 50 μm에서 150μm사이에존재하며, 차가운영역과보이지않는영역은기름의두께가 20μm에서 70μm에존재한다 (Fingas[1998]). F ig.1 Output I mage of Thermal I nfrared Sensor (Sou rce : Goodman[199 4]) 물과기름의에멀전형태로되어있을경우적외선센서로는이를탐지할수없다 (Bolus[1996]). 이는에멀전상태가기름-물분리된상태에비해물성적으로열전도도가높기때문에, 열에너지재방사하지않아열
3 적차이로구분되지않기때문이다. 적외선센서중 TIR영역외에 MIR(Mid-band Infra Red, 파장 3 5 μm ) 영역과 NIR(Near Infra Red, 파장 1 2 μm ) 영역을이용한센서들이있지만이들은기름-물의변별력이 TIR영역에비해크지않으므로자주사용되지않는다. TIR 영역적외선센서를이용한원격탐지방법의장점은다음과같다. - 적외선센서의활용이어렵지않으며, 탐지결과가직관적이므로해석이쉽다. - 탐지시스템의무게가가볍고, 소비전력이작아비행기등에탑재를통한활용이용이하다. - 어두운밤에도탐지가가능하다. - 기름과해양생물과의구분이가능하다. - 기름의두께를구분지을수있어, 방제장비를선택적으로활용할수있다. 이센서의단점을정리하면다음과같다. - 안개나구름이방해요소가될수있다. - 기름의두께를정량적으로측정할수없다. - 에멀전상태의기름의측정이불가능하다. 2.3 자외선센서 (UV Sensor) 자외선센서는기름이박막 (<0.01μm) 형태일경우, 자외선에대한큰반사특성을갖는특성을이용하여, 얇은기름의막을탐지하는데유용하게사용될수있다 ( 그림 2 참조 ). 2.2절에서설명한 TIR영역의적외선센서와자외선센서를이용하면, 기름의전체형태와양상뿐만아니라기름의두께별구분이가능하다. 따라서적외선센서로부터얻은이미지와자외선센서로부터얻은이미지를합성하는시스템을이용하면두께별구분이있는해상유출유이미지를얻을수있다. Fig. 2 Output I mage of U ltrav iolet Sensor (Source : G oodm an[ 19 94] ) 자외선센서를이용한원격탐지방법의장점은다음과같다. - 탐지시스템의무게가가볍고, 소비전력이작아비행기등에탑재를통한활용이용이하다. - 결과영상의디스플레이와기록이용이하다. - 시스템구성이경제적이다.
4 이센서의단점을정리하면다음과같다. - 햇빛과바람, 해양생물등의영향으로인한결과와기름과의구분이어렵다. - 자외선 ( 햇빛 ) 이공급되는낮에만탐지가가능하다. 3. 마이크로웨이브센서 (Microwav e Sensor) 3.1 라디오미터 ( 복사계, Radiometer) 바다는마이크로웨이브영역의전자기파를방사하는성질을갖고있다. 다만기름의방사율이물보다크므로라디오미터로탐지된해상기름유출지역의이미지를보면, 기름지역이흰색으로나타난다. 또한이론적으로는방사된신호의주기적패턴을이용하면기름의두께를측정할수있다 (SKOU[1986]). 라디오미터를이용한원격탐지방법은실제현장에서는낮은신호대잡음비등으로인해기름의탐지율이매우낮아지는경향이있으나, 이론적으로는기름에대한많은정보를라이오미터를통해탐지된신호를통해알수있다 (Wissman[1993]). 그중하나가기름의두께정보인데, 탐지된신호의세기는일정한비율로기름의두께가비례하므로이를이용하면기름의두께를정량적으로환산할수있다. 또한기름에흡수된에너지파장의 1/4이홀수배가기름의유효두께와같을때, 마이크로웨이브의방사율이최대화된다. 하지만유기물등의방해요인과낮은신호대잡음비등이단점이며, 특히공간적으로정확한기름의확산형태를파악하기가어렵다. 3.2 레이더 (Radar) 해수표면에발생하는표면장력파 (Capillary wave) 에의해반사된레이더신호는레이더이미지에서흰색으로표시되며, 이를레이더에서는해면반사산란 (Sea clutter) 라고한다. 해수표면에기름이존재하면기름이수표면의표면장력 (Surface tension) 을감소시켜, 표면장력파를발생시키는복원력이작아지게되어, 기름이있는부분에는표면장력파가사라지는현상이발생한다. 이부분은레이더영상에서는검은색으로표시되며이러한차이를이용하여해수면에존재하는기름을레이더로탐지할수있다 (Nøst[2006]). Figure. 3 Oil Spill I mag e in Radar (Sou rce : Nøst[2006]) 그러나기름이외에도다른여러요소들이레이더이미지상에검은색으로표시될수있다. 잔잔한바다의상태, 육지나구조물뒤에있는바다의상태, 빙하표면, 유기성기름, 고래나어류의정액 (Fingas[2000]) 등이기름과구분이되지않는요소들이다. 따라서극지방에서레이더로기름을탐지하는것은비효율적이다. 이러한여러제한요소들이있음에도불구하고레이더를이용한원격탐지기술은넓은영역의모니터링이
5 가능하며, 어두운밤이나, 안개, 구름조건에도사용할수있는장점이있어중요한방법으로적용되고있다. 최근개구면합성레이더 (SAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar) 를이용한해상유출유의원격탐지방법이주로사용되고있으며, 이는넓은탐지영역과높은해상도갖는결과를얻을수있다. 또한레이더의주파수영역중 X-band 영역이 L-, S-, C-band 영역보다좋은결과를보인다는것과, 레이더안테나의 polarization도송수신모두 (V,V) 인형태에서좋은결과를얻는다는것을실험을통해알수있다. 또한해수면이낮은지역의기름은높은지역에비해탐지율이낮은것으로확인되었고, 풍속이 1.5 m/s 이상 6 m/s 이하의해상조건에서레이더를이용한기름의탐지가가능한것으로알려졌다 (Hühnerfuss[1996]). 선박에장착된레이더를이용한유출유원격탐지방법은레이더가설치된높이에따라탐지거리가 8km에서 30km로제한된다. 또한일반적으로선박에장착된레이더는해면반사산란 (Sea clutter) 효과를필터링하여모니터에표시되므로기름탐지하기위한목적으로레이더를적용하기위해서는감소시키기전의레이더신호를활용하는것이요구된다 (Gangeskar[2004]). 레이더를이용한해상유출유원격탐지기술은표면장력파가발생할수있는주변조건만주어진다면, 넓은지역의모니터링이가능하며, 어두운밤시간대에도사용이가능하므로매우유용하다. 그러나기상상태중풍속에따라적용이불가능할수있으므로제한적이다. 4. 결론 이논문에서제시된해상유출유원격탐지기술들은약 30년전부터현재까지이론적원리와실험적시도를통해얻어진결과로, 현재각센서들이지니고있는단점들을극복하고자하는노력은지속적으로진행되고있다. 또한최근에는신기술을이용한원격탐지기술및센서들이개발되고있으며, 적외선센서, 자외선센서의소형화, 반도체광원의등장, 저전력화, 신호처리기술의발달등으로인해원격탐지방법을이용한해상유출유의탐지효율은더욱높아지고있다. 그러나해상의모든조건에맞는단일센서를선택하는것은쉽지않으므로, 효과적인적용을위해서는적용하고자하는해상의조건을잘파악한후센서의탐지효율을높일수있는선택적접근이요구된다. 후 기 본논문은기초기술연구회의지원으로한국해양연구원에서수행중인 해양유출사고대응지원시스템구축 과제의일환으로수행되었다. 참고문헌 [1] M.F. Fingas, C.E. Brown, and J.V. Mullin, The Visibility Limits of Oil on Water and Remote Sensing Thickness Detection Limits, in Proceedings of the Fifth Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI, pp. II , [2] R. Goodman, Overview and Future Trends in Oil Spill Remote Sensing, Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 1, pp , [3] R.L. Bolus, Airborne Testing of a Suite of Remote Sensors for Oil Spill Detecting on Water, in Proceedings of the Second Thematic International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI, pp. III , [4] N. Skou, "Microwave Radiometry for Oil Pollution Monitoring, Measurements, and Systems", IEEE Transaction on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-24, No. 3, [5] V. Wissman, M. Gade, W. Alpers, H. Hühnerfuss, "Radar Signatures of Mineral Oil Spills Measured by an Airborne Multi-Frequency Multi-Polarization Microwave Scatterometer", Oceans, pp. II , 1993.
6 [6] E. Nøst, C. N. Egset, "Oil spill detection system - results from field trials", Oceans, pp. 1-6, [7] M.F. Fingas, and C.E. Brown, Review of Oil Spill Remote Sensing", in Proceedings of SPILLCON2000, Australian Marine Safety Authority, Sydney, Australia, [8] H. Hühnerfuss, W. Alpers, H. Dannhauer, M. Gade, P.A. Lange, V. Neumann, and V. Wismann, Natural and Man-made Sea Slicks in the North Sea Investigated by a Helicopter-borne 5-frequency Radar Scatterometer", Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp , [9] R. Gangeskar, "Automatic Oil-Spill Detrection by Marine X-Band Radars", Sea Technology, pp , 2004.
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