Problem-Solving Strategies 1 euphemism, more pleasant, smooth out, misperceptions, at variance with the truth, lied, more serious, less

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1 Part 08 Zoom In The term euphemism derives from a Greek word meaning to speak with good words and involves substituting a more pleasant, less objectionable way of saying something for a blunt or more direct way. Why do people use euphemisms? They do so probably to help smooth out the rough edges of life, to make the unbearable bearable and the offensive inoffensive. (A), euphemisms can become dangerous when they are used to create misperceptions of important issues. (B), a politician may indicate that one of his statements was somewhat at variance with the truth, meaning that he lied. Even more serious examples include describing rotting slums as substandard housing, making the miserable conditions appear reasonable and the need for action less important. (A) (B) However For example In short For example That is Similarly In addition Therefore Nevertheless Similarly Words & Phrases euphemism derive from objectionable blunt smooth out at variance with substandard reasonable 68

2 Problem-Solving Strategies 1 euphemism, more pleasant, smooth out, misperceptions, at variance with the truth, lied, more serious, less important to create misperceptions of important issues 2 (A), euphemisms can become dangerous when they are used to create misperceptions of important issues. They do so probably to help smooth out the rough edges of life, to make the unbearable bearable and the offensive inoffensive. However 3 (B), a politician may indicate that one of his statements was somewhat at variance with the truth, meaning that he lied. (A) euphemisms can become dangerous when they are used to create misperceptions of important issues. For example 69

3 Exercises 1 Flexible programs give employees some control over their work hours. They include a variety of arrangements, depending on the business. Some programs allow people to set their starting and quitting times each day. (A), a clerk with children might work from seven to three so she can be home when school is out. Other flexible programs offer compressed workweek options that allow a person to work ten hours a day for four days instead of eight hours a day for five. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, forty-six percent of firms have flexible starting times and twenty-three percent permit compressed workweeks. Managers sometimes complain about flexible work schedules because they are complicated to manage. (B), productivity and job satisfaction of federal workers shot up after the government implemented flexible work schedules in (A) (B) However Nonetheless However Furthermore For example Therefore For example Nonetheless Similarly Therefore 2 People with high self-esteem have confidence in their skills and competence and enjoy facing the challenges that life offers them. They willingly work in teams because they are sure of themselves and enjoy taking the opportunity to contribute. (A), those who have low self-esteem tend to feel awkward, shy, and unable to express themselves. Often they compound their problems by opting for avoidance strategies because they hold the belief that whatever they do will result in failure. Conversely, they may compensate for their lack of self-esteem by exhibiting boastful and arrogant behavior to cover up their sense of unworthiness. (B), such individuals account for their successes by finding reasons that are outside of themselves, while those with high self-esteem attribute their success to internal characteristics. (A) (B) However In comparison However Furthermore Likewise In comparison Likewise Furthermore Therefore For example 70

4 3 Economic distance relates to the time and cost involved in traveling from the origin to the destination area and back. The higher the economic distance, the higher the resistance for that destination and, consequently, the lower the demand. (A), it follows that between any origin and destination point, if the travel time or travel cost can be reduced, demand will increase. This may be best illustrated by two turning points in the history of commercial airline service. The introduction of the jet plane in 1959 first cut travel time between California and Hawaii from twelve hours to five hours, and demand grew dramatically. (B), the introduction of the wide-bodied plane for transatlantic flights in the late 1960s brought a surge in demand for seats. The introduction of these planes cut the travel cost by almost fifty percent between the U.S. and most countries on the European continent. (A) (B) Additionally In a word Additionally On the contrary Conversely Likewise Conversely In a word Nevertheless Likewise 4 In offering help to their partners, women are inclined to express sympathy and share examples of their own similar experiences in an effort to convey the message, I understand you; you re not alone. (A), men are more likely to help by problem-solving or offering suggestions. Both are caring responses! But often neither effort goes over very well. Women are apt to hear men s problem-solving efforts as unsympathetic. What women want is a sympathetic ear; what they hear is an impatient, Why don t you just fix it this way? often with the shaming message that they are incompetent. (B), men are truly puzzled by their partners lack of appreciation for their problem-solving efforts. Moreover, the rejection of their well-meaning offer of help is hurtful and, in many cases, shaming. (A) (B) For example In turn For example Above all In contrast Instead In contrast In turn In other words Instead 71

5 Exercises 5 In all societies, relatives are referred to by special terms. In every system of kinship terminology, some relatives are classed together (referred to by the same kinship term). (A), in the kinship language of English, the individual uses the term aunt to refer to both the mother s and the father s sisters. The women who marry the brothers of either the father or the mother are also called aunts. The English language puts these women together in the same category because their relationship to the individual in terms of intimacy and authority is generally similar. In other cultures, (B), where the father s sister and the mother s sister have different rights, obligations, and relationships to the individual, these female relatives are differentiated from each other (called by different terms). Thus, the ways in which relatives are classified differ from culture to culture. terminology (A) (B) For example moreover For example however In other words therefore In other words moreover In the same way however 6 As most parents will tell you, children sometimes prompt how others treat them. The way you socialize children is often influenced by their reaction to you. For example, I needed only to look sternly at my son or speak in an assertive tone, and he would comply with what was asked of him. (A), my daughter would need to experience consequences being sent to her room, withdrawal of privileges, having to do extra chores before she would comply with family rules. Even in college, she had to get numerous parking tickets before she realized paying for them was more painful than getting up earlier to find even a distant parking space from her class and walking. (B), not only do children actively contribute to interactions, but in so doing, they affect their own developmental outcomes, transforming themselves in the process and influencing how others respond. comply (A) (B) Moreover Thus Moreover In contrast However Thus However Nonetheless In fact In contrast 72

6 7 Music affects our emotions indirectly, by changing our mood. Little scientific research has been done to find exactly which kinds of music tend to put people in which moods. (A), most people today know the irritating effects of being exposed to loud, repetitive music from a fellow-passenger s MP3 player. Hearing such music does not usually send you into a fit of rage immediately. Rather, it gradually puts you in a bad mood, which then makes you more easily angered. (B), supermarkets do not use soft music to make us happy directly; that would rather defeat their objective, since the supermarket bosses do not want you to feel fulfilled by the music itself. Rather, they hope that the music will put you in a relaxed mood, which will in turn make you more sensitive to happy thoughts, such as the pleasure of consuming an expensive chocolate cake. (A) (B) For example Similarly For example In fact Nonetheless Instead Nonetheless Similarly Besides In fact 8 An illusion that has puzzled man for hundreds of years is the moon illusion the fact that the moon looks larger near the horizon than when it is overhead. (A), of course, the moon does not change size, and the image cast on the retina is the same whether the moon is overhead or at the horizon. What, then, is the cause for such a difference? One theory holds that when the moon is seen in context that is, in relation to its background objects in the background provide distance cues. Since we think of the moon as being farther away than the trees and buildings seen with it on the horizon, we perceive it as larger. (B), if the retinal image of an object remains constant, an increase in apparent distance will produce a corresponding increase in perceived size. retina (A) (B) In addition For example In addition As a result In actuality As a result In actuality In other words Similarly In other words 73

7 Part 09 Zoom In Giorgio Vasari, the Italian painter, architect, and writer, was born in Arezzo in He was considered to be more successful as an architect than a painter. But what made him truly famous was his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects (shortened as Lives). It is not known exactly how many copies of the first edition of Lives, published in 1550, were printed, but it earned Vasari the praise of his peers. Then in a revised edition of Lives in 1568, complete with portraits of the artists, he combined biographical anecdotes with critical comment. Although the revised edition overshadowed Vasari s own achievements as a painter and architect, it made him the most respected man of the Italian art world. He was even knighted by Pope Pius V in Arezzo Lives Lives Lives 1571 Words & Phrases eminent anecdote overshadow knight 74

8 Problem-Solving Strategies 1 Giorgio Vasari 2 Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari Lives Giorgio Vasari 3 Arezzo Giorgio Vasari, the Italian painter, architect, and writer, was born in Arezzo in Giorgio Vasari 1511 Arezzo Lives It is not known exactly how many copies of the first edition of Lives, published in 1550, were printed, but it earned Vasari the praise of his peers Vasari Lives Then in a revised edition of Lives in 1568, complete with portraits of the artists, he combined biographical anecdotes with critical comment Lives Although the revised edition overshadowed Vasari s own achievements as a painter and architect, it made him the most respected man of the Italian art world. Vasari 1571 He was even knighted by Pope Pius V in Pius 5 75

9 Exercises 1 Anthony Burns Anthony Burns was born a slave in Virginia, and early on disregarded law by learning to read and write. Converted to the Baptist faith while a young man, he began to preach. When his owner hired him out, he gained enough autonomy to plan his escape. In February 1854, at the age of nineteen, he hid himself on a ship bound from Richmond to Boston, where he found work. Ironically his ability to write led to his capture. A letter home was intercepted; it revealed where he was, and his master demanded that the Boston court return him to slavery in accord with the Fugitive Slave Law. Despite the desperate mobilization of the abolitionists to save him, government forces succeeded in shipping Burns back to Virginia in June abolitionist Richmond Virginia 2 The Complete Herbal The Complete Herbal written by Nicholas Culpeper first appeared in Culpeper s aim was to supply the information that would allow ordinary people to identify medicinal plants they could find growing in fields and bushes near their homes and use them to make home remedies that would heal them. Sometimes he described precisely where a particular herb could be found. The book sold for three pence, which made it available to the poor. Also, Culpeper wrote in simple, straightforward English that ordinary people could understand. The Complete Herbal was an immediate success. For more than 250 years it was the principal guide to traditional cures that ordinary people used, and it is still in print. Nicholas Culpeper is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern herbalism. herbalism 76

10 3 Rosalind Elsie Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in London, England. She excelled at science and received a doctorate in physical chemistry from Cambridge University in She spent three years in France, where she learned to use x-rays to study tiny structures such as crystals. At King s College, London, Franklin used this technique to discover crucial keys to DNA s structure. DNA stores all the information needed to create an organism, or living individual. Without Franklin s knowledge, a colleague, Maurice Wilkins, presented her findings to James Watson and Francis Crick, rival scientists at Cambridge University. They used her data to build a description of DNA s structure. In 1962, four years after Franklin s death at 37 from cancer, Waston, Crick, and Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Many scientists believed that Franklin should have been honored with them. physiology 1945 DNA Cambridge Canella The Canella always settle near some watercourses and galeria forests; because of their passion for daily dancing they choose for a site some hard dirt ground. A typical village is about nine hundred feet in diameter, with the houses arranged along the circular boundary. A ring-like boulevard, uniformly over twenty feet in width, runs along the inner side of the house circle, widening at two spots into a dance ground. Since the residents are forever dancing and racing there, not a blade of grass is to be seen growing on the boulevard. In the center of the village is a circular plaza about one hundred and fifty feet in diameter, with which each house is connected by a path kept clear for festive occasions, while between these paths the grass grows undisturbed. The total aspect of the settlement thus suggests a giant wheel with its spokes. galeria forest

11 Exercises 5 Around 2000 B.C., the Indo- European tribe known as the Hittites settled in Asia Minor. Around 1630 B.C., Hattusilis I united the multiple communities of the region under his rule. Through the capital city of Hattusa, the Hittites expanded their empire throughout Asia Minor. In their attempt to gain control over Syria, the Hittites clashed with the Egyptians. Following the Battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. between the Hittites and the Egyptians, a peace treaty divided Syria. Afterwards, the Hittite empire began to show signs of decline. Power struggles within the royal court, poor harvests and hunger compounded the empire s problems. Attacks by Sea-people led to a rapid collapse of the empire, which occurred practically overnight. The capital was destroyed around 1200 B.C. while smaller Hittite countries continued to exist in southeast Anatolia and northern Syria. These, however, were later conquered by the Assyrians during the 7th century B.C. Hittite Hattusilis 1 13 Hattusa Hittite 1285 Hittite 1200 Sea-people Hittite 7 6 Anyone who has seen Akira Kurosawa s 1961 samurai classic Yojimbo knows that Sergio Leone s A Fistful of Dollars (shortened as Fistful) is an almost scene-for-scene remake. But Leone seemed unaware of the legal implications of his copycatting. He never publicly acknowledged his creative debt to Kurosawa and refrained from offering the Japanese master any royalties. In fact, during production of Fistful, Leone s production company told everyone concerned to refrain under any circumstances from mentioning the word Yojimbo. When Kurosawa learned what was going on, he sent Leone a letter praising the Italian s film and asking for his cut of the pie. Fistful is a very fine film, but it is my film. You must pay me, Kurosawa wrote. Leone, who was thrilled that a filmmaker of Kurosawa s stature would threaten to sue him, eventually agreed to give him fifteen percent of Fistful s worldwide box-office receipts. copycat Yojimbo Fistful Leone Kurosawa Leone Kurosawa Kurosawa Leone Kurosawa Fistful 78

12 7 Sally Kristen Ride Sally Kristen Ride was born in Encino, California, on May 26, Although she was a great tennis player, she gave up hopes of playing professionally and studied physics at Stanford University. In 1977 she was selected by NASA to become an astronaut. Ride achieved fame when she flew around the Earth on the seventh space shuttle mission on June 18, At the age of 32 she was also the youngest U.S. astronaut. During the six-day mission the crew put satellites in space and conducted research. Ride also flew on the 13th mission in 1984 and later served on the commission that investigated the 1986 Challenger disaster, when the shuttle exploded after takeoff. After retiring, Ride spent much of her time encouraging young women to study science and math and to become scientists and engineers. 8 Lance Mackey I am excited today to congratulate Alaskan dog musher Lance Mackey and his team of dogs that carried him across the Iditarod finish line for a first-place finish in Nome, Alaska on March 16, The Iditarod is known as the toughest race on Earth. The trail spans across a significant portion of Alaska, and is roughly 1,100 miles long. The race begins in Willow, AK, and mushers cross the finish line in Nome. Mackey and his team rode into Nome just 51 seconds short of 9 days on the trail this is the second fastest time in the 38-year history of the race. He crossed the finish line with 11 of the 16 dogs he started the race with tired but still strong after the 1,000-mile journey. This victory landed Mackey his fourth win in a row a title no Iditarod musher has claimed before. musher 2010 Iditarod 2010 Iditarod 1,100 38Iditarod 2010 Iditarod Iditarod 4 79

13 Exercises 9 Carl Rogers Carl Rogers spent his early years in a wealthy Chicago suburb. His father viewed such activities as playing cards and going to the movies as questionable. When Rogers was twelve, his family moved to a farm farther from the city to protect the children from what his father perceived to be immoral influences. Rogers took refuge in books and developed an interest in science. His first college major was agriculture. During a student visit to China in 1922, he was exposed for the first time to people from different racial backgrounds. It was during this period that he wrote his parents proclaiming his independence from their conservative views. Shortly thereafter he developed an ulcer and had to be hospitalized. It is unclear whether Rogers s rebellion against his father and the development of the ulcer were causally linked, but the coincidence seems quite noteworthy ulcer 10 split-level houses You may never have visited a split-level home, but you have probably seen one on TV, especially if you have ever watched an American television show recorded during the 1960s or 1970s. These houses have internal stairs that allow the main entrance to reach both a sleeping level and an entertainment level. Because of a high demand for this kind of isolated living in the 1950s and later, many of these houses were built quickly and cheaply. The concept of a split level derives from legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright s idea of houses with half floors that would blend more naturally with the surrounding landscape. The method behind split-level mania is that a house with a stacked floor plan does not require a level lot. Like bank barns, split-levels could be built into, against, or even on a hill. bank barn Frank Lloyd Wright 80

14 11 Henri Matisse Henri Matisse came late to painting, having trained to be a lawyer to please his father. While he was in the hospital recovering from surgery, his mother brought him a box of paints and a how-to book, and the world lost an attorney and gained an artist. It was as if I had been called, he remembered. Henceforth I did not lead my life. It led me. Matisse left for Paris to study art, with his father shouting, You ll starve! He gained fame as leader of the Fauves 1905 show. In 1917 Matisse began to spend winters in Vence, where he donated a chapel of his own design that is one of the most moving religious buildings in Europe. After local nuns nursed him through a serious illness in the 1940s, the grateful Matisse devoted himself to every detail of the chapel. Vence Fauve 12 The northern part of Sumeria, known as Babylonia, gave rise to the earliest successful attempt to unite the Near East when Sargon crushed the power of Lugalzagesi of Umma, securing control over the region. His capital at Akkad dominated an empire that became ever more centralized. A calendar was introduced for the whole of Babylonia, new systems of taxation and standardized weights and measures were imposed, and Akkadian became the language of government. Sargon s armies reached as far as the Mediterranean coast, but it was difficult to control the outlying regions. Rebellion broke out in the reign of Sargon s grandson, Naram-sin, who took on the title king of the world and was worshipped as a god while alive. Naram-sin was victorious, but thereafter the Akkadians were on the defensive; their empire eventually fell during the reign of King Sharkalisharri, the son of Naram-sin. the Near East Akkad Akkad Sargon Naram-sin Akkad Naram-sin 81

15 Part 10 Zoom In One day in February 2009, Stephanie called Betty, her best friend, who was the only employee of her business Best Wedding. Once again, they discussed the company s expenses and dwindling revenue. But this time, Stephanie knew what she had to do. She gathered up her courage and told her friend and colleague: I have to make this work. I have to let you go. Betty was hurt but wasn t particularly surprised. In a businesslike fashion, the two women began figuring out how to disengage. Betty said she wanted to start her own event-planning business, and Stephanie agreed to let her keep her existing clients, some photography, and documents and forms they had developed together. She also gave Betty two months salary as severance pay. severance Words & Phrases dwindling revenue colleague businesslike fashion figure out disengage existing 82

16 Problem-Solving Strategies she her Stephanie Betty 2 her best friend Betty Betty She gathered up her courage and told her friend and colleague She Stephanie her friend and colleaguestephanie Betty I have to make this work. I have to let you go Stephanie you Betty Stephanie agreed to let her keep her existing clients her Betty Betty Betty Stephanie She also gave Betty two months salary as severance pay She Betty Stephanie Betty Stephanie 83

17 Exercises 1 he[his] My husband, Greg, told me about an eight-year-old boy who had a splendid way of reacting to derision. Greg was working as an interior home painter at the time. As he was painting an upstairs bedroom, the young boy watched him curiously for a while and then asked if he could help. Greg gave him a roller and a few tips. The youngster had been painting the wall for about five minutes when his older brother leaned on the door to observe. After a moment, he said, That looks terrible. You re doing a terrible job. With barely a noticeable pause in his work, the eightyear-old responded, Well, of course, I'm just learning. This is the first time I ve ever done this. And he went on working. derision 2 In 1957, a young Muslim in Harlem witnessed the beating of a drunken black man by several policemen. When the Muslim protested, the police beat him senseless and carted him off to jail. An angry crowd gathered outside the police station, ready to riot. Told that only Malcolm X could prevent violence, the police commissioner brought him in and told him to break up the protesters. Malcolm refused. Speaking more mildly, the commissioner begged him to reconsider. Malcolm calmly set conditions for his cooperation: medical care for the beaten Muslim, and proper punishment for the police officers. The commissioner reluctantly agreed. Outside the station, Malcolm explained the agreement and the crowd dispersed. In Harlem and around the country, he was an overnight hero finally a man who took action. police commissioner 84

18 3 She[her] We met Tasmika one afternoon when we were visiting Tanya and her son, Victor. Tasmika was playing with Victor. She was a small child with quick dark eyes and long braids of hair that reached her waist. There was nothing shy about Tasmika. She was happy and cheerful. She smiled and tossed her braids as she talked, and she seemed to fill the room with her liveliness. Tanya told us that Tasmika lived on the next street with her mother and father. She added with a smile that Tasmika was also in first grade and that she was a good reader. That was all Tasmika needed to hear. She had come straight from school, and she had her book bag with her. She opened it up, took out a book, and flipped through the pages. 4 Marlon Brando was the leading man in Charlie Chaplin s last movie, 1967 s A Countess from Hong Kong. The two men never went together well, and Brando emerged from the experience with considerable bitterness for the filmmaker he had once called probably the most talented man the medium has ever produced. Chaplin, he revealed in his autobiography, was a fearsome cruel man, and an egotistical tyrant and a penny-pincher. He harassed people when they were late, Brando charged, and scolded them unmercifully to work faster. One time when Brando showed up fifteen minutes late to the set, Chaplin chewed him out in front of the entire cast and crew, scolding him as a disgrace to the acting profession. He subsequently demanded and received an apology from Chaplin. For his part, Chaplin said that working with Brando was simply impossible. penny-pincher 85

19 Exercises 5 He[he] A very successful financial consultant once told me about being photographed for a financial magazine at his home. A photographer arrived with several cases of cameras and lighting equipment. He began to shoot several different pictures of the consultant inside the house and in the garden. The financial consultant, by no means a timid soul, protested. I m a busy man, he told the photographer. I don t have eight hours for pictures. Finally, with the sun setting in the background, the photographer announced that he had all the shots he needed. When I asked the financial consultant why he tolerated such a massive intrusion on his time, he said, The fellow obviously had very high standards. He wasn t going to leave until he got the best possible shot. But what impressed me most was that he loved what he was doing. intrusion 6 he When his son, Justin, told him he was dropping out of college, Seth did his best to hide his disappointment. Still, he was upset and needed someone to talk to. Hoping that his brother would understand, Seth gave him a call. It wasn t easy for Seth to talk about his feelings, so he started out making small talk. After a few minutes he told his brother that Justin was dropping out of college and that he was very discouraged about it. There was a pause, and then his brother went on to talk about something else. Seth was shocked. How could his brother be so unsympathetic? With great effort, he confronted his brother, saying, Didn t you hear what I said? His brother replied that he had never thought of Seth as someone who needed emotional support. 86

20 7 he[he] One morning, Hughie went to see a great friend of his, Alan Trevor. Trevor was a painter and artist. When he took up the brush he was a real master, and his pictures were eagerly sought after. He had been very much attracted by Hughie at first, it must be admitted, entirely because of his personal charm. The only people a painter should know, he used to say, are people who are beautiful, people who are an artistic pleasure to look at, and restful to talk to. Men who are well-dressed and women who are lovely rule the world at least they should do so. However, after he got to know Hughie better, he liked him quite as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature, and had asked him to come to see him whenever he liked. 8 her[she] The death of Martha Graham on April 1, 1991 finally permitted Agnes de Mille to publish her biography of the dancer, after nearly twenty-five years of work and four years of waiting. It is a measure of de Mille s respect for Graham that she should have withheld until after the subject s death what is by any standard an affectionate and appreciative account of her life and art, rather than risk offending Graham s own sense of herself in the slightest degree. De Mille seems to feel that she is approaching something truly sacred in discussing Graham, not simply writing the life of a rare artist and an old friend who had become a touchy old woman. She tells us in her preface that Martha had wished to leave a legend, not a biography; and she knows she is going too far. 87

21 8~10 Zoom Out Reading for Details Supporting Details Some workers prefer going to work by means of a carpool. Their gas and parking expenses are lower in a carpool. Recent government regulations require some teachers to use a carpool. Workers who are not driving can read or sleep on the way to work. thereforehowever for example 88

22 major supporting details minor supporting details There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers unread, untouched. This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books. The second has a great many books a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance. The third has a few books or many every one of them dog-eared, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in front to back. This man owns books. Words & Phrases dip into dog-eared scribble 89

23 Zoom Out opening phrase additional words several kinds of a few causes a few reasons two advantages several characteristics three factors four steps among the results There are several popular solutions to the problem of child care for working couples. The most popular solution is to leave children with relatives. Another common solution is for each parent to work different hours so that either the mother or father is home to care for the children. Also, many parents take their children to day-care centers. several popular solutions

24 one first of all in addition furthermore first also next last of all second another moreover finally Another common solution... / Also, many parents... Flexible programs give employees some control over their work hours. They include a variety of arrangements, depending on the business. Some programs allow people to set their starting and quitting times each day For example, a clerk with children might work from seven to three so she can be home when school is out. Other flexible programs offer compressed workweek options that allow a person to work ten hours a day for four days instead of eight hours a day for five According to the Society for Human Resource Management, forty-six percent of firms have flexible starting times and twenty-three percent permit compressed workweeks. Managers sometimes complain about flexible work schedules because they are complicated to manage. Nonetheless, productivity and job satisfaction of federal workers shot up after the government implemented flexible work schedules in They Flexible programsinclude a variety of arrangements, depending on the business. a variety of arrangements a variety of arrangements Some programs Other flexible programs 91

25 Part 11 Zoom In In this digital age, images are essential units of information, and knowing how to use photography effectively is more important than ever. Fortunately, enrolling at the Hobbiton Institute of Photography is one of the easiest, most cost-effective ways to take your photography to the next level. You ll be assigned a personal adviser, have your work evaluated by experienced experts, and receive insightful suggestions on how to make it better. You ll also learn to think on your feet and develop the eye of a photographer. You can pursue your passion with us, and your photography will never be the same. Words & Phrases photography enroll assign evaluate experienced insightful on one s feet pursue passion 92

26 Problem-Solving Strategies 1 photography, enrolling at the Hobbiton Institute of Photography, You ll be assigned ~, your work evaluated by experienced experts, receive insightful suggestions, the eye of a photographer 2 Hobbiton Institute of Photography Hobbiton Institute of Photography Hobbiton Institute of Photography Hobbiton Institute of Photography 3 Hobbiton Institute of Photography Hobbiton Institute of Photography Hobbiton Institute of Photography 93

27 Exercises 1 My dear friends and colleagues, you and I have fought the good fight for the peregrine falcon, and we have won a great victory. Now, this bird has been officially removed from the endangered species list. What we have accomplished together is truly incredible, and I believe that the recovery of the peregrine falcon will be recorded in the annals of conservation as a major event of the twentieth century. But, as we all know, conservation is a continual series of challenges the fight for conservation never ends and so I urge you: press on to meet new challenges, for they surely await, and will always be waiting for, those who strive to keep the earth fit for life in all its many beautiful forms. peregrine falcon 2 It was a pleasure meeting with you yesterday morning, and I believe the new design plan that we discussed will complement the existing carpeting and interior decoration of your office. I have already ordered the brown leather sofa, armchair, and office desk set you selected, and they should arrive within the month. Unfortunately, however, the fabric we chose for your curtains is incredibly popular and, consequently, my distributor is currently out of stock. However, he has assured me that the fabric will be available in six to eight weeks. The late arrival of the fabric may delay the estimated completion date of February 1 by two weeks or more. If such a delay is unsatisfactory, please let me know, and we can select another equally suitable fabric at your earliest convenience. 94

28 3 Thank you for answering my questions about the ATM fees I ve checked on my bank statements. Thank you, too, for refunding your bank s fees from my previous two months statements since I was not aware of your new fee policy. I also understand that what other banks charge Second National customers for using their machines is out of your control. With the established fee structure of all the banks involved, though, I guess I should expect to pay more bank machine fees from now on. I must use ATMs frequently to do my banking, and Second National machines are rarely the most convenient for me. Because I cannot accept such fee increases, I will be moving my accounts to First Mutual, whose ATM fee policy seems much more reasonable. Thank you for the nearly 20 years of outstanding service you ve given my family. 4 Last week, an excellent article in the New York Times of August 29 detailed the renaissance of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This extraordinary endeavor has adopted a bold economic revitalization strategy centered on the arts and historic preservation involving the restoration of the popular Colonial Theater of a century ago. As anyone will agree, the Colonial Theater certainly qualified as an American Treasure. The restored theater reopened on August 29 to wide acclaim, and I am proud of all that Pittsfield mayor James Ruberto and the entire Pittsfield community have accomplished. This recognition of their efforts is exceptionally well-deserved, and I believe all of our colleagues in this organization will be interested in Pittsfield s extraordinary achievement. I commend Mayor Ruberto and the people of Pittsfield for a job well done. Pittsfield 95

29 Exercises 5 Malaria claims five million victims every year, but treating the disease is extremely hard. Even though field workers collect plenty of data from victims, using it to work out the best treatments is slow. So the Swiss Tropical Institute (STI) is asking you to help. It has developed a computer program to study the cause, distribution and controls for malaria that simulates possible treatments and transmission patterns. But it needs massive computing power. So the STI researchers have chopped the program up into little chunks that can be processed simultaneously by thousands of home PCs around the world. And that includes your computer. All you need to do is to log on to the AFRICA@home website to sign up. They will give you software to download, and then send you data to run on your PC to help the scientists to understand, treat and maybe one day wipe out malaria. 6 Thank you for sending me the most important mail of the last two weeks. It reached me here on my arrival at Baku yesterday. My business talks in Russia have been quite successful so far, and I look forward to reporting on them when I am back at the office. As you know from my travel schedule, from here I am travelling by rail to Tiflis and on to Istanbul, where I shall be from March. As it is rather difficult for me to make travel arrangements from here, would you please make the following reservations for me, and wire a confirmation to me at the Oriental Hotel, Istanbul? Would you please book me on a flight to Marseilles on 22nd of March and then to Manchester on the 26th? If possible try to find a direct flight from Marseilles to Manchester. 96

30 7 My wife, Janice, and I have seen a marked decrease in our daughter, Noreen s, performance in your science class during the last two grade periods. We d like to make an appointment with you to discuss your ideas on what might be causing the problem and how we might work with you to help her. Mrs. Hamilton in the main office tells me that your regular conference period runs from 3:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. Would it be possible to meet with you next Wednesday, March 11, at 4 p.m.? Please leave a message on our home answering machine confirming this day or suggesting an alternative. Because my wife s work regularly takes her out of town during the day, 4 p.m. would be the earliest time we both could meet you. Our number is We ll wait to hear from you. 8 Several years ago I was teaching two introductory psychology courses at a community college. One was a transfer course for psychology majors, and the other was designed for the non-major. The non-major course was a real problem because there was no appropriate text available for the students. Existing texts were so encyclopedic or high-level that many students couldn t read the material and were frustrated. Other books were so dry and boring that many students fell behind from lack of interest. Things haven t changed much over the years, so I finally decided to write a book for students and not, frankly, for their professors. This book is intended as a somewhat brief, up-to-date introduction to the body of knowledge we call psychology. I have taken special care to organize and include content that is both important and interesting to the beginning student of psychology. transfer course 97

31 Part 12 Zoom In It started out like any other day. I had no idea that I was in for one of the most terrifying experiences of my life. I headed to the beach and jumped on my surfboard and paddled out. I was about 150 yards off the beach, when I felt a sudden chill in the air followed by an uncomfortable stillness. Suddenly, I heard the lifeguard scream, Get out of the water! There was a certain panic in his voice that demanded attention. Then I saw something approaching me in the water. It was big and gray, and closing in on me fast. I tried to paddle back to shore but my arms and legs were paralyzed. amused ashamed disappointed flattered frightened Words & Phrases be in for terrifying paddle yard chill stillness lifeguard panic close paralyze 98

32 Problem-Solving Strategies It started out like any other day. I had no idea that I was in for one of the most terrifying experiences of my life. I headed to the beach and jumped on my surfboard and paddled out. I was about 150 yards off the beach, when I felt a sudden chill in the air followed by an uncomfortable stillness. Suddenly, I heard the lifeguard scream, Get out of the water! There was a certain panic in his voice that demanded attention. Then I saw something approaching me in the water. It was big and gray, and closing in on me fast. I tried to paddle back to shore but my arms and legs were paralyzed. 3 frightened 99

33 Exercises 1 The sun was just far enough in the west to send inviting shadows. In the center of a small field, and in the shade of a haystack which was there, a girl lay sleeping. She had slept long and soundly, when something awoke her as suddenly as if it had been a blow. She opened her eyes and stared a moment up in the sky of blue and white. She yawned and stretched her long brown legs and arms, lazily. Then she arose, never minding the bits of straw that clung to her black hair, to her red sweater, and to the blue cotton skirt that did not reach her ankles. The girl absentmindedly watched a cloud that floated lazily overhead, trying to decide what kind of animal it most looked like. lonely and boring calm and peaceful funny and exciting lively and festive sad and miserable 2 I My mother! My father! After English became my primary language, I no longer knew what words to use in addressing my parents. The old Spanish words (those tender accents of sound) I had earlier used mama and papa I couldn t use any more. They would have been painful reminders of how much had changed in my life. On the other hand, the words I heard neighborhood kids call their parents seemed equally unsatisfactory. Mother and father, ma, papa, pa, dad, pop all these I felt were unsuitable terms of address for my parents. I was just at a loss. As a result, I never used them at home. Whenever I d speak to my parents, I would try to get their attention by looking at them. In public conversations, I d refer to them as my parents or my mother and father. bored amused grateful relieved confused 100

34 3 The villagers pair off quickly, and the whole hall is soon in motion. Apparently nobody knows how to waltz, but that is nothing of any consequence there is music, and they dance, each as he pleases, just as before they sang. Most of them prefer the two-step, especially the young, with whom it is the fashion. The older people have dances from home, strange and complicated steps which they execute with grave solemnity. Some do not dance anything at all, but simply hold each other s hands and allow the undisciplined joy of motion to express itself with their feet. Among these are Jokubas Szedvilas and his wife, Lucija; they are too fat to dance, but they stand in the middle of the floor, holding each other fast in their arms, rocking slowly from side to side and grinning with delight. peaceful and calm solemn and sacred scary and depressing lively and festive adventurous and thrilling 4 Ara Ara worked hard on the field that day, and her husband, Urgh, had departed several days before to go hunting with some adults in the clan. Her baby stirred and started to cry. She knew that this crying was not because the little one was hungry, but because of the loud roaring in the sky. She hoped that Urgh would be able to come back before a furious storm would break out. As things became darker and the winds were gaining strength, she heard the sounds of the returning hunting party and rushed out of the hut. Her husband was with the leading males, a small animal dangling around his shoulders. He greeted Ara by hugging her. When looking him in the eyes, she realized that the days of hunting had been successful. worried pleased annoyed regretful hopeful frustrated nervous sorrowful jealous grateful 101

35 Exercises 5 On the day we were to leave Warsaw, we formed a long line. The soldiers were dividing people up women and children and old people one side, and able-bodied people the other side separated by barbed wire. My mother and I were standing about next to the train that we were going to get into and my father was on the other side. My mother shouted at him, Jurek! (George, come over!) He ran and vaulted the fence and they shot at him but missed. My mother immediately made him sit under the train and she put some flour on his head to make him look as if he had grey hair. They came and looked in a cursory way. My mother and I stood still as if we didn t know anything, waiting for them to go back. cursory tense and urgent quiet and peaceful promising and hopeful noisy and humorous exciting and thrilling 6 When my daughter was three years old, I took her ice skating for the first time, even though I hadn t been on the ice for almost twenty years. I laced up her tiny white skates, my fingers performing the act as if I did it every day, and then we hobbled to the rink. She reached up, grabbed my hand, and stood upright, and we glided into the cold. At that moment of sliding across the ice, holding someone s hand was surprisingly emotional. After a few times around the rink, I let go of my little girl s hand and off she went, by herself. With a big grin on my face I watched the small figure outstretching her arms and gliding away and thought she would soon be skating through life on her own. hobble pleased and proud calm and determined ashamed and embarrassed nervous and worried disappointed and angry 102

36 7 The silence came over everything again, as though sound itself had been ripped from the earth. I stood there, wondering what to do. Should I go down to the beach? K might be down there somewhere, buried in the sand... But I decided not to leave the dike. I knew from experience that big waves often came in twos and threes. I m not sure how much time went by maybe ten or twenty seconds when the next wave came. Another enormous roar shook the beach, and again, after the sound had faded, another huge wave raised its head to strike. It towered before me, blocking out the sky, like a deadly cliff. dike gay and exciting solemn and sacred desperate and horrifying calm and peaceful boring and lonely 8 I I saw Miss Brown floating majestically upward at the front of the line. Why? How? What was happening? It took me a second to remember that there were a dozen or so steps up to the stage and she was walking up them. Steps! I had forgotten there were steps. I had seen them before, but they were not part of my mental practice; I hadn t practiced them in my mind s eye. My ankles went shaky, and I felt hot and cold all over. Lula glided upward in front of me without any apparent problem. I followed her and somehow made it to the top, and then stopped myself just in time from staring into the dazzling safety lights that marked the edge of the stage. We made it to our chairs, and the applause died down like a passing storm. majestically bored and tired proud and pleased envious and regretful calm and relieved tense and nervous 103

37 11~12 Zoom Out Understanding Inference and the Writer s Purpose opinions facts Make a plan to help you try and give up smoking. Plan the date you ll give up and how you ll try to deal with temptations. Fall term: Your child will be covering simple fractions during weeks 1-6. SPECIAL OFFER! Buy today! Would you want to miss this SPECIAL offer? I really think that you need this holiday. You have been working very hard lately and are so worn out. Just think of how nice it will be to lie on the beach in the sunshine. something is like something how it feels, smells, looks, sounds and tastes The morning air was fresh and sharp as Bill walked down the street. The road was slippery and cold beneath his feet like a wet fish. 104

38 Fred believes in a seafood diet: when he sees food, he eats it. The best time to be in New York is in the Spring. The warmer weather makes being robbed more pleasant. Last week, an excellent article in the New York Times of August 29 detailed the renaissance of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This extraordinary endeavor has adopted a bold economic revitalization strategy centered on the arts and historic preservation involving the restoration of the popular Colonial Theater of a century ago. As anyone will agree, the Colonial Theater certainly qualified as an American Treasure. The restored theater reopened on August 29 to wide acclaim, and I am proud of all that Pittsfield mayor James Ruberto and the entire Pittsfield community have accomplished. This recognition of their efforts is exceptionally well-deserved, and I believe all of our colleagues in this organization will be interested in Pittsfield s extraordinary achievement. I commend Mayor Ruberto and the people of Pittsfield for a job well done. Pittsfield James Ruberto I am proud of all that Pittsfield mayor James Ruberto and the entire Pittsfield community have accomplished 105

39 Zoom Out pessimistic sorrowful insulting optimistic sympatheticserioushonest (a) (b) (c) I just said that three times to my friend when he laughed at me. matter-of-fact, objective How could I ever have said that to him? I just can t believe I said that! shocked, disbelieving Oh, my God. I ve said that to my friend. How can I ever be forgiven for this stupid act? regretful I straightforward fearful playful matter-of-fact anxious tolerant objective tragic ironic serious self-pitying arrogant solemn disbelieving revengeful bitter surprised optimistic sorrowful regretful pessimistic depressed sympathetic desperate distressed loving sentimental angry forgiving light-hearted critical excited amused cruel cheerful humorous hesitant joyful festive honest 106