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1 Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 35, No. 3, 10 19(007) ³ w w y y w w³y Á Ÿ Á Á½» Áx * w w w w w w Lactic Acid Bacterias Growth, Antioxidant Activities and Antimicrobial Activity on Fish Pathogenic Bacteria by Native Plant Extracts, Jeju Island. Moon, Young Gun, Kwang-Sik Choi, Kyeong-Jun Lee, Ki-Young Kim, and Moon-Soo, Heo*. Faculty of Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju , Korea In this study was investigated the growth effect of native plant (Microlepia marginata(panzer Christ., Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald, Perillafrutescens var. japonica Hara., Gleichenia japonica Spreng) extracts on various lactic acid bacterias, electron donating ability, total cell count and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The total cell count of Enterococcus faecium KCCM 1118, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KCCM 386, Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 1154, Pediococcus pentosaceus KCCM in the absence of native plant extracts (10%) at 37 o C after 48hr were cfu/ml, cfu/ml, cfu/ml, cfu/ml. On the other hand, the total cell count of E. faecium KCCM 1118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 386, L. plantarum KCCM 1154, P. pentosaceus KCCM in the presence of native plant extracts (10%) at 37 o C after 48hr were cfu/ml, cfu/ ml, cfu/ml, cfu/ml. The electron donating ability indicated to E. faecium KCCM 1118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 386, L. plantarum KCCM 1154, P. pentosaceus KCCM added by 10% native plant extracts, respectively. when 10% native plant extracts were added lactic acid bacterias, the electron donating ability is the highest. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of E. faecium KCCM 1118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 386, L. plantarum KCCM 1154, P. pentosaceus KCCM showed higher than that of control. Key words: Lactic acid bacteria, native plant extracts, electron donating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity w w w w š. w y w j ƒ ù ƒw. wù, w wš k y,, 1 t,, w wù y w. w w 1 w w. p p w w ƒ p. ƒ š w y z ùkü w ƒ š. w z w³z w t, t, y t,, š *Corresponding author Tel: , Fax: msheo@cheju.ac.kr y w œ š j w wüš p»» w w³» wš š ƒ [1]. t w³z w» sorbate, benzoate, propionate» yww w, w š []. š w y z w y z ƒ. y (prooxidant) y (antioxidant) ³x š ù ƒ w ³x kƒ y w ³x» y p ƒ(oxidative stress)ƒ s ù y j [9, 10]. w y p y (reactive oxygen species, ROS) y w v [13, 1, ]. ROS e e ƒ w, œ š» wš w š, ñ
2 ü š œ w s ƒ w ù, s w ù t ƒ š [11, 16]. w» w w w y ù, z š w w y BHA(Butylated Hydroxy Anisole), BHT(Butylated Hydroxy Toluene), w y tocopherol. ù w w y BHA, BHT x š n w ù ùkü. p BHT mw x microsomal enzyme activity ƒ k, r w w y w» x ³ [4, 7, 11]. l w y œw w ƒ š. x ƒ š tocopherol ù» z ƒ ûš ƒ šƒ [5, 6, 19]. wwš w y w w y w ƒ l w, ¾ š w y. w y phenolic flavonoid m yw, p ü phenolic yw š [8]. xy 50,000 0% ƒ ƒ š [15]. ù 4,500 š wš š š [17], ù t t t ƒ w sw, w ƒ w w š, ãt, Á, tš w ƒ w probiotic bacteria e w ƒ w w y z w w³ y w. STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT 11 x œ Table 1 ¼ƒ l 10 w, w [18] w I [14] š l p( kr) š w. ³ ³ w ³xz(KCCM, Korean Culture Center of Microorganism) Enterococcus faecium KCCM 1118, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KCCM 386, Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 1154, Pediococcus pentosaceus KCCM MRS agar(difco, USA) stab culture w 4 C w 3 o w x w. w w z mw 3 w w. ƒ mixer w w w x w. 400 ml 10 g yww 100 o C 30 kw Whatman No. w 1 e z pore size 0.45 µm syringe ³ vl w ³ w w ³ w³ w y z d w, 4 o C w w. Lactic acid bacteria MRS broth(difco, USA) L. plantarum cfu/ml, L. rhamnosus, E. faceium š P. pentosaceus cfu/ml w 37 C 48 e o w ³ d w» w 1 Ÿ ph d w. ph d ph meter (SevenMulti, Swiss) w w š, ³ MRS broth Table 1. List of native plants tested in this work. Family Scientific name Korean name Part used by Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. š Leaf Labiatae Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald ãt Leaf Labiatae Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. Á Leaf, Fruit Gleicheniaceae Gleichenia japonica Spreng tš Leaf
3 1 MOONGet al. w 1 UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Hanson OPRON-3000, Korea) w 600 nm Ÿ d w w. ƒ lactic acid bacteria 4 ³ MRS broth 5% wš ù z ƒƒ 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 0% ƒw 37 C 48 e o w ƒƒ lactic acid bacteria ³ w» w» 1 ph glucose w 1% BCP plate count agar (Eiken chemical, Japan) w colony d w ³ y d w. w ƒ 1 w 4000 g w w³ x w y x w. w³ x ³ x ³ w w KCTC(Korean Collection For Type Culture) ³ 1 ³ 1 x w. w³y d w w³y d Murry [0] w d w. L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, E. faceium š P. pentosaceusƒ ƒ 10% ƒw 48 w 5000 g w d w³ y d w. œ ³ Muller Hinton broth (Difco, USA) 1 w k MacFarland turbidity No. 0.5ƒ w z ³ w Muller Hinton agar (Difco, USA) z w ³ š w. w³d 8 mm paper disc (ADVANTEC, Japan) 50 µl g g ƒ œ ³ 4 z y( mm) d w w³ z y w. DPPH radical y d œ M DPPH(1,1-diphenyl--picryhydrazyl) ml ƒw 48 k probiotic bacteria 1ml yww z, UV/VIS spectrophotometer(hanson OPRON-3000, Korea) 518 nm Ÿ d w [3]. w w y BHA(butylated hydroxytoluene) BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene) 0.05% (w/v) w z DPPH ml 1 ml yww ƒw k lactic acid bacteria x w z DPPH ml 1ml yww z 30 k z Ÿ d w. œ (Electron donating ability, EDA(%)) ƒw k lactic acid bacteria control Ÿ ùkü. EDA(%) = (1 - ƒw k lactic acid bacteria Ÿ /control Ÿ ) 100 Hydroxyl radical y d ƒ w 48 k lactic acid bacteria hydroxyl radical(oh) y w» w -deoxyribose oxidation method [1] xw d w. x 10 mm FeSO 4 /EDTA 0. ml, 10 mm - deoxyribose 0. ml, 0. ml 0.1 mm phosphate buffer (ph 7.4) 1 ml, 10 mm H O 0. ml ƒwš 37 C 4 k o z,.8% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) 1ml ƒw g. z, 1.0% TBA (thiobarbituric acid) 1ml ƒw 100 o C 10 ƒ k z þƒ g 53 nm Ÿ d w w» DPPH ƒ š d w. OH y HSA (hydroxyl radical scavenging ability) t» w w. HSA (%) = [1 [(absorbance of sample at 53 nm)/ (absorbance of control at 53 nm)] 100 š Lactic acid bacteria Lactic acid bacteria» w MRS broth 7 w ³ y ph y d w E. faecium, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus Ÿ ƒ 48 w ƒ Ÿ ùküš 48 z Ÿ w. 48 glucose w 1% BCP plate count agar(eiken chemical, Japan) 100 µl w colony dw L. plantarum cfu/ ml, L. rhamnosus cfu/ml š E. faceium, P. pentosaceus cfu/ml ùkû. w 48
4 STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT 13 ƒ ph» 6.5~6.7 ph 3.9 y. ƒ ³ ph yƒ j. ƒ lactic acid bacteria w š, ãt, Á, Á, tš 100 o C w 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 0% ƒw 7 w E. faecium, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus e w w. Table, 3, 4, 5, 6 ùkü. Table. Result of ph and viable cell count of selected strained in MRS broth added with Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf extract. Concentration(%) Culture for 48 hours L.plantarum L.rhamnosus E. faceium P. pentosaceus Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Table 3. Result of ph and viable cell count of selected lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth added with Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf extract. Concentration(%) Culture for 48 hours L.plantarum L.rhamnosus E. faceium P. pentosaceus Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Table 4. Result of ph and viable cell count of selected lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth added with Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara leaf extract. Concentration(%) Culture for 48 hours L.plantarum L.rhamnosus E. faceium P. pentosaceus Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml)
5 14 MOONGet al. Table 5. Result of ph and viable cell count of selected lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth added with Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara fruit extract. Concentration(%) Culture for 48 hours L.plantarum L.rhamnosus E. faceium P. pentosaceus Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Table 6. Result of ph and viable cell count of selected lactic acid bacteria in MRS broth added with Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf extract. Concentration(%) Culture for 48 hours L.plantarum L.rhamnosus E. faceium P. pentosaceus Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) Final ph Vibable cell(cfu/ml) ùkû 5ƒ 10% 4 lactic acid bacteria ƒ w e ƒ. Table š 10% ƒ w E. faecium ƒ w ùkü, L. rhamnosus. ãt (Table 3) 10% ƒ w L. plantarum ƒ w e ƒ. Á (Table 4) 10% E. faecium w ù kû. Á (Table 5) 10% 4 w w. tš (Table 6) 10% ƒ w E. faecium, L. rhamnosus ƒ w š ƒ. lactic acid bacteria w ù ƒw w 48 y w ƒ. w MRS broth lactic acid bacteria w ƒw w ³ ƒ ƒw ph û. w³y d ³ 1 ³ 1 w w³y d w (Table 7). r ãt 10% ƒw w³ x ³ w w w³ y ùküš. w w³y ùkü tš š ƒw, Á ƒw ƒw w y ùkü. p ãt ƒw ³ V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus w w w³y ùküš. DPPH radical y d ƒw 48 w lactic acid bacteria w y DPPH w
6 œ (electron donating ability, EDA(%)) d w. p w w y y d w ƒ ƒ ù DPPH radical STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT 15 y w v d w š. DPPH ƒ š y 518 nm w Table 7. Inhibition of bacterial growth by MRS broth added with 10% native plant extracts Sample name Fish pathogenic bacteria (clear zone on plate(mm)) Gram (-) Gram(+) PfL a -A PfL-B PfL-C PfL-D ML b -A ML-B ML-C ML-D PvL c -A PvL-B PvL-C PvL-D GL d -A GL-B GL-C GL-D PfF e -A PfF-B PfF-C PfF-D ; KCTC 473 V. fluviai, ; KCTC 711 V. anguillarum, 3; KCTC 715 V. cholerae, 4; KCTC 717 V. harvey, 5; KCTC 76 V. salmonicida, 6; KCTC 78 V. tubiashii, 7; KCTC 731 V. furnissii, 8; KCTC 73 V. pelagius, 9; KCTC 737 V. mimicus, 10; KCTC 115 V. rotiferianus, 11; KCTC 471 V. parahaemolyticus, 1; KCTC 167 Edwardsiella tarda, 13; KCTC 1916 Staphylococcus aureus. a PfL; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. Leaf, b ML; Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. Leaf, c PvL; Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald. Leaf, d GL; Gleichenia japonica Spreng. Leaf, PfF; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. Fruit. A; KCCM 1154 L. plantarum, B; KCCM 386 L. rhamnosus, C; KCCM 1118 E. faceium, D; KCCM P. pentosaceus Fig. 1. Radical scavenging activity of the hot water extracts obtained native plants. The antioxidative activity was tested by DPPH method. BHA : Butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT : Butylated hydroxytoluene. A; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, B; Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, C; Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, D; Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, E; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. friut.
7 16 MOON et al. band를 보이나 phenolic 화합물과 같이 수소에 전자를 제공 해주는 전자공여체와 반응을 하게 되면 전자나 hydrogen radical을 받아 phenoxy radical을 생성하게 된다. 따라서 흡 수 band도 사라지게 되고 안정한 분자가 된다. 또한 공여된 전자는 비가역적으로 결합하며 그 수에 비례하여 진보라색 의 DPPH의 색깔은 점점 옅어지게 되고 흡광도도 감소하게 된다. 5종류의 자생식물 열수 추출물을 농도별로 첨가하여 48시간 배양한 4종의 lactic acid bacteria 배양액에 전자공여 능(EDA)을 측정하였다. 또한 자생식물 추출물 자체의 효과 를 Fig. 1에 나타내어 추출물 자체의 효과인지 추출물에 의 해서 lactic acid bacteria가 영향을 받아 효과를 나타내는지 를 비교하였다. 자생식물 자체의 전자공여능을 측정한 결과 에서는 0% 농도에서 꿀풀 잎 추출물이 가장 높은 활성(65 %)을 나타내었고 돌잔고사리 잎(61%), 들깨 열매(54%), 풀 고사리 잎(53%), 들깨 열매(50%) 순으로 활성을 나타내었 다. 반면 자생식물 추출물을 농도별로 첨가하여 48시간 배양한 E. faecium, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus 배양액에서는 자생식물 추출물 자체만을 측정한 결과보다 훨 씬 높은 전자공여능을 나타내었다. 각 추출물을 5% 첨가하 였을 때부터 높은 활성을 나타내기 시작하였으며 추출물을 10%를 첨가하였을 경우 가장 높은 전자공여능을 나타내었다. 그 중에서도 꿀풀 잎과 들깨 잎 추출물을 첨가하여 배양한 배양액의 전자공 여능을 합성 항산화제인 BHA와 BHT의 전자공여능과 비교 하였을 때 BHA(90%)와는 유사하거나 조금 높은 활성을 BHT(81%)보다는 높은 라디칼 소거활성을 나타내었다. 추출 물을 첨가하여 배양한 E. faecium, P. pentosaceus 배양액에 서도 L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus 배양액보다는 못하지만 식 물 자체의 전자공여능 보다는 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과로 L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus에 꿀풀 잎과 들깨 잎 추출물을 첨가한 경우 다른 식물 추출물을 첨가한 경우 보다 전자공여능이 높게 나타났으며 이는 식물 추출물이 lactic acid bacteria 발효에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각되어진다. 소거활성 측정 Free radical이란 제일 바깥쪽 전자각에 짝지어지지 않은 전자(unpaired electron)를 포함하는 화학종으로 대체로 강한 반응성을 나타낸다. 이들은 탐식작용, prostaglandin 합성과 같은 생리적 과정에서 뿐만 아니라 많은 효소촉매반응의 중 간물질로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 강한 반응성 때문에 인접한 세포성분들을 무차별 공격하여 손상을 일으 킬 수 있다. Free radical 중에 생체 내에서 가장 빈번히 출 현하고 따라서 중요하게 취급되는 것이 산소 radical이다. 주요 산소 radical로는 superoxide(o -), hydroxyl(oh ), perhydroxyl L. plantarum(fig. ), L. rhamnosus(fig. 3) Hydroxyl radical Fig.. Electron donating ability of L. plantarum in MRS broth added with native plant extracts. BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, : Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, : Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. fruit. BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. : Fig. 3. Electron donating ability of L. rhamnosus in MRS broth added with native plant extracts. BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, : Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, : Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. fruit. BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. :
8 STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT 17 Fig. 4. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the hot water extracts obtained native plants. BHA : Butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT : Butylated hydroxytoluene. A; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, B; Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, C; Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, D; Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, E; Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. friut. (HO ), alkoxy(ro ), peroxy(roo ) radical 등이 있다. 그 외 radical은 아니지만 반응성이 강한 산소종으로 과산화수 소(H O )와 singlet oxygen이 있다. Singlet oxygen은 분자 산소와는 달이 외각의 전자 개의 spin방향이 서로 반대로 되어 있어 불안정하다. 이상에서 열거한 여러 형태의 산소 를 가리켜 흔히 reactive oxygen species(ros, 활성 산소)라 부르는데 그 중에서도 hydroxyl radical과 singlet oxygen이 수용액 중에서 가장 강한 반응성을 나타내어 지질산화를 개 시하고 DNA에 손상을 주거나 돌연변이를 유발하는 물질로 알려져 있고, 생체의 대사과정에서 생성되는 지질의 과산화 물이나 과산화수소(H O )가 Fe +나 Cu + 이온의 존재 하에 서 생산되며 가장 독성이 강한 free radical이므로 이 라디칼 을 소거하는 정도를 측정 하였다[1]. 합성 항산화제인 BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)와 BHA(butylated hydroxyanisole) 를 대조구로 사용하여 자생식물 열수 추출물의 농도별 첨가하 여 48시간 배양한 Lactic acid bacteria 배양액에 대하여 hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(hsa) 측정하였다. 또한 자생식물 추출물 자체의 효과를 Fig. 4에 나타내어 추출물 자체의 효과인지 추출물에 의해서 lactic acid bacteria가 영 향을 받아 효과를 나타내는지를 비교하였다. 대조구로 사용 된 합성 항산화제인 BHA는 63%, BHT는 54%에 Hydroxyl radical 소거활성을 나타내었다. 자생식물 열수 추출물을 농도별 첨가하여 48시간 배양한 lactic acid bacteria 배양액의 HSA 결과를 살펴보면 5% 추출 물을 첨가하여 48시간 배양한 모든 lactic acid bacteria 배양액 에서 BHT보다 높은 소거활성을 나타내기 시작하였으며, 자생 식물 열수 추출물을 10% 첨가한 경우는 모든 lactic acid bacteria 배양액에서 BHA보다 높은 hydroxyl radical 소거 활 성을 나타내었다. E. faceium(fig. 5) 같은 경우는 돌잔 고사리 잎 추출액 10% 첨가하였을 때 다른 lactic acid bacteria에 비해 높은 HSA(68%)를 나타내었고, L. rhamnosus(fig. 6)는 들깨 잎 추 출액을 10% 첨가하였을 때 다른 lactic acid bacteria에 비해 높은 HSA(71%)를 나타내었다. L. plantarum(67%~68%)과 P. pentosaceus(65%~68%)는 전 체적으로 모든 추출액에서 유사한 HSA를 나타내었다. 이와 같 은 결과로 lactic acid bacteria에 자생식물 추출물을 첨가하 여 배양할 경우 자생식물 자체의 HSA보다 훨씬 높은 HSA 를 나타내었다. 이는 식물 추출물이 lactic acid bacteria 발 효에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각되어진다. Fig. 5. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of E. faceium in MRS broth added with native plant extracts. BHA: butylated hydroxy- anisole, BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, : Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, : Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, : Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. fruit.
9 18 MOON et al. Fig. 6. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of L. rhamnosus in MRS broth added with natives plant extracts. BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. leaf, : Microlepia marginata (panzer) Christ. leaf, : Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald leaf, : Gleichenia japonica Spreng leaf, : Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara. fruit. 요 약 본 연구는 제주도 자생식물 종 4 (Microlepia marginata (panzer Christ., Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald, Perillafrutescens var. japonica Hara., Gleichenia japonica Spreng) 을 부위별로 나누어 각 부위를 열수 추출하여 각 추출액을 농도별로 첨가하여 E. faecium KCCM 1118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 386, L. plantarum KCCM 1154, P. pentosaceus KCCM 균종에 대한 생육조건 및 배양액을 가지고 어 류 질병 미생물에 대한 항균활성 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거활 성 및 Hydroxyl radical 소거활성을 조사하였다. 자생식물 추출액을 농도별로 첨가하여 4종의 lactic acid bacteria를 7시간 배양하면서 생육활성을 보았을 때 10%를 첨가하여 48시간 배양 하였을 때가 가장 좋은 생육 조건임 을 알 수가 있었으며, 또한 lactic acid bacteria 생육시 자생 식물 추출물 첨가가 lactic acid bacteria 증식에 효과가 있음 을 나타내었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성에서는 꿀풀 잎 추출 물을 10% 첨가하여 배양하였을 때 합성 항산화제인 BHA(90%)와 BHT(81%)와 EDA를 비교하였을 때 BHA와 유사하거나 조금 높은 활성을 BHT보다는 높은 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내었다. Hydroxyl radical 소거활성은 5% 자생식 물 추출물을 첨가한 배양액에서부터 BHT보다 높은 소거활성을 나타내기 시작하여 10%를 첨가한 배양액에서는 BHA보다 높 은 소거 활성을 나타내었다. 감사의 글 이 논문은 006년 해양한국발전프로그램(KSGP) 연구개 발사업에 의해 수행되었습니다. 이에 감사드립니다. 참고문헌 1. Agrios, G. N In Plants Pathology. pp Academic Press. Inc., New York.. An, B. J The material of natural antibacterial agents for the food preservative. Food Industry and Nutrition. 4: Blois, M. S Antioxidant determination by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 6: Brannen, A. L Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxy toluene and butylated hydroxy anisole. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 5: Cha, B. C., H. W. Lee, and M. Y. Choi Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Effects of Nut Species. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 9: Cha, B. C., S. K. Lee, H. W. Lee, E. Lee, M. Y. Choi, T. J. Rhim, and H. J. Park Antioxidative Effect of Domestic Plants. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 8: Chan, K. M., E. A. Decker and W. J. Means Extraction and activity of carnosine, a naturally occurring antioxidant in beef muscle. J. Food. Sci., 58: Choe, S. Y. and K. H. Yang Toxicological studies of antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene(bht) and butylated hydroxyanisole(bha)(in Korean). Kor. J. Food Sci, Technol. 14: Halliwell, B. and O. I. Aruoma DNA damage by oxygen-derived species. FEMS Letters, 81: Halliwell, B. and J. M. C. Gutteridge Free radical in biology and medicine. Third ed., Oxford University Press, New York. 11. Ito, N., S. Fukushima, and A. Hasebawa Cacrinogenicity of BHA in F344 rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 70: Kawagan, S Protocol for control of body functional material in food, pp8-15. Kakuen press center, Japan. 13. Kim, S. J Effect of natural antioxidants on reactive oxygen species. Ph.D. Thesis, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. 14. Kim, T. J Korean Resources Plants I., pp11-1. Seoul National University Press., Korea. 15. Kumarasamy Y., P. J. Cox, M. Jaspars, L. Nahar. and S. D. Sarker. 00. Screening seeds of Scottish plants for antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83: 7377.
10 STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDATIVE, ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT Lee, J. M Protective effect of Ganoderma Iucidum and Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer on oxidative damage. M. S. Thesis, Seoul National University. 17. Lee, Y. C., S. W. Oh, and H. D. Hong. 00. Antimicrobial characteristics of edible medicinal herbs extracts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34: Lee, Y. N. 00. Flora of Korea. 4th ed. Kyo-Hak Publishing Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea. 19. Moon, J. O. and J. H. Park Screening of the Hepatoprotective Drugs for Folk Medicines. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 8: Murray P. R., E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolke. 1999, Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th. ed. ASM, Washington, DC. 1. Poli, G., E. Albano, and M. U. Dianzani Free radical- From basic science to medicine. Molecular and Cell Biology Updates, Birkhauser Verlag.. Punchard, N. A. and F. J. Kelly Free radicals-a Practical approach. Oxford University Press, New York. (Received May 15, 007/Accepted Aug. 7, 007)
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