JKDSA 14(3) hwp
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1 JKDSA 2014 ; 14(3) : Original Article 덱스메데토미딘의임상용량의나이에따른변화 최윤지, 백재원 *, 노영진 * 서울대학교치과병원치과마취과, * 서울아산병원마취통증의학과 Effect of Age on Optimal Clinical Dose of Dexmedetomidine Sedation Yoon Ji Choi, Jae Won Baik*, Young Jin Ro* Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea, *Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: Dexmedetomidine is known to be administered for sedation safely even in a very elderly patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on clinically optimal dose of dexmedetomidine for sedation. Methods: We enrolled 50 patients ASA class I and II, scheduled for lower extremity surgery that need. They were classified into a young group (n = 26), aged below 75 and an old group (n = 24), aged above 75. Dexmedetomidine was continuously infused 0.5 μg/kg within 10 min, followed by maintenance at a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/min, initially. The next dose was selected using the Dixon s up-and-down method. Results: The ced50 of dexmedetomidine required to maintain optimal sedation level in young and old group were 0.50 and 0.48 μg/kg, respectively. With isotonic regression, ced95 of dexmedetomidine was 0.71 μg/kg (95% confidence intervals μg/kg) and 0.58 μg/kg (95% confidence intervals μg/kg). There were no significant differences in ced50 (P = 0.21), recovery variables, or incidence of side effects between the two groups. Conclusions: Clinically optimal dose of dexmedetomidine was not affected to the age during sedation. Key Words: Dexmedetomidine; Elderly; Sedation 서론 진료현장에서환자가통증을호소하거나진단이라치료목적의시술을시행하는경우환자가불안이나통증을겪는것은흔한일이며환자들은시술중에통증조절이나불안감해소에적극적인처치를원하는등관심과요구가늘어나고있다. 이경우진정 (sedation) 을시행하게되고주로약물을사용하여의식수준을저하시키게되는데이로써아프거나불쾌한시술동안환자가자각하거나불편함을느끼지못하게하고심지어기억까지도최소화시키게된다. 그러나진정중에는전신마취와달리자발호흡과기도보호반사가계속유지된다. 이는치과치료와같은경우호흡기계와관련된구강내에서시술하게되므로환자의긴장감이더심하고, 구호흡이불가하기때문에호흡과관련된문제가더빈번히발생할수있는경우유용할수있다. 덱스메데토미딘은선택적인 α2-adrenoceptor agonist로진정이필요한경우수술방뿐만아니라중환자실이나외래에서사용하고있다 [1,2]. 덱스메데토미딘은진정효과뿐만아니라진통효과, 마취제용량감소효과와심계항진억제등의효과를가지고있다 [3,4]. 그리고경막내강에주입하거나정맥내로주입한덱스메데토미딘은척추마취시간을연장하기도한다 [5-8]. 또한덱스메데토미딘은호흡중추에 Received: Revised: Accepted: Corresponding Author: Young Jin Ro, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea, 388-1, Pungnap 2-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea Tel: Fax: thisisyjro@naver.com JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN DENTAL SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014 Sep ; 14(3) :
2 Yoon Ji Choi, et al : Dexmedetomidine Sedation 미치는효과로인해유용하게사용될수있는데 [3,4] 진정을시행하는동안기도를유지하고자발호흡을유지하며이산화탄소증가와저산소증에따른반응성이잘유지되도록하는효과를가지고있다. 덱스메데토미딘을사용한진정은소아뿐만아니라고령의환자에게도유용하게사용될수있다 [9]. 이에이연구는덱스메데토미딘진정시적절한용량이나이에따라어떤차이가있는지확인해보고자한다. 대상및방법이연구는임상연구심의위원회 (IIT ) 의승인을받았다. 우리는총 50명의나이 20-95세의 ASA grade I, II인 진정을필요로하는환자들을대상으로서면동의를받았다. 환자들은저혈량, 두통, 임신, 심질환, 간질환, 신질환등치료가필요한질환이있거나알레르기기왕력이있는경우, 최근에진정을시행받은적이있는경우나정신과약제나수면이나진정에영향을주는약제를복용하는경우제외하였다. 50명의환자는고관절수술을시행하는환자를대상으로모집되었고수술시입실후수액을 500 ml 주입하였고척추마취를시행하여 bupivacaine 6-8 mg을사용하였다. 15분후척추마취가제대로합병증없이된것을확인하고진정을시행하였다. 환자들은나이에따라두군즉 75세이전의 young group (n = 26) 과 75세이상의 old group (n = 24) 으로나누었다. 진정을시행하는환자는덱스메데토미딘을처음 10분간 0.5 μg/kg를주입하고이후용량을 up and down method 에따라서 [10] 0.5 mcg/kg/h로시작하였다. 주입을시행한지 15분이내에 Ramsay Sedation Assessment Scale 4에도달하면서 BIS 값을 사이를유지하고활력징후가잘유지되는상태가 ( 심박수 > 40회 /min, 혈압 > 50 mmhg, 산소포화도 > 90%) 유지되면적절한용량으로정의하였다. 적절한용량으로확인된경우다음환자는 0.1 μg/ kg/h 씩증가하고적절한용량이아닌경우즉마취제가부족한경우 0.1 mcg/kg/h씩감량하고마취가과도한경우용량을감소하여덱스메테토미딘용량이실패와성공이교차하여증량에서감소로전환된경우가최소한 6번이상발생하도록진행한다. 진정중서맥의기준은 40회 / 분으로정하였다. 덱스메데토미딘으로인한서맥은 atropine을사용하면서회복가능한가역적인서맥으로알려져있으며환자에서발생시 0.01 mg/kg를즉시주입하고호전되지않으면다시 0.01 mg/kg 를주입하는것으로정하였다. 저혈압의기준은처음측정한혈압보다 30% 이상혹은 50 mmhg 로평균혈압이감소하는경우로정하고덱스메데토미딘뿐만아니라여러마취제들은저혈압을야기할수있으며노인환자의경우탈수가더욱흔하게발생하므로저혈압발생시마취통증의학과의사의지휘하에수액보충과겸하여 ephedrine 5 mg 혹은 phenylephrine 100 μg을주입하기로정하였다. 결과모두 50명의환자가본연구에참여하였다. 환자의특성과수술시간, 체질량지수등은 Table 1과같다. Young 군은고혈압이 10명 (38%), 당뇨가 5명 (19%), 만성폐쇄성폐질환 5명 (19%) 이었고, old 군은고혈압이 15명 (63%), 당뇨가 6명 (25%) 만성폐쇄성폐질환 10명 (42%) 이었다. 두군간의성별, 체질량지수, 수술시간은통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. Young 군은아트로핀을쓴 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 152 대한치과마취과학회지제 14 권제 3 호
3 최윤지외 2 인 : 덱스메데토미딘의임상용량의나이에따른변화 μ µ 경우가없었고 old 군은 1명있었다. 에페드린은두군에서사용하지않았다. 진정을시행하는동안심박수와평균혈압은두군에서통계적으로의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 진정중산소포화도의차이도유의하게나타나지않았다. 시술중합병증은서맥, 저혈압외기타이상반응 ( 어지러움, 구역, 구토등 ) 을조사하였고연구기간동안특별히호소하는증상은없었다. 두군의 Dixon s up and-down method 를통한덱스메데토미딘의용량은 Fig. 1에서와같다. 진정을시행하기위한덱스메데토미딘의군에따른 ced 50는각각 0.50 (young group) and 0.48 (old group) μg/kg로나타났다. 덱스메데토미딘의 ced95 는군에따라 0.71 μg/kg (95% confidence intervals μg/kg) 와 0.58 μg/kg (95% confidence intervals μg/kg) 로나타났으며두군간의평행성검증을실시한결과유의수준 0.05 이하에서두군에대해적합된모형이평행하므로나이에따른차이가없었다 (P = 0.21). 합병증의발생에있어서도두군간차이를보이지않았다. 고찰 생활수준의향상과현대의학의발달은영양수준향상, 보건위생수준의향상, 의료자원과기술의발달등과더불어평균수명증가로나타나점차노인인구가전체인구에서차지하는비율이증가하고있다. 이는노인환자가수술이나시술을시행하는기회가늘어나게되는것을의미하며노인환자에서수술및시술시행으로인해진정을시행해야하는경우도증가하고있다. 마취관리, 수술과시술의기술, 의료기기의발달과더불어환자및보호자들의치료의질에대한요구가증가하여매년노인이진정에노출될기회가증가하고있다 [11]. 그러나노인환자의경우젊은환자와는달리노화에의한변화가발생하게되어연령에따른각종질병과합병증그리고여러가지퇴행성질환을가지고있는경우가많으며각장기의기능및예비력저하가생길수있어수술및마취시이환율과사망률이높다. 그리고노인은약물의약동학및약역학의변화가생길수있어마취에사용되는여러약물들에대한반응이젊은환자와다르게나타날수있다 [12]. 그러므로진정을시행하는경우노인환자의생리적변화및약리적반응변화와동반된질환에대한적절한고려가필요하다. 진정은시술을시행받는환자의불안감및통증해소등을이유로주로약물을사용하여진행하게된다 [13]. 최근덱스메데토미딘 (dexmedetomidine) 이진정제로사용되고있는데, 같은계열의약물인클로니딘 (clonidine) 에비해 7-8배강한선택적인 α2-아드레날린성수용체작용제로서 α1보다 α2-수용체에약 1,600배더강하게작용하는것으로알려져있다. 중추와척수신경계의 α2-아드레날린성수용체에작용해서교감신경억제, 진정및진통작용을나타내게되어용량에비례하여진정효과와진통효과를보이며아편유사제요구량을감소시킨다. 부하용량을투여할때잠시혈압상승이발생할수있으며이후혈압이감소하는이상성반응을나타내고, 저용량을계속투여하면결국에는혈압을하강시키게되고저용량에서도심박동수를감소시키게된다. 덱스메데토미딘의장점은호흡기능에미치는영향은거의없어서소아나노인의진정시사용하면매우유용하고용량에비례하여뇌대사율을감소시키고혈당에미치는영향이거의없으며안압을감소시키는등장점을많이가지고있다. 이는노인환자에서유용하며특히진정에서사용되는미다졸람에비하여혈역학적으로안정적이며지속주입으로안정적인 JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN DENTAL SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014 Sep ; 14(3) :
4 Yoon Ji Choi, et al : Dexmedetomidine Sedation 진정효과를얻을수있고호흡억제효과가적어폐기능이떨어지는노인환자에서유리할수있다 [6,14]. 일반적으로노인환자의경우노화에따른여러장기들의생리적인변화를동반하게되는데 81세이상노인환자의경우수술전고혈압및동맥경화증등의심혈관계질환이 78% 로가장높게나타나고있으며 [15] 50세이상의허혈성심질환을가진수술환자의경우수술당일부터수술후 2일이내에 5.6% 에서심근경색이발생하였다고한다 [16]. 그러므로진정을행하는환자에서더욱이노인환자의경우심혈관계에영향이적으면서적절한진정을제공하는것이중요하며그러기위해서는적절한용량을투여하는것이더욱중요하다고하겠다. 실제덱스메데토미딘의주입은초기 10 분에 1 mcg/kg를주입하고이후 μg/kg/hr 을주입하라고권장하고있으며환자의상태를고려해서용량을조절하기를권장하고있다. 그러므로노인환자에서는좀더간결한용량설정이필요하고 75세이상의고령환자에서는더욱이그러하다. 본연구에서는초기에급속주입으로초기 10분에 0.5 μg/ kg를주입하고이후 0.5 μg/kg/hr을시작으로용량을변경하였다. 덱스메데토미딘의급속주입은서맥이나빈맥과고혈압을야기할수있다 [17]. 이전연구에서 [18] 초기부하용량을 (0.25, 0.5, 1 μg/kg) 비교하였는데건강자원자에서 0.5 μg/kg 이상의용량에서천장효과를보이면서중등도진정을야기하는것으로나타났다. 그러므로본연구에서도노인환자에게초기부하용량을 0.5 μg/kg로시행하였고 15분이내 RSAS 4에도달하는덱스메데토미딘의적절한용량을결정할수있었다. 그리고나이에따른적절한진정에도달하는덱스메데토미딘의용량을결정하였으며 75세미만인환자와 75세이상인환자에서용량의차이는없었다. 앞으로환자들의진정에대한요구가증가하게되고덱스메데토미딘은고령인환자에서도안전하게쓸수있는진정제중의하나이다. 본연구를통하여 75세이상의초고령환자에서도용량에차이없이안전하게쓸수있음을확인할수있었다. 그러나본연구는외부술기로인한자극을배제하기위하여척추마취시행환자를대상으로유사한자극정도에서일정한진정에도달하는덱스메데토미딘의용량을나이에따라확인하였으므로술기에따른마취제의용량에 관한결정은이후연구가더필요할것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Baek IY, Yoon JU, Kim NW, Ri HS, Kim CH, Yoon JY: Large Dose Dexmedetomidine in a Patient during Sedation for Invasive Oral Procedure. Journal of the Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology 2012; 12(3): Yoon JY, Kim CH: Dexmedetomidine: Clinical use. Journal of the Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology 2013; 13(4): Lin L, Guo X, Zhang MZ, Qu CJ, Sun Y, Bai J: Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in Chinese post-surgical intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: Liu J, Singh H, White PF: Electroencephalogram bispectral analysis predicts the depth of midazolam-induced sedation. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: Kanazi GE, Aouad MT, Jabbour-Khoury SI, Al Jazzar MD, Alameddine MM, Al-Yaman R, et al: Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: Kaya FN, Yavascaoglu B, Turker G, Yildirim A, Gurbet A, Mogol EB, et al: Intravenous dexmedetomidine, but not midazolam, prolongs bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57: Al-Mustafa MM, Badran IZ, Abu-Ali HM, Al-Barazangi BA, Massad IM, Al-Ghanem SM: Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolongs bupivacaine spinal analgesia. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2009; 20: Elcicek K, Tekin M, Kati I: The effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine on spinal hyperbaric ropivacaine anesthesia. J Anesth 2010; 24: Kunisawa T, Hanada S, Kurosawa A, Suzuki A, Takahata O, Iwasaki H: Dexmedetomidine was safely used for sedation during spinal anesthesia in a very elderly patient. 154 대한치과마취과학회지제 14 권제 3 호
5 최윤지외 2 인 : 덱스메데토미딘의임상용량의나이에따른변화 J Anesth 2010; 24: Dixon WJ: Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15: Lee EH, Do KJ, Yang HS: Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery in Patients Older than 80 Years. Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 52: Cook DJ, Rooke GA: Priorities in perioperative geriatrics. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: Escobar A, Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE: Effect of dexmedetomidine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: Yu C, Li S, Deng F, Yao Y, Qian L: Comparison of dexmedetomidine/fentanyl with midazolam/fentanyl combination for sedation and analgesia during tooth extraction. 15. Haljamae H, Stefansson T, Wickstrom I: Preanesthetic evaluation of the female geriatric patient with hip fracture. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1982; 26: Basar H, Akpinar S, Doganci N, Buyukkocak U, Kaymak C, Sert O, et al: The effects of preanesthetic, single-dose dexmedetomidine on induction, hemodynamic, and cardiovascular parameters. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20: Grant SA, Breslin DS, MacLeod DB, Gleason D, Martin G: Dexmedetomidine infusion for sedation during fiberoptic intubation: a report of three cases. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16: Jaakola ML, Salonen M, Lehtinen R, Scheinin H: The analgesic action of dexmedetomidine--a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist--in healthy volunteers. Pain 1991; 46: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN DENTAL SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014 Sep ; 14(3) :
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