16 권대철 동경래 생장치에서발생하는 X선광자의투과력즉선질이우수하여야하며선질의분석을위해반가층측정이필요하다 (Kim et al. 011). 반가층을변화시키는요인으로는초점과반가층측정용물질간거리, 초점과선량계간거리, 조사야크기, 관전압, 여과판의사용유무와두께, 재질이있다.
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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 10 (3) : 161 ~ 165 (016) Technical Paper G-M 계수관과 137 Cs 선원을이용한납반가층의실험적연구 권대철 1 동경래, * 1 신한대학교방사선학과, 광주보건대학교방사선과 Experimental Study Using of a G-M Counter and 137 Cs Source to Measure the HVL with Lead Dae Cheol Kwoen 1 and Kyung-Rae Dong, * 1 Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Shinhan University, 95, Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do 11644, Republic of Korea Department of Radiological Technology, Gwangju Health University, Shinchang-dong, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 687, Republic of Korea Abstract - HVL(half-value layer) of lead was measured experimentally using a lead and 137 Cs (370 kbq) source and a G-M counter in which is used a lot of material for shielding HVL measured. 137 Cs in holder to 10 cm and start measuring the radiation. Continue addition of lead of the lead thickness of 1 mm one by one to continue the measurement. By measuring four times the natural radiation of 100 seconds and records the count value and the average rate to be displayed on the meter. Background radiation was a 4 times a count rate and the average 108 (100 s -1 ) as a result of measuring the average measurement, the standard deviation was determined to be 1.08 (s -1 ). An increase in the thickness of lead initial count rate starting from 90 (N) count rate is decreased with increase in the thickness of lead. Net counting rate, starting with the initial 8.1 (s -1 ) showed a decrease with increasing thickness, the standard deviation of the results was decreased from (s -1 ) to (s -1 ). Net counting rate is reduced to obtain the result that each half thickness of nappan about 7 mm. Was reduced similarly to the exponential function graph correlation coefficient (R ) was found to be Half-value layer which is the initial net counting rate (s -1 ) is a half the 7 mm to (s -1 ). In conclusion, it was confirmed the theoretical HVL of lead 7.19 mm and experimentally measured results matched the measured HVL 7 mm. Key words : 137 Cs, G-M counter, Half value layer, Lead 서 방사선선속의강도는거리에의해감약이나물질과상 호작용에기초한흡수와산란의원인으로감약 (attenuation) 된다. 방사선의선속의세기를절반으로감소시키는흡수물 론 * Corresponding author: Kyung-Rae Dong, Tel , Fax , . krdong@hanmail.net 질의두께를반가층 (HVL: half value layer) 으로정의하고있다. 반가층은엑스선빔의투과정도의측정수단으로사용되며두께가두꺼울수록투과력이크다는특징이있다. 방사선의선질은흡수체의두께인반가층으로규정하며, 이러한, 반가층의실제적인의미는두께가아니라두께를투과할수있는정도를의미한다. 피폭을감소시키고양질의영상을얻기위해서는 X선발 161
2 16 권대철 동경래 생장치에서발생하는 X선광자의투과력즉선질이우수하여야하며선질의분석을위해반가층측정이필요하다 (Kim et al. 011). 반가층을변화시키는요인으로는초점과반가층측정용물질간거리, 초점과선량계간거리, 조사야크기, 관전압, 여과판의사용유무와두께, 재질이있다. 엑스선관의초점에서발생되는엑스선은불균등엑스선으로에너지가낮은광자들은흡수로인하여환자의피폭선량을증가시키고있으므로이를제거할필요가있다. 따라서낮은에너지의광자들을흡수제거할목적으로여과를시키고있으며여과를어느정도시키느냐하는것은반가층을측정하여알수있다. 반가층의두께가두꺼울수록두께를투과할수있는투과력이큰것이다. 반가층은선질을대표하는인자로, 흡수물질에따라반가층의두께가다르며, 여과능력을나타내는반가층에대한측정이필요하다 (Dong et al. 010). 불균질한방사선에서저에너지를흡수로인하여환자의피폭선량을증가시키고있으므로이를제거할필요가있다. 따라서저에너지의광자들을흡수제거할목적으로여과를시키고있으며여과의정도를결정하는선질을평가하는목적으로반가층을측정하고있다. 반가층은선질에영향을지대하게미치므로반가층측정을위해차폐물질로많이이용되는납 (lead) 과 137 Cs의방사선선원및 G-M 계수관을이용하여납의반가층을실험적으로측정하였다. 재료및방법 1. Cesium-137 세슘 (Cs) 은원자량 11~151 사이에 30여종의동위원소가존재하는것으로알려져있으며자연상태에존재하는안전동위원소인 133 Cs을제외한다른동위원소는핵반응을통해생성된방사성동위원소로대부분반감기가매우짧다 (Gaur 1993; Zhang et al. 009). 137 Cs은세슘의방사성동위원소의하나이다. 또한반감기 30.0년으로최대에너지 MeV (5.4%), MeV (93.5%) 의 β선을수반하여붕괴하는핵종이며핵이성질체전이에의하여안정된 137 Ba 이된다 (Fig. 1). 137 Cs 원자핵은베타 (β - ) 붕괴를거쳐질량수는같으나원자번호가하나증가한바륨 (Ba) 원자핵으로전환된다. 이때생성되는바륨원자핵의 95% 는준안정상태인 137m Ba이다. 137m Ba은비교적강한감마선을방출하고안정한 137 Ba으로되며반감기는.55분으로 137 Cs이안정한바륨으로변할때방출하는 kev의감마선에의한것이다 (Jeong et al. 016). Fig. 1. Diagram of the decay of Cesium 반가층 (half value layer) 입사에너지의 50% 감약된주어진물질의두께가반가층이다. 반가층의단위는 (mm 또는 cm) 단위로감약계수 (attenuation coefficient) 에의존하는광자에너지이다. 반가층은흡수체를투과후의강도가투과전의강도의반이되는흡수두께로반가층의실제적인의미는두께가아니라그두께를투과할수있는정도를의미한다. 따라서반가층의두께가두꺼울수록그두께를투과할수있는투과력이큰것이다. 반가층을변화시키는요인은다양하며, 초첨-반가층측정용물질간거리, 초점-선량계간거리와조사야크기, 관전압및여과판의사용유무와두께와재질이다. 절반두께의절반원래강도의방사선의입사빔을줄이기위해필요한재료의두께이다. 반가층은방사선이물질과의상호작용인광전효과, 컴프턴효과, 전자쌍생성을통해에너지를소실한다. 이러한방사선의빔의강도 (I) 를따라두께 (X) 는감소하며식 1과같이정의한다. I(X) =I 0e -μx (1) 여기서 μ는선형감약계수이고, μ의값은물질의종류및감마선에너지에의존한다. 이계수는또한절반두께의관점에서표현될수있으며식 와같다. ln μ = where T =half value layer () T ln T = μ 3. 측정방법 G-M 계수관의검출가능한방사선은알파선, 베타선, 감마선이있고윈도우의두께는 1.5~.0 mg cm - 정도이고,
3 납반가층의실험연구 163 Fig.. Experimental use for equipment. a. Radioactivity 370 kbq of cesium 137. b. G-M counter. Fig. 3. Apparatus used of G-M counter and rate meter for measuring the HVL of 137 Cs. 윈도우유효부의직경은 137 Cs 선원의 370 kbq에서는 9 mm 정도이다 (Fig. ). G-M 계수관을클램프를사용하여가대에고정하여실험을위해설치한다. G-M 전압조정볼륨을돌려인가전압은 G-M 계수관의동작특성에따라계수율측정이효율적인 500 V로설정하였다. 인가전압설정후에는계수시간을선정한다. 광학대의시료를가대위에 137 Cs (370 kbq) 을약 10 cm에위치시키고방사선을측정을시작한다 (Fig. 3). 계속하여납을두께 1 mm의납을한개씩더하여측정을계속한다. 측정결과의계수값 (N) 을기록한다. 자연방사선을 100초단위로 4회측정하여 rate meter에표시되는계수값 (N) 과평균을기록한다. 결과 G-M 계수관을이용하여 137 Cs 선원을장착하지않고실험하여자연방사선을 4회측정한계수값과평균을측정한 Table 1. Results of measured of the background radiation 결과로평균 108 (100 s -1 ) 이었고, 표준편차는 1.08 (s -1 ) 로측 정되었다 (Table 1). Trial Time (sec) Count (N) Sum (N) Mean (100 s -1 ) 108±1.08 Mean background count rate (s -1 ) 1.08± G-M 계수관을이용하여 137 Cs 선원을장착하여정미계수 율 (net counting rate) 과표준편차 (SD) 를측정하였다. 납의 두께가증가하면초기계수값은 90 (N) 에서시작하여납의 두께가증가함에따라계수값은감소하였다. 정미계수율은 초기 8.1 (s -1 ) 에서시작하여두께가증가함에따라감소함 을보였고, 표준편차는 (s -1 ) 에서 (s -1 ) 으로감소
4 164 권대철 동경래 한결과를보였다 (Table ). 차폐두께에대한정미계수율을이용하여두께에따른정 미계수율을도식화하였다. 방사선이납에흡수될때에는지 수함수에서감소한다는것을알수있다. 정미계수율이납 판의두께약 7 mm 마다반절로감소하는결과를획득하였 다. 지수함수그래프와비슷하게감소하였으며상관계수 (R ) 는 로나타났다 (Fig. 4). 납의두께를 d H 라고하면흡수계수 (k) 는계산식에서 k =(ln)/d H 에서 k=0.693/7 =0.099 가된다. 따라서정미계 수율 (R) 은흡수물질의두께에따라다음식으로나타낸다. R =(7.514 e d ) (s -1 ) (3) 정미계수율과납의두께에따른편대수를직접대입하 Table. Results of measured decay with 137 Cs Lead thickness (mm) Count (N) Net counting rate (s -1 ) SD (s -1 ) 여그래프로거의직선에가깝게나온다. 초기정미계수율 (s -1 ) 이반이되는반가층 d H 는 R 0 =7.514/=3.757 (s -1 ) 값으로가로축의교차점이 7 mm 된다 (Fig. 5). 고찰방사선기기에필터를장착하여저에너지방사선을최소화하고, 환자에게불필요한선량으로피폭을방지하고균일하게조사하여진단에필요한영상의질향상과함께방사선의선질을향상시킨다. 이러한선질을나타내는것이반가층으로영상의학과및방사선기기분야에서는품질관리항목에적용되어응용되고있다 (Chen et al. 01). 방사선발생장치의성능의항목에반가층을추가하여관리하고있으며, 장비사용의효율성을극대화할수있으며, 방사선피폭선량을줄임과동시에영상의화질을향상시킬수있어정확한진단에기여할수있다 (You et al. 01). 방사선을이용하여반가층을측정하여선질의평가는장치및기기의효율적이고지속적인품질관리를통해질높은영상을제공하고최소한의선량으로최대의효율을얻을수있어정도관리및성능관리에활용되고있다. 반가층은방사선의강도를 50% 로감소시키는데필요한흡수물질의두께를의미하며흡수물질로는순수한납을사용하였다 (Kim et al. 011). 방사선의선질을나타내는반가층은핵종의선원에따라다양하게나타난다. 이러한선원은 137 Cs과 G-M 계수관을 Net counting rate (s -1 ) HVL =7.0 y=8.314e -0.10x R = Net counting rate (s -1 ) Lead thickness (mm) Fig. 4. Comparison between the ideological and the experimental HVL for different lead thickness Lead thickness (mm) Fig. 5. Semi-log graphy according to the lead thickness and net counting rate. Table 3. Lead shielding data in the ICRP 107 nuclear decay data set (Smith et al. 01) Nuclide Exposure rate constant Lead attenuation thickness (mmpb) 137 Cs* C m kg -1 MBq s C m kg -1 MBq s f-factor (cgy R -1 ) HVL QVL TVL *Data based on emissions of progeny 137m Ba HVL: half value layer, QVL: quarter value layer, TVL: tenth value layer
5 납반가층의실험연구 165 이용하여이론적으로 137 Cs의납에대한반가층 (7.19 mm), QVL(13.7 mm), TVL(1.8 mm) 로보고되어있다 (Eckerman et al. 008; Smith et al. 01). 자연방사선은선원의방사성붕괴에따른측정으로오류가따르는게일반적인현상이다. 이러한, 오류측정의작은부정확성으로이어질수있다. 자연방사선을방출많은방사성물질, 우주선에서우리의대기권에진입우주에서자연방사선은추가된다. 방사선검출은활동및지수함수그래프에정확도를하락시킨다. 그러나이러한오류를감소하기위해 137 Cs 선원을제거하고측정하여자연방사선을제가한상태에서측정하여보정할수있다 (Kweon et al. 014). 반가층에대한이론적인 137 Cs 선원의납의반가층은 7.19 mm이고실험결과는 7 mm로정확도는일치하였다 (Table 3). 납의반가층과이론적인두께와실험적인차이는약 0.19 mm가존재하였다. 이러한납의두께의차이가존재하며다음과같다. 첫째, 자연방사선의평균계수값은 111로차폐된실험실이아닌자연방사선이존재하는실험환경에따라자연방사선계수값의차이가존재하였다. 실험실환경에대한자연방사선의영향을받고있어가장이상적인조건은자연방사선이계측되지않는곳이가장좋지만실험여건상그런조건을충족할수없었기에자연방사선평균계수치를측정하여각데이터마다제거해주는방식을사용하였다. 둘째는실험방법에의한것으로사용했던 G-M 계수관과 137 Cs 선원의영향으로계수차이가존재하였다. 셋째는납의두께를 1 mm 간격으로제작하여정밀한반가층의측정은어려움이존재하였다. 넷째는반가층의실험적연구를 AktivLab TM 기기를이용하여실험실에서 G-M 계수관을이용하여측정에는많은제한이있었다. 결론방사선의선질을평가하는중요한요소인납의반가층을실험적으로측정하기위해 137 Cs 선원과 G-M 계수관을이용하였다. 결론적으로, 이론적인납의반가층 7.19 mm과실험적으로측정한반가층 7 mm와일치하는측정결과를확인하였다. 참고문헌 Chen SC, Jong WL and Harun AZ. 01. Evaluation of X-Ray Beam Quality Based on Measurements and Estimations Using SpekCalc and Ipem78 Models. Malays J. Med. Sci. 19(3):-8. Dong KR, Lee SJ, Kweon DC, Goo EH, Jung JE and Lee KS Actual condition of quality control of X-ray imaging system in primary care institution: focused on Gwangju Metropolitan city. J. Radiat. Protect. 35(1):34-4. Eckerman K and Endo A ICRP Publication 107. Nuclear decay data for dosimetric calculations. Ann. ICRP. 38(3):7-96. Gaur S Determination of Cs-137 in environmental water by ion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 733(1): Jeong BJ, Son BY, Ahn CH, Lee SW, Ahn JC, Kim BS and Chung DM Study on removal of cesium in water treatment system. J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 38(1):8-13. Kim YP, Cheon MW and Park YP Characteristic evaluation of medical X-ray using high-voltage generator with inverter system. J. KIEEME. 4(10): Kweon DC, Choi JW, Dong KR, Chung WK, Song HJ and Kim YJ Use of a GM counter to measure the halflife of Ba-137m generated by using isotope generator. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 65(4): Smith DS and Stabin MG. 01. Exposure rate constants and lead shielding values for over 1,100 radionuclides. Health Phys. 10(3): You IG, Lim CH, Lee SH and Lee MK. 01. Performance measurement of diagnostic X ray system. J. Korean Soc. Radiol. 6(6): Zhang CP, Gu P, Zhao J, Zhang D and Deng Y Research on the treatment of liquid waste containing cesium by an adsorption-microfiltration process with potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate. J. Hazard Mater. 167(1): Received: 1 August 016 Revised: 7 August 016 Revision accepted: 5 September 016
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