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1 Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 1 : 233~237 Jan 함정탑재 2 차원 /3 차원탐색레이더선택의고려요소 박태용 * Parameters for Selecting the Shipboard 2D/3D Surveillance Radar Tae-yong Park * Department of Defense & Science Technology, Howon University, 64 Howondae 3gil, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea 요약레이더기술의발전추세및나날이증가하는대공위협에대한대응시간의단축을위해함정에 3차원탐색레이더의탑재가선호되고있다. 본논문에서는 3차원탐색레이더가 2차원탐색레이더대비대응시간이얼마나단축되는지실험을통해확인하였고함정의임무, 성능, 주변국위협현황, 경제적여건등최적의레이더선택을위한고려요소에대해제안하였다. ABSTRACT According to advance of radar technology and increase of air threat, 3D surveillance radars are preferred as shipboard equipments to shorten reaction time. In this paper, reaction time against air target was calculated by simulation in each case, 2D and 3D surveillance radar and it was suggested that a few parameters including purpose of warships, performance of shipboard equipments, threat of surrounding countries and budget to select the reasonable type of radar. 키워드 : 2 차원탐색레이더, 3 차원탐색레이더, 추적레이더, 함정탑재장비 Key word : 2D Surveillance Radar, 3D Surveillance Radar, Tracking Radar, Shipboard Equipments 접수일자 : 심사완료일자 : 게재확정일자 : * Corresponding Author Tae-yong Park( sirpak75@gmail.com, Tel: ) Department of Defense & Science Technology, Howon University, 64 Howondae 3gil, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Open Access print ISSN: online ISSN: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.

2 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 1 : 233~237 Jan Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 운용개념 과학기술의발전으로다양한함정탑재센서가개발되고있지만, 레이더는운용하는데기상의영향이적고, 신뢰성이높아표적획득을위해가장중요한센서로사용되고있다 [1]. 특히 2차세계대전이후항공기와대함유도무기의비약적인발전으로장거리탐지레이더를이용하여원거리에서대공표적을탐지하고, 대응시간을확보하는것이함생존성향상차원에서매우중요한요소가되고있다. 함정에서는원거리조기경보를위한탐색레이더와정확한사격제원산출을위한추적레이더또는전자광학추적장치등을운용하고있다. 주로전방위감시를하는탐색레이더는최신형위상배열레이더를제외하고는대부분기계식회전안테나를통해표적정보를업데이트하고, 추적레이더나전자광학추적장치의경우할당된표적에대해서지속적으로표적정보를업데이트한다. 표적의속력이상대적으로느리고고도정보가불필요한대함표적은탐색레이더를이용한 TWS (Track-While-Scan) 방식으로도사격문제해결이가능하지만, 대공표적의경우방위 / 거리 / 고도 / 상대속력등의정보를정확히알아야사격문제해결이가능하므로 [2] 추적레이더또는전자광학추적장치등을이용해야만한다. 3차원탐색레이더는탐색레이더의표적을추적레이더로인계할때표적의방위 / 거리정보는물론고도정보를사전에공유하므로이론적으로추적레이더에서신속히표적을획득할수있다는장점이있다. 이러한이유로여러나라의해군들은표적의방위및고도정보를동시에획득가능한 3차원탐색레이더의탑재를선호하고있다. 경제적여건이열악한개발도상국에서도신형함정을확보하고자할때막연히 3차원탐색레이더만을선호하는경우가있으나, 비용대비얼마나효과도가있는지에대해서는납득할만한데이터가부족한것이현실이다. 본논문에서는함정탑재탐색레이더가 2차원일경우와 3차원일경우각각추적레이더로대공표적을인계하는데소요되는시간을비교하고, 표적인계에소요되는시간이외에도함정탑재레이더를선택하기위해중점적으로고려해야할요소에대해제시하였다 함정탑재레이더의운용개념전투및전투지원을목적으로하는함정에서운용하는레이더는크게탐색레이더와추적레이더로구분할수있다. 탐색레이더는전방위표적에대해원거리조기탐지를목적으로하므로좁은수평빔폭과상대적으로넓은수직빔폭, 즉 fan 형태의빔을 360도회전하는방식으로운용된다. 사격통제용으로사용되는추적레이더는정밀도보장을위해수직빔폭과수평빔폭이모두좁은 pencil beam 형태의빔패턴을사용한다. 서론에서언급한바와같이대함표적은고도정보가필요없고, 표적이비교적크며, 속력이느리기때문에탐색레이더자체의추적기능, 즉 TWS 추적으로사격문제해결이가능하다. 그러나대공표적의경우속력이빠르고, 정확한고도를파악해야만사격문제를해결할수있으므로별도의추적레이더나전자광학장치를이용하여표적에대해지속적으로업데이트를하여야한다. 미국의 AN/SPY-1이나유럽의 APAR와같이탐색 / 추적을동시에수행하는위상배열레이더를탑재한함정을제외하면대공전을수행하는모든함정에는탐색레이더와함께별도의추적장치를보유하고있다 탐색레이더-추적레이더간표적인계탐색레이더로획득한표적은신뢰도높은사격문제해결을위해추적레이더로표적을인계한다. 2차원탐색레이더의경우표적의고도를알수없기때문에추적레이더는표적이있는방위각의빔폭내에서 nodding-beam scan( 고각방향의 raster scan) 을통해표적을탐색한다.[3] 3차원탐색레이더는고각방향의다중빔또는단일빔스캔을통해표적의고도정보를개략적으로알고있기때문에추적레이더의최초추적위치를표적에더가까이위치시킬수있다. 따라서이론적으로 3차원탐색레이더가탑재된함정은 2차원탐색레이더를탑재한함정보다대공표적인계에소요되는시간이단축된다. 우리해군에서운용하는함정중 FF, PCC 등 1990 년대초까지도입된전투함에는 2차원탐색레이더가, DDH 등 1990년대중반이후도입된대공전을수행하는전투함에는 3차원탐색레이더가탑재되어있다. 234

3 함정탑재 2 차원 /3 차원탐색레이더선택의고려요소 추적레이더 - 수직 / 수평빔폭 : 1 - Slew rate : 150 /s 그림 1. 2 차원탐색레이더 - 추적레이더간표적인계 Fig. 1 Taking over target from 2D surveillance radar to tracking radar 추적레이더의 x-y축기동속도인 slew rate은 Sting EO Mk2(Thales Netherlands 社 ) 의성능을참고하여간략화하였다.( 수평 : 2.7 rad/s, 수직 : 2.5rad/s) 표적은주어진탐색빔범위에무작위로생성되도록하였고, 생성된표적을추적레이더로탐지하는시간을산출하였다. 그림3은표적을 1000회생성하여플로팅한예이다. 그림 2. 3 차원탐색레이더 - 추적레이더간표적인계 Fig. 2 Taking over target from 3D surveillance radar to tracking radar Ⅲ. 실험및결과분석 3.1. 모델링탐색레이더및추적레이더의성능은다음과같이간략화하여모델링하였다. 2차원탐색레이더 - 수직빔폭 : 69 - 수평빔폭 : 3 3차원탐색레이더 - 수직빔폭 : 69 (3 23개수직빔 ) - 수평빔폭 : 3 그림 3. 표적생성모델 Fig. 3 Model of created targets 2차원탐색레이더의경우그림4 좌측과같이획득한표적을추적레이더로인계하기위해추적레이더는항상탐색빔좌측하단에서부터 1 단위로위쪽방향으로스캔하도록하였다. 3차원탐색레이더의경우에는 3 단위로고각정보가있으므로그림4 우측과같이표적이위치한탐색빔의좌측하단으로추적빔을곧바로위치시킨후스캔을시작한다. 본실험모델은오직탐색빔내에서추적빔이표적을최초탐색하는시간을산출하는것에만초점을두었다. 따라서탐색레이더의회전에따른표적소실 / 재접 235

4 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 1 : 233~237 Jan 촉에의한표적위치의변화율은고려하지않았다. 또한추적빔이표적에도달하는즉시탐지되는것 (P d =1) 으로가정하였다. 0.43초로나타났다. 실험결과수직빔폭이 70 인 2차원탐색레이더와 3 차원탐색레이더간대응시간의차이는최대 1.38초에불과하였다. 물론본실험에서는표적의고속기동, 함정의기동, 요동, 표적의종류 ( 항공기, 대함미사일 ), 표적의고도및기동특성 ( 중 / 고고도, Sea skimming) 등탐지확률의저하요소는반영하지않은이상적인상황만을고려하였다는제한사항이존재한다. 다만우리해군에서오랜기간운용중인 FF/PCC 사격통제장비에서도 2차원탐색레이더에서탐지한표적이수초이내에추적레이더로인계가되고있다는점은주목할만하다. 그림 4. 표적인계모델 Fig. 4 Model of taking over target 3.2. 실험결과탐색빔은 207개의추적빔으로나눌수있다. 따라서 2차원탐색빔에서추적빔으로인계할때산술적인최대소요시간은 1.38초이다. 3차원탐색빔은 3도단위로셀이구분되어있으므로, 셀내에서최대추적시간은 0.06초이고, 최대고각셀의우측상단끝에표적이위치할경우추적빔을최대고각셀좌측하단끝에위치시키는데소요되는시간 0.44초를더하여 0.5초가된다. 실험모델을 100회, 500회, 1000회반복하여탐색빔내에서추적빔이표적에도달하는데소요되는시간을계산한결과는표1과같다. 표 1. 표적인계평균소요시간 Table. 1 Average time for taking over target 구분 2 차원 3 차원차이 100회 회 회 단위 : 초 실험회수증가에따른표적인계소요시간의변동폭은크지않았다. 2차원탐색빔과 3차원탐색빔간표적인계에소요되는시간의차이는최대 0.873초, 평균 Ⅳ. 결론 3차원탐색레이더는 2차원탐색레이더에비해많은장점이있으나상대적으로고가인경우가많고, 대함용으로는성능의차이를기대하기어렵다. 따라서탐색레이더의종류를선택할때다음과같은사항을고려하여야한다. 함정의임무 - 대공감시및전파 ( 데이터링크 ) 임무수행유무 - 항공기유도임무수행유무 탑재센서및무장의성능 - 탐색및추적센서의탐지거리 / 빔패턴 - 대공유도무기체계의사거리 - 자함방어 / 구역방어 / 전구대공방어여부 주변국위협세력 - 위협세력과의거리 - 적성세력의주요위협수단 가용예산적성국가와인접하여대치하고있는우리해군은대공표적대응시간의단축은함생존성차원에서무엇보다중요한변수이고, 이러한이유에서 PKG, FFX 등근래에건조되는전투함들은모두 3차원탐색레이더를보유하고있다. 그러나예를들어필리핀은우리나라와달리모든위협세력이수평선너머에서부터접근할수밖에없으므로대응시간이상대적으로여유가있어경우에따라 236

5 함정탑재 2 차원 /3 차원탐색레이더선택의고려요소 서는 2차원레이더와 3차원레이더간생존성의차이가없을수도있다. 향후위에서제시한요소들은물론개별탑재장비의성능과운용개념까지가중치를반영하여경제적이면서도생존성을극대화할수있는함정을디자인할수있는모델을연구할필요가있다. 감사의글 REFERENCES [1] J.C. Toomay, Paul J. Hannen, Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist, 3rd ed. Edison, NJ : Scitech Publishing, pp , [2] David R. Frieden, Principles of Naval Weapon Systems, Annapolis, Maryland : Naval Institute Press, p.135, [3] Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd ed. New York, NY : McGraw Hill, p.249, 본연구는호원대학교교내학술연구비의지원을받아이루어진연구로서, 관계부처에감사드립니다. 박태용 (Tae-Yong Park) 호원대학교국방기술학부교수 관심분야 : 해군무기체계, 지휘통제체계, 레이더 237

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<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

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