1-1. (, 2013). A-C:, D:.,.,,.,. 1 (,, ), 2,

Ⅱ. 1 1,. UN (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC, 2001) 3 21 88cm.. 1.3%, 149 (, 2002).,. 70% (Zhang et al., 2004). 86% 100 (Galgano et al., 2004), (Moore et al., 1999, Morton and McKenna, 1999)., 100 (Bruun, 1954, 1962).,.., 1968-2007 40 1.84±4.85mm/yr 1961-2003 1.8±0.5mm/yr(IPCC, 2007) (, 2009).,, 1964-2008 44 23cm 5.3mm/yr. 1985-2008 23 13cm 5.8mm/yr.,.,. ( 513 ), ( 442 ), ( 195 ), [(hornito)( 439 )], ( 464 ).. 2005 2013 4 ( 1-1A & B), 2013 8 ( 1-1C). ( 1-1D), (, 2013). - 16 -

1-1. (, 2013). A-C:, D:.,.,,.,. 1 (,, ), 2, 3 4 5 2 2 1. 1 2 1-17 -

.. (DEM).,. 1. 3 1.,. (2010),. (2012),. (2013). (, 2011).. (1995),,,., (, 2008) (, 2007) (, 2012;, 2013)., (, 2007) (, 2009).,, (, 2014). 2. (Moore et al., 1999, Morton and McKenna, 1999; Galgano et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004; Gelfenbaum and Kaminsky; 2010), LiDAR (Young et al., 2009). (, 2009). - 18 -

, (Yoshikawa and Nemoto, 2010). Xeidakis et al.(2005). (Gopinath and Seralathan, 2005). Anfuso and Pozo(2005) GIS. Hapke and Plant(2010) Bayesian. Walkden and Dickson(2008). 3.,...,.,,,,,, GIS. - 19 -

2 1.,. (, 2013;, 2014).,., 4.,....,.,,..,,..........,.,.. - 20 -

,,, (, ),. 2 1.. 1),, GPS,,.,,,,, ( ). Optech ALTM30/70 70,000 4. 3. ALTM-NAV, DASH-map, GPS/INS POSPac, TerraSolid TerraScan TerraModeler. 300m.,. 130knot, ±20, 1,200m 4 / m2, 50%. 1,200m 15cm, 3,000m 35cm, (H) 1/2,000 1,000m 50cm. GPS. GPS. 1 GPS, 30km GPS. 2) INS 1/200 GPS. GPS INS, PDOP 3.5, GPS 5. (point cloud)., 2. 2013 KN. (ASCII) 1m. - 21 -

. 2-1.. 2-2.. - 22 -

. 1).,. (GSD) 11cm. 30 25. 2)... GPS.,. DEM... (Seam Line). 3. 2-3.. - 23 -

2..,,,,.. 5mm/500m, 12.2. 2-4... 3D. 3D 3, 3D 3D.. 3 Registration. point 3. 3D. 3 (DSD), (DTD), (DEM). - 24 -

2-5.. - 25 -

3 1 1. 2015 1 6 7,.., 4.4 6.4km( 28.3km 2 ) ( 3-2).,,, 5.7 7.3km( 41.6km 2 ) ( 3-3). -, 4.2km 3.4km( 14.2km 2 ) ( 3-2). 5.2km 3.6km( 18.6km 2 ) ( 3-3). 2-1., 3-4. 2.. 1) GPS GPS.. GPS Trimble R7 GNSS System Trimble 5700 1Hz, GPS 30km. GPS Trimble Geometics Office GRS80. GPS, GPS/INS. (calibration), 3,. (, GPS, INS ) Total Station,.. - 26 -

3.-1.. - 27 -

3-2.. - 28 -

3-1.. X(E) Y(N) (E) (N) 120308.627 82467.781 126-08-38.56 33-19-57.45 124717.072 82490.197 126-11-29.00 33-19-59.32 120308.627 76071.800 126-08-40.59 33-16-29.87 124732.016 76056.856 126-11-31.51 33-16-30.53 131194.258 72755.785 126-15-42.10 33-14-44.94 136870.572 72768.628 126-19-21.35 33-14-46.60 131207.100 65435.652 126-15-44.59 33-10-47.36 136870.572 65422.809 126-19-23.19 33-10-48.18 3-2.. X(E) Y(N) (E) (N) 120676.251 81294.891 126-08-53.15 33-19-19.48 123985.824 80551.791 126-11-01.32 33-18-56.22 122988.315 76482.272 126-10-24.00 33-16-43.89 119678.742 77225.372 126-08-15.88 33-17-07.14 133611.925 71664.557 126-17-15.77 33-14-10.07 137044.735 70693.626 126-19-28.60 33-13-39.29 135469.385 65717.577 126-18-29.03 33-10-57.45 132036.574 66688.508 126-16-16.27 33-11-28.21 GPS/INS, Laser ( ),, (DTM, DEM) 3-3. - 29 -

3-4.. 3-5.. - 30 -

3-6. XYZ. 3-7.. 3-8.. - 31 -

Total Station 3-3. 3-3. (R.P: reference point, user: mirror). (m) X Y Z R.P to GPS -0.028 0.015-0.997 User to R.P -0.051-0.030-0.488 User to IMU -0.090-0.008-0.096 User to IMU : misalignment(deg.) 0.000 0.015-0.200 2) Pitch, Roll, Scale, Offset. ( ). 360, ( 3-10). 3-11. 3-9.. - 32 -

3-10.. (1) Pitch Pitch Y. 3. Pitch,. Pitch 0. pitch. pitch,. Pitch. (2) Roll Roll X., Pitch 3 X.. X. Roll - 33 -

X. 3-11. Pitch. 3-12. Roll. 3-13. Roll. - 34 -

(3) Scale Scale scale. Scale.. scale Scale. scale scale. 3-14.. (4) Offset Offset. scale offset. offset scale. 3-15. offset. 2014 4 6 3-17 3-4. 3-4.. (deg, m) 4 6 Roll 0.054 Pitch -0.065 Scale 1.022 Offset -0.015-35 -

3-16. (2014 4 6 ). 3) 2015 1 6, 7 2 1., GPS,,. (hole), GPS... WGS-84 m ft. 3D m2 2.5. 4). GPS GPS INS, 3, 3,, (DEM:Digital Elevation Model), (DSM:Digital - 36 -

Surface Model).. 3-17. (1) GPS/INS,, GPS 3,,. ALTM30/70, 3 (Optech ) Dash-map Applanix POSPac. 3-19. GPS/INS GPS DGPS. GPS,, PDOP. INS 200. GPS, INS,. 3-20 GPS GPS., GPS Combined Separation, PDOP(Positional Dilution Of Precision), Number of satellites bar plot. 3-21 3-22 GPS INS GPS. - 37 -

3-18.. 3-19. GPS GPS. - 38 -

3-20. GPS INS. 3-21. GPS. - 39 -

GPS/INS,. WGS-84, (TM). 3-22. 3. (2),, DEM, DSM.,. 3-23.. - 40 -

GPS. 2013 KN_.,. 3 ( 3-5; 3-25 3-26)... Surface. 5).,,,. ASCII DXF. (DEM). (m) 1:5,000. X(Easting) Y(Northing) Z(Elevation), ASCII 2... 1/1,000. 3-27~3-30., 3-31 3-32. 3-5.. XY XY - 41 -

3-24.. 3-25.. - 42 -

3-26. (DEM). - 43 -

3-27. (1m ). - 44 -

3-28. (DEM). - 45 -

3-29. (1m ). - 46 -

3-30. (DEM). - 47 -

3-31. (DEM). - 48 -

3-32. (DEM). - 49 -

. 3-33. ( )., GPS/INS ( 3-34). (GSD: Ground Sample Distance) 12cm., (`14.11.06). 60%, 30%. 30, 25,. 3-33.. Z/I Imaging DMC 2.1 ( 3-35). 3-36. 2 1200m, 225. - 50 -

3-34.. 3-35. (DMC). 3-36.. 1) 3D.. (1) (raw) (white balance)., Tiff. 3-37. (2) ID GPS. GPS /INS, Boresight, ( 3-38). - 51 -

3-37. Tiff. 3-38. GPS. - 52 -

2) (1) GPS/INS EO (AT). 3.. (2). (seam line) ( 3-39). 3-39... 3-40.. 3-41. (3) ( -276 ). ( 653 ). - 53 -

. 3-40.. (4) (Contrast) (Brightness)....,. - 54 -

. Adobe Photoshop ( 3-41). 3-41.. (5),.,. 3-42. 3) 3-42 3-43., 3-44 4-45. - 55 -

. 3-42.. - 56 -

3-43.. - 57 -

3-44.. - 58 -

3-45.. - 59 -

3-46.. - 60 -

2 1.,. 1.. ( 3-47 3-48). ( 3-49 3-50).. 1 ( 3-51 3-52).. 2014 12 1 ~8. 3-53. 2. 3-54.. GPS, Scan data. GPS. Triangle mesh, DATA Smoothing Dxf, ASC, LAS., /, / / 3D.. 2 ( 3-47). 2, 1, 2, ( 3-49). 2, (3-51). 3-6. - 61 -

3-47.. 3-48.. - 62 -

3-49.. 3-50.. - 63 -

그림 3-51. 발자국 화석산지의 지상 라이다 측량구간 위치도. 그림 3-52. 발자국 화석산지의 지상 라이다 측량구간 전경. - 64 -

그림 3-53. 지상 라이다 측량 전경. A & B: 수월봉 해안, C & D: 송악산 해안, E & F: 발자국 화석산 지. GPS 기준점 선정 GPS GPS 측정 측정위치에서 SCAN DATA 취득 대상지역 SCAN DATA 취득 및 사진촬영 Registration: GPS 연동 및 취득 DATA 병합 후처리 : Triangle mesh / DATA 정리 / Smoothing / Dxf, ASC, LAS 생성 등고선 캐드 주향경사 면적/길이/부피 변위량 3D 추출 도면화 추출 계산 분석 모델링 그림 3-54. 지상 라이다 측량의 수행 과정 흐름도. - 65 -

3-5.. (GRS80) x(e)(m) y(n)(m) z(h)(m) 33-17-57.3883 126-10-3.8250 37.8149 78750.80378 122484.1689 13.51547835 GPS1 33-17-57.3883 126-10-3.8250 37.8165 78750.80433 122484.1689 13.51700148 33-17-58.2105 126-10-3.3352 33.6271 78776.23737 122471.6991 9.32806296 GPS2 33-17-58.2105 126-10-3.3350 33.6533 78776.23774 122471.6936 9.354346029 33-17-11.1285 126-9-45.4874 26.335 77329.35368 121998.2975 2.060389314 GPS1 33-17-11.1285 126-9-45.4874 26.3398 77329.35475 121998.2978 2.065242502 33-17-12.1911 126-9-45.1732 26.068 77362.15785 121990.431 1.793443687 GPS2 33-17-12.1911 126-9-45.1735 26.0482 77362.15932 121990.4376 1.773680085 33-12-21.2215 126-17-28.6408 28.2439 68308.87435 133922.2695 3.609748511 GPS1 33-12-21.2214 126-17-28.6409 28.2494 68308.86961 133922.2719 3.615225143 33-12-19.9518 126-17-24.2484 30.5825 68270.5275 133808.2425 5.953161223 GPS2 33-12-19.9518 126-17-24.2484 30.5919 68270.52789 133808.2444 5.962596847 33-11-49.6197 126-17-35.9400 62.3741 67333.98282 134104.7391 37.75097749 GPS1 33-11-49.6196 126-17-35.9400 62.3768 67333.9799 134104.7401 37.75366264 33-11-48.5942 126-17-34.7882 62.9527 67302.58952 134074.6934 38.33110842 GPS2 33-11-48.5941 126-17-34.7882 62.9557 67302.58748 134074.6924 38.33408418 33-12-0.6467 126-16-44.3540 32.89 67682.82639 132770.8919 8.308751637 GPS1 33-12-0.6467 126-16-44.3539 32.892 67682.82718 132770.8901 8.310736255 33-12-0.9800 126-16-43.5163 32.1745 67693.24406 132749.265 7.593894318 GPS2 33-12-0.9800 126-16-43.5163 32.1724 67693.24391 132749.2661 7.591784368 GPS1 33-13-1.8679 126-17-35.8137 28.3096 69559.88374 134116.5056 3.644554659 GPS2 33-13-2.9059 126-17-36.2722 28.4088 69591.78303 134128.596 3.742660789. scan GPS 3-55~3-57..,.. - 66 -

3-55.. :, :, :. - 67 -

3-56.. :, :. - 68 -

3-57.. :, :, :. - 69 -

3 : 1. 1 2.. (DEM) 1. 2... 1.,, 3D. - 70 -

4 1 / / ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) 1 ( ) / 1-71 -

( ) / ( ) ( ) IPC ( ) / ( ) DB 2 - - - - - 5-72 -

6 :, 2007, 3(1), 45~61p,, :,, 2008, 20(6), 602~610p, :,, 2012, 3(1), 67~73p :,,,, :,, 2013, 9(6), 225~235p,, : :, 2013, 2013, 172p,,, :,, 2007, 224p,,,, :,, 2012, 20(5), 5~12p :, Oceam Research, 1995, 17(1), 41~57p :, 2014, 102p : Ⅱ,, 2002, 220p Gelfenbaum, G., Kaminsky, G. M. : Large-scale coastal change in the Columbia River littoral cell: An overview, Marine Geology, 273, 1~10 (2010) Hapke, C. and Plant, N. : Predicting coastal cliff erosion using a Bayesian probabilistic model, Marine geology, 278, 140~149 (2010) Walkden, M., Dickson, N. : Equilibrium erosion of soft rock shores with a shallow or absent beach under increased sea level rise, Marine Geology, 251, 75~84 (2008) Yoshikawa, S., Nemoto, K. : Seasonal variations of sediment transport to a canyon and coastal erosion along the Shimizu coast, Suruga Bay, Japan, Marine Geology, 271, 165~176 (2010) Zhang, K., Douglas, B.C., Leatherman, S.P. : Global warming and coastal erosion, Climatic Change, 64, 41~58 (2004) - 73 -