1 안녕하세요? In this unit we will learn 1) how to greet and introduce yourself 2) how to introduce someone to other people 3) how to say goodbye. 1
Greetings When Koreans meet each other they use a greeting 안녕하세요? (polite)an-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Or 안녕하십니까? (very polite)an-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? In Korean culture, the relationship of being senior or junior is very important and determines how people address each other. When a junior greets a senior, he/she will bow towards the senior as a mark of respect and the senior will bow slightly in return. Seniority can involve position in an organisation, social status, age and/or degree of intimacy. Among university students, even the different years of enrolment in the university create a seniority system with senior students known as 선배 (seonbae). Examples of greetings in different relationships: 1) A teacher meets a student. Student: 선생님, 안녕하십니까 (very polite) How are you, sir? Seon-saeng-nim an-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? Teacher: 안녕하세요? (polite) An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Note that the student addressed the teacher by the title associated with a position. 2) Two students who know each other slightly and are about the same age meet. Susan: 안녕하세요, Susan 씨? (polite) An-nyeong-ha-se-yo, Susan ssi? Amanda: 안녕하세요, Amanda 씨? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo, Amanda ssi? How are you, Susan? (polite) 2
3) Two students who are close friends meet in the street. Amanda: Susan, 어디가니? (very casual) Susan, eo-di ga-ni? Susan, are you going somewhere? Susan: 응, 어디가. (very casual) eung, eo-di ga / Yes, I am. Equals use the term 씨 (ssi) which is neutral and can translate as Mr. or Ms. but should not usually be used to seniors. This literally means Are you going somewhere? and the reply Yes, I am. but is often used as a greeting. However, just as often, close friends will omit any greetings and just begin the conversation. Being socialised as a Korean involves understanding how you use these different forms in various situations. In this course you will concentrate on learning only one form of polite speech. As a foreigner speaking to Koreans you can use this all the time and Koreans will make allowances. However as you develop a fluency in Korean, you will be expected to use the different forms correctly or else you can easily offend people. 3
Introducing Yourself 안녕하세요? or 안녕하십니까? is also used when you meet someone first time. But this time, it is followed by (1) (1) 만나서반갑습니다. It's nice to meet you. Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da Or (2) 처음뵙겠습니다. I'm pleased to meet you. Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da. And then you say your name as below. (3)Robert 입니다. I am Robert. Robert-im-ni-da As you may have noticed, in the above sentence (3) pronoun I is omitted. The pronouns I, you, he/she it and they are normally omitted in Korean. You would not say 나는로버트입니다 (Naneon Robert-im-in-da.)" with the pronoun 나 (I) and ' 는 (topic marker). In general, Korean uses personal pronouns less than English does, although they do exist. If the subject of the sentence is obvious, it is not necessary to mention it. When referring to the person you are addressing, the Korean pronoun for 'you' is almost never used. The most common strategy is to use the person's name instead. For example: (4) Robert 씨입니까? Are you Robert? Robert ssi-im-ni-kka 4
TASK 1 안녕하세요? How do you do? Suppose that your are meeting people in your class. Stand up and go around the classroom introducing yourself to the other students, using the expression A or B in the dialogue below, and find out their names. If possible try to write their names in Korean. [ 대화보기 EXAMPLE DIALOGUE] A: 안녕하세요? How do you do? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? 로버트어빙입니다. Robert Irving-im-in-da I'm Robert Irving. 처음뵙겠습니다. I'm pleased to meet you. Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.. B: 아만다스미스입니다. I'm Amanda Smith. Amanda Smith-im-in-da 만나서반갑습니다. Glad to meet you. Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. name ( 이름 ) name ( 이름 ) name ( 이름 ) 5
SITUATION DIALOGUE 1 Through the Centre for International Students at Monash University, an Australian student Paul, who is studying Korean language, has just met a Korean exchange student Sumi Lee ) Paul: 안녕하세요? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Paul 입니다. Paul-im-ni-da. Sumi : 안녕하세요? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Sumi 예요. Sumi-e-yo. Hello. My name is Paul. Hello. I'm Sumi. Paul: 만나서반갑습니다. Nice to meet you. Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. LISTENING COMPREHENSION Task 4 6
SITUATION DIALOGUE 2 An Australian company BHP has sent a representative Robert Irving to Korea where he is meeting Kim yeongjun who works for Daewoo Motors. Kim Yeongjun : 안녕하십니까? How do you do? An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? 처음뵙겠습니다. (Lit. It's the first time we've met) Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.. 대우자동차김영준입니다 I am Kim Yeongjun of Daewoo Motors tae-u ja-dong-cha kim-yeong-jun im-ni-da Robert: 안녕하십니까? How do you do? An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? 호주 BHP Robert Irving 입니다. I am Robert Irving from BHP compnay in Australia. Ho-ju BHP Robert Irving-im-ni-da. Note: When businessmen from different companies meet, they tend to shake hands and exchange name cards ( 명함 myeong-ham) without bowing. However within the same organisation, the seniority system determines how greetings are made. 7
Korean Names In Korean names, the family name comes first, followed by the given names (or name). Most Korean have 2 given names but some only have one. 김이박최정조장 Kim I Pak Choe Cheong Cho Chang 윤신한홍유강송 Yun Sin Han Hong Yu Kang Song The three most common family names in Korea are 김 (Kim), 이 (Lee), 박 (Park), the three together making up 45% of the population in the 1985 census. Groups with the same family name are divided by ancestry into branches (the Kim family name has about 280 branches) and people with the same family name and branch cannot inter-marry. Branches are usually identified by a place name, rather like the 'Melbourne Smith', the 'Sydney Smith', etc. Male : 영식, 성철, 영준, 성호 Yeongsik Seongcheol Yeongjun Seongho, Female: 영숙, 선영, 정희, 미자 Yeongsuk Seon-yeong Jeonghui Mija In Korea the use of personal names for address is usually restricted to members of the same family and close friends. 8
Title These days among the younger generation, it has become popular to give their children a pure Korean name which can not be written in Chinese. However, the majority of Koreans still have a name which can be written in Chinese. It is possible to distingish the sex of people through their names. Preferred male names include 식 (sik), 철 (cheol), 준 (jun), 호 (ho), while preferred female names include 숙 (suk), 영 (yeong), 희 (h?i), 자 (ja) etc.. 1. Bank teller: 김영준씨계세요? Is there Mr. Kim Yeongjun? Kim yeong jun ssi kye-se-yo 2. Co-worker addressing Yeongjun (who is a male) 영준씨, 어디가요? Yeongjun, where are you going? yeong jun ssi eo di ga yo The most common title is 씨 (ssi) which means "Mr/Ms". However it is rude to address someone by their surname with the title " 씨 (ssi)" such as 김씨 (ssi). You can use it after someone's full name such as 김영준씨 (Kim yeong jun ssi) if there is no particular personal relationship with the person being addressed or after their first name such as " 영준씨 (yeong jun ssi)" if there is an equal status but no particularly close personal relationship with the person being addressed. This is especially common when talking to someone of the opposite sex. 1. A student speaking to his teacher Mr. Park. 박선생님앉으세요. "Mr. Park, please sit down." Pak Seon-saeng-nim an-jeo-se-yo 2. Policeman addressing a well-dressed older man. 선생님, 저쪽으로가십시오. "Sir, please move over there." Seon-saeng-nim cheo-tchog-eoro ka-sip-si-o 9
The title " 님 " is widely used but this title is more polite than 씨, and is added after a person's position title, eg " 선생님 (The respect term 님 is only added to titles for important positions such as professor, company president, director etc. and if we know a person's title, it is best to address him/her with their surname + position title + 님, for example Smith 교수님 (Smith kyo-su-nim) "Professor Smith", 김사장님 (Kim sa-jang-nim) "(company) President Kim". The title " 선생님 should not be used together with " 씨, ie. you do not say " 선생님씨. 10
Introducing someone to other people 이분은김선생님이세요. (honorific) I-bun-eun Kim Seon-saeng-nim-i-se-yo This (person) is Mr. Kim. 이쪽은 John 이에요. (casual) I-tchog-eun John-i-e-yo. This (person) is John. When you introduce someone to another person: You will notice that in these two sentences, the term for 'this (person)' is different, and the final ending is also different. By using different words and different verb endings, Koreans can show their respect for others and we use the term 'honorific' to describe these respect forms. Thus the term 이분은 literally means 'this distinguished person', whereas 이쪽은 literally means 'this (side) here'. The difference at the end of the sentence comes from different endings you use with Korean verbs (in this case 'is'). You will be introduced to these in the next unit. TASK 2 Suppose that your are meeting the other people in your class. Now, stand up and go around the classroom introducing your class mates to your teacher. 이분은... 입니다. I-bun-eun im-ni-da. 이쪽은... 예요 / 이에요 I-jjogeun ye-yo / i-e-yo. 11
SITUATION DIALOGUE 3 Sumi (Female) has invited Paul to go to a Korean-Australian Students Association dinner at a Korean restaurant. They arranged to meet outside the restaurant. Paul is a bit late and when he arrives he sees Sumi waiting with Seongchan (Male), another Korean exchange student. Sumi: 안녕하세요? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Paul : 늦어서미안합니다. Neujeoseo mi-an-ham-ni-da. Hello. I am sorry I'm late. Sumi: 괜찮아요. It's O.K. gwaenchanayo. 폴씨이쪽은 Park Seongchan 이에요. Paul, this is Park Seongchan. Pol-ssi i-jjogeun Park-Seong-chan i-e-yo. 성찬씨이쪽은 Paul Simon 이에요. Seongchan, this is Paul Simon. Seong-chan-ssi i-jjogeun Paul Simon i-e-yo. Paul: 만나서반갑습니다. Nice to meet you. Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. 12
Saying Goodbye When you are saying goodbye to one who is leaving, you can say: 안녕히가세요 An-nyeong-hi ka-se-yo 안녕히가십시오. (more formal) annyeonghi gasipsio When you are saying goodbye to one who is staying, you can say: 안녕히계세요 annyeonghi gyeseyo 안녕히계십시오.(more formal) annyeonghi gyesipsio. 13
SITUATION DIALOGUE 4 Paul is leaving after enjoying the dinner at Sumi's. He is saying goodbye to her. Paul: 초대해주셔서감사합니다. Thank you for inviting me. chodaehae jusyeoseo gamsahamnida. Sumi: 뭘요. 또오세요. mwolyo. tto oseyo. Paul: 안녕히계세요. annyeonghi gyeseyo Sumi: 안녕히가세요. annyeonghi gaseyo Oh, that's OK. Come again. Goodbye. Goodbye. LISTENING COMPREHENSION Task 5 TASK 3 안녕히계세요, 선생님. 안녕히가세요,... 씨 When you leave at the end of the class, say good-bye to your teacher and your classmates. 14
WRITING How do you say good-bye in the following situation? You are a You are talking to a You are at student ( 학생 ) teacher street ( 선생님 ) ( 길거리 ) customer shop assistance 가게 ( 손님 ) ( 점원 ) 손님 chemist ( 약사 ) 약국 saying good-bye 안녕히가세요 손님 waiter/waitress 식당 waiter/waitress 손님 식당 son/daughter mother( 어머니 ) 집 * 다녀오겠습니다 bank teller 손님은행 business person 손님 공항 * when you leave home and come back later. 15
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS 오래간만입니다. (Formal) It's been a long time. O-rae-gan-man-im-ni-da. 오래간만이에요. Long time no see. O-rae-gan-man-i-e-yo. 어떻게지내세요? How are you doing? eo-tteo-k'e-chi-nae-se-yo 잘지내요. I am fine. Chal-chi-nae-yo 그저그래요. So-so. Keo-cheo-keo-rae-yo 또뵙겠습니다. Hope to see you again. Tto-poep-ge-sseumnida. 미안합니다. Mi-an-ham-ni-da. I'm sorry. 늦어서미안합니다. Sorry, I'm late. Neoj-eo-seo mi-an-ham-ni-da. 괜찮습니다. It's all right. (Formal) Gwaen-han-sseum-ni-da. 괜찮아요. Gwaen-chan-a-yo. 감사합니다. Gam-sa-ham-ni-da. 고맙습니다. Ko-map-seum-ni-da. 천만에요. Cheon-man-e-yo. 네 / 예. Ne/Ye It's O.K. Thank you. Thank you. You're welcome. Yes. 아니요. A-ni-yo No. 16
2 한글 (HAN GEUL): In this unit we will learn 1) how to read the Hangeul 2) how to write the Hangeul 17
Hangeul When we are writing in English, we can think in terms of individual letters which we string together one after the other. But when using the Hangeul, we have to think in terms of syllables. A simple example is the word "Canada" - Ca-na-da. In Korean this would become: 캐나다. Every Korean syllable occupies the same amount of space, no matter how many characters are in the syllable, and are written to fit into a square box. Canada Ca-na-da 캐나다 kae na da Camera Ca-me-ra 카 메 라 Ka me ra Peter Pe-ter 피 터 pi teo Mary Ma-ry 메 리 Banana Ba-na-na me ri 바나나 Ba na na Radio Ra-di-o 라디오 ra di o As in English, the Hangeul contains both consonants and vowels. To begin with, we will introduce one vowel and some simple consonants to show you how you can write Korean words. 18
1. Basic consonants ㄱ k/g (as in kid or game) ㄷ t/d (as in tiger or dog) ㅂ p/b (as in pig or bed) ㅈ ch/j (as in charming or jungle) ㅅ s (as in speech) ㅁ m (as in mother) ㄴ n (as in noise) ㄹ r/l (as in rain or lily) ㅎ h (as in high) ㅇ ng (as in ring) This sound only applies when ㅇ is the final consonant of a syllable. The same symbol can be used at the start of a syllable but in this case it has no sound. It acts as a dummy consonant for syllables that begin with a vowel. Note: According to the explanations of the original Hunmin Jeongeum text, ㄱ depicts the root of the tongue blocking the throat; ㄴ depicts the outline of the tongue ouching the upper palate; ㄷ depicts the outline of the mouth; ㅅ depicts the outline of the incisor (the teeth at the front of your mouth); ㅇ depicts the outline of the throat. The other initial letters were derived by adding strokes to the basic letters. 19
WRITE THEM STROKE BY STROKE sound name ㄱ g/k giyok ㄱ ㄴ n niun ㄴ ㄷ d/t digut ㄷ ㄷ ㄹ r/l riul ㄹ ㄹ ㄹ ㅁ m mium ㅁ ㅁ ㅁ ㅂ b/p piup ㅂ ㅂ ㅂ ㅂ ㅅ S/t shiot ㅅ ㅅ ㅇ Ø/ng ieung ㅇ ㅈ j/t jieut ㅈ ㅈ ㅎ h/t hieut ㅎ ㅎ 20
2. The pure vowel a" ㅏ a (as in the 2nd and last -a of Canada) ㅏ ㄱ ㄱㅏ ㄴ ㄴㅏ ㄷ ㄷㅏ ㄹ ㄹㅏ ㅁ ㅁㅏ ㅂ ㅂㅏ ㅅ ㅅㅏ ㅇ ㅇㅏ ㅈ ㅈㅏ ㅎ ㅎㅏ With these basic consonants and the vowel, we can now create Korean words. Here are some more examples: (a) 가나 ka-na Ghana (African country) 나라 na-ra country 다리 ta-ri leg; bridge 라디오 ra-di-o radio 마차 ma-cha carriage 바다 pa-da ocean 사자 sa-ja lion 자 ja ruler 하나 ha-na one In group (a), each word is made up of syllables containing an initial consonant and a vowel. This is a basic rule - every written Korean syllable must contain an initial consonant and a vowel. 21
(b) 아기 a-gi baby 아내 a-nae wife 아래 a-rae under; below 아마 a-ma perhaps 아시아 a-si-a Asia 아리아 a-ri-a aria In group (b), there are syllables that begin with the dummy consonant " ㅇ which has no sound. When we speak in Korean we can pronounce syllables that do not have an initial consonant sound, but when we write there has to be a consonant at the beginning. (c) 사랑 sa-rang love 산 san mountain 사람 sa-ram person 강 kang river 장마 chang-ma long rain In group (c), there are syllables which also have a final consonant. In these cases the syllables must still fit into the square boxes even though there is an extra letter in the syllable. The space occupied by the initial consonant and the vowel is shortened to allow room for the end consonant below. 22
Listen and Write Listen to the tape and fill in the missing first consonant in the space in each box. The first one has been done for you. 1 가나 2 강 3 ㅏ라 4 ㅏ리 5 ㅏ디오 6 ㅏ나나 7 ㅏ다 8 ㅏ람 9 ㅏ랑 10 ㅏ자 11 산 12 ㅏ당 13 ㅏ가 14 ㅏ마 15 ㅏ 16 장ㅏ 17 하ㅏ 18 ㅏ마 Answer: 가나, 강나라다리라디오바나나바다사람사랑사자산마당아가아마자장마하나하마 23
3. Aspirated consonants ㅋ k (as in kite) ㅌ t (as in tank) ㅍ p (as in punk) ㅊ ch (as in cheese) WRITE THEM STROKE BY STROKE sound name ㅋ k kiyok ㄱ ㅋ ㅌ t tiut ㄷ ㅌ ㅌ ㅍ p piup ㅍ ㅍ ㅍ ㅊ ch/t chiut ㅊ ㅊ ㅊ To understand what an aspirated consonant is, put your hand in front of your lips while saying kite. You can feel a burst of air. The difference between ㅋ (an aspirated consonant) and ㄱ (a simple consonant) is the amount of air you exhale when you make the sound. When you pronounce ㄱ the amount of air you expel is quite small. The difference between ㅌ and ㄷ, ㅍ and ㅂ, ㅊ and ㅈ is similar to that between ㅋ and ㄱ. ㅊㅋㅌㅍ ㅏ차카타파 Examples: 카드 ka-du* card 카메라 ka-me-ra camera 타자기 ta-ja-gi typewriter 타이어 ta-i-o* tire 파도 pa-do wave 파리 pa-ri Paris 차 cha tea; car 차표 cha-pyo railroad(bus, streetcar) ticket 24
4. Other pure vowels In English we have five pure vowels, a,e,i,o,u and many combination vowels, eg. ea in the word wheat, oi in the word noise, ou in house, etc. The word Canada illustrates a major problem in learning to pronounce English. The same written form, in this case the letter a, can have more than one pronunciation. But happily, in Korean each vowel has the same sound so once youve learnt what the symbols are, you know how to pronounce the sounds and it never varies. There are nine pure vowels: ㅏ a (as in the 2nd and last -a of Canada) ㅐ ae (as in the 1st -a of Canada) ㅓ eo (as in the -o of computer) ㅔ e (as in the -e of bed) ㅜ u (as in the -oo of book) ㅣ i (as in the -ee of see) ㅚ oe (as in wet) There are another two pure vowels which are harder to pronounce because there are no direct equivalents in English. ㅡ eu (if you say - the cat sat on the mat - stressing cat and mat, the sound of the unstressed -e in the word the is close to this vowel) ㅗ o (this is the hardest to get right. It is somewhere between the -o in hope and the -or in horde. If you practise saying the o and or sounds, you will see that both come from the front of the mouth with your lips forming a circle. You will just have to listen to Koreans making this sound.) Note: All vowel letters are formed by combining the following three basic forms: depicts of heaven; ㅡ depicts of earth; ㅣ depicts of human; 25
WRITE THEM STROKE BY STROKE sound ㅏ a ㅏ ㅏ ㅓ eo ㅓ ㅓ ㅗ o ㅗ ㅗ ㅜ u ㅜ ㅜ ㅡ eu ㅡ ㅡ ㅣ i ㅣ ㅣ ㅐ ae ㅐ ㅐ ㅔ e ㅔ ㅔ ㅚ oe ㅗ ㅚ 26
It has been mentioned earlier that every Korean syllable occupies the same amount of space, no matter how many characters are in the syllable, and they are written to fit into a square box. How the box is divided up depends first on the shape of the vowel. When you look at the pure vowels, you will see that they have a predominant shape. Thus we can think of them as being vertical, horizontal or combined. Vertical Horizontal Combined ㅏㅓㅣㅐㅔ ㅗㅜㅡ ㅚ We will use the word processor to show you how the characters are arranged in the boxes. For vertical vowels, with no end consonant: 가커아사 The box is divided vertically in half, with the initial consonant on the left and the vowel on the right. For vertical vowels with an end consonant: 각컴안산 The space for initial consonant and vowel is shortened to allow room for the end consonant below. For horizontal vowels with no end consonant: 크도우노 The box is divided in half horizontally, with the initial consonant at the top and the vowel at the bottom. For horizontal vowels with an end consonant: 큰돕운놀 27
Again the end consonant is placed at the bottom. The space for the initial consonant and vowel has to be squashed up. Examples: 레몬 lemon 버스 bus 슈퍼마켓 supermarket 아이스크림 ice cream 앨범 album 오렌지 orange 주스 juice 카세트 cassette 캥거루 kangaroo 커피 coffee 컴퓨터 computer 택시 taxi 테니스 tennis 텔레비전 television 피아노 piano 피자 pizza 햄버거 hamburger 호텔 hotel 28
5. Tensed consonants ㄲ kk (as in sky) ㄸ tt (as in stop) ㅃ pp (as in spy) ㅉ jj (similar to its easy) ㅆ ss (as in essence) The sound of a tensed consonant such as ㄲ is like trying to pronounce two ㄱ s at the same time. It requires more effort and you need to tense the muscles round your vocal chords. Examples: 꼬리따라하세요짜요싸요 tail repeat after me It is salty It is cheap 29
6. Pronouncing final consonants All the consonants except for ㄸ, ㅃ and ㅉ can be final consonants but when we pronounce individual syllables, there are only seven final consonant sounds. The final consonants that have their own sound are: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅇ Examples: 극장눈듣기발음악밥싱가포르 k n t r/ l m p ng cinema eye; snow listening foot music cooked rice; meal Singapore When other letters are used as final consonants, they are pronounced using one of the above seven end consonant sounds: ㅋ k ( ㄱ ) ㄲ k ( ㄱ ) ㅍ p ( ㅂ ) ㅅ t ( ㄷ ) ㅆ t ( ㄷ ) ㅈ t ( ㄷ ) ㅊ t ( ㄷ ) ㅌ t ( ㄷ ) ㅎ t ( ㄷ ) Examples: 부엌 kitchen 꼭 definitely 앞 front 30
옷 clothes 샀다 bought 꽃 flower 끝 end 히읗 the name of Korean letter " ㅎ " 31
7. Combined vowels There are twelve combination vowels: "i" + a, eo, o, u, ae, e ㅑ ya (as in yard) ㅕ y? (between yawn and young) the word ne-on is a two syllable word, but if you say it quickly and run the -e and -o together, to make it a one syllable word. ㅛ yo (similar to yor- of New York) ㅠ yu (as in new) ㅒ yae (as in yam) ㅖ ye (as in yes) "o" + a, ae, i ㅘ wa (as in Washington) ㅙ wae (as in swam) "u" + o, e, i ㅝ wo (as in was) ㅞ we (as in wet) ㅟ ui (as in weak) "eu" + i ㅢ?i (as in "can we" if you say them quickly) Examples: 야구 baseball 여자 female 요리사 chef 유리 glass 얘기 story 예 yes 과자 sweets 왜 why 더워요 I am hot 32
웨이터 waiter 귀 ear 의사 doctor 33
8. Sound shifts. You will have noticed that for some of the consonants, different romanised characters have been given. We will illustrate why by looking at the pronunciation of end consonants ㄱ :k/g, ㄷ : t/d and ㅂ :p/b in individual syllables. When these consonants end a syllable, we use the k, t, p set of sounds but the sound is cut off. The same thing can happen in English. Say the words pot, pop, pock very quickly. You will find that you don t actually make the t, p, k sounds at the end of the words. Your mouth goes to a position to make the sounds but you don t go through with it. When you do this, we say that these end consonants are unreleased. While in English you can say these words more clearly and enunciate the end consonants, in Korean these t, k, p end consonants are always unreleased when we say an individual syllable on its own. But when we run syllables together, the sound can shift depending on what comes after them. Again the same thing applies in English. Say the following sentences quickly, and rather lazily: look over there sit on the chair drop in some time. When you say these quickly, you always sound the k, t, and p at the end of look, sit and drop. But the sound can also slide, k to g, t to d and p to b. If you say these consonants in pairs, you will see that the way you use your mouth to make them is very close. So when you talk quickly, it is very easy to slide from one to the other. Another example is the phrase sit down. When you say it quickly, it naturally becomes siddown. It takes more effort to make distinct t and d sounds and you have to talk more slowly. In general, people like to talk quickly, and for certain combinations of sounds, a slight modification will lead to a flow of sounds that is smooth, with a minimum of effort for the speaker. That is the general rule for why sound shifts occur. The Korean for "think" is 생각해요. saeng-kak-hae-yo. The romanisation is the pronunciation if you say it very slowly, one syllable at a time. Practise these separately and then say them quickly, running them together. You will find that the sounds shift a bit and a 34
smooth and natural pronunciation is saenggakaeyo. For the same reason, 책이 is not chaek-i but chaegi 먹어요 is not meok-eo-yo but meogeoyo 미안합니다 is not mi-an-hap-ni-ta, but mianhamnida 한글 is not han-keul but hangeul. You don t have to think of these sound shifts as a set of rules that you must learn, Throughout the book we will point them out to you when they occur, and if you practise saying the syllables quickly, running them together, the reason for the shifts will be obvious. Examples: 책을펴세요. 잘들으세요. 따라하세요. 읽으세요. 대답하세요. Open your book. Listen carefully. Repeat after me. Please read. Answer [the question]. Pronouncing Korean is not very difficult because apart from sound shifts that occur when you talk quickly, Korean words sound like what they look like. Compare this to English where you have words like trough, tough, though, bough, through. The same combination of letters -ough has so many different pronunciations. In this book, you will be introduced to new words, sentences etc. via printed text, so the immediate task for you is to learn to decipher the Korean alphabet. In class your teacher will give you various exercises but there is no substitute for spending an hour or so memorising them. Once you can read a Korean sentence, you will have little difficulty in pronouncing it. 35
푸르른날 서정주 눈이부시게푸르른날은그리운사람을그리워하자. 저기저기저, 가을꽃자리초록이지처단풍드는데눈이나리면어이하리야, 봄이또오면어이하리야. 내가죽고서네가산다면! 네가죽고서내가산다면? 눈이부시게푸르른날은그리운사람을그리워하자. Blue Days Chongju So On days dazzlingly blue let us yearn for the beloved ones There where autumn flowers were in full bloom, the greenery wilts to give way to autumnal tints. What shall we do if it snows? What shall we do if spring returns again? If I die while you live? If you die while I live? On days dazzlingly blue let us long for the beloved ones translated by Changsoo Ko 36
추억 Memory 조병화 Byungwha Cho 잊어버리자고바다기슭을걸어보던날이하루이틀사흘 여름가고가을가고조개줍는해녀의무리사라진겨울이바다에 잊어버리자고바다기슭을걸어가는날이하루이틀사흘 Thinking let's forget the days when I tried to walk the skirt of the sea one day two days three days Summer went Autumn went Winter on the sea when the shell-gathering woman divers disappeared Thinking let's forget the days when I tried to walk the skirt of the sea one day two days three days translated by Edward D. Rockstein 37
풀 김수영 Grass Suyeong Kim 풀이눕는다. 비를몰아오는동풍에나부껴풀은눕고드디어울었다. 날이흐려서더울다가다시누웠다. The grass is lying flat. Swaying in the east wind that brings rain in its train, the grass lay flat and at last it wept. As the day grew cloudier, it wept more and lay flat again. 풀이눕는다. 바람보다도더빨리눕는다. 바람보다도더빨리울고바람보다먼저일어난다. 날이흐리고풀이눕는다. 발목까지발밑까지눕는다. 바람보다늦게누워도바람보다먼저일어나고바람보다늦게울어도바람보다먼저웃는다. 날이흐리고풀뿌리가눕는다. The grass is lying flat. It lies flat quicker than the wind. It weeps quicker than the wind. It rises quicker than the wind. The day is cloudy, the grass is lying flat. Low as the ankles low as the feet. Though it flattens later than the wind, it rises quicker than the wind it weeps later than the wind, it laughs quicker than the wind. The day is cloudy, the grass roots are lying flat. 38
3 초콜릿좋아하세요? In this unit we will learn 1) Basic Word Order 2) how to ask and talk about likes and dislikes 39
Word Order Language has a structure. Look at the examples below. 1) I like chocolate. 2) I chocolate like. No one speaks like sentence (2). What makes the difference? The obvious difference between them is the order of the words. Where English sentences follow a basic Subject-Verb-Object pattern as in (1), the Korean pattern is Subject-Object-Verb as in (2). The verb always comes at the end of the sentence. 저좋아해요초콜릿 I like chocolate Below are given the Korean counterparts of I, like, and chocolate : 3) 저초콜릿좋아해요. I chocolate like. Now, let's say I like chocolate in Korean. 저 (subject) comes first, and then 초콜릿 (object) second, and 좋아해요 (verb) last. Therefore, I like chocolate would be said in Korean as follows: 4) 저로버트좋아해요 5) 저커피좋아해요. 6) 저아이스크림좋아해요. You may think you have learnt only one sentence, 저초콜릿좋아해요. That s not true. If we replace 초콜릿 by 로버트 (Robert), 커피 (coffee), or 아이스크림 (ice cream), which are just a few of the Korean words you have learnt up to now, you can already say lots of Korean sentences as follows: 40
Before we go on further, we have to learn one more thing about the above sentence pattern. When we talk about ourselves, we usually add a topic marker 는 to 저 (I) or 저희 (we). Therefore, sentences (3)-(6) could be changed as follows: 7) 저는 초콜릿 좋아해요 로버트커피 아이스크림 41
Yes/No Questions In the previous section, we have learnt how to make a simple statement such as 저는초콜릿을좋아해요. At this moment you may be wondering how to ask someone Do you like chocolate?. In Korean it is quite simple. You just say 초콜릿좋아해요 with a rising intonation. Therefore, A) if a sentence has a rising intonation, it becomes a question: 초콜릿좋아해요? (Do you) like chocolate? B) if a sentence has a falling intonation, it becomes a statement: 저는초콜릿좋아해요. I like chocolate. You may ask what has happened to the pronoun you as in A). Do you remember in Unit 1 (Introducing Yourself section) we've learnt that the pronouns I, you, he/she it and they are normally omitted in Korean when it is obvious in context whom or what your are referring to. In particular, the Korean pronoun for 'you' is hardly ever used, unless you are very close to each other. To use it in any other situation is very insulting. The most common strategy when you are addressing someone is either to omit a subject altogether, or to use the person's name instead. For example: 1) 초콜릿좋아해요? (Do you) like chocolate? 2) 로버트씨, 초콜릿좋아해요? Robert, do you like chocolate? 3) 초콜릿좋아해요, 로버트씨? Do you like chocolate, Robert? 42
Negative Marker 안 Now, let's learn how to say yes or no to the above question. If you like chocolate, you may just say 네 (yes) or say 네 and repeat the verb 좋아해요 as in the dialogue below. In English, we can add I do as in Yes, I do. But in Korean is there no 'I do' counterpart. You simply repeat the verb as if you're saying "yes, I like". 4) 로버트 : 수미씨, 초콜릿좋아해요? Robert: Sumi, do you like chocolate? 수미 : 아니요, 안좋아해요. Sumi: No, I don't. If you don't like chocolate, you may just say 아니요 (no). If you want to you can also add the verb. But in this case you have to use the negative of the verb (just as in English you say "no, I don't) which you can form by putting the negative marker 안 right before the verb 좋아해요 as in the dialogue below. 43
Style of Speech You have seen that the Korean language has different styles of speech depending on the relationship between the speakers. The four most commonly used are: 1) 초콜릿좋아하십니까? 2) 초콜릿좋아하세요? 3) 초콜릿좋아해요? 4) 초콜릿좋아해? Examples (1) and (2) are honorific expressions and are used when you need to be polite. Example (1) is the most polite and should be used in formal situations. Example (4) is used among close friends or when you speak to younger family members. In the task above, you have been using the Polite Informal Style (example 3) which is used when you talk informally to people you don't know well who are of a similar status to you, or to people you feel close to, even though they are a bit older than you and their social status is higher than yours. This is most commonly used with parents, elder brothers and sisters, and strangers after the initial phase of formality. Before we look at this polite informal style in detail, let's try and see what makes the above sentences different in style of speech. Only the last part of the verbs is different. Korean verbs consist of a stem which carries only the basic meaning 좋아하 -(like), and an ending such as + 십니까 as in (1), + 세요 as in (2), and so on, which gives a grammar function (past, present, or future, statement, question, or request, politeness, etc.) 44
SITUATION DIALOGUE 1 Paul is walking through the Student Union building at lunchtime when he sees Sumi sitting at a table eating a bar of chocolate. Paul: Chocolate 좋아하세요? Sumi : 네, 아주좋아해요. Paul 씨는요? Paul: 저도좋아해요. Note 1: The word 아주 is an adverb meaning 'very much'. The adverb usually goes just before the verb in a Korean sentence. Remember, in a Korean sentence the verb always comes last. Note 2: 도 means 'too' or 'also'. So Paul ends this dialogue by saying 'I like (it) too'. VOCABULARY 사과 apple 오렌지 orange 감자 potato 버섯 mushroom 생선 fish 게 crab 당근 carrot 옥수수 corn 포도 grape 콜라 coke 맥주 beer 우유 milk 치즈 cheese 빵 bread 케익 cake 달걀 egg 닭고기 chicken 소고기 beef 배추 Korean cabbage 오렌지주스 orange juice 45
SITUATION DIALOGUE 2 Paul has bought a sandwich for his lunch. Sumi : Sandwich 좋아하세요? Paul : 네, 좋아해요. Sumi 씨는요? Sumi : 별로안좋아해요. Note 1: + 는요 / 은요 is equivalent to How about A? in English. In the above dialogues Paul 씨는요? and Sumi 씨는요? will be translated into How about you? in English. Note that in Korean a person's name is used instead of the word you. Also, you use the name eg Paul together with the term 씨 when you are addressing someone. If the preceding word ends in a vowel, we add + 는요? as in 커피는요?. If the preceding word ends in a consonant, we add + 은요? as in 초콜릿은요? Note 2: 별로 is always used with a negative verb and means not much. So in dialogue 2, Sumi's last comment ' 별로안좋아해요 ' means 'I don't like it much'. VOCABULARY 초콜릿 chocolate 좋아하세요?Do you like? A 는 / 은요?How about A? 안 not 별로안 not much; not very; not particularly; 아주 very 좋아해요 (I) like 저 I 도 too... LISTENING COMPREHENSION Task 27 46
Task 1 Speaking activity Let's practise speaking in Korean and find out something about your classmates. Stand up and go around the classroom, using the dialogue below as a model for asking people if they like the things in the picture below. [ 대화보기 EXAMPLE DIALOGUE] A: Sandwich 좋아하세요? B: 네, 좋아해요. (Name) 씨는요 1? A: 별로 2 안좋아해요. 47
Task 2. Writing activity You are being asked about various kinds of food that you like or dislike. Write your answers in Korean according to the following instructions, using the model provided in examples 1 and 2. You like a lot : apple, coffee, beef You like: pear, pork, milk, lamb, wine You don't like much: fish, beer 1. 배좋아하세요? [ 네, 좋아해요 ] 2. 사과는요? [ 아주좋아해요.] 3. 우유좋아하세요? [ ] 4. 커피는요? [ ] 5. 양고기좋아하세요? [ ] 6. 소고기는요? [ ] 7. 생선좋아하세요? [ 별로안좋아해요.] 8. 돼지고기는요? [ ] 9. 포도주좋아하세요? [ ] 10. 맥주는요? [ ] 48