Weed Turf. Sci. 4(1):58~64 http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/wts.2015.4.1.58 Print ISSN 2287-7924, Online ISSN 2288-3312 Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both formerly Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32 (3), 2012, and formerly Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25 (1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26 (2), 2012 which were launched by The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea founded in 1981 and 1987, respectively. 잔디에서한국산곤충병원성선충, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통을이용한검거세미나방의생물적방제 이동운 1 * Potter, Daniel A. 2 1 경북대학교생태환경관광학부생물응용전공, 2 켄터키대학교곤충학과 Biological Control of the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with the Korean Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 Strain (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Turfgrasses Dong Woon Lee 1 * and Daniel A. Potter 2 1 Major of Applied Biology, School of Environmental Ecology and Tourism, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Republic of Korea. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA. ABSTRACT. The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) is a major insect pest of economic crops including turfgrasses on golf courses. The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain (ScG), a Korean isolate, is an effective biological control agent for soil dwelling and greenhouse insect pests in Korea. In addition, ScG is commercially produced in Korea. We conducted laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials to evaluate efficacy of ScG against black cutworms in turfgrasses. A rate of 63 infective juveniles (Ijs) per larva killed >90% of 3 rd instars feeding in cups of artificial diet within 3 days. In greenhouse trials against cutworms feeding in pots of turfgrass, efficacy of ScG was higher against 4 th instars than against 2 nd instars (90.0 vs 81.2% mortality, respectively, at 2,000 Ijs pot -1 ) in perennial ryegrass, and higher against 3 rd instars in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris than in zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica (96.7 vs 52.5% mortality at 100,000 Ijs m -2 ) in pot. The corrected mortality of 4 th instar was 79.9% at the rate of 100,000 Ijs m -2 in the creeping bentgrass in the field. So ScG could be used as biological control agent against black cutworm in turfgrass of golf courses. Key words: Agrotis ipsilon, Entomopathogenic nematode, Environmental friendly control, Turfgrass insect Received on February 16, 2015; Revised on March 12, 2015; Accepted on March 12, 2015 *Corresponding author: Phone) +82-054-530-1212, Fax) +82-054-530-1218; E-mail) whitegrub@knu.ac.kr 2015 The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 검거세미나방 (Agrotis ipsilon) 은비경제작물은물론다양한경제작물에피해를주는주요한나방류해충의하나이다. 특히옥수수 (Zea mays), 목화 (Gossypium arboreum), 담배 (Nicotiana tabacum), 밀 (Triticum aestivum), 채소작물및잔디의파종시기와생육기에피해를주고있으며범세계 적으로분포하고있다 (Showers, 1997). 유충은유식물의뿌리나괴경, 구근, 줄기등을식해하는데 (Sherrod et al., 1979) 골프장에서는퍼팅그린이나티, 페어웨이등지에서잔디에피해를주고있다. 검거세미나방 1, 2령충의경우잔디의엽부분에작은식흔을남겨큰피해를유발하지않지만 3령기이후에는주간에는토양이나댓취층에숨어있다밤에나와잔디의줄기나지제부를잘 58
잔디에서한국산곤충병원성선충, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통을이용한검거세미나방의생물적방제 59 라먹어잔디를고사시키기도한다. 특히그린의경우식흔으로인한자국이잔디표면의균일성을떨어트려볼의구름을방해하는피해를유발하고있다 (Potter, 1998). 골프장에서검거세미나방에의한피해는벤트그라스 (Agrostis spp.), 라이그라스 (Lollium spp.), 버뮤다그라스 (Cynodon dactylon), 오챠드그라스 (Dactylis glomerata) 등과같은한지형잔디가난지형잔디인들잔디 (Zoysia japonica) 와금잔디 (Z. matrella) 에비하여심하게나타나는데 (Showers, 1997) 이는잔디에대한선호성과섭식량의차이때문이다 (Hong and Williamson, 2006; Unpublished data). 우리나라에서도검거세미나방은중요한나방류해충의하나로 1910년대부터기록되었는데지역에따라년 2-3회발생하는것으로알려져있으며 (Kim et al., 1980) 골프장과잔디재배지모두에서피해를주고있는문제해충의하나이다 (Choo et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2014). 골프장에서검거세미나방에의한잔디피해는심해지면서지속적이고반복적으로나타나기때문에방제에많은노력을기울이고있다. 골프장에서는검거세미나방을방제하기위하여관행적으로접촉또는소화중독제농약을이용하고있는데근래에는잔효성이긴침투이행성약제의사용이증가하고있다 (Potter, 1998; Shetlar and Williamson, 2012). 이러한농약의사용으로인하여토양잔류, 지하수오염, 저항성유발, 야생동물에대한유해성등과같은많은환경문제에대한우려가증가되고있다 (Zimmerman and Cranshaw, 1990). 골프장에서도적용범위가넓은살충제 (pyrethroid, trichlorfon, carbaryl) 들의사용은검거세미나방이나다른해충의발생을억제하는천적류에악영향을미치는것으로알려져있다 (Frank and Shrewsbury, 2004). 이러한농약을이용한검거세미나방방제의부정적측면을극복하기위하여핵다각체바이러스를이용한미생물적방제 (Prater et al., 2006) 나포식성곤충의활용 (Frank and Shrewsbury, 2004; Hong et al., 2011; Lüpez and Potter, 2000), 저항성잔디 (Hong and Willamson, 2006), 식물성오일 (Lee and Potter, 2013) 및곤충병원성선충 (Buhler and Gibb, 1994; Capinera et al., 1988; Ebssa and Koppenhöfer, 2011) 등을이용한검거세미나방방제에관한연구들이수행되었다. 곤충병원성선충은 24-48시간이내의짧은시간에기주를치사시킬수있는능력과많은비표적생물에안전성이뛰어나토양서식해충에유용한생물적방제인자의하나로인식되어사용되어지고있으며 (Kaya and Gaugler, 1993) 우리나라에서도다양한해충들에대한생물적방제인자로서의활용가능성과실제적활용이골프장과육묘장, 시설재배지등에서이루어지고있다 (Choo et al., 1988; 1995; Kang et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2002; 2006a, b). 곤충병원성선충은종이나계통에따라병원성이상이하다 (Kondo and Ishibashi, 1986). 예를들면, Steinernema carpocapsae의경우나방류해충에특히효과가높은것으로알려져있고, 우리나라에서도담배거세미나방 (Spodoptera litura), 파밤나방 (S. exigua), 배추좀나방 (Plutella xylostella), 도둑나방 (Mamestra brassicae), 잔디밤나방 (Spodoptera depravata), 멸강나방 (Pseudaletia separate) 등에우수한방제효과가있는것으로알려져있다 (Cho, 2006; Jung et al., 2013; Kang et al., 2004). 그러나골프장잔디에서실제적으로가장큰피해를일으키고있는검거세미나방에대한방제효과는검토된바없다. 따라서본연구는한국산 S. carpocapsae선충의검거세미나방의생물적방제가능성을실내와온실, 포장에서조사하여골프장에서실제적으로이용할수있는기초자료를얻기위하여수행하였다. 재료및방법 꿀벌부채명나방과검거세미나방실험에이용한꿀벌부채명나방 (Galleria mellonella) 은 New York Worm (Long Island, NY, USA) 에서구입한 5령유충을사용하였고, 검거세미나방은 Benzon Research (Carlisle, PA, USA) 에서구입하여사용하였다. 공급받은검거세미나방은 4 o C 냉장고에냉장보관하면서실험때마다실온에 1 시간동안순화시켜사용하였다. 곤충병원성선충실험에이용한곤충병원성선충, S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통은꿀벌부채명나방 (Galleria mellonella) 노숙유충을이용하여증식시켜사용하였는데 (Dutky et al., 1964), White trap 을이용하여수확한뒤 9 o C 냉장고에보관하면서수확한지 4주이내의것을사용하였다 (Woodring and Kaya, 1988). 검거세미나방인공사료배지에서곤충병원성선충농도별효과검거세미나방공시충확보를위해 Benzon Research사로부터공급받은인공사료가 1cm 두께로분주되어있는 200 cc 사육용기를이용하여실험을수행하였다. 각각의용기에검거세미나방 3령충 10마리씩을방사한후, S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통을 63, 125, 250마리감염태유충 (infective juveniles=ijs) 을각용기에가정용분무기를이용하여 10 ml 씩충분히묻도록살포하였다. 살포후뚜껑을덮고, 질식을방지하기위하여메스로 1cm 길이의홈을뚜껑의네곳에내었다. 25 o C 항온기에보관하면서 3일후치사충수를조사하였다. 하나의용기를 1반복으로 4반복처리하였
60 이동운 Potter, Daniel A. 으며무처리구는멸균증류수만 10 ml 살포하였다. Pot에서검거세미나방령기별병원성과 pot 토양내곤충병원성선충분포실험은켄터키대학교유리온실에서수행하였는데온실은 25 o C 내외로관리되고있었으며광은자연채광에의존하면서보조적으로할로겐전구를이용하였다. 실험을위하여직경 16 cm 플라스틱화분에흙을채우고, 퍼래니얼라이그래스 Palmer III 품종 (Fayette Seed, Lexington, KY, USA) 을 4g pot -1 씩파종하였다. 파종후흙으로얇게피복한후, 플라스틱 tray에넣고, tray에 2-4 cm 높이로물을채워 pot 내에물이완전히흡수되도록하였다. 파종후 24일간관리한 pot의잔디를지표면에서 2.5 cm 높이로가위를이용하여자른뒤검거세미나방 2령충과 4령충을각각 10마리씩을방사하였다. 방사한시간후이동하지못하는개체는수거한후다시건강한유충을방사하였다. 방사후검거세미나방유충의 pot 밖으로의탈출을막기위하여 pot 위 3cm 부분을바셀린으로도포하였다. 이후가정용스프레이를이용하여 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통을 500, 1000, 2000 Ijs 농도로 40 ml씩살포 ( 각각 m 2 당 25,000, 50,000, 100,000 Ijs 곤충병원성선충을 2L 물량수준처리 ) 하였는데햇볕에의한건조와자외선피해를막기위하여오후 6시에서 7시사이에처리하였다. 무처리구는증류수만처리하였고, 7일후에생충수를조사하였다. 곤충병원성선충처리후전체 pot에 mist 분무기를이용하여 1분간관수하였으며매일동일한방법으로관수하였다. 병원성조사후 4령충처리 pot에서잔디와흙을조심스럽게들어내어검거세미나방유충이서식하는잔디지재부 0-3 cm 이내의토양과그아래쪽 3-6 cm 토양부분을구분하여칼로자른뒤 237 ml 플라스틱통 (Solo, Lake Forest, IL, USA) 에잘부수어각각을담은후꿀벌부채명나방 5령충을 10마리씩투입하였다. 뚜껑부분에핀셋으로세곳에구멍을내고, 25 o C 항온기에 7일간보관후선충감염여부를조사하였다. 한개의 pot를한반복으로 4반복처리하였다. 들잔디와벤트그라스에서잔디초종별검거세미나방에대한곤충병원성선충의병원성과토양내선충분포잔디초종별에따른곤충병원성선충의병원성차이를알아보기위하여들잔디 (Zoysia japonica) 와크리핑벤트그래스 (Agrostis stolonifera) Penncross 를이용하였는데각각의잔디는켄터키대학교의 Spindletop Research Farm에서자라고있는것을직경 15cm hole cutter로떠내어직경 22 cm 플라스틱화분에이식하였다. 1일후검거세미나방 2령충 10마리씩을방사하고, 탈출을막기위하여 pot 위 3cm 부분을바셀린으로도포하였다. 여기에가정용스프레이를 이용하여 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통을 1770 Ijs 농도 (10만마리 m -2 ) 로 35.4 ml (2 L m -2 기준 ) 살포하였다. 무처리구는물만처리하였고, 조사는 6일후에생충수를조사하였다. 병원성조사후각 pot에서검거세미나방령기별병원성과 pot 토양내곤충병원성선충분포조사때와동일한방법으로토양내선충분포를조사하였다. 잔디와흙을조심스럽게들어내어잔디지재부 3cm 이내의토양과그아래쪽 3cm 토양부분을구분하여칼로자른뒤 237 ml 플라스틱통 (Solo, Lake Forest, IL, USA) 에잘부수어각각을담은후꿀벌부채명나방 5령충을 10마리씩투입하였다. 뚜껑부분에핀셋으로세곳에구멍을내고, 25 o C 항온기에 7 일간보관후선충감염여부를조사하였다. 한개의 pot를한반복으로 4반복처리하였다. 들잔디재배지토양은 ph 4.49, 유기물 5.45%, sand: silt: clay 비는 14.25: 70.59: 15.17 로식양토였고, 크리핑벤트그래스재배지토양은 ph 4.92, 유기물 6.21%, sand:silt:clay 비는 20.26:66.99:12.76으로식양토였다. 야외실험실험은켄터키대학교의 Spindletop Research Farm에서 2012년 8월 16일과 8월 20일두차례수행하였다. 첫번째실험은 8월 16일크리핑벤트그래스포장에 1m 2 크기의시험구를난괴법 4반복으로설정하였다. 각시험구의중앙에직경 38 cm, 높이 15 cm 크기의양철링을 5cm 깊이로박은다음, 검거세미나방 3령충처리구와 4령충처리구로나누어각각 15마리씩접종하였다. 접종후가정용물뿌리개를이용하여 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통을 10만 Ijs 농도로 2L 관주하였고, 무처리는물만 2L 처리하였다. 처리후양철링의안쪽끝부분을바셀린으로도포하여검거세미나방이외부로탈출하지못하게하였고, 철망을양철링의윗부분에놓고, 못으로고정하여조류들이검거세미나방유충을잡아먹지못하게하였다. 처리 4일후각구의양철링에주방세제 10 ml를물 4L에희석하여관주한뒤잔디로부터탈출해나오는검거세미나방생충수를조사하였다. 2차실험은동일한장소에서 8월 20일수행하였는데검거세미나방 4령충을 15마리씩방사한뒤 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통을 10만 Ijs 농도로 2L 살포한후물 2L를추가살포하였다. 4반복처리하였고, 무처리는물만관주하였으며 8일후에생충수를조사하였다. 통계처리각각의실험자료들중백분율자료를 arcsin-root square 변환하여 Tukey test로처리평균간차이를분산분석하였다 (Statistix 8, 2003). 결과는변환전의값을표기하였으며평균 ± 표준오차로표기하였다. 방제가를산출하기위하여
잔디에서한국산곤충병원성선충, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통을이용한검거세미나방의생물적방제 61 Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) corrected mortality of 3rd instar black cutworms 3 days after being sprayed with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema capocapsae GSN1 strain while feeding in cups of artificial diet. Abbott (1925) 의방법으로보정사충율을구하였다. 결 과 검거세미나방인공사료배지에서곤충병원성선충농도별효과인공배지용기내에서검거세미나방 3령충은 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통에대하여높은감수성을보였다. 검거세미나방유충 1마리당 6.3 Ijs 처리에서도 85.4% 의보정사충율을보였고, 12.5 Ijs와 25 Ijs 마리 -1 처리에서는 100% 치사되었다 (df=3, 12, F=56.7, P < 0.0001)(Fig. 1). Pot에서검거세미나방령기별병원성과 pot 토양내곤충병원성선충분포 Pot 실험에서는검거세미나방 2령충 (df=3, 12, F = 31.0, Fig. 3. Mean (± SE) mortality of Galleria larvae put into the soil at 7 days after entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema capocapsae GSN1 strain, were applied to control 4 th instar black cutworms as described in Fig. 2. Galleria were implanted at two depths, 0-3 cm (upper) or 3-6 cm (lower), as indicators of nematode persistence in the soil and checked for mortality after 7 days. Within instars, mean followed by the same uppercase or lowercase letter are not significantly different by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). P<0.0001) 과 4령충 (df=3, 12, F=15.2, P<0.0002) 모두선충의접종밀도가높을수록병원성이증가하였는데 2령충에비하여 4령충의감수성이더높았다 (Fig. 2). 검거세미나방 4령충을대상으로곤충병원성선충을처리한 pot의지제부부근과아래쪽의곤충병원성선충분포를조사한결과지제부부근보다토양아래쪽에더많은선충이분포하고있었으며곤충병원성선충의처리밀도가높을수록꿀벌부채명나방에대한병원성이높게나타났다 (df=5, 18, F=11.7, P<0.0001) (Fig. 3). Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) corrected mortality of 2 and 4th instar black cutworms 7 days after pots of perennial ryegrass in which the larvae were feeding were sprayed with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema capocapsae GSN1 strain in the greenhouse. Means followed by the same uppercase and lowercase letter in each instar are not significantly different by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). *denotes significance difference between two different instars. 잔디초종별검거세미나방에대한곤충병원성선충의병원성과토양내선충분포곤충병원성선충 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통은들잔디에비하여벤트그라스에서검거세미나방에대한높은병원성을보였다 (df=1,8, F=55.4, P<0.0001). 즉벤트그라스에서는 96.7±2.3% 의보정사충율을보였으나들잔디에서는 52.5±0.1% 의낮은보정사충율을보였다. 두잔디초종의토양내곤충병원성선충의분포는들잔디에서는지제부에가까운곳보다먼토양속에분포가많았으나 (df=1,6, F=11.8, P<0.014) 벤트그라스에서는두층간차이가없었다 (Fig. 4). 야외실험야외에서검거세미나방 3령충에대한 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통의병원성은 70.0% 의보정사충율을보여 4령충에대한보정사충율 60.0% 보다높았으나통계적차이는없었다. 곤충병원성선충처리후추가관수를한 2차야외실험의결
62 이동운 Potter, Daniel A. Fig. 4. Mean (± SE) mortality of Galleria larvae implanted into the soil of potted cores of field-grown zoysiagrass or creeping bentgrass turf at 0-3 cm (upper) and 3-6 cm (bottom) depths. The Galleria were put into soil 6 days after the turf was sprayed with Steinernema capocapsae GSN1 strain (1,770 Ijs per pot = 100,000 Ijs m -2 ) and checked for mortality 7 days after burial. *denotes significant different between two different instar of black cutworm. 과검거세미나방 4령충에대한보정사충율은 79.9% 로선충처리후추가관수를하지않은 1차실험에비하여높은효과를보였다. 고 찰 한국산곤충병원성선충 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통은검거세미나방유충에대하여높은살충력을보였다. 일반적으로야외에서곤충병원성선충의충분한해충방제효과를보기위해서는 acre당 10억마리이상을살포하는데 (Georgis, 1990; Thomson, 1992) 통상 m 2 당 10만마리이상으로처리하고있다. 본실험에서는 m 2 당 10만마리이하수준에서검거세미나방에대한병원성을평가하였는데실내인공사료배지에서는 m 2 당 5만마리수준에서도 100% 치사되었고, 2만 5천마리농도에서도 85.4% 의보정사충율을보였다. 이는 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통이파밤나방 3령충에대해 5.0마리반수치사농도를보인것이나 (Kim et al., 2006) 잔디밤나방 3령충에대한반수치사농도 6.9마리 (Kang et al., 2004) 에비하여상대적으로낮은농도에서도효과를보인것으로검거세미나방이 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통에대하여상대적으로다른밤나방과해충에비하여감수적이었다. 또한잔디밤나방이나파밤나방의경우령기가높아질수록곤충병원성선충의병원성이떨어지는데 (Kang et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2006) 반해검거세미나방의경우 2령충에비하여 4령충에서더높은병원성을보였는데이는실험방법때문으로해석된다. 전자의두연구의경우페트리디쉬에선충을처리한후기주식물을투입하는방법으로실 험을수행하였으나본실험에서는 pot에서검거세미나방을방사후곤충병원성선충을살포하여상대적으로곤충병원성선충의기주체접촉기회가많았기때문으로생각된다. 아울러검거세미나방은령기가노숙화될수록섭식량이많아지며 3령충이후에는낮동안에잔디의지제부나토양속에은둔하는습성이있는데 (Kim et al., 1980; Hong and Williamson, 2006; Williamson and Shetlar, 1995) 이러한습성으로인하여살포된곤충병원성선충의접촉기회가많았기때문으로생각된다. 검거세미나방에대한곤충병원성선충의효과는들잔디에비하여크리핑벤트그라스에서높게나타났는데이는검거세미나방이들잔디에비하여벤트그라스의섭식량이많아 (unpublished data) 상대적으로많은선충이침입할기회가생겼기때문으로생각된다. 아울러곤충병원성선충은잎의종류나크기에따라부착정도에차이를보이는데 (Kim et al., 2006) 두잔디초종간의엽의형태나밀도도효과에영향을미쳤을것으로생각된다. 미끼곤충인꿀벌부채명나방유충을이용하여곤충병원성선충의토양내상대적분포를조사한결과라이그라스와들잔디에서는지제부에가까운얕은토양층보다는깊은토양층에서병원성이더높게나타나곤충병원성선충의분포가더많은것으로나타났으나벤트그라스에서는차이가없었다. 또한살포한곤충병원성선충의양에비례하여토양내상대적분포량에도차이를보였는데전체적으로잔디에서검거세미나방이나잔디밤나방과같은지상부해충방제용으로곤충병원성선충을살포할경우토양속에생존하면서굼벵이와같은토양서식해충을동시방제할수있을것으로기대된다. Ebssa and Koppenhöfer (2011) 도검거세미나방방제를위하여골프장에곤충병원성선충처리시처리시기나골프장의관리위치 ( 그린, 페어웨이, 러프 ) 에따라차이는있었으나토양내에서 2주후에도많은선충이생존하고있었다. 우리나라에서검거세미나방의 1화기발생최성기는 6월중순으로이시기는주요잔디해충풍뎅이류인녹색콩풍뎅이 (Popillia quadriguttata) 와등얼룩풍뎅이 (Exomala orientalis) 의성충발생시기와겹쳐 (Choo et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2007) 7 월초순경에검거세미나방유충방제를위하여곤충병원성선충을사용할경우두해충의동시방제가능성도있을것으로생각된다. 아울러검거세미나방 2화기발생최성기인 8월중순의경우굼벵이류의잔디피해가급격히증가되는 3령충으로발육되는시기로 (Choo et al., 2002) 이시기에두해충동시방제를추진하는것도바람직할것으로생각된다. 검거세미나방에의한잔디피해는난지형잔디보다한지형잔디에심하게나타난다. 우리나라에서는한지형잔디
잔디에서한국산곤충병원성선충, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통을이용한검거세미나방의생물적방제 63 로조성된골프장그린이나티에서피해가더심해한지형잔디에서효과가더높았던곤충병원성선충활용성이더높을것으로생각된다. 아울러포장실험에서는곤충병원성선충처리후추가적인관수를하였을때더높은방제가를나타내골프장에서곤충병원성선충을사용할때에는선충처리후스프링쿨러를이용한추가적관수가필요할것으로생각된다. 우리나라에서상용화되어있는곤충병원성선충 S. carpocapsae GSN1 계통이농약에대한저항성이높아지는노숙유충기와토양서식기에도효과가있었고, 토양내에서도잔존하여골프장에서검거세미나방유충의환경친화적방제에효과적으로사용할수있을것으로생각된다. 요약 검거세미나방 (Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)) 은골프장의잔디를비롯한많은경제작물에주요해충의하나이다. 곤충병원성선충, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 계통 (ScG) 은우리나라에서분리된것으로시설재배해충을비롯한토양서식해충방제에유용한생물적방제인자로우리나라에서상업적으로생산되고있다. 본연구는검거세미나방에대한 ScG의병원성을실험실과온실, 포장에서검정하였다. 검거세미나방인공사료배지에서 3령충을대상으로 63마리감염태유충 (Ijs) 을접종한결과 3일후에 90% 이상의치사율을보였다. 검거세미나방령기와잔디초종별에따른 ScG의병원성은검거세미나방 2령충에비하여 4령충에서높았고 (90.0% 대 81.2% 치사율, 2,000 Ijs pot -1 ), 검거세미나방 3령충에대한초종별병원성은크리핑벤트그라스 (Agrostis palustris) 에서가들잔디 (Zoysia japonica) 에비해서높았다 (96.7% 대 52.5% 치사율, 100,000 Ijs m -2 ). 크리핑벤트그라스포장에서는 m 2 당 100,000 Ijs ScG처리시검거세미나방 4령충에대한보정사충율은 79.9% 였다. 따라서한국산곤충병원성선충 ScG는골프장잔디에서검거세미나방의생물적방제인자로활용이가능할것으로보인다. 주요어 : 검거세미나방, 곤충병원성선충, 잔디해충, 환경친화적방제 Acknowledgements We thank Redmond, C.T., Jung, Y.H. and Lee, C.M. for technical assistance. Paper no. 15-08-026 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. References Abbott, W.S. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18:265-267. Buhler, W.G. and Gibb, T.J. 1994. Persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as measured by their control of black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in bentgrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 87:638-642. Capinera, J.L., Pelissier, D.G., Menout, S. and Epsky, N.D. 1988. Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52:427-435. Cho, S.R. 2006. Environmental friendly control of caterpillars occurring on leaf vegetable in greenhouse with entomopathogenic nematodes. PhD Diss. Gyeongsang Nat. Univ., Jinju. (In Korean) Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K. and Reed, D.K. 1988. Biological control of onion maggot and tobacco cutworm with insect-parasitic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 27:185-189. (In Korean) Choo, H.Y., Lee, D.W., Lee, S.M., Lee, T.W., Choi, W.G., et al. 2000. Turfgrass insect pests and natural enemies in golf courses. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 39:171-179. Choo, H.Y., Lee, D.W., Park, J.W., Kaya, H.K., Smitley, D.R., et al. 2002. Life history and spatial distribution of oriental beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in golf courses in Korea. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:72-80 Dutky, S.R., Thompson, J.V. and Cantwell, G.E. 1964. A technique for the mass propagation of the DD-136 nematode. J. Insect Pathol. 6:417-422. Ebssa, L. and Koppenhöfer, A.M. 2011. Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass. Biocon. Sci. Tech. 21(7):779-796. Frank, S.D. and Shrewsbury, P.M. 2004. Consumption of black cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and alternative prey by common golf course predators. Environ. Entomol. 33:1681-1688. Georgis, R. 1990. Formulation and application technology, pp. 173-191, In: Gaugler, R. and Kaya, H.K. (Eds.). Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. Hong, S.C. and Williamson, R.C. 2006. Suitability of various turfgrass species and cultivars for development and survival of black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99:850-857.
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