The Journal of Korean Society for Neurotherapy ISSN 1226-3826 http://www.jksnt.org 1, * 2 1, 2 Effects of Arm Swing with a Small Weight on Anticipatory Postural Adjustment and Postural Stability in Standing Hye-Sun Nam 1, Joong-Hwi Kim* 2 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Graduated School, Catholic University of Daegu, 2 Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedi, Catholic University of Daegu Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation time of trunk muscles and characteristics of the movement of center of pressure (COP) during arm swing with a small weight in standing. Thirty health subjects (14 males, 16 females) participated in this study. Arm swing was performed for 10 trials without and with a weight at 1.2Hz frequency toward anterior and posterior direction. Electromyography (EMG) was used to determine muscle activation time and Biorescue was used to measure characteristics of the movement of COP. Surface bipolar electrodes were applied over right anterior deltoid, right latissimus dorsi, both rectus abdominis, both internal oblique, and both erector spinae. The data were analyzed by repeated one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc. The results were as follows: 1) There were significant differences with muscle activation time in all muscles except the ipsilateral internal oblique between conditions of arm swing without and with a weight (p<0.01). 2) There were significant differences with characteristics of the COP (sway area, length, and speed) between conditions of arm swing without and with a weight (p<0.01). In conclusion, the arm swing with a small weight evokes the more rapid EMG activity of ipsilateral trunk muscles and the increasing movement of COP. The findings highlight the importance of investigating the role of the small weight during arm swing in anticipatory postural adjustment and posture stability in maintaining control of vertical posture K E Y W O R D S : Arm Swing, Weight, Anticipatory Postural Adjustment, Postural Stability, Standing posture A R T I C L E I N F O : I. (center of mass; COM),., (perturbation).
. (anticipatory postural adjustments) (1). (compensatory postural adjustments) COM (2,3)., (1,4). (5-9). (4,10). (11,12), (13-15), (16-18), (19), (20). (electromyography; EMG) (21), (22), (6,23) (24,25), (center of pressure; COP) COP (1,26).,.. COP. II. 1. C 1, 30. 14, 16,. (Table 1). Table 1. General characteristics of subjects (N=30) Characteristic Mean ± SD
Age (yrs) 24.07 ± 1.34 Subject SD: Standard Deviation 2. Height (cm) 168.63 ± 7.01 Weight (kg) 59.97 ± 9.03 Feet (mm) 248.17 ± 14.41 (WEMG-8, Laxtha, USA).. COP Biorescue (AP1153, RM Ingenierie, France)., COP (cm) (cm), (cm/s). 3. 1). Tettamanti (27) 1.2Hz, 5 8. 10, 12, 14 1.2Hz 10. (Shoulder flexion; SF), 1kg (Shoulder flexion with weight; SF-W), (Shoulder extension; SE), 1kg (Shoulder extension with weight; SE-W). 5. (force plate) COP 30 COP,, (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Experimental setup. a. SF: Shoulder flexion, b. SF-W: Shoulder flexion with weight, c. SE: Shoulder extension, d. SE-W: Shoulder extension with weight 2) (Figure 2). (surface electrode) (ground electrode). (anterior deltoid; AD), (latissimus dorsi; LD), (rectus abdominis; RA), (internal oblique IO), (erector spinae; ES). 7 (C7). SANIAM (28,29).
Figure 2. Electromyogram position 3) (sampling data) 1024Hz, (band pass filter) 10~500Hz. 60Hz, 120Hz, 180Hz (notch filter). 3, 500ms (30). (right anterior deltoid), (right latissimus dorsi) (31). 100ms 50ms (32). 4. COP COP,,. SPSS(PASW Statistics) version 19.0., COP (repeated one-way ANOVA). (post hoc test) Duncan. α 0.05. Ⅲ. 1.
(p<0.01)., (Table 2). Table 2. Muscle activation time of the trunk muscles according to weight at the right shoulder flexion, extension. (Unit: sec) SF-NW(a) SF-W(b) SE-NW(c) SE-W(d) F p post hoc R.RA 0.47 ± 0.27 0.08 ± 0.57 0.35 ± 0.34 0.11 ± 0.35 6.611 <0.001 a>b,d L.RA 0.45 ± 0.26 0.24 ± 0.41 0.30 ± 0.30 0.09 ± 0.30 6.302 <0.001 a>d R.IO 0.38 ± 0.27 0.35 ± 0.25 0.34 ± 0.40 0.16 ± 0.39 2.683 0.051 L.IO 0.40 ± 0.29 0.25 ± 0.26 0.40 ± 0.45 0.15 ± 0.19 4.596 <0.001 a,c>d R.ES 0.30 ± 0.32 0.10 ± 0.42 0.14 ± 0.25-0.18 ± 0.45 8.670 <0.001 a,b,c>d L.ES 0.17 ± 0.42 0.14 ± 0.33 0.22 ± 0.28-0.22 ± 0.46 8.540 <0.001 a,b,c>d Value are means ± standard deviation SF: Shoulder flexion; SF-W: Shoulder flexion with weight; SE: Shoulder extension; SE-W: Shoulder extension with weight; R.RA: Right rectus abdominis; L.RA: Left rectus abdominis; R.IO: Right internal oblique; L.IO: Left internal oblique; R.ES: Right erector spinae; L.ES: Left erector spinae 2. COP COP (p<0.01). COP (ellipse), (length), (average of speed) (Table 3). Table 3. Movement characteristics of the center of pressure (COP) according to weight at the right shoulder flexion, extension. SF(a) SF-W(b) SE(c) SE-W(d) F p post hoc Ellipse (mm 2 ) Length (cm) 1 2 8. 8 5 ± 1 6 2. 8 5 ± 1 1 3. 6 5 ± 1 6 9. 1 8 ± 5.078 0.002 a,c<b,d 68.53 62.20 61.06 67.43 28.42 ± 6.34 39.08 ± 9.13 28.91 ± 8.13 39.67 ± 11.97 13.827 <0.001 a,c<b,d Ave.speed 0.93 ± 0.21 1.29 ± 0.30 0.96 ± 0.27 1.32 ± 0.39 14.405 <0.001 a,c<b,d (cm/s) Value are means ± standard deviation SF: Shoulder flexion; SF-W: Shoulder flexion with weight; SE: Shoulder extension; SE-W: Shoulder extension with weight; Ave.speed: Average of speed
Ⅳ. (COP)., COP. (1), (2,3,33).,, (34). (35). Commissaris Toussaint (36) COP, COP. EMG (anterior deltoid), (13,18,31,37-39). Urquhart (31),. Jung Chung (39), (internal obloque) (erector spinae),., (rectus abdominis),. COP (ellipse), (length), (average of speed). (latissimus dorsi) (37,40), (41).,,,,., Tettamanti (27) 4 (1.2Hz) 1kg.
COP,,. COP,,,... 1Kg,. Acknowledgments 2014. References 1. Massion J. Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. Prog Neurobiol 1992;38(1):35-56. 2. Nashner L, Cordo P. Relation of automatic postural responses and reaction-time voluntary movements of human leg muscles. Experimental Brain Research 1981;43(3):395-405. 3. Alexandrov AV, Frolov AA, Horak F, Carlson-Kuhta P, Park S. Feedback equilibrium control during human standing. Biol Cybern 2005;93(5):309-322. 4. Bouisset S, Do M. Posture, dynamic stability, and voluntary movement. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 2008;38(6):345-362. 5. Lee W, Michaels C, Pai Y. The organization of torque and EMG activity during bilateral handle pulls by standing humans. Experimental Brain Research 1990;82(2):304-314. 6. Stapley PJ, Pozzo T, Cheron G, Grishin A. Does the coordination between posture and movement during human whole-body reaching ensure center of mass stabilization? Experimental Brain Research 1999;129(1):134-146. 7. Commissaris DA, Toussaint HM, Hirschfeld H. Anticipatory postural adjustments in a bimanual, whole-body lifting task seem not only aimed at minimising anterior posterior centre of mass displacements. Gait Posture 2001;14(1): 44-55. 8. Pozzo T, Ouamer M, Gentil C. Simulating mechanical consequences of voluntary movement upon whole-body equilibrium: the arm-raising paradigm revisited. Biol Cybern 2001;85(1):39-49. 9. Leonard JA, Brown RH, Stapley PJ. Reaching to multiple targets when standing: the spatial organization of feedforward postural adjustments. J Neurophysiol 2009 Apr;101(4):2120-2133. 10. Aruin AS. The organization of anticipatory postural adjustments. Journal of Automatic control 2002;12(1):31-37. 11. Aruin AS, Latash ML. Directional specificity of postural muscles in feed-forward postural reactions during fast voluntary arm movements. Experimental Brain Research 1995;103(2):323-332. 12. Aruin AS, Shiratori T, Latash ML. The role of action in postural preparation for loading and unloading in standing subjects. Experimental Brain Research 2001;138(4):458-466. 13. Horak FB, Esselman P, Anderson ME, Lynch MK. The effects of movement velocity, mass displaced, and task certainty on associated postural adjustments made by normal and hemiplegic individuals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984 Sep;47(9):1020-1028. 14. Bouisset S, Zattara M. Biomechanical study of the programming of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement. J Biomech 1987;20(8):735-742.
15. Aruin AS, Latash ML. Anticipatory postural adjustments during self-initiated perturbations of different magnitude triggered by a standard motor action. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control 1996;101(6):497-503. 16. Gantchev GN, Dimitrova DM. Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with arm movements during balancing on unstable support surface. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1996;22(1):117-122. 17. Chen B, Lee Y, Aruin AS. Anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments in conditions of body asymmetry induced by holding an object. Experimental brain research 2015;233(11):3087-3096. 18. Nam H. Effects of the base of support on anticipatory postural adjustment and postural stability. Dissertation of Master s Degree. 2015. 19. Adkin AL, Frank JS, Carpenter MG, Peysar GW. Fear of falling modifies anticipatory postural control. Experimental brain research 2002;143(2):160-170. 20. De Wolf S, Slijper H, Latash M. Anticipatory postural adjustments during self-paced and reaction-time movements. Experimental Brain Research 1998;121(1):7-19. 21. Friedli WG, Hallett M, Simon SR. Postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movements 1. Electromyographic data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984 Jun;47(6):611-622. 22. Crenna P, Frigo C, Massion J, Pedotti A. Forward and backward axial synergies in man. Experimental Brain Research 1987;65(3):538-548. 23. Stapley P, Pozzo T, Grishin A. The role of anticipatory postural adjustments during whole body forward reaching movements. Neuroreport 1998;9(3):395-401. 24. Oddsson L, Thorstensson A. Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: motor patterns. Acta Physiol Scand 1987;129(1):93-106. 25. Oddsson L. Motor patterns of a fast voluntary postural task in man: trunk extension in standing. Acta Physiologica 1989;136(1):47-58. 26. Massion J. Postural control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4(6):877-887. 27. Tettamanti A, Giordano M, Gatti R. Effects of coupled upper limbs movements on postural stabilisation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2013;23(5):1222-1228. 28. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, et al. European recommendations for surface electromyography. Roessingh research and development 1999;8(2):13-54. 29. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. Journal of electromyography and Kinesiology 2000;10(5):361-374. 30. Dickstein R, Shefi S, Marcovitz E, Villa Y. Anticipatory postural adjustment in selected trunk muscles in poststroke hemiparetic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(2):261-267. 31. Urquhart DM, Hodges PW, Story IH. Postural activity of the abdominal muscles varies between regions of these muscles and between body positions. Gait Posture 2005;22(4):295-301. 32. Hodges P, Cresswell A, Thorstensson A. Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. Experimental Brain Research 1999;124(1):69-79. 33. Park S, Horak FB, Kuo AD. Postural feedback responses scale with biomechanical constraints in human standing. Experimental Brain Research 2004;154(4):417-427. 34. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995. 35. Aruin AS, Kanekar N, Lee Y, Ganesan M. Enhancement of anticipatory postural adjustments in older adults as a result of a single session of ball throwing exercise. Experimental brain research 2015;233(2):649-655. 36. Commissaris DA, Toussaint HM. Anticipatory postural adjustments in a bimanual, whole body lifting task with an object of known weight. Human Movement Science 1997;16(4):407-431. 37. Esposti R, Limonta E, Esposito F, Baldissera FG. The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in interlimb coordination of coupled arm movements in the parasagittal plane: III. Difference in the energy cost of postural actions during cyclic flexion extension arm movements, ISO-and ANTI-directionally coupled. Experimental brain research 2013;231(3):293-303. 38. Lee W, Buchanan T, Rogers M. Effects of arm acceleration and behavioral conditions on the organization of postural adjustments during arm flexion. Experimental brain research 1987;66(2):257-270. 39. Jung K, Chung Y. Anticipatory Postural Adjustment in Selected Trunk Muscles Associated With Voluntary Arm and Leg Movement in the Persons With Stroke. J Korean Soc of Phys Ther 2009;16(2):1-8. 40. Baldissera FG, Esposti R. The role of anticipatory postural adjustments in interlimb coordination of coupled arm movements in the parasagittal plane: II. Postural activities and coupling coordination during cyclic flexion extension arm movements, ISO-and ANTI-directionally coupled. Experimental brain research 2013;229(2):203-219.
41. Esposti R, Bruttini C, Bolzoni F, Cavallari P. Anticipatory Postural Adjustments associated with reaching movements are programmed according to the availability of visual information. Experimental Brain Research 2017:1-12.