(Ⅳ),,,,,,,,, A time series study on variations in concentration of indoor air pollutants at new apartments in Korea ( ) S.K.Jang, M.H.Kwon, J.M.Ryu, S.Y.Seo, J.Y.Lim, H.J.Lim Y.J.Lim, S.R.Won, S.J.Jung, S.Y.Park Indoor Environment and Noise Research Team Climate and Air Quality Research Department National Institute of Environmental Research 2009. 9
1. ( ) 2.,. 3.. ( ) 2008 4 2009 5 (2005 4 2009 5 ). (1) - 2006 4 5 '06 72 38-2007 5 6 '07 26-2008 4 '08 15-2008 6 '08 15-2008 10 '08 12 - i -
- 2008 11 '08 12 (2) - TVOC 43-7 - (, ). (1) ( ) - 30, 1 30 2 ( ) - 30, 1 30 2 ( ) - '06 25, 28, 31, 34, 36 ( 5 ) - '07 13, 16, 19 ( 3 ) - '08 (,,, ) ( 4 ) ( ) 1) - (Tenax-TA) 2) - DNPH- (2) ( ) : GC/MS ( ) : HPLC - ii -
(3) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4. 2005 2008 36. 1.,,,, 36,,,. 2., 36 2 80 % ( 83 %, 80 %, 81 %), 60 %. 3. 2, 2,. - iii -
4. 36,. 5. (p<0.05). 6. (p<0.05). 7. (p<0.05). 8. (p<0.05). 9. '05 '06, '07, 2005 12. 10., - iv -
. 5. - v -
i vi xii xvii ABSTRACT xx I. 1 II. 3 1. 3 2. 7 3. ( ) 14 III. 20 1. 20. 20. 22 2. 24. 24 - vi -
. 24. 24 3. 26. 26 (1) 26 (2) 29. 30. 30 (1) 30 ( ) 30 ( ) 32 (2) 34. 35 (1) 35 (2) 36 (3) 37 (4) 37 (5) 38. 39 (1) 39 (2) 39. 40 - vii -
. 41 1. 41. 41 (1) 41 (2) 43. 43. 44 (1) 45 (2) 47. 47 (1) 47 (2) 49. 50 2. 51. 51 (1) '05 51 (2) '06 55 (3) '07 56 (4) '08 58. 60 (1) '05 60 (2) '06 64 - viii -
(3) '07 66 (4) '08 68 3. 71. '05 71 (1) '05 71 (2) 77 (3) '05 86 (4) '05 88. '06 90 (1) '06 90 (2) 96 (3) '06 104 (4) '06 106. '07 108 (1) '07 108 (2) 112 (3) '07 119 (4) '07 121. '08 123 (1) '08 123 (2) '08 126 (3) '08 129 - ix -
. 131 (1) 131 (2) 36 134. (Active) (Passive) 143. 146 4. 148. 148 (1) 148 (2), 149. 150 (1) 150 (2) 151 (3) 151 (4) 152. 153 5. 156. 156 (1) 156 (2) 160. 165. 167 - x -
. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 174 6. 176. 177. 179 (1) 179 (2) 180 ( ) 180 ( ) 181 ( ) 182 ( ) 183 ( ) 184 V. 185 187 - xi -
2-1. 4 2-2. 8 2-3. 17 3-1. 21 3-2. 22 3-3. 23 3-4. 25 3-5. 30 3-6. 31 3-7. GC/MS 31 3-8. GC/FID 32 3-9. 33 3-10. HPLC 34 3-11. 36 4-1. Tenax-TA DNPH- 44 4-2. GC/MS VOCs 45 4-3. GC/FID VOCs 46 4-4. HPLC Carbonyls 47 4-5. GC/MS 48 4-6. GC/FID 49 - xii -
4-7. HPLC 50 4-8. (TD) 50 4-9. '05 61 4-10. '05 62 4-11. '05 63 4-12. '06 65 4-13. '06 66 4-14. '07 67 4-15. '07 67 4-16. '08 68 4-17. '08 69 4-18. '05~'08 70 4-19. '05 73 4-20. '05 VOCs 76 4-21. '05 I 81 4-22. '05 II 82 4-23. '05 83 4-24. '05 89 4-25. '06 92 4-26. '06 VOCs 95 4-27. '06 I 99 4-28. '06 II 100 - xiii -
4-29. '06 101 4-30. '06 107 4-31. '07 109 4-32. '07 VOCs 112 4-33. '07 115 4-34. '07 116 4-35. '07 122 4-36. '08 125 4-37. '08 127 4-38. '08 129 4-39. '08 130 4-40. 132 4-41. 133 4-42. 36 135 4-43. 136 4-44. 36 138 4-45. 139 4-46. 144 4-47. 146 4-48. 147 4-49. 148 4-50., 149 - xiv -
4-51. 150 4-52. 151 4-53. 151 4-54. 152 4-55. 152 4-56. 153 4-57. 155 4-58. 158 4-59. 159 4-60. 162 4-61. I 163 4-62. II 164 4-63. 166 4-64. 167 4-65. 168 4-66. 169 4-67. 170 4-68. 171 4-69. 173 - xv -
4-70. 175 4-71. 181 - xvi -
3-1 21 3-2 28 3-3 29 3-4 DNPH- 34 4-1 GC/MS 41 4-2 GC/FID 42 4-3 HPLC 42 4-4 '05 53 4-5 '05 54 4-6 '06 57 4-7 '07 58 4-8 '08 59 4-9 '05 74 4-10 '05 75 4-11 '05 I 84 4-12 '05 II 85 4-13 '05 87 4-14 '06 93 - xvii -
4-15 '06 94 4-16 '06 I 102 4-17 '06 II 103 4-18 '06 105 4-19 '07 110 4-20 '07 111 4-21 '07 I 117 4-22 '07 II 118 4-23 '07 120 4-24 '08 124 4-25 '08 128 4-26 131 4-27 134 4-28 136 4-29 36 I 140 4-30 36 II 141 4-31 142 - xviii -
4-32 145 4-33 147 4-34 154 - xix -
ABSTRACT Volatile organic compounds(vocs) and carbonyl compounds are known to have adverse health effects and to play an important role in induction of Sick Building Syndrome(SBS). VOCs and carbonyl compounds originate from numerous sources, e.g. building materials, consumer products, furniture, offices machines, and human activities in indoor environment and contribute to indoor air pollution. This study was carried out to investigate the variations of the concentrations of major compounds (or indoor pollutants) through the time series study and to grasp influential factors on the concentrations of the indoor air pollutants at the new apartments in South Korea. The major indoor air pollutants, in the new apartments before the occupation were toluene, xylene, acetone and formaldehyde, orderly. Specially the concentrations of formaldehyde in the new apartments were increased more than twice after the occupation, which is probably due to the emissions from new furnitures and renovation of the apartments. The mean concentrations of the most of indoor air pollutants tend to decrease according as an increase of dwelling periods. As dwelling periods were increased from 2 months to 36 months after occupation, the mean concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde were decreased approximately 80 % and 60 %, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of indoor air pollutants during the summer seasons with high temperature( ) and high relative humidity(%) were higher than other seasons. - xx -
The relatively high concentrations of indoor air pollutants were found in the studied apartments with the introduction of new furnitures, the replacement of the floor and wall paper and remodeling the verandas and decorations. The floor levels of the apartment buildings were divided into 3 groups(low floor, middle floor, and high floor) to investigate the correlations with indoor air pollution levels. Before the occupation, it was found not to have any increasing trend as it went to the high floors, but after occupation most of air pollutants showed increasing tendencies from the low floors to the high floors and they were significant in statistical analysis.(p>0.05) The mean concentrations of toluene, xylene and formaldehyde in the buildings established in 2006 and 2007 were generally lower than those established in 2005 at the preoccupancy stage. This decrease might be affected by the enactment of "Act on indoor air quality management" in December, 2005. Lastly, the concentrations of the indoor air pollutant in the newly builded buildings are affected by the living patterns of residents, whereas the concentrations before the occupations were controlled by the law. Therefore, it is important to put the efforts for risk communications with residents to achieve more comfortable and healthier living environments. The concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde in new apartment were shown to be affected by indoor environment according to living pattern. So new apartment need to be controlled in door air quality so that the residents can have more comfortable and healthier living environment. - xxi -
1970,.,, (IAQ : Indoor Air Quality),,,.. (SBS : Sick Building Syndrome) 1983 (WHO : World Health Organization), (MCS : Multiple Chemical Sensitivity), (SHS : Sick House Syndrome).. WHO 30 %, 5., 3 5 6 1). - 1 -
(VOCs : Volatile Organic Compounds),,,,. 2004 5,, 2005 12 30 (bake-out). 1, 2, 3 2005. 2005 2008 4 4, 4 2005 2007 36 3, 2008 2.. - 2 -
II. 1.. HVAC(Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning),.,, 2-1. (PM 10 ),,,. (CO), (NO 2 ), (SO 2 ) (CO 2 ), (VOCs), (Formaldehyde), (Rn). (CO, NO 2, SO 2 ),.,,,,,,,,,,., (, ), 9,., (, ),,, (Bioaerosol) - 3 -
.,,,,.,,. 2-1., (CO, NO 2, SO 2 ) (,,, ),,,, -,,, -,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,, -,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,,, (, ), -, (, ),,, -,,,,,, -,,, - 4 -
< 2-1 >,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (, ),,,,, - -,,, - -, -, -, -, - -, -, D- (VOCs, PAHs,,,, ),,,, -,,, -,,,,, - 5 -
,,,,, -.. 2), 14 65 %, 28 80 % 14 24 %, 28 30 %, (, ).,,, (PB), (MDF, Medium Density Fiberboard) 2012. - 6 -
, (1.5 mg/l), 2007 1,, (0.3 ~ 1.5 mg/l) 2009 1. 2009 1,, 3). 2. 17,,., passive sampler 8 hr 5 day, 2-2,,, 16 47 μg/m 3, 150.9 μg/m 3. 4) 53.93 μg/m 3, 1 150.01 μg/m 3,. - 7 -
2-2. Location Formaldehyde (μg/m 3 ) Acetaldehyde (μg/m 3 ) Toluene (μg/m 3 ) Benzene (μg/m 3 ) o-xylene (μg/m 3 ) Ethylbenzene (μg/m 3 ) Ref. Hong Kong 16 (11 23) - 52.1±8.4 (26 77) 4.7±0.5 (1.5 10) 4.5±0.4 (1 10.8) 2.6±0.8 (ND 5) 5 Satelite County, Maxico 37±9 (19 50) 19±5 (7 28) - - - - 6 Talnepantla County, Mexico 47±17 (12 81) 27±12 (8 52) - - - - 6 Parism France 24.3±1.9 10.0±1.7 - - - - 7 Prince Edward Island, Canada 33.2 20.2 - - - - 8 Michigan, USA - - 15.56 2.84 2.37 2.17 9 Korea Seoul, Korea Asan, Korea berore occupation 150.9±2.0 (43.9 336.1) 58.2±1.5 (34.9 89.9) - - - - 10 - - 17.3±13.1 20.3±12.6 9.3±6.8 1.3±1.1 11 53.93 9.34 197.55 0.52 35.20* 8.43 13 months 150.01 18.12 78.18 3.86 20.42* 9.55 * : m.p-xylene + o-xylene 4 Chunrong Jia 9) (Michigan),, 53 VOCs. AA 15.54 μg/m 3, 12.22 μg/m 3, m,p- 12.82 μg/m 3, 4.79 μg/m 3, YP 28.00 μg/m 3, 11.74 μg/m 3, m,p- 9.77 μg/m 3, 4.89 μg/m 3,.,, m,p-, 1 2 μg/m 3, - 8 -
,, m,p-, n- α-, D- 1 17 μg/m 3. /, BTEX(,,, ), TMBs(Trimethylbenzenes, ),, /, D- /. / 1 10, D- 100. Shun Cheng Lee 5) CO 2, PM 10 14 67 %, 500 CFU/m 3 23 %. LPG LNG LPG, 6. / 3.8:0.7, 3.3:0.6, m,p- 2.3:0.6, o- 1.4:0.8,. 12).. - 9 -
27 75 %,. Jo 13)14), (0 13 ), TVOC -0.704, -0.773, -0.785.,,.. 30,,. 40,., 40 5 cm.. 15) - 10 -
14, 65 %, 24 %,. 16) / /. ( / / ).,,, /., 17) TVOC,. TVOC. CO 2, TVOC,,. 18). 19), PVC (tile), PVC (sheet) TVOC 0.04 mg/m 2 hr, PVC - 11 -
0.78 mg/m 2 hr. VOC PVC 3 5, VOC 30 %. 1,633.8 μg/m 3, PVC 2.5,. 20) TVOC PVC 1.35 mg/m 2 hr, 0.33 mg/m 2 hr, non-pvc 0.29 mg/m 2 hr PVC 5 TVOC. PVC PVC, non-pvc. 0.02 mg/m 2 hr. TVOC 3, 7.. 21) VOCs TVOC,,,,. 25, 50 % 79 %, - 12 -
63 %, 37 %, (trichlorofluoromethane) 29 %. (dichlorobenzene) (methylenechloride) 36 %, 27 %, 44 %, 22 %. 22) 4, 1, PVC (0 ~ 700 ) PVC 4,,.,,, (0 ~ 700 ). PVC,. PVC,,., PVC,, +, + +, + + +. VOC + 1.5 ~ 3, 172 2 ~ 4 172. + + + 2., 80 %, 10 %, 20 %, 60 %. - 13 -
3. ( ) 23) (Indoor Air Quality) 1980,.,. 2-3. 1996,,,., 13 (1997 2002)., 3,000 m 2,,,, CO, CO 2,. (2004.7),, (2000.6). EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) (ORIA : Office of Radiation and Indoor Air) (IED : Indoor Environments Division), (HUD : Department of Housing and Urban Development),., - 14 -
(CO, NO 2,, (PAHs) ),.. (ASHRAE : American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers)., WHO 1987 " (Air Quality Guideline for Europe)", WHO.,,,,,,. (UBA). (EPA), (ICL : Indoor Climate Labeling).., PM 10,,.,, 2000-15 -
. Environment Protection Group.,. (NHMRC : National Health and Medial Research Council).,,,., 1996. 2, 6. - 16 -
2-3. 23) TVOC HCHO 100 /m 3 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene 1,4-Dichloro benzene Acetaldehyde Dibutyl phthalate Chlorpyrifos Tetradecane Diazinone Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Phenocab N-Nonyl Aldehyde 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trichloroethylene Chloroform 1,3-Butadiene Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-hlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride WHO (30 ) 260 /m 3 (1 ) 260 /m 3 (1 ) 700 /m 3 (24 ) 250 /m 3 ( ) WHO:Air Quality Guidelines for Europe 1)300 /m 3 2)300~3000 /m 3 3)3000 /m 3 100 /m 3 (81ppb) (30 ) (ASHRAE) 2003 120 /m 3 (100ppb) 9000 /m 3 (5000ppb) 50 /m 3 (20ppb) :1989 1000-3000 /m 3 200-300 /m 3 ( ) 120 /m 3 (100ppb) 300 /m 3 (GV ) 3000 /m 3 (GV ) 30 /m 3 (GV ) 3000 /m 3 (GV ) 2 /m 3 (GV ) 20 /m 3 (GV ) 200 /m 3 (GV ) 2000 /m 3 (GV ) 0.1 /m 3 (GV ) 1 /m 3 (GV ) 5 /m 3 (GV ) 50 /m 3 (GV ) 200 /m 3 (GV ) 2000 /m 3 (GV, 24 ) (IRK: ):2004:GV, - 17 -
< 2-3 > TVOC 200 / 3,000 ppb (1,305 /m 3 ) HCHO 100 /m 3 (30 ) 30 / 120 /m 3 (100 ppb) (8 ) Benzene 5ppb ( ) (16.25 /m 3 ) Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene Styrene 1,4-Dichloro benzene Acetaldehyde Dibutyl phthalate Chlorpyrifos Tetradecane Diazinone Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Phenocab N-Nonyl Aldehyde 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Trichloroethylene Chloroform 1,3-Butadiene 1ppb ( ) (2.25 /m 3 ) Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-chlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride :1999 : 2001:si :1999 :1996-18 -
< 2-3 > TVOC500 / (1 ) TVOC VOC 250 / 600 / (261ppb) 600 / (1 ) HCHO 120 / 100 / (81ppb) 100 / 100 / (80ppb) Benzene 16.1 / (5ppb) 110 / Toluene 1.092 / (290ppb) 260 / (70ppb) Ethylbenzene 1.447 / (333ppb) 3800 / (880ppb) Xylene 1.447 / (333ppb) 870 / (200ppb) Styrene 220 / (50ppb) 1,4-Dichloro benzene 200 / (33ppb) 240 / (40ppb) Acetaldehyde 48 / (30ppb) Dibutyl phthalate 220 / (20ppb) Chlorpyrifos 1 / (0.07ppb) Tetradecane 330 / (40ppb) Diazinone 0.29 / (0.02ppb) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 120 / (7.6ppb) Phenocab 130 / (3.8ppb) N-Nonyl Aldehyde 41 / (7.0ppb) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 500 / (83ppb) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 200 / 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 200 / Trichloroethylene 770 / (143ppb) Chloroform 163 / (33ppb) 1,3-Butadiene Naphthalene Pinene Pentachlorophenol Tris(2-chlorethyl)Phosphate Benzopyrene 1000 / Acrolein Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene 250 / (37ppb) Carbon tetrachloride :1993 103 / (16ppb) AQ :GoodClass 8 (2003 ) : - 19 -
. 1.. 3-1 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, '05 1 3 36. '06 2006 1, 2 3 38 2008 6 ( 25 ) 2009 5 ( 36 ),. 1, 2 7 1, 2, 3, 1 1. '07 2007 1 2 26 2008 6 ( 13 ) 2009 1 ( 19 ). 2007 1 4 1, 1, 2. '08 3 4 1, 2, 1 54 2008 4 2009 3 2. - 20 -
In-cheon Gyeong-gi Seoul Gang-won do Chung-cheong do Jeon-ra do Gyeong-sang do 3-1. 3-1. '05 '06 '07 '08 36 9 24 15 12 33 12 15 36 9 12 24 12 21 24 세대수 최초측정세대수 - 21 -
. 2005 2007 36 3-2. 240 3 36 60. 3-2. 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 240 238 210 89 109 90 181 131 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 120 119 92 81 76 73 71 60 2008 년신축공동주택제외 - 22 -
3-3. '05 '06 '07 '08 '05. 2~4 120 '06. 4~5 72 '07. 4~5 48 '08. 4 15 2 '05. 5~6 118 2 '06. 7 72 2 '07. 7~8 48 2 '08. 6 15 4 '05. 8~9 95 4 '06. 9~10 69 4 '07. 9~10 46 '08. 7 15 6 '05. 10~11 89 7 '06. 12 68 7 '07.12~'08.1 41 2 '08. 9 15 8 '05. 11~12 90 10 '07. 3 63 10 '08. 3~4 36 '08. 10 12 10 '06. 1~2 82 13 '07. 6 45 13 '08. 6~7 26 2 '08. 12 12 13 '06. 4~5 60 16 '07. 9 38 16 '08. 9~10 25 '08. 11 12 16 '06. 7~8 57 19 '07. 12 39 19 '08.12~'09.1 25 2 '09. 3 15 19 '06. 10 55 22 '08. 3 39 22 '07. 1 53 25 '08. 6 38 25 '07. 4 43 28 '08. 9 36 28 '07. 7 40 31 '08. 12 35 31 '07. 10 38 34 '09. 3 34 34 '08. 1 37 36 '09. 5 29 36 '08. 3 31-23 -
2.. (active air sampler),,,, 43. (passive air sampler) 36. TVOC n- n-. 2008 3 4), 3-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, Aldehyde 8..,,,,, 7. 2008 3. 4). (bacteria) (fungi). - 24 -
3-4. Group Compounds Group Compounds Benzene n-hexane Toluene 2,4-Dimethylpentane Ethylbenzene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Aromatic Hydrocarbons m,p,o-xylenes Styrene m-ethyltoluene p-ethyltoluene o-ethyltoluene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Aliphatic Hydrocarbon n-heptane n-octane n-nonane n-decane n-undecane n-dodecane n-tridecane n-tetradecane 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene n-pentadecane 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene n-hexadecane Nonanal Chloroform Decanal 1,2-Dichloroethane Formaldehyde 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Aldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionalehyde Butylaldehyde Benzaldehyde Halogenated Hydrocarbon (Halocarbon) Carbon Tetrachloride 1,2-Dichloropropane Bromodichloromethane Trichloroethylene Alcohol Butanol Dibromochloromethane Acetate Butyl acetate Tetrachloroethylene α-pinene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Terpen β-pinene D-Limonene Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Acetone - 25 -
3.. (1), 30, 5., 5. ( 3-2)., 3-3. 30 ( ) 1 30 2. 3-2. 1 m 1.2 1.5 m. EPA method TO-17 (VOCs) EPA method TO-11A ( ) (field blank) (lab blank) ( ). - 26 -
4,.,. MP- 30H (Sibata, JP) 100 ml/min 30 2 Tenax-TA 200 mg (1/4 9 cm, Perkin Elmer, UK). Tube conditioner (ATC 1200, ACEN) (99.999%) 100 ml 320 2 3. 1/4 PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) 50 ml (vial) 4. - (active air sampling) (passive air sampler),. '05 '06 6 '05 16~36, '06 2 ~ 36. 3M OVM #3500 72., 4. MP- 100H (Sibata, JP) 500 ml/min 30 2 DNPH- (Supelco, USA). (Waters, USA). - 27 -
.,. '05 '06 6 EPA method IP-6C DSD-DNPH (Supelco, USA) 72., 4. (1) 30 (2) 1 (3) 30 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) 30 : 30. (2) : (, ).,. (3) : 30 2. 3-2. - 28 -
(a) Indoor air active sampling (b) Indoor air passive sampling (C) Outdoor air sampling 3-3. (2),,, '05 25 ~ 36, '06 13 ~ 36. '05 '06 6. MAS-100 (Merck) Bio Air Sampler 100 L/min 2.5. TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) (petri dish), SDA (Sabouraud -Dextrose Agar). (incubator) 48, 72 35, 25 ( 3-5).. - 29 -
3-5. Bacteria Fungi Sampling Flow 100 L/min 100 L/min Sampling Time 2.5 min 2.5 min Media TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar) SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar) Incubator 35, 48 hr 25, 72 hr.,, HPLC, (99.999 %). (100 ppm, Japanese Indoor Air Standards Mixture, Supelco), GC/FID Aldrich, (CS 2, carbon disulfide). (CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mixture 1, Supelco).. (1) ( ) TVOC VOCs (TD ; Thermal Desorption, Shimadzu, Japan) - 30 -
/ (GC/MS, GC-2010, Shimadzu, Japan), GC/MS 3-6 3-7. 3-6. Parameter Desorption time and flow Desorption temperature Cold trap packing Cold trap holding time Trap heat temperature Trap cool temperature In split Valve temperature Interface heat temperature Condition 15 min, 60 ml/min 280 Tenax-TA 5 min 280-20 No 250 250 3-7. GC/MS Parameter Condition GC column VB-1 (60 m 0.25 mm 1.0 um) Initial temperature 40 (6 min) Oven ramp rate 1 4 /min (40 180 ) Oven ramp rate 2 20 /min (180 250 ) Final temperature 250 (10 min) Column flow 1.5 ml/min MS source temperature 200 Detector type EI (Quadrupole) Mass range 35 350 amu Electron energy 70 ev - 31 -
( ) GC FID (flame ionization detector) Shimadzu GC-2010, 3-8. (CS 2 ) 1.5 ml, 30. VOCs.,. (3M OVM # 3500/3510, 1982). 37 3-9. 3-8. GC/FID Parameter Condition GC column VB-1(60 m 0.25 mm 1.0 μm) Initial temperature 40 (4 min) Oven ramp rate 1 4 /min (40 230 ) Oven ramp rate 2 20 /min (230 280 ) Final temperature 280 (20 min) Column flow 1.50 ml/min Make up gas, flow N 2, 30.0 ml/min H 2 flow 40.0 ml/min Air flow 400 ml/min Injection volume 1.0 μl Split ratio 10-32 -
3-9. No. Compounds Recovery Coefficient Calculation Constant A (mg/m 3 ) Calculation Constant B (ppm) 1 n-hexane 1.070 31.300 8.870 2 Chloroform 0.950 29.900 6.110 3 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.960 28.400 7.170 4 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0.990 34.480 8.413 5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.000 32.400 5.930 6 n-butanol 0.950 29.200 9.620 7 Benzene 0.970 28.200 8.820 8 Carbon tetrachloride 0.950 33.100 5.260 9 1,2-dichloropropane 0.990 36.500 6.050 10 Trichloroethylene 1.010 32.200 5.980 11 Isooctane 1.010 36.900 7.898 12 n-heptane 1.040 34.600 8.440 13 Toluene 1.000 31.800 8.450 14 Butyl acetate 0.980 35.000 7.360 15 n-octane 1.050 37.600 8.050 16 Tetrachloroethylene 1.010 32.200 5.980 17 Ethylbenzene 0.960 36.600 8.440 18 m,p-xylene 0.970 36.630 8.435 19 Styrene 0.880 34.600 8.120 20 o-xylene 0.970 36.630 8.435 21 n-nonane 1.090 40.700 7.750 22 α-pinene 0.960 43.850 7.871 23 m-ethyltoluene 0.990 40.650 8.268 24 p-ethyltoluene 1.010 40.810 8.302 25 o-ethyltoluene 1.010 40.810 8.302 26 β-pinene 0.960 44.050 7.905 27 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.960 40.980 8.337 28 n-decane 1.050 43.300 7.440 29 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 0.960 41.150 8.370 30 D-Limonene 0.980 45.660 8.194 31 Nonanal 0.940 40.810 7.016 32 n-undecane 1.060 44.240 6.921 33 n-dodecane 1.070 46.500 6.680 34 n-tridecane 1.090 48.070 6.375 35 n-tetradecane 1.050 50.000 6.161 36 n-pentadecane 1.080 51.540 5.933 37 n-hexadecane 1.080 53.470 5.773-33 -
(2) DNPH- (High performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC - LC 10Avp, Shimadzu, Japan). HPLC 3-10. DNPH 350 380 nm UV 360 nm., ( / (8:2, v/v), ) 1.2 ml. 3-10. HPLC Parameter Injector Column Detector Mobile phase Gradient elution Detection Flow rate Injection volume Oven Temp. Shimadzu SIL-10ADvp Condition ACE 5 C-18 (150 mm 4.6 mm 5 μm) UV-VIS Detector, Shimadzu Water/Tetrahydrofuran(8:2, v/v)(a) Acetonitrile (B) 0 20 min : A/B = 80/20 40/60 20 22 min : A/B = 40/60 80/20 22 30 min : A/B = 80/20 hold Absorbance at 360 nm 1.2 ml/min 20 μl 40 H 2 NHN O 2 N NO 2 + R O H H + H 2 C=H 2 NHN O 2 N NO2 + H 2 O 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) Aldehyde H=R : Ketone 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone 3-4 DNPH-. - 34 -
DNPH CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 1(Supelco, USA) 5. DNPH DNPH DNPH derivatives ( 3-4). SPE(Soild Phase Extraction, ) vacuum manifold (Supelco, USA), (HPLC grade) 5 ml,. 2 3 60,. DNPH- HPLC.. DNPH,, / /GC/MS DNPH / /HPLC,. (1) VOCs Tenax-TA 2 100 ml/min 30, - 35 -
. DNPH- 500 ml/min 30, DNPH-. (2) (calibration curves) (20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng),. DNPH CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 5 ( 3-11). 3-11. ( : μg/ml) Calibration curves Cali-1 Cali-2 Cali-3 Cali-4 Cali-5 Compounds Formaldehyde 0.11 0.21 0.27 0.54 1.07 Acetaldehyde 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.49 0.98 Acetone 0.06 0.12 0.15 0.31 0.61 Acrolein 0.06 0.12 0.15 0.30 0.60 Propionaldehyde 0.06 0.12 0.15 0.31 0.61 Butylaldehyde 0.07 0.14 0.18 0.36 0.71 Benzaldehyde 0.09 0.19 0.23 0.46 0.93-36 -
(3) (RF; Response Factor) (Retention Time, RT) (RSD; Relative Standard Deviation, %). (batch). DNPH. (4) (Detection limits) (IDL; Instrumental detection limits) (MDL; Method Detection Limits), MDL. MDL 99 %. MDL (signal/noise) 2.5 5.0,. variance (S 2 ) 2.1. xi = x i x' = x = 1/n xi s = (S 2 ) 1/2-37 -
t (n-1, α=.99). No of samples 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t-statistic 6.96 4.54 3.75 3.36 3.14 3.00 2.90 2.82 t (n-1, 0.99) n-1, 1 % student-t, n. MDL VOCs (sensitivity) (Glaser 1981, US EPA 1990). MDL Signal Noise (IDL) 3 5 7. (5) (TD) GC/MS (recovery test). cold trap transfer line transfer line GC Injector cold - 38 -
trap. GC split ratio 5.. (1)..,,,,,, (built-in). (2) 2 ( 3, 3-3 ).,,,.. - 39 -
, SPSS for Windows 12.0. (1),,,,,,. (2) Spearman Correlation analysis ( ), Kruskal-Wallis test ( ), Mann-Whitney test ( ), Tukey-test ( ), (p) 0.05. (3), t-test, Mann-Whitney test. (4) (Regression analysis). - 40 -
. 1.. (1) GC/MS, 4-1 43 VOCs TIC(Total Ion Chromatogram). 4-2. GC/FID, 4-2. 37, 3-9. 4-1 GC/MS. - 41 -
uv(x10,000) 2.5 Chromatogram 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 2 1 3 5 4 8 6 7 0 10 9 11 12 0 0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 min 0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 23 26 25 27 4-2 GC/FID. 28 0 29 30 31 0 32 0 33 34 35 36 37 HPLC, 4-3,.. (x10,000) 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Acrolein Acetone Butyraldehyde Benzaldehyde 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 min 4-3 HPLC. - 42 -
(2) GC/MS 43 (20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng),. TVOC, VOCs 43. GC/FID 37. ( 20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng). VOCs 37, TVOC. HPLC 7 DNPH 7 CARB Carbonyl-DNPH Mix 5.. VOCs (lineality, R 2 ) 0.998... - 43 -
Tenax-TA VOCs Cabonyls 0.61 % 1.19 4.58 % ( 4-1). U.S. EPA 5 % (EPA Method TO-17 5.7), VOCs Carbonyls 4-1. Tenax-TA DNPH- Compounds Concentration (μg/m 3 ) Ratio* First tube Back-up tube (%) Benzene 6.86 N.D. - Toluene 186.66 N.D. - Ethylbenzene 153.34 N.D. - Xylenes 44.81 N.D. - Styrene 7.00 N.D. - TVOC 2,402.37 14.73 0.61 Formaldehyde 135.49 3.35 2.41 Acetaldehyde 35.20 1.69 4.58 Acetone 136.70 1.65 1.19 Remark Tenax-TA DNPH * Ratio (%) = [ Conc. in Back-up tube / Conc. in (First+Back-up) tube ] 100 * Tenax-TA Total sample volumes : 3 L (100 ml/min, 30 min ) DNPH-cartridge Total sample volumes : 15 L ( 500 ml/min, 30 min ). GC/MS, GC/FID HPLC. - 44 -
(1) GC/MS. GC/MS 0.1 %, 2.5 % ( 4-2). 4-2. GC/MS VOCs (Unit :RSD(%), n=20) No. Compounds Retention time Response factor No. Compounds Retention time Response factor 1 Hexane < 0.1 2.2 24 n-nonane < 0.1 1.3 2 Chloroform < 0.1 2.2 25 α-pinene < 0.1 1.3 3 1,2-Dichloroethane < 0.1 2.2 26 p-ethyltoluene < 0.1 1.2 4 2,4-Dimethylpentane < 0.1 2.5 27 m-ethyltoluene < 0.1 1.2 5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane < 0.1 2.1 28 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene < 0.1 1.2 6 n-butanol < 0.1 2.3 29 o-ethyltoluene < 0.1 1.2 7 Benzene < 0.1 2.2 30 β-pinene < 0.1 1.2 8 Carbon tetrachloride < 0.1 2.0 31 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene < 0.1 1.1 9 1,2-Dichloropropane < 0.1 2.2 32 n-decane < 0.1 1.9 10 Bromodichloromethane < 0.1 2.2 33 1,4-Dichlorobenzene < 0.1 1.1 11 Trichloroethylene < 0.1 2.2 34 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene < 0.1 1.1 12 Isooctane < 0.1 2.4 35 D-Limonene < 0.1 1.0 13 n-heptane < 0.1 2.1 36 Nonanal < 0.1 0.9 14 Methyl isobutyl ketone < 0.1 2.0 37 n-undecane < 0.1 0.9 15 Toluene < 0.1 1.9 38 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene < 0.1 0.9 16 Dibromochloromethane < 0.1 1.9 39 Decanal < 0.1 0.8 17 Butyl acetate < 0.1 1.7 40 n-dodecane < 0.1 0.7 18 n-octane < 0.1 1.7 41 n-tridecane < 0.1 0.6 19 Tetrachloroethylene < 0.1 1.7 42 n-tetradecane < 0.1 0.5 20 Ethylbenzene < 0.1 1.5 43 n-pentadecane < 0.1 0.4 21,23 Xylenes < 0.1 1.5 44 n-hexadecane < 0.1 0.4 22 Styrene < 0.1 1.4-45 -
GC/FID 20.. n-hexane 36 0.1 %, 1.8 9.9 % ( 4-3). 4-3. GC/FID VOCs (Unit :RSD(%), n=20) Compounds Retention Response Retention Response Compounds time factor time factor n-hexane < 0.5 2.3 o-xylene < 0.1 3.2 Chloroform < 0.1 2.6 n-nonane < 0.1 2.4 1,2-Dichloroethane < 0.1 2.9 α-pinene < 0.1 2.3 2,4-DimethylPentane < 0.1 2.2 m-ethyltoluene < 0.1 2.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane < 0.1 2.3 p-ethyltoluene < 0.1 2.3 n-butanol < 0.1 2.6 o-ethyltoluene < 0.1 2.3 Benzene < 0.1 2.5 β-pinene < 0.1 2.3 Carbon tetrachloride < 0.1 2.6 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene < 0.1 2.3 1,2-Dichloropropane < 0.1 2.5 n-decane < 0.1 2.3 Trichloroethylene < 0.1 3.3 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene < 0.1 2.3 Isooctane < 0.1 2.2 D-Limonene < 0.1 2.5 n-heptane < 0.1 2.3 Nonanal < 0.1 2.2 Toluene < 0.1 2.6 n-undecane < 0.1 2.2 Butyl acetate < 0.1 2.6 n-dodecane < 0.1 1.9 n-octane < 0.1 2.5 n-tridecane < 0.1 1.8 Tetrachloroethylene < 0.1 2.6 n-tetradecane < 0.1 1.9 Ethylbenzene < 0.1 2.4 n-pentadecane < 0.1 9.9 m,p-xylene < 0.1 2.4 n-hexadecane < 0.1 9.1 Styrene < 0.1 2.4-46 -
(2) HPLC. 7 0.1 %, 7.5 % ( 4-4). 4-4. HPLC Carbonyls (Unit :RSD(%), n=24) Compounds Retention time Response factor Formaldehyde < 0.1 1.9 Acetaldehyde < 0.1 0.4 Acetone < 0.1 1.5 Acrolein < 0.1 0.3 Propionaldehyde < 0.1 7.5 Butylaldehyde < 0.1 1.8 Benzaldehyde < 0.1 1.7. (1) GC/MS, 4-5 0.91 ng (1,4-dichlorobenzene) 4.48 ng (isooctane). 3 L 0.30 1.49 μg/m 3. GC/FID, - 47 -
4-6 0.0004 ng (isooctane) 0.0033 ng (chloroform), 0.28 2.21 μg/m 3. 4-5. GC/MS Compounds MDL MDL Compounds ng μg/m 3 ng μg/m 3 Hexane 1.32 0.44 n-nonane 0.98 0.33 Chloroform 0.97 0.32 α-pinene 0.97 0.32 1,2-Dichloroethane 1.40 0.47 m-ethyltoluene 1.12 0.37 2,4-Dimethylpentane 1.45 0.48 p-ethyltoluene 1.01 0.34 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2.55 0.85 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1.22 0.41 n-butanol 2.30 0.77 o-ethyltoluene 1.30 0.43 Benzene 1.01 0.34 β-pinene 1.02 0.34 Carbon tetrachloride 1.77 0.59 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.94 0.31 1,2-Dichloropropane 1.22 0.41 n-decane 2.10 0.70 Bromodichloromethane 1.31 0.44 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.91 0.30 Trichloroethylene 1.42 0.47 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1.50 0.50 Isooctane 4.48 1.49 D-Limonene 1.30 0.43 n-heptane 1.30 0.43 Nonanal 3.11 1.04 Methyl isobutyl ketone 1.42 0.47 n-undecane 1.08 0.36 Toluene 1.32 0.44 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1.18 0.39 Dibromochloromethane 1.03 0.34 Decanal 2.02 0.67 Butyl acetate 1.02 0.34 n-dodecane 1.21 0.40 n-octane 1.00 0.33 n-tridecane 1.32 0.44 Tetrachloroethylene 1.09 0.36 n-tetradecane 1.21 0.40 Ethylbenzene 1.28 0.43 n-pentadecane 1.23 0.41 Xylene 2.33 0.78 n-hexadecane 1.18 0.39 Styrene 1.26 0.42-48 -
4-6. GC/FID Compounds MDL MDL Compounds ng μg/m 3 ng μg/m 3 n-hexane 0.0008 0.53 o-xylene 0.0008 0.51 Chloroform 0.0033 2.21 n-nonane 0.0007 0.44 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.0018 1.20 α-pinene 0.0009 0.59 2,4-DimethylPentane 0.0006 0.42 m-ethyltoluene 0.0009 0.57 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.0014 0.96 p-ethyltoluene 0.0009 0.61 n-butanol 0.0012 0.80 o-ethyltoluene 0.0009 0.60 Benzene 0.0008 0.53 β-pinene 0.0009 0.60 Carbon tetrachloride 0.0013 0.86 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.0009 0.61 1,2-dichloropropane 0.0010 0.68 n-decane 0.0013 0.87 Trichloroethylene 0.0021 1.39 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 0.0010 0.63 Isooctane 0.0004 0.28 D-Limonene 0.0008 0.56 n-heptane 0.0006 0.40 Nonanal 0.0019 1.28 Toluene 0.0007 0.48 n-undecane 0.0009 0.60 Butyl acetate 0.0006 0.41 n-dodecane 0.0012 0.79 n-octane 0.0005 0.36 n-tridecane 0.0012 0.81 Tetrachloroethylene 0.0013 0.88 n-tetradecane 0.0013 0.84 Ethylbenzene 0.0007 0.50 n-pentadecane 0.0017 1.15 m,p-xylene 0.0008 0.50 n-hexadecane 0.0020 1.30 Styrene 0.0007 0.47 (2) HPLC, 4-7, 0.0024 μg/ml (acrolein) 0.0153 μg/ml (propionaldehyde). 15 L 0.80 5.11 μg/m 3. - 49 -
4-7. HPLC Compounds MDL MDL Compounds μg/ml μg/m 3 μg/ml μg/m 3 Formaldehyde 0.0032 1.07 Propionaldehyde 0.0153 5.11 Acetaldehyde 0.0047 1.57 Butylaldehyde 0.0054 1.39 Acetone 0.0028 0.93 Benzaldehyde 0.0094 3.14 Acrolein 0.0024 0.80., 4-8 92 118 %.. 4-8. (TD) Benzene 101 o-xylene 102 Toluene 112 α-pinene 92 Ethylbenzene 96 β-pinene 99 m,p-xylene 111 n-decane 118 Styrene 104 D-Limonene 101-50 -
2.. (1) '05 4-4 4-5. A-1 17, 6,. 7 8 m. A-2, 18,.. B 8,.,. C 20, 100 m 6,. 800 m,. D 23, 6. E 20 4,, 100 m - 51 -
. F 17 8 200 300 m,,,. G 13,, 2 100 m,. H 8 200 m 15,,. I 15,, 50 m 8,. J 15, 5 m 4,.. K 15, 5 m 6,,.. - 52 -
(a) (b), 4-4 '05. - 53 -
(a) (b), 4-5 '05. - 54 -
(2) '06 4-6. A-3 18. 2,,. 100 m,, 200 m 6,. L 15. 500 m 8,. M 18, 2. N 18, 200 m, 100 m,, 150 m 4.. O 23 500 m,,, - 55 -
. P 15, 200 m 8.,. Q 15,, 6,, 200 m. (3) '07 4-7. R 20 25 3,. 5 10 km. S 15, 2 4. 12, 2 km. T 27 29, 2,,. - 56 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4-6 '06. - 57 -
(a) (b) (c) 4-7 '07. (4) '08 4-8. U 20,,. 5 km. V 15, 2, 200 m, 400 m. W 13, 2, 1 km, - 58 -
었다. 은평 X 지점은 최고층이 15 층 건물로 아파트 주변 200 m거리에 8차선 도로가 있으며, 교통량은 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 주변에 북한산이 있으 며, 약 400 m거리에는 지하철역이 존재하였다. 또한 측정 아파트 주변에 는 아파트 공사 진행이 한창이었다. (a) 경 기 (b) 대 구 (c) 서 울 그림 4-8 '08년 신축 공동주택의 측정지점 실외환경. - 59 -
. (1) '05 '05 '06 '05 1 4-9 4-10. 13 23 174 2,350 16 50.,,,,. PVC non-pvc, PVC..,,., 2.3 m,. 4-11, 21.8 28.6, 33.8 76.8 %. - 60 -
4-9. '05 site A-1 A-2 B C D E PVC non-pvc PVC - non-pvc PVC PVC PVC, PVC, PVC PVC non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC - - - (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3,, 33 (17 ) 24, 33, 41, 50 (18 ) 31 (16 ) 32, 39, 47 (20 ) 39 (23 ) 31 (20 ) 26 1,881 36 2,350 7 448 4 2,198 8 812 8 545 미확인 - 61 -
4-10. '05 site F G H I J K non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC PVC PVC PVC, PVC PVC non-pvc - non-pvc PVC PVC PVC - - - - - - (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 33 (17 ) 31 (13 ) 23 (15 ) 36, 42, 50 (15 ) 16, 20 (15 ) 17, 20 (15 ) 10 560 3 174 10 504 14 977 4 475 10 1,003 - : 미확인 - 62 -
4-11. '05 1st survey 2nd survey 3rd survey dwelling period temperature ( ) humidity (%) mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation 22.0 3.0 35.7 6.9 after 2 months 26.4 1.72 60.7 11.0 after 4 months 28.6 2.2 72.8 6.8 after 6 months 25.1 1.8 51.9 11.3 after 8 months 22.5 2.9 36.0 9.0 after 10 months 22.4 2.9 33.8 8.7 after 13 months 23.1 2.4 42.5 9.7 after 16 months 26.4 3.8 76.8 15.2 after 19 months 25.5 1.5 54.2 10.0 after 22 months 21.8 2.3 37.1 7.8 after 25 months 23.0 2.3 42.2 8.6 after 28 months 26.3 1.2 73.9 4.2 after 31 months 24.3 1.8 61.8 10.2 after 34 months 22.0 2.5 37.0 6.9 after 36 months 22.1 1.9 38.5 7.1-63 -
(2) '06 4-12,. 14 23 246 1,029 24 56.,,,,. PVC non-pvc, PVC,.,.,.,,., 2.3 m,. 4-13, 17.5 27.2, 36.7 71.3 %. - 64 -
4-12. '06 site A-3 L M N O P Q PVC PVC PVC PVC, non-pvc PVC PVC PVC PVC, PVC PVC,, PVC non-pvc PVC non-pvc PVC PVC PVC - -, (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3,, - -,, - 31 (18 ) 33 (14, 15 ) (18 ) 24, 25 (18 ) 49, 56 (23 ) 33 (14, 15 ) 24, 32, 43 (15 ) - 2 10 445-5 456 4 246 5 280 12 1,029 미확인 - 65 -
4-13. '06 temperature ( ) humidity (%) dwelling period mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation 17.5 2.6 44.9 15.0 1st survey 2nd survey 3rd survey after 2 months 27.2 1.5 71.3 6.2 after 4 months 24.9 1.6 54.1 8.8 after 7 months 22.5 2.5 40.9 10.9 after 10 months 22.6 2.6 36.7 8.3 after 13 months 26.4 1.4 58.8 7.7 after 16 months 25.4 1.2 70.0 5.5 after 19 months 20.9 2.5 39.7 8.4 after 22 months 21.8 2.1 40.1 8.3 after 25 months 25.4 1.3 57.6 8.2 after 28 months 26.5 2.4 70.1 9.9 after 31 months 21.4 2.5 46.5 10.8 after 34 months 21.9 2.1 41.1 10.0 after 36 months 24.0 1.3 49.6 8.9 (3) '07 4-14,. 13 29 813 2,368 17 52, PVC,.,,, 2.3 m,. - 66 -
4-15, 20.2 28.7, 44.8 74.2 %. 4-14. '07 미확인 site R S T PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC - - - - - - (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3,,, 30,33 (20,23,25 ) 1 6 813 17,20 (13,15,17,18 ) 1 8 828 33,34,39,45,52 (17,19,20,25,27,29 ) 2 31 2,368 4-15. '07 survey 1st survey 2nd dwelling period temperature ( ) humidity (%) mean s.d. mean s.d. before occupation 21.5 3.1 44.8 11.2 after 2 months 28.7 1.2 74.2 6.4 after 4 months 25.3 1.8 62.2 15.3 after 7 months 22.3 2.6 43.2 12.4 after 10 months 23.4 1.8 44.8 10.5 after 13 months 27.1 1.2 72.8 6.2 after 16 months 25.0 2.2 60.3 7.7 after 19 months 20.2 3.1 43.4 11.7-67 -
(4) 08 4-16,. 13 20 162 860 16 53.,, PVC.,, 2.3 m,. 4-17 17.4 29.1, 38.6 78.5 %. 4-16. '08 site U V W X PVC - -,, - - - - (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 -, - - 미확인 30,33 (13,15,16,17,18,20 ) 1 600 16,19,22 (15 ) 1 7, 594 17,24 (13 ) 1, 12, 860 41,53 (13,14,15 ) 1 4, 162-68 -
4-17. '08 temperature ( ) humidity (%) dwelling period mean s.d. mean s.d. spring summer autumn winter before occupation 20.3 0.6 41.4 2.2 after 2 months 29.1 1.0 65.1 11.7 before occupation 28.5 1.2 78.5 3.7 after 2 months 27.4 0.9 74.5 4.3 before occupation 20.0 0.5 77.7 3.3 after 2 months 22.8 3.2 38.6 4.9 before occupation 17.4 2.0 43.8 4.0 after 2 months 22.1 1.9 43.5 9.3-69 -
4-18. '05~'08 2005 2006 2007 2008 PVC, non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC, PVC, PVC,,,,, PVC PVC, non-pvc PVC, non-pvc PVC,,,,,, -,,,,,, -,,, (m) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3,,,,,,,,,,, 16 ~ 50 24 ~ 56 17 ~ 52 16 ~ 53 (13 ~ 23 ) (14 ~ 23 ) (13 ~ 29 ) (13 ~ 20 ),,,, - 70 -
3.. '05 '05 120 1, 2 36 (2005 2 2008 3 ) 2 3 14. (1) '05 '05, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 22 (2 ) 25 ~ 36 (3 ) 4-19. 1, 272.81 μg/m 3, 137.92 μg/m 3, 71.68 μg/m 3, 70.58 μg/m 3, 49.76 μg/m 3.., 2 10 1 153.57 (89.89 ~ 220.51) μg/m 3, 140.53 (75.10 ~ 254.04) μg/m 3, 81.80 (41.02 ~ 137.53) μg/m 3, 59.88 (17.89 ~ 26.79) μg/m 3, 27.72 (11.81 ~ 52.31) μg/m 3., 10 D- 13.91 μg/m 3, 11.99 μg/m 3 7 9. 50 %,. - 71 -
, 2 13 22, 137.36 (94.47 ~ 182.02) μg/m 3, 1 2 10, 52.99 (40.33 ~77.78) μg/m 3 2, 1 60 %. 3 52.67 (39.06 ~ 78.63) μg/m 3, 1 2, 3. 4 33.99 (21.94 ~ 57.34) μg/m 3, 1. 2 10 9 D- 18.64 μg/m 3, 6. 1, 2 3 25 36, 99.08 (75.43 ~ 126.72) μg/m 3, 1 2, 55.10 (39.77 ~ 63.71) μg/m 3 2. 3 47.71 (29.04 ~ 64.19) μg/m 3, 1 2, 2 D- 18.79 μg/m 3, 6., VOCs, 2 1,, 37 %. - 72 -
4-19. '05 No. before occupation conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence 2 10 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence 13 22 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) No. after residence 25 36 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene 272.81 1 Formaldehyde 153.57 1 Formaldehyde 137.36 1 Formaldehyde 99.08 2 Xylenes 137.92 2 Toluene 140.53 2 Toluene 52.99 2 Acetaldehyde 55.10 3 Formaldehyde 71.68 3 Xylenes 81.80 3 Acetaldehyde 52.67 3 Toluene 47.71 4 Acetone 70.58 4 Acetone 59.88 4 Acetone 33.99 4 Xylenes 22.73 5 Ethylbenzene 49.76 5 Ethylbenzene 27.72 5 Xylenes 33.45 5 Acetone 20.12 6 β-pinene 23.39 6 Acetaldehyde 22.02 6 D-Limonene 18.64 6 D-Limonene 18.79 7 Butyl acetate 20.48 7 Benzaldehyde 13.91 7 Nonanal 13.00 7 n-decane 15.93 8 α-pinene 16.36 8 β-pinene 12.49 8 Ethylbenzene 12.78 8 Nonanal 11.02 9 n-butanol 14.68 9 D-Limonene 11.99 9 Propionaldehyde 9.71 9 n-tridecane 8.63 10 Acetaldehyde 13.61 10 α-pinene 9.76 10 Styrene 9.41 10 Ethylbenzene 8.33 11 Styrene 10.86 11 Styrene 9.25 11 β-pinene 8.11 11 Benzaldehyde 8.12 12 n-nonane 7.87 12 Nonanal 8.47 12 α-pinene 7.01 12 Decanal 6.95 13 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 7.83 13 2,4-Dimethylpentane 6.29 13 n-tridecane 6.35 13 Styrene 6.53-73 -
'05 36 3-4 8 4-9., aromatic 37 %, aldehyde 34 %. Terpene 6% Ketone 12% Acetate 1% Alcohol 1% Aromatic 37% Aldehyde 34% Aliphatic 9% 4-9 '05, 4-10, aromatic 70 % 36 20 %. aldehyde 10 % 36 35 %. aldehyde. 2) - 74 -
. ug/m 3 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 period 0 2 4 6 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-10 '05. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene) 4-20. TVOC identified VOCs 2 0.70, identified VOCs, TVOC identified VOCs 0.46. TVOC BTEXS 0.32, 2 0.55 2 BTEXS,, 2 25, 28, 31 0.24, 0.26. BTEXS TVOC BTEXS. - 75 -
before occupation identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS Etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d. VOCs /TVOC ratio 474.41 150.86 852.45 1,477.72 0.32 0.42 after 2 months 461.99 124.98 250.08 837.05 0.55 0.70 after 4 months 315.61 101.01 297.1 713.72 0.44 0.58 after 6 months 236.39 92.85 330.87 660.11 0.36 0.50 after 8 months 155.74 93.07 355.97 604.78 0.26 0.41 after 10 months 134.63 90.72 341.6 566.95 0.24 0.40 after 13 months 85.52 64.8 202.27 352.59 0.24 0.43 after 16 months 161.38 136.27 336.52 634.17 0.25 0.47 after 19 months 87.47 99.39 384.43 571.29 0.15 0.33 after 22 months 112.01 142.55 293.25 547.81 0.20 0.46 after 25 months 98.18 116.26 334.28 548.72 0.18 0.39 after 28 months 102.84 84.83 239.87 427.54 0.24 0.44 after 31 months 112.13 99.68 224.44 436.25 0.26 0.49 after 34 months 57.85 92.62 295.49 445.96 0.13 0.34 after 36 months 74.34 105.93 235.79 416.06 0.18 0.43 mean 178.03 106.388 331.63 616.048 0.29 0.46 i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene - 76 -
(2) '05 120 (2 36 ) 4-21 4-22, 4-23., TVOC 1,477.72 μg/m 3, VOCs 272.81 μg/m 3, 137.92 μg/m 3, 49.76 μg/m 3. Aldehyde, 3 71.68 μ g/m 3, 70.58 μg/m 3, 13.61 μg/m 3 7 93.6 %. TVOC 1,477.72 μg/m 3, 2 (837.05 μg/m 3 ) 13 (352.59 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) 634.17 μg/m 3, 22 547.81 μg/m 3, 36 416.06 μg/m 3. 2 36 50 %, 19 16,. 2 254.04 μg/m 3, 10 75.10 μg/m 3, 22 51.59 μg/m 3 36 35.62 μg/m 3. 16 ( ) 77.78 μg/m 3, 28 ( ) 31 59.51 μg/m 3, 64.19 μg/m 3. 4 36 %, 6 50 % 36 2 86 %. - 77 -
, 49.76 μg/m 3, 2 52.31 μg/m 3, 4 (34.98 μg/m 3 ) 13 (8.71 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) 20.92 μg/m 3, 19 9.22 μg/m 3, 25 9.68 μg/m 3. 28 ( ) 31 8.79 μg/m 3, 9.77 μg/m 3, 34, 36 5.17 μg/m 3, 8.27 μg/m 3. 1 80 % 36 2 84 %., 137.92 μg/m 3, 2 137.53 μg/m 3, 4 (103.80 μg/m 3 ) 13 (30.15 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) 42.31 μg/m 3, 19 27.40 μg/m 3, 36 21.04 μg/m 3.,, 36 2 80 %., 10.86 μg/m 3, 2 16.53 μg/m 3, 4 (13.83 μg/m 3 ) 13 (3.82 μg/m 3 ), 16 ( ) 17.24 μg/m 3 2, 19 8.44 μg/m 3, 36 5.56 μg/m 3. 10 75 %, 16 2 28 50 %, 36 66 %. D-, 0.38 μg/m 3-78 -
2 (6.17 μg/m 3 ) 36. 8 (19.78 μg/m 3 ), 19 10.32 μg/m 3, 22 37.14 μg/m 3, 25, 34 34.57 μg/m 3, 36 25.10 μg/m 3., D-,., 71.68 μg/m 3, 2 4 210 μg/m 3 3 6 147.79 μg/m 3, 8 89.89 μg/m 3, 16 ( ) 182.02 μg/m 3, 16 36 75.43 μg/m 3. 4 36 64 %., 13.61 μg/m 3, 2 25.83 μg/m 3, 4 26.79 μg/m 3, 8 19.14 μg/m 3, 16 ( ) 57.34 μg/m 3, 36 16.36 μg/m 3. 2 36 37 %., 70.58 μg/m 3, 2 120.22 μg/m 3, 4 65.62 μg/m 3 36 39.77 μg/m 3. 2-79 -
67 %..,,,, 4 16,. 16 28, 16, 19 ( 4-11, 4-12). - 80 -
4-21. '05 I ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds before occupation after 2 mo nths after 4 months after 6 months after 8 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 3.05 1.33 1.59 1.47 1.00 0.94 0.86 1.05 1.76 1.08 2.66 2.41 0.60 0.40 4.48 2.66 Toluene 272.81 268.56 254.04 104.08 162.01 57.67 120.20 34.41 91.31 55.42 75.10 35.31 42.24 22.10 77.78 32.87 Ethylbenzene 49.76 45.48 52.31 47.60 34.98 25.33 25.66 16.91 13.82 10.29 11.81 8.42 8.71 8.05 20.92 17.20 Xylenes 137.92 142.18 137.53 124.03 103.80 95.50 82.88 61.40 43.8 36.94 41.02 35.04 30.15 26.06 42.31 28.92 Styrene 10.86 8.47 16.53 12.82 13.83 11.09 6.79 3.88 5.05 3.23 4.05 2.87 3.82 4.09 17.24 9.13 D-Limonene 0.38 0.87 6.17 6.07 7.35 5.24 8.42 6.52 19.78 16.12 18.24 15.29 15.96 25.75 11.12 8.82 TVOC 1,477.72 923.79 837.05 440.38 713.72 318.15 660.11 258.01 604.78 296.30 566.95 257.12 352.59 190.04 634.17 352.85 Formaldehyde 71.68 35.50 212.25 104.20 220.51 98.87 147.79 60.55 89.89 38.62 97.39 54.04 131.50 72.91 182.02 76.66 Acetaldehyde 13.61 6.17 25.83 12.17 26.79 9.77 17.89 8.95 19.14 10.56 20.43 10.72 21.94 14.75 57.34 18.08 Acetone 70.58 34.92 120.22 72.88 65.62 29.42 36.02 23.13 35.75 13.99 41.80 23.00 39.06 20.06 78.63 29.34 Propionaldehyde 7.63 5.79 25.83 22.23 32.20 33.37 3.36 1.67 5.10 3.26 3.07 2.25 3.72 2.97 13.02 3.39 Butylaldehyde 1.81 1.95 5.80 3.45 8.12 6.22 4.02 3.54 5.08 6.02 3.06 6.61 4.00 5.16 22.74 10.68 Benzaldehyde 1.13 1.18 <MDL <MDL 5.43 8.15 6.84 8.70 7.47 6.66 5.98 3.10 6.66 7.72 10.15 4.10-81 -
4-22. '05 II ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 4.20 2.82 6.10 3.67 3.49 2.40 3.31 1.88 3.73 2.22 4.30 2.68 3.85 2.15 Toluene 40.33 16.05 51.59 33.40 50.20 30.26 59.51 28.35 64.19 32.18 29.04 26.44 35.62 22.49 Ethylbenzene 9.22 5.31 12.25 8.53 9.68 7.23 8.79 7.27 9.77 4.66 5.17 3.86 8.27 3.99 Xylenes 27.40 18.29 33.93 25.96 25.71 22.19 22.36 17.63 26.86 18.03 15.82 13.44 21.04 12.09 Styrene 8.44 4.76 8.13 6.55 7.10 6.14 8.87 6.13 7.58 3.34 3.52 2.28 5.56 3.82 D-Limonene 10.32 9.38 37.14 37.81 15.56 12.06 7.92 6.88 10.78 7.85 34.57 64.74 25.10 23.97 TVOC 571.29 408.77 547.81 285.32 548.72 234.34 427.54 193.33 436.25 183.53 445.96 179.72 416.06 206.49 Formaldehyde 141.47 56.91 94.47 43.27 101.35 45.47 126.72 53.41 113.79 34.55 78.11 43.04 75.43 37.81 Acetaldehyde 29.88 20.97 26.79 18.15 24.34 23.07 19.39 10.45 17.17 9.26 23.35 15.35 16.36 8.20 Acetone 43.26 17.81 49.73 33.35 62.10 38.74 52.02 29.33 57.90 25.16 63.71 111.91 39.77 20.12 Propionaldehyde 10.13 5.42 9.78 6.61 7.88 3.95 7.75 4.79 6.44 3.08 9.80 7.12 8.80 4.49 Butylaldehyde 6.77 6.70 5.33 6.02 3.40 2.66 4.06 5.43 2.74 3.55 5.77 5.39 2.77 1.40 Benzaldehyde 3.33 2.01 3.34 5.31 2.95 1.56 3.11 1.55 2.80 1.77 3.81 2.25 3.02 1.10-82 -
4-23. '05 compounds after 2 months after 4 months after 6 months after 8 after 10 after 13 after 16 after 19 after 22 after 25 after 28 after 31 after 34 after 36 months months months months months months months months months months months Toluene 1.00 0.64 0.47 0.36 0.30 0.17 0.31 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.11 0.14 Ethylbenzene 1.00 0.67 0.49 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.40 0.18 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.10 0.16 Xylenes 1.00 0.75 0.60 0.32 0.30 0.22 0.31 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.16 0.20 0.12 0.15 Styrene 1.00 0.84 0.41 0.31 0.25 0.23 1.04 0.51 0.49 0.43 0.54 0.46 0.21 0.34 D-Limonene 1.00 1.19 1.36 3.21 2.96 2.59 1.80 1.67 6.02 2.52 1.28 1.75 5.60 4.07 TVOC 1.00 0.85 0.79 0.72 0.68 0.42 0.76 0.68 0.65 0.66 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.50 Formaldehyde 1.00 1.04 0.70 0.42 0.46 0.62 0.86 0.67 0.45 0.48 0.60 0.54 0.37 0.36 Acetaldehyde 1.00 1.04 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.85 2.22 1.16 1.04 0.94 0.75 0.66 0.90 0.63 Acetone 1.00 0.55 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.32 0.65 0.36 0.41 0.52 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.33 Propionaldehyde 1.00 1.25 0.13 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.50 0.39 0.38 0.31 0.30 0.25 0.38 0.34 Butylaldehyde 1.00 1.40 0.69 0.88 0.53 0.69 3.92 1.17 0.92 0.59 0.70 0.47 0.99 0.48-83 -
4-11 '05 I. - 84 -
4-12 '05 II. - 85 -
(3) '05 '05 2 36. 4-13,. Chunrong Jia 9) 53,. 27, 68 %, 22, 35 %. 169.4 μg/m 3, 89.4 μg/m 3, 64.52 μg/m 3., 35.34 μg/m 3, 93.39 μg/m 3, 19.04 μg/m 3, 60.0 μg/m 3. 200.98 μg/m 3, 136.11 μg/m 3.. - 86 -
ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도,% 200 80 180 70 160 60 140 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 20 10 0 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 Ethylbenzene 실내온도 실내습도,% 60 80 50 40 30 20 10 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene ug/m 3 Xylenes 실내온도 실내습도,% 130 80 110 90 70 50 30 10-10 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Styrene 실내온도 실내습도,% 20 80 18 70 16 14 60 12 50 10 40 8 30 6 4 20 2 10 0 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (c) Xylene (d) Styrene 760 660 560 460 360 260 160 60-40 TVOC 실내온도실내습도 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도,% 250 80 200 150 100 50 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde 4-13 05. - 87 -
(4) 05 / (I/O). I/O, 1,.,. '05 2 36 I/O 4-24., 0.40 ~ 0.93. 5.75 μg/m 3, 2.25 μg/m 3.,., I/O 11.87 ~ 25.19 20. VOCs D-, α,β- Terpene I/O, 276.75 μg/m 3. Chunrong Jia 9), I/O 1 10, D- 100. - 88 -
4-24. '05 after residence 2~36 months Seoul Incheon Gyeonggido Jeonrado Gyeongsangdo 0.75 0.76 0.89 0.40 0.93 4.39 2.53 4.32 4.01 4.68 8.69 3.91 9.06 3.29 7.55 10.15 5.13 13.25 3.96 11.03 11.38 6.38 4.43 7.61 5.10 5.33 3.62 5.42 6.96 4.43 Formaldehyde 22.18 11.87 12.37 20.47 25.19 Acetaldehyde 3.37 4.00 2.45 8.30 12.38 Acetone 7.34 6.31 7.66 7.28 8.71-89 -
(1) 06 06, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 22 (2 ) 25 ~ 36 (3 ) 4-25., 197.55 μg/m 3, 80.50 μg/m 3, 75.58 μg/m 3, 53.93 μg/m 3, 35.20 μg/m 3., 2 10 1 172.77 (121.52 ~ 271.24) μg/m 3, 2.5. 141.09 (66.19 ~ 277.76) μg/m 3, 101.66 (72.77 ~ 153.67) μg/m 3, 30 %. 4 39.94 (23.41 ~ 69.54) μg/m 3,. 5 33.45 (21.53 50.43) μg/m 3, 2.5. D- 16.12 μg/m 3, 26.95 μg/m 3 10 6., 3. 13 22 2 10 124.08 (94.12 ~ 150.01) μg/m 3 1-90 -
, 2 72.21 (55.48 ~ 87.50) μg/m 3, 3 59.70 (48.65 ~ 67.71) μg/m 3. 13 22 2 10. 2 10 6 D- 22.86 μg/m 3 2 4., 25 36, 105.46 (84.87 ~ 133.15) μg/m 3, 1 2, 52.69 (45.23 ~ 71.06) μg/m 3 2. 3 49.84 (45.82 ~ 60.86) μg/m 3, 1 2. 2 D- 29.52 μg/m 3, 4. - 91 -
4-25. '06 no. before occupation conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 2 10 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 13 22 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 25 36 months conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene 197.55 1 Formaldehyde 172.77 1 Formaldehyde 124.08 1 Formaldehyde 105.46 2 Acetone 80.50 2 Toluene 141.09 2 Toluene 72.21 2 Toluene 52.69 3 Butylaldehyde 75.58 3 Acetone 101.66 3 Acetone 59.70 3 Acetone 49.84 4 Formaldehyde 53.93 4 Xylenes 39.94 4 D-Limonene 22.86 4 D-Limonene 29.52 5 Xylenes 35.20 5 Acetaldehyde 33.45 5 Xylenes 22.39 5 Acetaldehyde 22.77 6 Styrene 19.63 6 D-Limonene 26.95 6 n-decane 19.96 6 Xylene 15.05 7 Butyl acetate 11.29 7 Styrene 25.69 7 Acetaldehyde 19.24 7 Nonanal 11.98 8 Acetaldehyde 9.34 8 α-pinene 23.43 8 Nonanal 12.29 8 n-decane 11.80 9 Ethylbenzene 8.43 9 Nonanal 16.84 9 Styrene 12.16 9 Styrene 7.34 10 n-tridecane 6.84 10 Benzaldehyde 16.12 10 α-pinene 11.29 10 Ethylbenzene 6.66 11 n-dodecane 6.45 11 Ethylbenzene 16.10 11 Ethylbenzene 10.80 11 n-butanol 6.45 12 n-decane 6.13 12 n-tridecane 15.00 12 Benzaldehyde 9.98 12 α-pinene 5.59 13 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 6.00 13 β-pinene 13.12 13 n-tridecane 9.34 13 Benzaldehyde 5.48-92 -
'06 36 3-4 8 4-14. aldehyde 36 %,, aromatic 29 %, ketone 14 %,, aliphatic 10 %, '05. Ketone 14% Acetate 1% Alcohol 1% Aromatic 29% Terpene 8% Aliphatic 10% Aldehyde 36% Halocarbon 1% 4-14 '06., 4-15, aromatic 50 % 36 20 %. aldehyde 26 % - 93 -
36 40 %. aldehyde. ug/m 3 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 period 0 2 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-15 '06. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS 4-26. TVOC identified VOCs 2, 4, 16 0.57, TVOC identified VOCs 0.51. TVOC BTEXS ratio 0.39, 2 13 16 0.31, 25-94 -
0.25. BTEXS TVOC BTEXS. 4-26. '06 VOCs identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d. VOCs /TVOC ratio before occupation 261.33 108.95 297.09 667.37 0.39 0.55 after 2 months 426.66 327.63 557.7 1311.99 0.33 0.57 after 4 months 244.38 236.44 366.07 846.89 0.29 0.57 after 7 months 124.82 163.27 348.14 636.23 0.20 0.45 after 10 months 117.51 122.01 473.79 713.31 0.16 0.34 after 13 months 126.29 129.97 415.43 671.69 0.19 0.38 after 16 months 145.58 123.23 200.15 468.96 0.31 0.57 after 19 months 119.17 162.44 337.79 619.40 0.19 0.45 after 22 months 99.71 136.14 312.23 548.08 0.18 0.43 after 25 months 120.94 100.74 268.40 490.09 0.25 0.45 after 28 months 77.17 131.17 166.03 374.37 0.21 0.56 after 31 months 77.36 211.94 197.82 487.12 0.16 0.59 after 34 months 76.88 220.84 178.06 475.79 0.16 0.63 after 36 months 79.82 225.32 192.36 497.49 0.16 0.61 mean 149.83 171.43 307.93 629.20 0.23 0.51 i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene - 95 -
(2) '06 72 (2 36 ) 4-27 4-28, 4-29., TVOC 667.37 μg/m 3, VOCs 197.55 μg/m 3, 35.20 μg/m 3, 19.63 μg/m 3. aldehyde 80.50 μg/m 3, 75.58 μg/m 3, 53.93 μg/m 3. '06,, '05 38 %, 75 %, 25 % 32 %,. TVOC 667.37 μg/m 3, 2 1,311.99 μg/m 3 7 636.23 μg/m 3, 10 713.31 μg/m 3. 13 36 62 %. 197.55 μg/m 3, 2 277.76 μg/m 3, 10 66.19 μg/m 3, 13 ( ) 78.18 μg/m 3 25 ( ) 71.06 μg/m 3, 28 83 %., 8.43 μg/m 3, 2-96 -
27.46 μg/m 3 3, 4, 36 6.24 μg/m 3. 4 2 40 %, 36 77 %., 35.20 μg/m 3, 2 69.54 μg/m 3, 4, 22 21.77 μg/m 3. 7 22 20.42 ~ 28.27 μg/m 3,. 36 2 81 %., 19.63 μg/m 3, 2 47.51 μg/m 3, 4, 22 8.30 μg/m 3. 2 36 91 %. D-, 0.93 μg/m 3, 2 17.68 μg/m 3, 4, 16 9.00 μg/m 3, 19 43.40 μg/m 3 22. 36 48.74 μg/m 3. 2 36 64 %., 53.93 μg/m 3 2 271.24 μg/m 3, 4, 10 121.52 μg/m 3. 16 2 45 %, 36 67 %., 9.34 μg/m 3-97 -
, 2 50.43 μg/m 3, 4, 16 16.52 μg/m 3 67 %, 19 36, 2 36 60 %., 80.50 μg/m 3, 2 153.67 μg/m 3, 4, 19 48.65 μg/m 3, 22 67.71 μg/m 3 2 36 70 %. 2,,. '05, ( 4-16, 4-17). - 98 -
4-27. '06 I ( : μg/m 3 ) Compounds before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 0.52 0.57 4.39 3.07 7.89 2.75 4.37 2.92 5.41 3.11 3.86 2.45 5.70 3.36 Toluene 197.55 121.38 277.76 122.76 151.01 89.18 69.41 38.98 66.19 44.27 78.18 50.08 87.50 38.09 Ethylbenzene 8.43 6.64 27.46 18.93 16.65 7.57 11.28 8.78 9.03 4.84 9.55 7.89 12.38 11.20 Xylenes 35.20 28.86 69.54 44.39 38.53 20.92 28.27 20.76 23.41 16.67 20.42 14.23 23.86 15.99 Styrene 19.63 26.65 47.51 38.82 30.30 19.36 11.49 9.66 13.47 9.04 14.28 14.80 16.14 10.65 D-Limonene 0.93 1.52 17.68 26.05 13.63 13.13 43.88 65.69 32.58 55.29 9.10 9.89 9.00 9.98 TVOC 667.37 418.13 1311.99 612.05 846.89 310.37 636.23 317.15 713.31 286.52 671.69 316.17 468.96 228.43 Formaldehyde 53.93 33.85 271.24 127.94 174.41 82.71 123.91 52.75 121.52 52.39 150.01 60.93 149.99 50.46 Acetaldehyde 9.34 5.77 50.43 32.57 33.05 27.14 28.77 19.53 21.53 12.78 18.12 8.78 16.52 13.02 Acetone 80.50 97.07 153.67 100.96 104.75 59.96 75.45 49.99 72.77 52.16 62.66 33.76 59.78 31.55 Propionaldehyde 3.23 5.21 15.17 13.00 6.63 7.66 4.11 3.88 2.82 3.23 2.41 2.18 5.02 7.77 Butylaldehyde 75.58 75.45 6.01 3.84 3.05 1.64 2.56 1.67 2.40 2.10 3.98 2.02 3.88 1.81 Benzaldehyde 4.08 4.48 23.10 20.66 18.22 13.41 12.42 8.97 10.75 7.79 11.38 6.14 9.49 3.69-99 -
4-28. '06 II ( : μg/m 3 ) Compounds after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months after 36 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 6.19 1.44 4.69 2.36 2.77 2.20 3.89 1.39 5.40 2.40 5.81 2.44 5.61 1.96 Toluene 67.68 35.88 55.48 35.21 71.06 54.00 47.11 29.37 45.23 32.94 49.53 35.44 50.55 28.57 Ethylbenzene 11.80 7.73 9.47 5.23 9.31 8.59 5.81 3.59 6.39 4.18 5.54 3.83 6.24 3.34 Xylenes 23.61 8.26 21.77 12.62 22.82 23.29 12.18 8.64 15.05 8.84 12.01 10.07 13.19 10.87 Styrene 9.89 4.20 8.30 5.18 14.98 22.50 8.19 5.97 5.29 3.84 4.00 2.62 4.22 2.58 D-Limonene 43.40 60.85 29.90 22.63 14.40 20.48 7.08 6.01 32.77 29.06 44.63 70.81 48.74 162.32 TVOC 619.40 271.18 548.08 290.37 490.09 345.75 374.37 219.84 487.12 272.72 475.79 357.38 497.49 365.81 Formaldehyde 94.12 38.54 102.20 42.63 133.15 55.71 121.87 50.81 97.34 39.53 84.87 40.44 90.09 45.45 Acetaldehyde 20.69 10.75 21.62 12.42 21.01 11.86 23.04 12.96 27.32 18.78 22.41 11.03 20.05 12.36 Acetone 48.65 27.39 67.71 32.05 60.86 27.69 45.82 20.75 50.03 25.87 46.27 34.62 46.20 23.12 Propionaldehyde 4.74 3.57 3.88 2.24 3.63 1.24 3.52 1.88 3.81 1.43 4.28 2.43 4.25 1.19 Butylaldehyde 2.40 1.50 4.20 2.33 5.58 4.62 4.32 1.51 3.41 1.55 3.75 1.70 3.42 1.98 Benzaldehyde 8.60 4.01 10.44 5.05 6.74 2.66 5.96 5.20 4.33 3.01 3.72 1.62 6.64 3.68-100 -
4-29. '06 compounds after 2 after 4 months months after 7 months after 10 after 13 months months after 16 months after 19 months after 22 months after 25 months after 28 months after 31 months after 34 months Benzene 1.00 1.80 1.00 1.23 0.88 1.30 1.41 1.07 0.63 0.89 1.23 1.32 1.28 Toluene 1.00 0.54 0.25 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.24 0.20 0.26 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.18 Ethylbenzene 1.00 0.61 0.41 0.33 0.35 0.45 0.43 0.34 0.34 0.21 0.23 0.20 0.23 Xylenes 1.00 0.55 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.31 0.33 0.18 0.22 0.17 0.19 Styrene 1.00 0.64 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.21 0.17 0.32 0.17 0.11 0.08 0.09 D-Limonene 1.00 0.77 2.48 1.84 0.51 0.51 2.45 1.69 0.81 0.40 1.85 2.52 2.76 TVOC 1.00 0.65 0.48 0.54 0.51 0.36 0.47 0.42 0.37 0.29 0.37 0.36 0.38 Formaldehyde 1.00 0.64 0.46 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.35 0.38 0.49 0.45 0.36 0.31 0.33 Acetaldehyde 1.00 0.66 0.57 0.43 0.36 0.33 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.44 0.40 Acetone 1.00 0.68 0.49 0.47 0.41 0.39 0.32 0.44 0.40 0.30 0.33 0.30 0.30 Propionaldehyde 1.00 0.44 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.28 Butylaldehyde 1.00 0.51 0.43 0.40 0.66 0.65 0.40 0.70 0.93 0.72 0.57 0.62 0.57 after 36 months Benzaldehyde 1.00 0.79 0.54 0.47 0.49 0.41 0.37 0.45 0.29 0.26 0.19 0.16 0.29-101 -
4-16 '06 I. - 102 -
4-17 '06 II. - 103 -
(3) '06 '06 2 36. 4-18, '05. 27, 64 %, 22, 42 %. 177.40 μg/m 3, 107.33 μg/m 3, 53.52 μg/m 3., 17.80 μg/m 3, 43.74 μg/m 3, 107.33 μg/m 3, 12.22 μg/m 3, 198.04 μg/m 3, 153.66 μg/m 3, 108.48 μg/m 3,. VOCs. - 104 -
ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도,% 200 70 180 160 60 140 50 120 40 100 80 30 60 20 40 20 10 0 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter ug/m 3 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Ethylbenzene 실내온도실내습도 Spring Summer Autumn Winter,% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene Xylenes 실내온도실내습도 ug/m 3,% 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도,% 1200 70 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (c) Xylene (d) Styrene ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도,% 1200 70 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도,% 250 70 200 150 100 50 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde 4-18 '06. - 105 -
(4) 06 / (I/O ratio). I/O, 1,.,. '06 2 36 I/O 4-30., 0.89 ~ 1.24. 6.51 μg/m 3, 4.08 μg/m 3.,., I/O 10.49 ~ 45.42 40. VOC D-, α,β- terpene I/O, 909.02 μg/m 3. 100, 3 : 1 24). - 106 -
4-30. '06 after residence 2~36 months Seoul Gyeonggido Chungcheongdo Gangwondo 0.89 1.24 1.08 1.00 2.54 4.10 13.04 10.26 1.91 2.35 15.62 6.00 2.43 3.25 8.02 4.81 3.52 3.44 20.37 11.95 3.39 4.14 7.50 7.35 Formaldehyde 11.68 10.49 45.42 23.09 Acetaldehyde 2.51 2.45 2.85 5.52 Acetone 4.42 4.15 2.34 9.71-107 -
' ' ' '07, 2 ~ 10 (1 ), 13 ~ 19 (2 ) 4-31., 174.60 μg/m 3, 84.40 μg/m 3, 51.17 μg/m 3, 29.90 μg/m 3., 2 10 1 160.16 (121.76 ~ 219.79) μg/m 3, 3, 2. 120.26 (74.08 ~ 220.68) μg/m 3, 88.50 (81.03 ~ 98.05) μg/m 3, 4 D- 29.68 μg/m 3. 13 19 118.48 (81.84 ~ 153.34) μg/m 3 1, 2 59.58 (55.48 ~ 87.50) μg/m 3, 3 59.49 (41.91 ~ 74.43) μg/m 3. 13 19 2 10. 13, - 108 -
,. 4-31. '07 no. before occupation Conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 2 10 months Conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. after residence 13 19 months Conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene 174.60 1 Formaldehyde 160.16 1 Formaldehyde 118.48 2 Acetone 84.40 2 Toluene 120.26 2 Acetone 59.58 3 Formaldehyde 51.17 3 Acetone 88.50 3 Toluene 59.49 4 Xylenes 29.90 4 D-Limonene 29.68 4 Nonanal 26.45 5 Styrene 19.13 5 Acetaldehyde 28.71 5 Acetaldehyde 26.43 6 n-tridecane 18.64 6 Xylenes 23.13 6 n-tridecane 16.61 7 Nonanal 16.98 7 Styrene 19.00 7 D-Limonene 16.33 8 Benzaldehyde 15.26 8 n-decane 16.71 8 Decanal 13.27 9 Decanal 14.75 9 n-tridecane 15.55 9 n-dodecane 13.15 10 Ethylbenzene 13.80 10 Nonanal 14.43 10 Xylenes 10.12 11 n-decane 12.99 11 α-pinene 14.37 11 n-decane 9.60 12 n-hexadecane 12.82 12 Benzaldehyde 12.38 12 Styrene 9.49 13 n-dodecane 12.06 13 Ethylbenzene 11.74 13 n-butanol 9.33 '07 19 3-4 8 4-19. aldehyde 43 %,, aromatic 21 %, ketone, aliphatic 13 % '05, '06, '07 aldehyde - 109 -
10 %. Ketone 13% Acetate 1% Alcohol 2% Aromatic 21% Terpene 6% Aliphatic 13% Aldehyde 43% Halocarbon 1% 4-19 '07., 4-20, aromatic 50 % 19 20 %. aldehyde 20 % 16 50 %. aldehyde. - 110 -
ug/m 3 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 period 0 2 4 6 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 4-20 '07. VOCs VOCs identified VOCs, VOCs unidentified VOCs VOCs identified VOCs BTEXS 4-32. TVOC identified VOCs 0.52, TVOC BTEXS ratio 0.31, 2 0.37 2 BTEXS. 2 10, 13, 16 0.20, 0.23. BTEXS TVOC BTEXS. - 111 -
4-32. '07 VOCs before occupation identified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS etc unidentified VOCs (μg/m 3 ) TVOC (μg/m 3 ) BTEXS /TVOC ratio i.d.vocs /TVOC ratio 238.01 136.95 405.2 780.16 0.31 0.48 after 2 months 294.23 161.05 343.19 798.47 0.37 0.57 after 4 months 175.89 143.12 259.62 578.63 0.30 0.55 after 7 months 123.99 161.42 301.98 587.39 0.21 0.49 after 10 months 122.25 177.10 382.16 681.51 0.18 0.44 after 13 months 100.73 199.10 212.68 512.51 0.20 0.59 after 16 months 94.64 157.65 160.83 413.12 0.23 0.61 after 19 months 68.92 115.39 218.85 403.16 0.17 0.46 mean 152.33 156.47 285.56 594.37 0.25 0.52 i.d. VOCs : identified VOCs BTEXS : Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene (2) '07 48 2 19 4-33, 4-34., TVOC 780.16 μg/m 3, VOCs 174.60 μg/m 3, 27.90 μg/m 3, 19.13 μg/m 3. 84.40 μg/m 3, 51.17 μg/m 3, 15.26 μg/m 3. '07, '05 35 %, 80 %, 30 %, 2005 12-112 -
. TVOC 780.16 μg/m 3, 2 798.47 μg/m 3 4 578.63 μg/m 3, 10 681.51 μg/m 3. 13 19 50 %. 174.60 μg/m 3, 2 220.68 μg/m 3, 4 19 41.91 μg/m 3 2 80 %., 13.80 μg/m 3, 2, 19 5.05 μg/m 3 2 60 %., 27.90 μg/m 3, 2 28.95 μg/m 3, 4, 19 10.41 μg/m 3 2 60 %., 19.13 μg/m 3, 2 25.69 μg/m 3, 4, 19 8.24 μg/m 3. 2 19 70 %. D-, 0.08 μg/m 3, 2 8.65 μg/m 3, 4, 10 53.17 μg/m 3. 13, 19 72 % - 113 -
, 51.17 μg/m 3 2 219.79 μg/m 3, 4, 19 81.84 μg/m 3. 2 19 63 %., 9.62 μg/m 3, 2 23.57 μg/m 3, 4 19 30.38 ~ 29.10 μg/m 3., 84.40 μg/m 3, 2 93.69 μg/m 3, 4 19 57.60 μg/m 3 2 19 40 %. 2,,. '05, '06, ( 4-21, 4-22). - 114 -
4-33. '07 compounds before occupation after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months ( : μg/m 3 ) after 19 months mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 2.58 3.37 5.38 4.48 4.45 2.97 6.11 2.19 3.89 2.70 0.93 0.97 5.09 7.12 3.31 2.21 Toluene 174.60 72.25 220.68 92.53 109.15 60.28 74.08 42.34 77.14 60.65 74.43 56.36 62.14 34.09 41.91 38.03 Ethylbenzene 13.80 7.47 13.53 8.07 13.99 6.72 10.00 4.59 9.43 5.77 5.69 3.64 6.91 5.41 5.05 2.63 Xylenes 27.90 12.95 28.95 19.20 25.30 10.09 19.70 8.36 18.56 10.55 8.76 6.48 11.19 13.13 10.41 6.45 Styrene 19.13 15.37 25.69 15.33 23.00 14.73 14.10 9.59 13.23 9.27 10.92 9.85 9.31 5.06 8.24 10.36 D-Limonene 0.08 0.28 8.65 10.42 13.60 14.56 43.29 14.12 53.17 68.72 8.65 14.62 9.28 8.09 31.05 47.54 TVOC 780.16 348.39 798.47 416.22 578.63 251.47 587.39 311.03 681.51 531.00 512.51 731.00 413.12 313.85 403.16 290.79 Formaldehyde 51.17 26.89 219.79 100.79 172.21 76.37 125.51 67.87 121.76 57.15 153.34 73.52 120.27 52.91 81.84 56.85 Acetaldehyde 9.62 5.06 23.57 11.37 30.38 44.2 29.48 25.28 30.87 20.73 26.81 14.48 23.37 11.86 29.10 21.63 Acetone 84.40 52.75 93.69 49.74 80.37 44.47 98.05 105.58 81.03 46.83 72.06 46.58 49.10 30.41 57.60 56.18 Propionaldehyde 2.76 2.22 3.68 6.70 7.00 7.02 2.24 2.41 4.31 2.23 3.88 1.69 3.32 1.62 3.79 1.26 Butylaldehyde 1.73 1.04 3.04 2.25 3.78 1.96 2.92 2.26 8.95 8.18 7.02 6.22 4.36 4.57 4.32 4.36 Benzaldehyde 15.26 5.47 14.53 6.44 10.13 4.72 14.23 6.78 10.62 7.60 10.80 4.57 7.37 3.38 4.50 3.31-115 -
4-34. '07 compounds after 2 months after 4 months after 7 months after 10 months after 13 months after 16 months after 19 months Benzene 1.00 0.83 1.14 0.72 0.17 0.95 0.62 Toluene 1.00 0.49 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.28 0.19 Ethylbenzene 1.00 1.03 0.74 0.70 0.42 0.51 0.37 Xylenes 1.00 0.87 0.68 0.64 0.30 0.39 0.36 Styrene 1.00 0.90 0.55 0.51 0.43 0.36 0.32 D-Limonene 1.00 1.57 5.00 6.15 1.00 1.07 3.59 TVOC 1.00 0.72 0.74 0.85 0.61 0.52 0.50 Formaldehyde 1.00 0.78 0.57 0.55 0.70 0.55 0.37 Acetaldehyde 1.00 1.29 1.25 1.31 1.14 0.99 1.23 Acetone 1.00 0.86 1.05 0.86 0.77 0.52 0.61 Propionaldehyde 1.00 1.90 0.61 1.17 1.05 0.90 1.03 Butylaldehyde 1.00 1.24 0.77 3.07 0.78 0.62 0.99 Benzaldehyde 1.00 0.70 1.40 0.75 1.02 0.68 0.61-116 -
4-21 '07 I. - 117 -
4-22 '07 II. - 118 -
(3) '07 '07 2 19. 4-23, '05, '06. 28, 74 %, 21, 44 %. 173.20 μg/m 3, 93.94 μg/m 3, 62.39 μg/m 3., 22.40 μg/m 3, 20.83 μg/m 3, 20.73 μg/m 3, 18.57 μg/m 3, 197.64 μg/m 3, 154.89 μg/m 3,. '05, '06, '07. - 119 -
ug/m 3 Toluene 실내온도 실내습도, % 200 80 180 70 160 140 60 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 40 20 20 10 0 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (a) Toluene ug/m 3 Ethylbenzene 실내온도 실내습도, % 18 80 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (b) Ethylbenzene 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Xylenes 실내온도 실내습도, % 30 80 25 20 15 10 5 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (c) Xylene 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Styrene 실내온도 실내습도, % 25 80 20 15 10 5 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (d) Styrene 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 TVOC 실내온도 실내습도, % 800 80 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ug/m 3 Formaldehyde 실내온도 실내습도, % 250 80 200 150 100 50 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 (e) TVOC (f) Formaldehyde 4-23 '07. - 120 -
(4) / (I/O ratio).,. '07 2 19 I/O 4-35. I/O 1.18 ~ 1.89,.. 5.07 15.40 μg/m 3, 44.14 2.70 μg/m 3.,., I/O 14.41 ~ 118.81 100. VOC D-, α,β- terpene I/O, 367.96 μg/m 3. - 121 -
4-35. '07 city after residence 2~19 months compounds Gyeongido Gyeongsangdo Chungcheongdo Benzene 1.18 1.59 1.89 Toluene 5.07 44.14 8.89 Ethylbenzene 5.09 7.00 3.06 Xylenes 4.36 5.88 2.93 Styrene 14.06 15.44 20.13 TVOC 3.46 7.65 5.59 Formaldehyde 19.70 18.85 9.30 Acetaldehyde 5.57 10.91 1.63 Acetone 14.41 49.11 118.81-122 -
'05 ~ '07 2. 2, 4 2. '08 2008 4 2009 3,,,, 4, 2 4. (1) '08 '08 2 4-36. 244.94 μg/m 3, 114.60 μg/m 3, 112.30 μg/m 3, 68.12 μg/m 3. 2 240.68 μg/m 3, 153.71 μg/m 3, 97.83 μg/m 3 2. '05 ~ '07 08 2,. - 123 -
313.24 μg/m 3, 286.76 μg/m 3, 138.00 μg/m 3,. 2, 174.55 μg/m 3, 159.27 μg/m 3, 88.66 μg/m 3 3. 2, 70.04 μg/m 3, 28.71 μg/m 3,. 2, 118.14 μg/m 3, 104.97 μg/m 3, 43.16 μg/m 3. 123.59 μg/m 3, 40.38 μg/m 3, 40.03 μg/m 3, 2 188.81 μg/m 3, D- 59.74 μg/m 3 2., 4-24, 38 %, 2 34 % 35 %. Terpene 2% Ketone 12% Acetate 1% Alcohol Ketone Acetate Alcohol 1% Aromatic Aromatic Terpene 9% 2% 2% 34% 38% 7% Aldehyde 34% Halocarbon 1% Aliphatic 11% Aldehyde 35% Halocarbon 1% Aliphatic 10% (a) (b) 2-124 -
4-36. '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) no. before occupation Spring Summer Autumn Winter after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months before occupation after 2 months 1 Toluene 244.94 Toluene 240.68 Toluene 313.24 Toluene 159.27 Toluene 70.04 Toluene 104.97 Toluene 123.59 Toluene 188.81 2 Styrene 42.11 Nonanal 76.64 Nonanal 83.62 Nonanal 88.66 α-pinene 11.64 n-decane 15.64 Xylenes 22.33 D-Limonene 59.74 3 n-tridecane 35.23 Decanal 35.81 n-decane 30.47 Decanal 46.95 Xylenes 9.10 D-Limonene 14.65 Ethylbenzene 14.36 Styrene 59.51 4 Xylenes 30.75 M.I.B.K 28.35 Xylenes 28.68 Xylenes 34.25 n-decane 9.01 β-pinene 13.01 n-decane 12.57 n-tridecane 49.63 5 n-decane 25.19 Styrene 27.76 n-pentadecane 19.18 Ethylbenzene 28.28 β-pinene 8.15 Xylenes 12.66 Styrene 11.33 n-dodecane 46.49 6 M.I.B.K 21.83 Xylenes 21.47 Decanal 18.70 D-Limonene 16.86 Ethylbenzene 6.96 n-tridecane 11.26 Nonanal 7.87 Xylenes 37.51 7 n-dodecane 18.74 n-butanol 20.16 Ethylbenzene 16.95 n-decane 16.46 n-tridecane 5.15 α-pinene 10.67 n-butylacetate 6.84 Ethylbenzene 29.66 8 Ethylbenzene 17.93 n-butylacetate 20.13 β-pinene 16.44 n-butanol 11.91 n-tetradecane 3.98 n-tetradecane 9.19 n-tridecane 6.72 α-pinene 28.18 9 n-butylacetate 17.46 n-tridecane 15.62 α-pinene 15.97 α-pinene 11.36 1,2,4-TMB 3.57 1,2,4-TMB 5.92 n-dodecane 4.94 n-tetradecane 24.84 10 n-tetradecane 16.46 Ethylbenzene 13.12 n-tetradecane 15.71 n-butylacetate 9.30 n-dodecane 3.19 Nonanal 5.90 M.I.B.K 4.74 β-pinene 18.71 1 Butylaldehyde 114.60 Formaldehyde 153.71 Butylaldehyde 286.76 Formaldehyde 174.55 Formaldehyde 28.71 Formaldehyde 118.14 Acetone 40.38 - - 2 Acetone 112.30 Acetone 97.83 Formaldehyde 138.00 Acetone 78.31 Acetone 27.97 Acetone 43.16 Formaldehyde 40.03 - - 3 Formaldehyde 68.12 Acetaldehyde 22.29 Acetone 96.57 Acetaldehyde 31.13 Acetaldehyde 8.37 Acetaldehyde 20.55 Acetaldehyde 9.56 - - 4 Acetaldehyde 12.20 Benzaldehyde 13.36 Acetaldehyde 25.77 Butylaldehyde 9.37 Benzaldehyde 3.25 Benzaldehyde 4.09 Benzaldehyde 4.54 - - M.I.B.K :.Methyl Isobutyl Ketone - 125 -
(2) '08 '08 4-37,,. 20 79 %, 18, 48 %. 313.24 μg/m 3, 244.94 μg/m 3, 70.04 μg/m 3., 17.93 μg/m 3, 30.75 μg/m 3, 16.95 μg/m 3, 28.68 μg/m 3. 138.00 μg/m 3 68.12 μg/m 3. 2 ( 2 ) 240.68 μg/m 3, ( 2 ) 188.81 μg/m 3., 29.66 μg/m 3, 37.51 μg/m 3, 2. 174.55 μg/m 3, 153.71 μg/m 3. '08 '05 ~ '07 2,. '05 ~ '07,. 4-37 4-25, 2., VOCs - 126 -
,. '08 15 '05 ~ '07,. 2,. 4-37. '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds before occupation spring summer autumn winter after 2 month before occupation after 2 month before occupation after 2 month before occupation after 2 month Benzene 1.56 2.09 2.11 6.52 1.42 2.43 1.59 6.06 Toluene 244.94 240.68 313.24 159.27 70.04 104.97 123.59 188.81 Ethylbenzene 17.93 13.12 16.95 28.28 6.96 5.52 14.36 29.66 Xylenes 30.75 21.47 28.68 34.25 9.1 12.66 22.33 37.51 Styrene 42.11 27.76 9.29 8.05 1.57 2.88 11.33 59.51 TVOC 741.08 896.51 1,149.66 697.09 261.3 608.11 356.68 1,640.64 Formaldehyde 68.12 153.71 138.00 174.55 28.71 118.14 40.03 - Acetaldehyde 12.2 22.29 25.77 31.13 8.37 20.55 9.56 - Acetone 112.3 97.83 96.57 78.31 27.97 43.16 40.38 - Propionaldehyde 3.14 4.14 4.08 3.84 2.84 3.70 2.67 - Butylaldehyde 114.60 4.91 286.76 3.97 0.90 3.10 1.23 - Benzaldehyde 10.34 13.36 7.93 3.78 3.25 4.09 4.54 - Temp. 20.32 29.03 28.53 27.37 22.13 22.83 18.32 22.07 Humidity(%) 40.70 65.07 78.53 74.47 77.75 38.67 48.43 43.53-127 -
ug/m 3 350 입주전 입주후 ug/m 3 35 입주전 입주후 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter (a) Toluene (b) Ethylbenzene ug/m 3 40 입주전 입주후 ug/m 3 210 입주전 입주후 35 180 30 25 20 15 10 150 120 90 60 5 30 0 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 0 Spring Summer Autumn (c) Xylene (d) Formaldehyde 4-25 '08., '08 30, 5 (1, 5 ). 4-38 5 1 2. - 128 -
4-38. '08 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds spring summer autumn winter 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr 1 hr 5 hr Benzene 1.56 3.12 2.11 2.69 1.42 1.91 1.59 1.67 Toluene 244.94 402.11 313.24 660.22 70.04 175.40 123.59 241.54 Ethylbenzene 17.93 36.79 16.95 36.37 6.96 11.00 14.36 23.39 Xylenes 30.75 57.69 28.68 62.71 9.10 16.08 22.33 33.79 Styrene 42.11 77.93 9.29 23.09 1.57 4.88 11.33 21.82 TVOC 741.08 1,315.89 1,149.66 2,212.70 261.30 715.82 356.68 626.64 Formaldehyde 68.12 111.03 138.00 281.31 28.71 50.25 40.03 82.27 Acetaldehyde 12.20 23.78 25.77 67.50 8.37 17.02 9.56 19.15 Acetone 112.30 169.45 96.57 260.70 27.97 52.07 40.38 95.12 (3) 08 /.,. '08 2 I/O 4-39., 6.59, 3.51 20.49, 7.02 μg/m 3, 51.73 20.27 3.65, 1.85 μg/m 3 50.,, VOC D-, terpene - 129 -
I/O, 91.9 μg/m 3. 4-39. '08 compounds city after residence 2 months Seoul Gyeonggido Gyeongsangdo Benzene 4.64 0.98 4.17 Toluene 51.73 7.44 6.59 Ethylbenzene 8.37 2.21 1.81 Xylenes 20.27 4.39 3.51 TVOC 89.71 13.71 12.69 Formaldehyde - 18.81 27.23 Acetaldehyde - 28.47 3.44 Acetone - 8.69 9.45-130 -
. (1) '05 ~ '07 4-40, 2005 174.60 ~ 272.81 μg/m 3, 2 27.87 ~ 137.92 μg/m 3, 70.58 ~ 84.40 μg/m 3, 51.17 ~ 71.68 μg/m 3. 2005, 2007 10, 2006 3, 2007 7.. 4-26 2005,. '07,, '05 36 %, 80 %, 29 %. μg/m 3 300 2005 2006 2007 250 200 150 100 50 0 Toluene Xylenes Ethylbenzene Styrene Formaldehyde 4-26. - 131 -
4-40. no. 2005 conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. 2006 conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. 2007 conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. Total conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Toluene 272.81 1 Toluene 197.55 1 Toluene 174.60 1 Toluene 226.03 2 Xylenes 137.92 2 Acetone 80.50 2 Acetone 84.40 2 Xylene 77.77 3 Formaldehyde 71.68 3 Butylaldehyde 75.58 3 Formaldehyde 51.17 3 Acetone 76.49 4 Acetone 70.58 4 Formaldehyde 53.93 4 Xylenes 27.87 4 Formaldehyde 62.37 5 Ethylbenzene 49.76 5 Xylenes 35.20 5 Styrene 19.13 5 Ethylbenzene 27.66 6 β-pinene 23.39 6 Styrene 19.63 6 n-tridecane 18.64 6 Butylaldehyde 22.79 7 Butyl acetate 20.48 7 Butyl acetate 11.29 7 Nonanal 16.98 7 Butyl acetate 17.19 8 α-pinene 16.36 8 Acetaldehyde 9.34 8 Benzaldehyde 15.26 8 Styrene 15.63 9 n-butanol 14.68 9 Ethylbenzene 8.43 9 Decanal 14.75 9 β-pinene 13.16 10 Acetaldehyde 13.61 10 n-tridecane 6.84 10 Ethylbenzene 13.80 10 Acetaldehyde 11.54 11 Styrene 10.86 11 n-dodecane 6.45 11 n-decane 12.99 11 α-pinene 9.91 12 n-nonane 7.87 12 n-decane 6.13 12 n-hexadecane 12.82 12 n-tridecane 9.33 13 M.I.B.K 7.83 13 M.I.B.K 6.00 13 n-dodecane 12.06 13 Benzaldehdye 8.35 M.I.B.K : Methyl Isobutyl Ketone - 132 -
4-41 TVOC 2005 1,477.72 μg/m 3, 3 1,158.97 μg/m 3. VOCs 3 226.03 μg/m 3, 77.77 μg/m 3, aldehyde 76.49 μg/m 3, 62.37 μg/m 3. 4-41. compounds 2005 (n=120) 2006 (n=72) 2007 (n=48) Total (n=297) mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 3.05 1.33 0.52 0.57 2.58 3.37 2.23 2.28 Toluene 272.81 77.34 197.55 121.38 174.6 72.25 226.03 100.84 Ethylbenzene 49.76 45.48 8.43 6.64 13.8 7.47 27.66 36.12 Xylenes 137.92 142.18 35.2 28.86 27.9 12.95 77.77 109.02 Styrene 10.86 8.47 19.63 26.65 19.13 15.37 15.63 18.24 TVOC 1,477.72 923.79 667.37 418.13 780.16 348.39 1,158.97 948.48 Formaldehyde 71.68 35.5 53.93 33.85 51.17 26.89 62.37 34.55 Acetone 70.58 34.92 80.5 97.07 84.4 52.75 11.54 6.18 Acetaldehyde 13.61 6.17 9.34 5.77 9.62 5.06 76.49 63.06 Propionaldehyde 1.81 1.95 3.23 5.21 2.76 2.22 2.79 4.67 Butylaldehyde 1.13 1.18 75.58 75.45 1.73 1.04 22.79 52.57 Benzaldehyde 7.63 5.79 4.08 4.48 15.26 5.47 8.35 6.86 '05 ~ '07 3-4 8 4-27. 3 aromatic 45 ~ 58 %, 2005, aldehyde 13 ~ 27 %. - 133 -
μg/m 3 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005 2006 2007 Total Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpenes Aldehyde Halocarbon Alkane Aromatics 4-27. (2) 36 '05 ~ '07 4-42. 143.32 ~ 151.63 μg/m 3, 100.37 ~ 108.61 μg/m 3, 68.16 ~ 80.12 μg/m 3. 3 ~ 4, 50 %,., 10 D- '05 18.61 μg/m 3, '06 26.35 μg/m 3, '07 23.93 μg/m 3 7, 6, 5, 2005 28.10 μg/m 3, '06 27.04 μg/m 3, 2007 27.81 μg/m 3 5, 5, 4. VOCs,, D-,. - 134 -
4-42. 36 no. 2005 (2~36 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. 2006 (2~36 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. 2007 (2~19 month) conc. (μg/m 3 ) no. Total conc. (μg/m 3 ) 1 Formaldehyde 145.64 1 Formaldehyde 143.32 1 Formaldehyde 151.63 1 Formaldehyde 145.71 2 Toluene 108.61 2 Toluene 100.37 2 Toluene 108.44 2 Toluene 105.81 3 Acetone 68.16 3 Acetone 73.73 3 Acetone 80.12 3 Acetone 70.11 4 Xylene 65.38 4 Xylene 28.96 4 Acetaldehyde 27.81 4 Xylene 46.40 5 Acetaldehyde 28.10 5 Acetaldehyde 27.04 5 D-Limonene 23.93 5 Acetaldehyde 27.69 6 Ethylbenzene 22.34 6 D-Limonene 26.35 6 Xylene 19.69 6 D-Limonene 22.00 7 D-Limonene 18.61 7 Styrene 17.27 7 Nonanal 17.98 7 Ethylbenzene 17.15 8 Benzaldehdye 15.59 8 α-pinene 15.31 8 Styrene 16.76 8 Benzaldehdye 13.56 9 Nonanal 11.67 9 Nonanal 14.50 9 n-tridecane 16.66 9 Nonanal 13.54 10 β-pinene 10.82 10 n-decane 13.37 10 n-decane 14.08 10 Styrene 13.48 11 Styrene 10.07 11 Ethylbenzene 12.17 11 α-pinene 12.72 11 α-pinene 11.86 12 α-pinene 9.37 12 Benzaldehdye 11.66 12 Benzaldehdye 11.05 12 n-decane 11.01 13 n-decane 8.62 13 n-tridecane 11.40 13 n-dodecane 10.84 13 n-tridecane 10.27-135 -
36 4-28 aromatic, aldehyde. μg/m 3 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Alcohol Acetate Ketone Terpene Aldehyde Halocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic 2005 2005 2007 Total 4-28. 4-43,. 4-43. compounds ( : μg/m 3 ) 2005 2006 2007 Total mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. mean s.d. Benzene 2.76 2.74 5.16 2.89 4.42 3.85 3.81 3.17 Toluene 108.61 102.23 100.37 96.19 108.44 87.39 105.81 98.19 Ethylbenzene 22.34 29.92 12.17 11.25 10.20 6.74 17.15 23.27 Xylenes 65.38 86.11 28.96 27.48 19.69 14.09 46.40 67.11 Styrene 10.07 11.54 17.27 21.83 16.76 13.46 13.48 16.38 TVOC 696.51 754.11 691.05 440.62 601.97 430.50 681.20 623.28 Formaldehyde 145.64 92.99 143.32 86.39 151.63 85.47 145.71 89.66 Acetaldehyde 28.10 28.65 27.04 21.42 27.81 25.12 27.69 25.82 Acetone 68.16 94.96 77.73 64.59 80.12 60.99 73.22 81.16 Propionaldehyde 7.38 12.80 5.55 7.11 4.12 4.82 6.27 10.26 Butylaldehyde 5.86 11.88 3.73 2.67 4.70 4.94 4.95 8.85 Benzaldehyde 15.59 26.72 11.66 11.37 11.05 6.50 13.56 20.42-136 -
2 36 4-44 4-45, 4-29 4-30. 226.03 μg/m 3 2 257.42 μg/m 3 15 % 6 50 % 36 80 %. 27.66 μg/m 3 2 35.83 μg/m 3 30 % 7 70 % 36 80 %. 6 ~ 7 80 % 36 80 %. 62.37 μg/m 3 2 233.12 μg/m 3 4 10 50 % 36 60 %. 4-29 4-30 VOCs, D-. - 137 -
4-44. 36 ( : μg/m 3 ) compounds dwelling period (month) 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 Temperature ( ) 27.1 26.7 25.1 22.4 22.6 22.6 25.1 25.8 22.9 21.8 24.1 26.4 22.9 21.9 23.0 Humidity (%) 66.7 64.6 51.9 41.8 36.0 36.6 54.1 67.1 46.8 38.2 49.4 72.0 54.5 38.8 43.9 Benzene 3.39 4.19 0.86 4.95 1.85 3.47 1.80 4.95 4.65 5.34 3.23 3.60 4.57 4.96 4.45 Toluene 257.42 148.19 120.20 70.00 95.62 69.69 60.69 76.89 48.37 52.01 58.10 53.31 54.71 38.32 44.18 Ethylbenzene 35.83 23.98 25.66 10.35 17.23 10.63 7.96 15.14 9.18 10.74 9.54 7.27 8.05 5.33 7.20 Xylenes 91.30 64.61 82.88 24.91 57.27 30.44 22.44 30.74 22.68 27.73 25.95 17.34 20.96 14.15 17.00 Styrene 26.06 20.88 6.79 12.09 5.33 8.56 8.68 15.09 8.70 7.87 10.08 8.53 6.42 3.73 4.65 TVOC 972.52 733.07 660.11 607.12 604.78 654.89 485.16 513.23 520.02 579.87 526.17 400.95 462.06 460.38 459.40 Formaldehyde 233.12 195.88 147.79 124.65 99.48 113.88 140.65 159.17 110.51 97.70 116.45 124.29 105.80 81.08 86.74 Acetaldehyde 32.62 31.63 36.02 28.60 20.09 23.82 21.04 36.31 26.04 23.90 22.76 21.22 22.16 22.94 18.53 Acetone 123.19 87.28 17.89 82.26 38.13 59.42 53.48 65.45 48.05 55.82 61.51 48.96 54.02 56.05 43.43 Propionaldehyde 8.36 7.31 3.36 3.34 6.59 3.39 3.29 12.99 5.19 4.51 3.43 3.64 3.10 5.09 3.20 Butylaldehyde 2.59 4.12 4.02 2.63 7.77 5.40 5.81 6.91 3.21 3.37 4.20 3.65 2.99 3.72 2.89 Benzaldehyde 23.42 26.57 6.84 12.31 14.26 6.69 7.82 10.69 8.25 10.05 7.34 6.85 5.40 7.09 7.92-138 -
4-45. compounds dwelling period (month) 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 Benzene 1.00 1.24 0.25 1.46 0.52 1.02 0.53 1.46 1.37 1.57 0.95 1.06 1.35 1.46 1.31 Toluene 1.00 0.58 0.47 0.27 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.15 0.17 Ethylbenzene 1.00 0.67 0.72 0.29 0.39 0.30 0.22 0.42 0.26 0.30 0.27 0.20 0.22 0.15 0.20 Xylenes 1.00 0.71 0.91 0.27 0.48 0.33 0.25 0.34 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.19 0.23 0.15 0.19 Styrene 1.00 0.80 0.26 0.46 0.19 0.33 0.33 0.58 0.33 0.30 0.39 0.33 0.25 0.14 0.18 TVOC 1.00 0.75 0.68 0.62 0.62 0.67 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.60 0.54 0.41 0.48 0.47 0.47 Formaldehyde 1.00 0.84 0.63 0.53 0.39 0.49 0.60 0.68 0.47 0.42 0.50 0.53 0.45 0.35 0.37 Acetaldehyde 1.00 0.97 1.10 0.88 1.10 0.73 0.64 1.11 0.80 0.73 0.70 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.57 Acetone 1.00 0.71 0.15 0.67 0.16 0.48 0.43 0.53 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.35 Propionaldehyde 1.00 0.87 0.40 0.40 0.61 0.40 0.39 1.55 0.62 0.54 0.41 0.44 0.37 0.61 0.38 Butylaldehyde 1.00 1.59 1.55 1.01 1.96 2.08 2.24 2.66 1.24 1.30 1.62 1.41 1.15 1.43 1.11 Benzaldehyde 1.00 1.13 0.29 0.53 0.32 0.29 0.33 0.46 0.35 0.43 0.31 0.29 0.23 0.30 0.34-139 -
300 250 2005 2006 2007 60 50 2005 2006 2007 200 40 150 30 100 20 50 10 0 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 160 140 120 100 2005 2006 2007 50 45 40 35 30 2005 2006 2007 80 25 60 40 20 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 20 15 10 5 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 4-29 36 I. - 140 -
60 50 40 30 20 10 2005 2006 2007 300 250 3 ) m 200 / g ( u n 150 tio tra n e 100 c n o c 50 2005 2006 2007 90 80 70 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 2005 2006 2007 180 160 140 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 2005 2006 2007 60 120 50 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 0 0 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 2 4 6 7 8 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 dwelling period (month) 4-30 36 II. - 141 -
'05 ~ '07 2 36 4-31,. 172.31 μg/m 3, 96.09 μg/m 3, 61.16 μg/m 3, 67.88 μg/m 3, 19.33 μg/m 3, 42.49 μg/m 3, 13.40 μg/m 3. 199.54 μg/m 3, 145.17 μg/m 3. ug/m 3 4-31. - 142 -
. (Active) (Passive) (active sampling method) (passive air sampling method). '05 '06 6 '05 16 ~ 36, '06 2 ~ 36 100. passive active..,,,,, 4-32 4-46., (R) 0.43, 0.59, 0.49, 0.52, 0.45. active passive active. - 143 -
4-46. compounds(n=100) active (μg/m 3 ) passive (μg/m 3 ) Benzene 4.88 2.00 0.43 Toluene 55.43 32.73 0.59 Ethylbenzene 9.12 5.99 0.49 Xylene 25.86 10.62 0.52 Formaldehyde 134.95 101.61 0.45 Acetaldehyde 22.39 14.37 0.11 Acetone 73.14 32.68 0.06 Propionaldehyde 4.90 2.96-0.02 Butylaldehyde 3.56 2.85-0.12 Benzaldehyde 9.43 20.53 0.43 R : coefficient of correlation( 상관계수 ) R - 144 -
Passive ug/m 3 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 ug/m 3 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Passive Passive ug/m 3 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 Active (a) Benzene 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Active (c) Ethylbenzene 0 100 200 300 400 Active (e) Formaldehyde ug/m 3 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Passive Passive Passive ug/m 3 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ug/m 3 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Active (b) Toluene 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Active (d) Xylene 0 20 40 60 80 100 Active (f) Acetaldehyde 4-32. - 145 -
. '05 '06, '05 25 36, '06 13 36. 4-47 4-33. 372.3 CFU/m 3, 442.4 CFU/m 3, 492.4 CFU/m 3, 487.7 CFU/m 3, 448.7 CFU/m 3. 492.4 CFU/m 3, 372.3. 347.0 CFU/m 3, 565.3 CFU/m 3, 530.9 CFU/m 3, 194.5 CFU/m 3, 409.0 CFU/m 3. 565.3 CFU/m 3, 194.5 CFU/m 3. 4-47. Bacteria Fungi spring (n=62) summer (n=38) autumn (n=38) winter (n=35) (Unit : CFU/m 3 ) mean mean 372.3 442.4 492.4 487.7 448.7 S.D. 576.7 212.6 155.6 286 307.7 spring (n=37) summer (n=6) autumn (n=15) winter (n=35) mean mean 347.0 565.3 530.9 194.5 409.0 S.D. 746.1 110.3 348.4 167.4 343.1-146 -
concentration (CFU/m 3 ) 600 500 400 300 200 100 Bacteria Fungi 0 spring summer autumn winter 4-33.. 4-48, 20. 1,. 4-48. pollutant Bacteria Fungi season I/O ratio A-1 B C D E F G H mean spring - 2.7 11.2 1.7 12.7 1.7 1.3 14.7 6.6 autumn 22.7 16.2 14.9 8.8 32.0 9.4 23.7 19.2 18.4 winter 7.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.7 5.9 1.5 3.4 spring - 2.3 1.3 2.1 2.0 0.8 0.1 11.4 2.9 autumn 1.3 - - - - - - - 1.3 winter 4.1 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.4-147 -
4.. (1) 2.,. 4-49 3.0 3.6, 43.3 47.5, 40.9 46.0, 11.4 13.4. '05 '07 31 40 52.1 %, 48.2 %, 63.4 %, 300 500 30.8 42.1 %. 4-49. ( : (%)) '05 (n=120) '06 (n=62) '07 (n=44) '08 (n=52) 3.4±1.0 3.6±0.1.0 3.0±1.1 3.5±1.4 43.3±11.0 43.5±10.2 47.5±14.8 46.6±13.7 40.9±11.0 41.1±10.3 43.7±15.5 46.0±14.8 11.5±9.8 12.7±9.4 11.4±10.1 13.4±11.1 20 15(12.6) - 5(12.2) 15(28.9) 20 30 24(20.2) 25(34.7) 4(9.6) 12(23.1) 31 40 62(52.1) 35(48.2) 26(63.4) 12(23.1) 41 50 18(15.1) 12(16.7) 6(14.6) 13(25.0) 200 28(27.7) 10(17.5) 12(30.8) - 200 300 24(23.8) 16(28.1) 12(30.8) - 300 500 38(37.6) 24(42.1) 12(30.8) - 500 11(10.9) 7(12.3) 3(7.7) - - 148 -
(2), 4-50 65.1 66.1 %, 14.0 20.0 %, 7.0 13.0 %. 49.1 67.2 %, 17.5 33.3 %, 10.3 24.5 %. 67.9 96.5 %, 3.5 32.1 %., 0.9 1.8 %, 22.6 78.5 %. 4-50., ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 '08 76(66.1) 37(66.1) 28(65.1) - 23(20.0) 9(16.1) 6(14.0) - 15(13.0) 7(12.5) 3(7.0) - 1(0.9) 3(5.4) 6(14.0) - 2 26(22.4) 10(17.5) 15(33.3) 14(26.4) 3 78(67.2) 38(66.7) 24(53.3) 26(49.1) 4 12(10.3) 9(15.8) 6(13.3) 13(24.5) 5(4.4) 2(3.5) - 17(32.1) 110(95.7) 55(96.5) - 36(67.9) 5(4.3) 4(7.02) 4(8.9) - ( ) 1(0.9) 1(1.8) - - ( ) 91(78.5) 41(71.9) 23(51.1) 12(22.6) 19(16.4) 11(19.3) 18(40.0) 41(77.4) - 149 -
. (1) 4-51 '05 '06 1 2 36.4 %, 41.8 %. '07 '08 5 38.2 %, 39.2 %. '05, '07 '08 2 35.2 44.4 %, '06 30 1 29.1 %. 4-51. ( : (%)) ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 30 30 1 1 2 2 '05 '06 '07 '08 228 (36.4) 184 (29.4) 204 (32.5) 11 (1.75) 160 (25.9) 161 (26.1) 79 (12.8) 217 (35.2) 182 (41.8) 114 (26.2) 134 (30.8) 5 (1.2) 111 (26.1) 124 (29.1) 79 (18.5) 112 (26.3) 76 (35.9) 48 (22.6) 81 (38.2) 7 (3.3) 52 (25.4) 37 (18.1) 25 (12.2) 91 (44.4) 11 (21.6) 15 (29.4) 20 (39.2) 5 (9.8) 16 (33.3) 8 (16.7) 7 (14.6) 17 (35.4) - 150 -
(2) 4-52 91.2 %. 4-52. ( : (%)) '05 '06 51 3 54 (8.9) 519 37 556 (91.2) 07, 08 년설문조사미포함 (3) 4-53 4-54, '05 39.1 %, '06 42.9 %, '07 51.1 %. 26.3 %, 17.1 %, 13.7 %, 12.6 %, 11.5 %. 4-53. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 45(39.1) 70(60.7) 18(42.9) 24(57.1) 23(51.1) 22(48.9) - 151 -
4-54. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 Total 34(30.1) 18(19.2) 19(30.2) 71(26.3) 12(10.6) 8(8.5) 3(4.8) 23(8.5) 16(14.2) 10(10.6) 11(17.5) 37(13.7) 2(1.8) 4(4.3) - 6(2.2) 14(12.4) 9(9.6) 8(12.7) 31(11.5) 2(1.8) 7(7.5) 2(3.2) 11(4.1) 14(12.4) 15(16.0) 5(7.9) 34(12.6) 15(13.3) 17(18.1) 14(22.2) 46(17.1) 4(3.5) 6(6.4) 1(1.6) 11(4.1) 113 94 63 270 (4) 4-55 4-56 '05 82.6 %, '06 73.8 %, '07 88.9 %. 13.0 %, 10.6 %, 9.6 %, 8.7 %. 4-55. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 95(82.6) 20(17.4) 31(73.8) 11(26.2) 40(88.9) 5(11.1) - 152 -
4-56. ( : (%)) '05 '06 '07 Total 38(9.3) 19(10.3) 15(6.7) 72(8.0) 34(8.4) 14(7.6) 13(5.8) 61(6.7) 13(3.2) 4(2.1) 10(4.5) 27(3.0) 46(11.3) 26(14.5) 24(10.8) 96(10.6) 31(7.6) 22(6.9) 26(11.7) 79(8.7) 44(10.8) 20(6.2) 23(10.3) 87(9.6) 21(5.2) 9(4.1) 11(4.9) 41(4.5) 22(5.4) 7(2.8) 14(6.3) 43(4.8) 13(3.2) 6(1.4) 4(1.8) 23(2.5) 11(2.7) 21(2.1) 8(3.6) 40(4.4) TV 24(5.9) 28(9.7) 19(8.5) 71(7.8) - 7(6.9) 13(5.8) 20(2.2) 4(1.0) 4(0.7) 4(1.8) 12(1.3) 63(15.5) 30(17.2) 25(11.2) 118(13.0) 29(7.1) 19(5.5) 10(4.5) 58(6.4) 14(3.4) 40(2.1) 4(1.8) 58(6.4) 407 276 223 906. 2 54.2 %, 4 13 46.0 53.3 %. 16, 25 ( 4-34)., 18.3 %, 14.1 %, - 153 -
12.4 %, 18.2 %, 15.1 % 11.2 %, 20.8 %, 20.5 %, 13.9 %. 70 새집증후군 호소율 ( % ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 거주기간 ( 개월 ) - 154 -