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The Strategies for Science Popularization in the Age of Multi- media : ( )
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ii 1.6 OECD : 1997 40 1.6.1 40 : 45. TV,, 2. T V 63 2.1 64 2.1.1 65 2.1.2 65 2.1.3 67 2.2 67 2.2.1 67 2.2.2 69 2.2.3 71 2.2.4 ( ) 73 2.2.5 75 2.2.6 77 2.2.7 78 2.3 80 2.3.1 80 2.3.2 83 2.4 86 2.4.1 86 2.4.2 89 2.4.3 93 2.5 97
iii 3. 101 3.1 102 3.1.1 Sci- F i Channel 102 3.1.2 (Discovery Channel) 103 3.1.3 (Discovery Civilization Channel) 103 3.1.4 (Discovery Kids Channel) 103 3.1.5 (Discovery S cience Channel) 104 3.1.6 T he Learning Channel 104 3.1.7 (E cology Channel) 104 3.1.8 NASA 105 3.1.9 Knowledge T V 105 3.1.10 JCN (Jones Com puter Netw ork ) 106 3.1.11 JE C Know ledge T V 106 3.1.12 107 3.2 / 108 3.2.1 108 3.2.2 109 3.2.3 110 3.3 110 3.3.1 111 3.3.2 T V 111 3.3.3 T V 111 3.3.4 T V 112 3.3.5 113 3.4 114 3.4.1 Sci- F i channel 114 3.4.2 T V Ontario(http:/ / w w w.tv o.org/ ) 116 3.4.3 Border T elevision online : 117 3.4.4 PBS http :// w w w.pbs.org/ PBS Online 118 3.4.5 Learner Online http :// w w w.learner.org/ 119
iv 3.4.6 BBC http :// w w w.bbcnc.org.uk/ tv/ 120 3.4.7 Jones Computer Netw ork http:// w w w.m eu.edu/ jcn/ 121 3.4.8 NHK http:// w w w.nhk.or.jp/ 122 3.4.9 Discovery Channel http:/ / w w w.discov ery.com/ 122 3.4.10 123 124 4. 129 4.1 : 129 4.1.1 129 4.1.2 SF 130 4.1.3 SF 134 4.1.4 SF 135 4.1.5 SF 137 4.2 139 4.3 141 4.3.1 141 4.3.2 141 4.3.3 143 4.3.4 146 4.4 149 4.4.1 149 4.4.2 150 4.5 151 4.5.1 151 4.5.2 SF 153 4.5.3 155
.,, CD- ROM v 5. 159 5.1 159 5.1.1. 159 5.1.2. 160 5.1.3. 161 5.2 163 5.2.1 164 5.2.2 164 5.2.3 165 5.2.4 166 5.3 167 5.3.1 (U senet new sgroup) 167 5.3.2 (W W W ) 169 6. CD- ROM 172 6.1 172 6.1.1 172 6.1.2 173 6.1.3 173 6.1.4 174 6.1.5 176 6.1.6 : 178 6.2 180 6.2.1 180 6.2.2 182 6.2.3 SW 182
v i 6.3 183 6.3.1 184 6.3.2 184 6.3.3 185 6.3.4 185 6.4 186 6.4.1 186 6.4.2 187 6.4.3-187 6.5 188 6.5.1 188 6.5.2 190 6.5.3 190 6.5.4 SF 190 6.6 192 6.7 CD 194 6.7.1 194 6.7.2 CD 195 6.7.3 CD 196 6.7.4 197. 7. 201 7.1 201 7.1.1 201 7.2 206 7.2.1 207
vii 7.2.2? 209 7.2.3 226 227 1. OECD 235 2. TV 251 3. 264 4. 283 5. 341 6. CD-ROM 372
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50 3.? 10 20 30 40 50 60 1) 0(0.0) 11(5.3) 2(4.8) 2(6.1) 0(0.0) 1(6.3) 16(4.5) 2) 14 (56.0) 130 (62.52) 27 (64.3) 20 (60.6) 18 (64.3) 8 (50.0) 217 (61.5) 3), 7(28.0) 58(27.8) 9(21.4) 8(24.2) 9(32.1) 5(31.3) 96(27.2) 4), 4(16.0) 10(4.8) 4(9.5) 3(9.1) 1(3.6) 2(12.5) 24(6.8) 25 (100.0) 209 (100.0) 42 (100.0) 33 (100.0) 28 (100.0) 16 (100) 353 (100) 2.60 2.32 2.36 2.36 2.39 2.50 2.36 ) (column) (%).,,. 4.? 10 20 30 40 50 60 1) 11(44.0) 59(28.2) 10(24.4) 9(30.0) 15(53.6) 11(73.3) 115(33.1) 2) 8(32.0) 101(48.3) 18(43.9) 13(43.3) 9(32.1) 1(6.7) 150(43.1) 3) 6(24.0) 27(12.9) 9(22.0) 4(13.3) 1(3.6) 2(13.3) 49(14.1) 4) 0(0.0) 17(8.1) 3(7.3) 0(0.0) 3(10.7) 1(6.7) 24(6.9) 5) 0(0.0) 5(2.4) 1(2.4) 4(13.3) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 10(2.9) 25 (100.0) 209 (100.0) 41 (100.0) 30 (100.0) 28 (100.0) 15 (100.0) 348 (100.0) 1.80 2.08 2.20 2.23 1.71 1.53 2.03 ) (column) (%).., 50.
51 5.? 10 20 30 40 50 60 1) / 3(12.0) 13(6.2) 6(14.3) 6(18.2) 4(14.8) 2(13.3) 34(9.7) 2) / / 9 (36.0) 75 (35.9) 15 (35.7) 6 (18.2) 8 (29.6) 3 (20.0) 116 (33.1) 3) 3(12.0) 17(8.1) 2(4.8) 2(6.1) 4(14.8) 0(0.0) 28(8.0) 4) / (40.0) 10 25 (100.0) 104 (49.8) 209 (100.0) ) (column) (%). 19 (45.2) 42 (100.0) 19 (57.6) 33 (100.0) 11 (40.7) 27 (100.0) 10 (66.7) 15 (100.0) 173 (49.3) 351 (100). DB. 6.? 10 20 30 40 50 60 1) / 2(8.0) 23(11.0) 6(14.6) 7(22.6) 9(34.6) 4(28.6) 51 (14.7) 2) 2(8.0) 15(7.2) 1(2.4) 2(6.5) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 20 (5.8) 3) / 1(4.0) 5(2.4) 3(7.3) 2(6.5) 4(15.4) 0(0.0) 15 (4.3) 4) / 14(56.0) 128(61.2) 20(48.8) 7(22.6) 4(15.4) 5(35.7) 178 (51.5) 5) / 3(12.0) 27(12.9) 3(7.3) 6(19.4) 4(15.4) 2(14.3) 45 (13.0) 6) / 3(12.0) 10(4.8) 6(14.6) 5(16.1) 4(15.4) 2(14.3) 30 (8.7) 7) 0(0.0) 1(0.5) 2(4.9) 2(6.5) 1(3.9) 1(7.1) 7 (2.0) 25 (100.0) 209 (100.0) 41 (100.0) ) (column) (%). 31 (100.0) 26 (100.0) 14 (100.0) 345 (100.0)., 20 30-40 /, 50 /.,, / 10, 20, 30, 40 60, / 40 50.
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53 -. 1.? 1) 146 (67.0) 81 (61.8) 227 (65.0) 2) 65 (29.8) 35 (26.7) 100(28.7) 3) 6 (2.8) 11 (8.4) 17 (4.9) 4) 1 (0.5) 4 (3.1) 5 (1.4) 218 (100.0) 131 (100.0) 349 (100.0) ) (column) (%)..,. 2..? 1) 46 (21.1) 30 (22.9) 76 (21.8) 2) 110 (50.5) 70 (53.4) 180 (51.6) 3) 56 (25.7) 28 (21.4) 84 (24.1) 4) 6 (2.8) 3 (2.3) 9 (2.6) 218 (100.0) 131 (100.0) 349 (100.0) ) (column) (%)...
54 3.? 1) 11 (5.1) 5 (3.8) 16 (4.6) 2) 148 (67.9) 69 (52.7) 217 (62.2) 3), 51 (23.4) 42 (32.1) 93 (26.7) 4), 8 (3.7) 15 (11.5) 23 (6.6) 218 (100.0) 131 (100.0) 349 (100.0) ) (column) (%)..,. 4.? 1) 81 (37.9) 34 (26.2) 115 (33.4) 2) 92 (43.0) 56 (43.1) 148 (43.0) 3) 24 (11.2) 23 (17.7) 47 (13.7) 4) 12 (5.6) 12 (9.2) 24 (7.0) 5) 5 (2.3) 5 (3.9) 10 (2.9) 214 (100.0) 130 (100.0) 344 (100.0) ) (column) (%)..
55 5.? 1) / 23 (10.7) 11 (8.4) 34 (9.8) 2) / / 80 (37.0) 34 (26.0) 114 (32.9) 3) 13 (6.0) 14 (10.7) 27 (7.8) 4) / 100 (46.3) 72 (55.0) 172 (49.6) 216 (100.0) 131 (100.0) 347 (100.0) ) (column) (%)..,. 6.? 1) / 41 (19.3) 10 (7.7) 51 (14.9) 2) 10 (4.7) 8 (6.2) 18 (5.3) 3) / 10 (4.7) 5 (3.9) 15 (4.4) 4) / 105 (49.5) 72 (55.4) 177 (51.8) 5) / 33 (15.6) 12 (9.2) 45 (13.2) 6) / 10 (4.7) 19 (14.6) 29 (8.5) 7) 3 (1.4) 4 (3.1) 7 (2.1) 212 (100.0) 130 (100.0) 342 (100.0) ) (column) (%). DB. / /, /.
56 7.? 1) / 106 (49.1) 34 (26.2) 140 (40.5) 2) 47 (21.8) 39 (30.0) 86 (24.9) 3) 7 (3.2) 4 (3.1) 11 (3.2) 4) ( / / ) 49 (22.7) 53 (40.8) 102 (29.5) 5) 7 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 7 (2.0) 216 (100.0) 130 (100.0) 346 (100.0) ) (column) (%).., /,,,. 8.?(2 ) 1) / 175 (45.8) 98 (43.9) 273 (45.1) 2) 11 (2.9) 6 (2.7) 17 (2.8) 3) CD- ROM 23 (6.0) 15 (6.7) 38 (6.3) 4) DB / 87 (22.8) 54 (24.3) 141 (23.3) 5) T V 83 (21.7) 50 (22.4) 133 (22.0) 6) 3 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 3 (0.5) 382 (100.0) 223 (100.0) 605 (100) ) (column) (%)..,.
57 - /,,,,. 1.? / 1) 42 (58.3) 92 (61.3) 37 (57.8) 57 (86.4) 228(64.8) 2) 26 (36.1) 45 (30.0) 21 (32.8) 9 (13.7) 101(28.7) 3) 3 (4.2) 10 (6.7) 4 (6.3) 0 (0.0) 17(4.8) 4) 1 (1.4) 3 (2.0) 2 (3.1) 0 (0.0) 6(1.7) 72 (100.0) ) (column) (%). 150 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 66 (100.0) 352 (100.0).,. 2..? / 1) 16 (22.2) 30 (20.0) 15 (23.4) 17 (25.8) 78 (22.2) 2) 38 (52.8) 86 (57.3) 23 (35.9) 32 (48.5) 179 (50.9) 3) 18 (25.0) 31 (20.7) 24 (37.5) 13 (19.7) 86 (24.4) 4) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.0) 2 (3.1) 4 (6.1) 9 (2.6) 72 (100.0) 150(100.0) 64 (100.0) 66 (100.0) 352(100.0) ) (column) (%)...
58 3. / 1) 0 (0.0) 9 (6.0) 5 (7.8) 2(3.0) 16 (4.6) 2) 40 (55.6) 95 (63.3) 43 (67.2)? 39 (59.1) 217 (61.7) 3), 24(33.3) 38(25.3) 12(18.8) 22(33.3) 96(27.3) 4), 8(11.1) 8 (5.3) 4 (6.3) 3 (4.6) 23 (6.5) 72 (100.0) 150 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 66 (100.0) 352 (100.0) ) (column) (%)..,,. 4.? / 1) 23 (31.9) 43 (28.9) 18 (28.1) 30 (48.4) 114 (32.9) 2) 31 (43.1) 70 (47.0) 27 (42.2) 22 (35.5) 150 (43.2) 3) 13 (18.1) 20 (13.4) 7 (10.9) 9 (14.5) 49 (14.1) 4) 4 (5.6) 10 (6.7) 9 (14.1) 1 (1.6) 24 (6.9) 5) 1 (1.4) 6 (4.0) 3 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 10 (2.9) 72 (100.0) 149(100.0) 64 (100.0) 62 (100.0) 347(100.0) ) (column) (%)..,.
59 5.? / 1) / 7 (9.7) 10 (6.7) 7 (10.9) 10 (15.6) 34 (9.7) 2) / / 22 (30.6) 51 (34.0) 23 (35.9) 18 (28.1) 114 (32.6) 3) 8 (11.1) 10 (6.7) 6 (9.4) 4 (6.3) 28 (8.0) 4) / 35 (48.6) 79 (52.7) 28 (43.8) 32 (50.0) 174 (49.7) 72 (100.0) ) (column) (%). 150 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 350 (100.0)., DB. 6.? / 1) / 5 (6.9) 18 (12.1) 9 (14.1) 18 (30.0) 50 (14.5) 2) 5(6.9) 12 (8.1) 2 (3.1) 1 (1.7) 20 (5.8) 3) / 2 (2.8) 5 (3.4) 1 (1.6) 7 (11.7) 15 (4.4) 4) / 43 (59.7) 85 (57.1) 38 (59.4) 12 (20.0) 178 (51.6) 5) / 10 (13.9) 15 (10.1) 10 (15.6) 11 (18.3) 46 (13.3) 6) / 6 (8.3) 13 (8.7) 3 (4.7) 7 (11.7) 29 (8.4) 7) 1 (1.4) 1 (0.7) 1 (1.6) 4 (6.7) 7 (2.0) 72 (100.0) 149 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 60 (100.0) 345(100.0) ) (column) (%). DB., / /.
60 7.? / 1) / 27 (37.5) 61 (40.9) 29 (45.3) 23 (35.9) 140(40.1) 2) 15 (20.8) 39 (26.2) 14 (21.9) 20 (31.3) 88(25.2) 3) 3 (4.2) 4 (2.7) 2 (3.1) 2 (3.1) 11 (3.2) 4) ( / / ) 25 (34.7) 45 (30.2) 19 (29.7) 14 (21.9) 103(29.5) 5) 2 (2.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 5 (7.8) 7 (2.0) 72 (100.0) 149(100.0) 64 (100.0) 64 (100.0) 349(100.0) ) (column) (%).., /.,,,,. 8.?(2 ) / 1) / 54 (44.3) 125(46.6) 53 (46.5) 43 (40.6) 275 (45.1) 2) 1 (0.8) 8 (3.0) 4 (3.5) 4 (3.8) 17 (2.8) 3) CD-ROM 11 (9) 11 (4.1) 9 (7.7) 7 (6.6) 38 (6.2) 4) DB / 16 (13.1) 73 (27.2) 26 (22.8) 26(26.5) 141 (23.1) 5) TV 40 (32.8) 50 (18.7) 21 (18.4) 25 (23.6) 136 (22.3) 6) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.4) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9) 3 (0.5) 122 (100.0) ) (column) (%). 268 (100.0) 114 (100.0) 106 (100.0) 610 (100).
. TV,,
T V 63 2. T V T V. T V 1926,. 1927, 1935 ( Becky Sharp ). 1941. 1945 T V T V 1. 1951 T V 5.,.,,..,,,.., T V.,,,., T V.,..,.,,.. (HDT V)
64.. 1991 < > T V 61.8%. T V,. 1) 1989 18 1,500 T V 69.4%. T V 42.7%, 38.2%, 38.9%. 2),,.,.. T V.,.. 2.1, 1995 1997 3 KBS1, KBS2, MBC, SBS, EBS. 1),, 1991, p.15, 2),,, 1989. p.26
T V 65 2.1.1 3., 3, 11., 95 97 3,. 2.1.2,,,,,.. 6. -, -, - ( ) -, - - 8.
66 - - - / - - - - -.. 4. - / - - - (,, ).,.,.. - (06:00 09:00) - (09:00 12:00) - (16:00 19::00) - ( ) (19:00 22:00) - (23:00 )
T V 67..,,,,,.,,..,. 2.1.3 SPSS PC+. (Crosstab T ables ). 2.2 2.2.1 95, 96, 97., 3 KBS1, KBS2, MBC, SBS, EBS 5 2418, 103 4.3%.
68, 401 4.2% 17., 404 4.4% 18. T V 4%. 96, 5.7%, 5.5% 95 97., 3 2-5%. EBS KBS., 2-3., T V.,. < 2-1> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 95 63 1 64 2 75 1 76 1 89 5 367 10(2.7) 64 1 68 3 86 1 70 2 83 8 371 15(4.0) 96 71 2 75 3 82 4 81 3 99 9 408 21(5.7) 74 3 76 2 81 2 81 2 89 13 401 22(5.5) 97 77 2 76 4 89 1 78 2 109 10 429 19(4.4) 71 2 77 1 94 2 81 2 119 9 442 16(3.6) 420 11 436 15 507 11 467 12 588 54 2418 103(4.3) 70.3 1.7 71.7 3 82 2 78.3 2 99 8 401.3 16.7(4.2) 69.7 2 73.7 2 87 1.7 77.3 2 97 10 404.7 17.7(4.4)
T V 69. 95, 96, 97 3 3.2%, 2.9%., 95 1.7% 96 3.9%.. EBS 5.5%, 6.6%. 1-3%., EBS,. < 2-2> TV : (%) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 5490 120 5490 90 5430 60 5430 30 3780 145 25620 445(1.7) 95 5490 120 5490 240 5430 60 5430 80 3780 245 25620 745(2.9) 6480 270 6480 240 5880 220 6480 130 4140 275 29460 1135(3.9) 96 6480 330 6480 100 5880 100 6480 160 4140 395 29460 1085(3.7) 6780 260 6780 410 6780 150 6780 100 6300 365 33420 1285(3.8) 97 6780 260 6780 50 6780 60 6780 110 6300 295 33420 775(2.3) 6250 6250 216.7 (3.5) 236.7 (3.8) 6250 6250 246.7 (3.9) 130 (2.1) 6030 6030 143.3 (2.4) 73.3 (1.2) 6230 6230 86.7 (1.4) 116.7 (1.9) 4740 4740 261.7 (5.5) 311.7 (6.6) 29500 955.1(3.2) 29500 864.4(2.9) 2.2.2 8. 103 40 (38.8%)
70. 22 (21.4%). / 17 (16.5%), / 11 (10.7%). ( ). EBS., KBS.,..,. < 2-3> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 6 6(5.8) 1 1 1 3(2.9) ( ), 3 1 13 17(16.5) 6 4 5 7 22(21.4) 10 6 5 5 14 40(38.8) 1 10 11(10.7) 1 3 4(3.9) 11 (10.7) 15 (14.6) 11 (10.7) 12 (11.7) 54 (52.4) 103 (100), < 365 >, < >, < >,. < >, < >,.. / 4,
T V 71 2. 2, 1. / 17 / 8, 5, 4, 2. 11, 8, 5. 40 23, / 8, 7,. / 7, 3, 1. < 2-4> ( : (%)) 2 4 6(5.8) 1 2 3(2.9) ( ), 6 2 5 4 17(16.5) 5 11 6 22(21.4) 23 6 7 40(38.8) 7 1 3 1 11(10.7) 2 2 1 2 4(3.9) 37 (35.9) 2 (1.9) 12 (11.7) 24 (23.3) 8 (7.8) 4 (3.9) 8 (7.8) 8 (7.8) 103 (100),... 2.2.3.
72 103 37 (35.9%), 24 (23.3%). / 12 (11.7%),,, 8 (7.8%). 4 (3.9%), 2 (1.9). EBS SBS,. 2.. < 2-5> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 6 5 2 24 37(35.9) 1 1 2(1.9), 9 3 12(11.7) 4 6 1 2 11 24(23.3) 4 4 8(7.8) 1 3 4(3.9) 1 7 8(7.8) 8 8(7.8) 11(10.7) 15(14.6) 11(10.7) 12(11.7) 54(52.4) 103(100).., /,,. 37 27, / 12 10, 8 6, 8.,, 8 4, 4.
T V 73 < 2-6> ( : (%)) 27 2 6 2 37(35.9) 2 2(1.9) 10 2 12(11.7) 15 2 5 2 24(23.3) 2 2 4 8(7.8) 4 4(3.9) 6 2 8(7.8) 8 8(7.8) 70(68.0) 14(13.6) 15(14.6) 4(3.9) 103(100),,,. 2.2.4 ( ). /,,,,., 103 61 (59.2%)., 30 (29.1%) /, 12 (11.7%).. KBS 1, MBC, EBS /, KBS2 SBS /,, 3.. /.
74,.,. < 2-7> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 6 3 4 3 14 30(29.1) 4 1 3 4 12(11.7) ( ) 5 8 6 6 36 61(59.2) 11(10.7) 15(14.6) 11(10.7) 12(11.7) 54(52.4) 103(29.1),. / 30,,, 28, / / 11, / / 10. / / 11, / / 1,. / / 11, / 10, / 7. < 2-8> ( : (%)) 4 2 10 11 1 2 30(29.1) 11 1 12(11.7) ( ) 2 1 7 11 28 10 2 61(59.1) 6(5.8) 3(2.9) 17(16.5) 22(21.4) 40(38.8) 11(10.7) 4(3.9) 103(100)
T V 75,. / /,.,,. /. / /,..,. 2.2.5, 49 (47.6%) 19:00 23:00., 30 (29.1%) 16:00 19:00, 12 (12.7%) 09:00 12:00. 4 3. < 2-9> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS (06:00 09:00) (09:00 12:00) ( ) (16:00 19:00) ( ) (19:00 23:00) (23:00 24:00) 11 (11.3) 3 1 4 8(7.8) 5 3 3 1 12(11.7) 6 3 6 14 6 30(29.1) 15 (14.6) 6 4 39 49(47.6) 11 (10.7) 12 (11.7) 4 4(3.9) 54 (52.4) 103 (100)
76 103 49 (47.8%) 19:00 23:00., 49 39 EBS. 3 KBS2 T V 3, MBC 1.,,... KBS.. / / / / 4, 3, 5., / / 14, / / 9, / 3. < 2-10> ( : (%)) (06:00 09:00) 1 3 4 8(7.8) (09:00 12:00) 1 5 5 1 12(11.7) (16:00-19:00) 3 1 9 1 14 2 30(29.1) ( ) (19:00 23:00) 2 1 7 10 17 10 2 49(47.6) (23:00 24:00) 1 3 4(3.9) 6 (5.8) 3 (2.9) 17 (16.5) 22 (21.4) 40 (38.8) 11 (10.7) 4 (3.7) 103 (100)
T V 77 / / 17, / / / 10, / / 7. / / 3, / / 1,.,,., / /, / /, / /.,. 2.2.6, 103 68% 70. 14 (13.4%) 15 (14.6%), 4 (3.9%). < 2-11> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 2 12 5 6 45 70(68.0) 1 1 5 7 14(13.4) 4 3 5 1 2 15(14.6) 4 4(3.9) 11(10.7) 15(14.6) 11(10.7) 12(11.7) 54(52.4) 103(100) EBS KBS2- T V., KBS 1 MBC, SBS. KBS 1- T V., 5 2
78 SBS... 70 / / 26, / / / / 12, / 8. / / 5, / / / 3. / / 8, / / 7,. / /. < 2-12> ( : (%)) 6 2 12 12 26 8 4 70(68.0) 1 5 2 3 3 14(13.6) 8 7 15(14.6) 4 4(3.9) 6(5.8) 3(2.9) 17(16.5) 22(21.8) 40(38.8) 11(10.7) 4(3.9) 103(100).,..,. 2.2.7.
T V 79. 103 58 56.3%, 45 43.7%. 20%,... < 2-13> ( : (%)) KBS1 KBS2 MBC SBS EBS 1 10 5 7 35 58(56.3) 10 5 6 5 19 45(43.7) 11(10.7) 15(14.6) 1110.7) 12(11.7) 54(52.4) 103(100) KBS1 11 10. KBS2 10 5. MBC SBS,. EBS 54 35, 19,. EBS.,., 58 18, 14., 45 23, 8, 5, 4.
80 < 2-14> ( : (%)) 14 2 7 16 4 4 3 8 23 5 8 4 5 37 (35.9) 2 (1.9) 12 (11.7) 24 (23.3) 8 (7.8) 4 (3.9) 8 (7.8) 8 (7.8) 58 (56.3) 45 (43.7) 103 (100) 2.3....,. 2.3.1,... BBC 80. BBC
T V 81, 40 QED Horizen. 3),. EBS....,.,.. SBS.,.. < / >, < >, < >, < >.,,,.. 3) Brian Wynne(1996), "News & Views," Public Understanding of Science, Vol.VI, p.345.
82.. < >, < >, < >,.,,,,.., 97 9 3 KBS, MBC, SBS 43.3%, 45.2%, 53.2%. 69.5%, 68.3%, 73.6%.. 3..,., 2 47, 3 57, 4 24.,,..,...,,.,.
T V 83 < 2-15>, 3. MBC SBS,.,. < 2-15> 3 (1996 ) KBS 15 ( 6 ),,,, MBC 10 ( 2 ),,. SBS 3,,,. PD. PD.,.,... PD.. 2.3.2.,,.,,
84.,,...,.,., PBS (Public Broadcasting System ) T V (Squre One T V) (National Science Foundation). 4) EBS,.. KBS1. MBC SBS....,, 4) National Science Foundation (1992), Informal Science Education Programe, Project Abstract, (Wasshington D.C: National Science Foundation)
T V 85.,....,.,.,..,,., 4. < 2-16> 1 2 3 4 ( ) /,,., 2, 3...,.,,,,,,.
86., 3.. 2.4,,. EBS, /.,,,., PD.,., T V T V,,. 2.4.1,.,. 57% 10%, 38% 10-30%.,
T V 87 EBS. < 2-1>, 67%. (44%), (39%),., (25%), ( 5-7 ).,. / 47%, 5%, 5%, 5%. 63%, 25%, 4%. < 2-2>
88 < 2-3> % 25, 4, 0 63, 8 < 2-4>, / 57%, 39%,,,, 'Hard Science', 'Soft Science'..,. < 2-5>
T V 89 < 2-6>,, 33%, 62%,.,.,.. 2.4.2. EBS,., 70%.
90 < 2-7> 24% EBS. T V. ( 56%) ( 10, 14-15 ). < 2-8>
T V 91 < 2-9> < 2-10> ),,. < 5-8>, ( 48%).,. PD,,,,,.
92.. < 2-11>.,,,.,. < 2-12>
T V 93,.,,., 21,.,,, 3. 2.4.3.,. T V.,,,.. < 2-13>
94 < 2-14> < 2-15> < 2-16> TV,.
T V 95.,,,..., 21,....,..,.,,,.. < 2-17>
96 /.,,,.,..,...... T V.,,,,,.,..,,,. IMF,.. T V.
T V 97 3 T V,, T V,, One Source Multi Use,.,,. < 2-18> TV,,. 2.5.,, T V.
98. 3.,. PD,.,,,.,.,.,. /.. (input ) (output ),.,.,,,.,,., NHK, BBC,, IBM.,..,. IBM OHP..
T V 99,., (scientific literacy ).,.,,.,....,..,.,..,.,,..,.
100.,.,,..,,.....,.
101 3.,. T V..,,.,.,..,,,.,.,,.,, (target audience),,. T V T V,...
102,. T V.. 3.1.,.. 3.1.1 Sci- Fi Cha nne l Sci- Fi Channel.,. Sci- Fi, 1991. T V, 1992 USA Network. Sci- Fi Hughes Galaxy 5 5, T V. 96 3600,,,,.,,,,,.. 1996 1 : UF O, Space:1999, Inside space, Science fiction T heater, Invisible m an, Anti- Gravity, Incredible Hulk, Bionic Wom an, Six million dollar man, Room Sw amp
103 T hing ; Dracula, T wilight Zone, Monsters, T ales from dark sides, Dark Shadow s, Friday the 13th, Night stalker ; Masters of fantasy. 3.1.2 (Discove ry Cha nne l) Sci- Fi, Discovery,,,..,,.,. 1985 6 21. 96 10 69,499,000 1 ESPN 160 7., T he Discovery Channel- Europe.,. T V Q,. 3.1.3 (Discove ry Civilization Cha nne l) 1996 10 20 Discovery Civilization, Discovery Kids, Discovery Science.,,. 3.1.4 (Discove ry Kids Cha nne l) (Discovery Kids ) 2 14,.
104 3.1.5 (Discove ry Scie nce Cha nne l) (Discovery Science).,., 1.. 3.1.6 The Lea rning Cha nne l T he Learning Channel Discovery Communications, Inc.,,,,,. T he Learning 1980 11, 97 5,500, T V., 21... 3.1.7 (Ecology Cha nne l) (Ecology Channel),. 1994 11, 8,..,,.
105 3.1.8 NASA (NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration ) NASA T V.,.,. NASA T V 24,. 1980 1, 1991 7. 3.1.9 Knowledge TV. Knowledge T V. Knowledge T V 2500,,,,,,,,. 4 : 1) ; 2), ; 3) ; 4). 4.,. : Introduction to Pagemaker, part 1 / Photoshop for Pagemaker / Introduction to Quark Xpres s / More T ips in Quark Xpress / Master s of Media: What is Intranet? / Quicken 7 / Introduction to Paint er 3.0 / Introduction to Window s / More Window T ips and T rick s / Introduction t o Microsoft Office / Adv anced T ips in Pow er Point / More Microsoft Office / Using the Int ernet in Bu siness
106 3.1.10 JCN(Jones Compute r Network),,.,,.,,,,, on- line services, JCN (Jones Computer Network) 1993 5. JCN JEC Knowledge T V 28, 1994 9, SAT COM C- 3 20. JCN Regis. JCN. New Media New s / F uture T ech. / Computer Kids / Cyber City Diner / MultiMedia Gulch / Solutions in Bu sines s / @Hom e / Hom e Computing / JCN Virtual T rade Show s / Going On- Line / JCN Profiles / How to buy a computer 3.1.11 JEC Knowledge TV JEC Knowledge T V, JCN.,,.,....,.
107 T V. T V.. 3.1.12, New Science Network, ORB T V, T he T echnology Channel. New Science Network New Science Network,.,,, UF O,,. ORB T V ORB T V 1998, 18.,,,,,,..,. 24. T V T V (Cable T V
108 system operator ). 100 T V. 40. (97 ) 50. T V 6.,...... Sci- Fi, Discovery 10. Sci- Fi,. 3.2 / 3.2.1. T V.
109, T V. 20 (< 3-1> ), 1 20. 1970 1980. (1985 ) 7.,.,, 90.,.,. Sci- Fi, 36,000,000 ( ESPN 71,100,000 ).. 3.2.2 (< 3-2> ). T he Roper Organization 1993 3 1215 T V., 4. / / 5 (< 3-3> ). ( ) 8 10. 1994-95 ( 3-4),.., 18 34 35 54., 55..
110 (Prime time) 15, 3 T V,,. (12 17 ), (2 11 ). 18. /.. 18 34 35 54 (46:38). 55 16%. 94-95 (< 3-4> ).. 18 49 25 54, 79 67, 74 65. 3.2.3,,,., 12 17, 2 11. 18 34, 55.,. 3.3....
111. /,,. 3.3.1 1993 NT A NAB Roper/ Starch Worldwide (< 2-3- 1> ), T V, T V. 3.3.2 TV T V 1959 51% 1994 72%. 1959 57% 38%. 1959 T V 6% 1994 T V (72 38).,. 1959 34% 1991 14%. 1959 8% 1990, 90 90 8%. T V 1959 19%, 1994 45% (35 2.5 )., T V 1959 29% 1994 51% ( 1.7 ). T V.. 3.3.3 TV T V
112. T V. T V. T V ( ) T V (1996 ; 2-3- 2 ), T V T V 60. 60, 3 T V 17.2. 4 F ox 19, 3 T V 24.5. 37.4 PBS T V ( ) T V 39.2. T V 13.5, 2.6, 0.8. T V 60.1 T V, 39.2 ( ). 16.1 VCR 2.6,.,, VCR..,.. 3.3.4 TV,
113. T V.,. T V (< 2-3- 3> ), 1, 2, 3, 4, / 5, 6, / 11,....,. (Feature film ).,.. 3.3.5 T V,,,.., T V. ( T V,, PC, ) PC,. T V,., (Feature film )...,.,
114. T V T V., T V (PPV : Pay per view ) PPV. T V..,, T V 30 KBS ST AR- T V, NHK, CNN.. T V. 3.4 T V... T he Discovery Channel / T he Learning Channel(T LC) / NASA T V / S ci- F i 3.4.1 Sci- Fi cha nne l 1996 Sci- Fi, -, -. * (Alfred Hitchcock Presents): 1955
115. * Battlestar Galactica : (the Cylon ).. * T he Bionic Woman:.,. * Dark Shadow s: 200..,. * 13 : * * Kolchak : T he Night Stalker :.. * Night Gallery :. * T he Outer Limit s: 1963.,,,,. * Ray Bradbury T heater :. * 6 :,.. * Space:.
116 * : Seaview.. *! :. Sci- Fi * Inside Space:.,,, NASA,. 30,. 10:30 pm & 2:30 am 9:30 am & 5:30 am - 8:30 am - -, Sci- Fi.. * Sci- Fi Buzz:,,,, T V.,,,. 3.4.2 TV Onta rio(http://www.tvo.org/) T he Online Group: Acces sible S olution s for Education and Culture T V Ontario - -, (home study ), Accreditation, (education community ), (interactive study ) - - (distance learning division ). 1990. T V Ontario, T V -.. T V
117.,,,. - - T VOntario Curriculum Project. PDT V: Professional Dev elopm ent T elevision.,,.,,,,,. 1 90,,,, (,, ),. 4,. 3.4.3 Borde r Te levis ion online :,,. (http:// www.border - T V.com/ ) - 10/ 15/ 96 Border T V Innovators, Blue Streak, Inside Sellafield. (Innovators) Innovators / 30, 1994.,. 1996 10..
118 I Gene Genius - Biotechnology in Medicine T he Right Connections - Communicatoins Pick of the Crop - Biotechnology in F ood and Crops T he Next Generation - Renewable Energies Cleaning Up - Nuclear T echnology II T he Human Brain : Brain Power Military T echnology : High T ech Warriors T ransportation: T he Way to Go Clim ate Change: Winds of Change I nformation T echnology : T he Digital Domain Blue Streak Blue Streak.. Inside Sellafield Inside Sellafield: 1996 7 29 25,.. 3.4.4 PBS http://www.pbs.org/ PBS Online PBS Online PBS,. http:// www.pbs.org/ insidepbs/ learningservices/ eft.html Electronic Field T rips, T V,. ) Live from Mars: Countdown?" http:// quest.arc.nasa.gov/ mars/
119 Live from Mars: Countdown?" 1997,. NASA NSF. NASA (intercative).,, 1997,.,. ) Icebodies : 1997 1 3.,,.. PBS Online. the Annenberg/ CPB Project.,. 3.4.5 Lea rne r Online http://www.lea rne r.org/ W eb sit e for leanrer s and educator s by the Annenberg/ CPB Project PBS,., CD,,, /.,. ) Algebra: T he Simplest T erm s Program Descriptions" 30 26, 1 13.
120 3.4.6 BBC http://www.bbcnc.org.uk/tv/ BBC. < > (1996 10 15 ) Future F antastic":. "Grand Design" : "Horizon" : Flagship science documentary series (BBC 2) Local Heros" : (BBC 2) "T his Multimedia Business" : (BBC 1) "T he Sky at Night " : (BBC 1) "T ommorrow ' s World" : (BBC 1) "T he Net" (BBC 2) Horizon: T he BBC' s Flagship Science Documentary Strand(BBC 2) 30.,,.,. 1995. 1. Liar - -? 2. "T he Human Laboratory" - - 3 3. Nanotopia - - 4. Hunt for the Doomsday Astreoid" - - 5. "A Code in the Nose" - - Horizon Et Cetera BBC. http:// www.bbs.co.uk/ horizon/ further.html/ ) Einstein : 1932
121.,,,,,,, 1996 2. A Code in the Nose". 1995 11. T he Gene Race" : (cystic fibrosis).,,. 1996 2. 3.4.7 Jones Compute r Network http://www.me u.edu/jcn/ : JCN Glenn R. Jones Jones International, Ltd. 1993 2, Mind Extension Univer - sity (ME/ U) 28, 1994 T V., Jones International, Ltd. 17. ME/ U, JCN,. JCN. JCN. JCN,,, (interactive) T V,, (, "Cyber City Diner"),.
122 3.4.8 NHK http://www.nhk.or.jp/, HNK 5 - -,, 2, T V - -..,.,. 3.4.9 Discove ry Cha nne l http://www.discove ry.com/. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ) "Star Shack" "Fresh Science".,, 10,,., CD. Discovery Pavilion. Discovery Channel School (http: // school.discovery.com/ ),,.,.,,,.
123 3.4.10,,.,.,,.,.....
124 < 3-1> T op 20 ( : ) 1 ESPN 27,600 71,100,000 1979 2 CNN 11,528 71,000,000 1980 3 TNT 10,538 70,549,000,, 1988 4 TBS 11,668 69,920,000 1976 5 C-SPAN 6,003 69,700,000 1979 6 USA Network 12,500 69,677,000 1980 7 Discovery Ch N/A 69,499,000,,, 1985 8 TNN 17,636 68,875,000 1983 9 LIFE TV 8,300 67,000,000, 1984 10 The Family Ch 13,352 66,900,000,, 1977 11 A & E 12,000 66,880,000 1984 12 MTV 9,176 66,700,000 1981 13 Nickelodeon/ Nick at nite 11,788 11,711 66,000,000 1979 14 The Weather Ch 6,500 66,000,000 1982 15 Headline News 6,470 64,200,000 1982 16 AMC N/A 61,500,000 1984 17 CNBC 60,000,000 1989 18 QVC 5,895 58,174,602 1986 19 VH1 6,088 56,328,000 1985 20 The Learning Ch N/A 55,000,000 1980 (* Cable Developments 1996 spring, 1997 spring.)
125 < 3-2> 70 % 50 % 45 % 37 % / / 36 % 35 % 24 % 21 % 19 % 17 % 17 % 16 % 14 % (* T V Dimensions 95 ) < 3-3> 10 / 4 9.0 3.5 12 7.2 3.3 5 8.4 3.0 69 4.9 2.8 19 6.9 2.5 2 8.5 2.0 / 19 6.9 2.5 / 5 6.6 1.6 6 6.0 1.5 6 3.8 1.5 155* 5.8 2.5 ( * 8 )
126 < 3-4> 100 % 18-34 35-54 55 52 84 14 27 59 54 72 17 46 37 60 57 37 35 28 43 62 42 38 20 39 75 28 32 40 / 66 60 36 39 25 50 68 26 38 36 56 60 34 37 29 72 59 42 42 16 ABC/CBS/NBC < 3-5> 100 2-11 12-17 18 18 / 7-12 16 11 60 69 7-14 7 5 57 78 8-15 10 9 52 80 8-14 9 7 59 78 8-16 18 13 45 77 Fox / 4-9 20 20 60 60 4-8 21 12 66 64 6-12 31 25 55 55
127 ABC/ CBS/NBC < 3-6> / ( : % ) / / / / / 15 16 40 28 11 26 19 44 19 14 32 35 15 22 14 49 15 14 42 29 14 25 17 44 13 14 41 32 11 23 19 47 16 16 40 28 14 26 6 44 Fox / 15 19 45 21 12 28 20 40 16 15 46 23 8 30 19 43 15 19 46 20 15 29 18 38 < 2-3- 1> TV TV TV * 1959. 12. 51% 57% 34% 8% 4% 19% 29% 1961. 11. 52 57 34 9 5 18 39 1963. 11. 55 53 29 6 4 23 36 1964. 11. 58 56 26 8 4 23 41 1967. 1. 64 55 28 7 4 25 41 1968. 11. 59 49 25 7 5 29 44 1971. 1. 60 48 23 5 4 31 49 1972. 11. 64 50 21 6 4 33 48 1974. 11. 65 47 21 4 4 36 41 1976. 11. 64 49 19 7 5 36 51 1978. 12. 67 49 20 5 5 34 47 1980. 11. 64 44 18 5 4 39 51 1982. 12. 65 44 18 6 4 41 53 1984. 12. 64 40 14 4 4 46 53 1986. 12. 66 36 14 4 4 50 55 1988. 11. 65 42 14 4 5 44 49 1990. 12. 69 43 15 3 7 44 54 1991. 2. 81 35 14 4 6 54 58 1992. 11. 69 43 16 4 6 44 56 1994. 11. 72 38 18 8 NR 45 51 (NR : Not reported * : T V )
128 < 2-3- 2> (SHARE) ABC/ CBS/NBC 17.19 28.6 13.52 22.5 7.21 12.0 5.71 9.5 ABC/ CBS/NBC 5.53 9.2 2.64 4.4 (VCR) 2.58 4.3 PBS 1.80 3.0 Fox 1.80 3.0.84 1.4 UPN/WB.22.3 1.06 1.8 60.10 100 < 2-3- 3> TV (%) 11.47 19.1 8.28 13.8 6.40 10.6 5.74 9.5 / 5.10 8.4 3.67 6.1 3.20 5.3 2.18 3.6 2.0 3.3 / 1.22 2.0 /.80 1.3 ( ).72 1.2 ( ).57.9 8.85 14.9
129 4. 4.1 : 4.1.1.,., 50 (C.P. Snow ),,.,,,.,.,.,. NHK,,,. / EBS.,.
130,, SF (science fiction ).,,. (cyberspace).,. PC,.. 20. SF, SF. SF,.,,.,, SF. ( ).,. 4.1.2 SF SF SF 17 (J. Kepler, 1571-1630) (Somnium ).. 1543 (N. Copernicus) (On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres ).,.,,
131. SF,. 17 SF,, 1969 (Apollo Project ). SF. 1951 (Arthur C. Clarke).,,. 1970, (G. K. O'Neill)., SF 1945. 5) 1953 (Childhood ' s End). 2001: (2001: A Space Ody ssey ). 1994 12, (J. Verne, 1828-1905). 19 1 3 SF 20, 1,., 1863. 20,,,,,.. (My sterious Island, 1874 ). 5) The Sociology of Science, B. Barbor & W. Hirsch, 1962.
132,. 21...,. 1862 5 (Five Weeks in a Balloon),. 1896 (F or the Flag). 2 (20,000 Leagues Under the Sea), 1954. (Nemo), SF.. 19 SF, 20 SF (Isaac Asimov, 1920-92).,.,,,,, (F oundation )., (Nightfall) SF. SF. (H. G. Wells: 1866-1946) (T he World Set Free, 1914 ).
133 (L. Szilard) (chain reaction),. 1, 1914 2/ 3, 3/ 4. 21,. (Robert A. Heinlein) SF., SF SF (Astounding SF ) SF. 1930 SF,. (John W. Campbell) 20 SF.. (Blowups Happen, 1940 9 Astounding),.,. 1920 SF. 2 (Solution Unsatisfactory, 1941 5 ),., SF,,. SF 21 SF. 1932 (Aldous L. Huxley,
134 1894-1963) (A Brave New World).,. 1958 SF (Methuselah ' s Children, New York, Signet Books, 1958). SF, 90. (Outbreak), (Mutation), (Brain), (Coma). (M. Chrighton ) (T he Jurassic Park). 4.1.3 SF SF..,. SF,. PC. 3 PC ( ),,.,., PC.,,., PC
135,.., PC,... 1989 ( ). ( ) 95 2. 1 ( ) SF., 20. PC, (, 18, 4 ) 1., SF, 30 (, 1995 ).,,, 20.,. 4.1.4 SF 98 97 (the worst 5). 5 < >. 4 ( ) < >, DNA < > 3. MIB
136 < > 2, 1 < (F ace Off)>. < > SF -. < > 97 ( ).,.., /, < >.,, < >. /, < >., (replicant ),, 2019. < >.,. < ( )> < >,.,. SF. < >, < >, < 12 >,.,., 91. 96.
137,. < >, <ET >, < >, ( )., < >, 2. SF. SF ( ). < >, < 2>, < >, < J>, < 12 >, < >, < >, < > / /, < >, < >, < > /. < > (1951) < > (1999 ), < >., SF.,,,,, SF SF,,, /. SF,, -.,. 4.1.5 SF, SF.,, SF.
138 21,.., SF,. SF.. SF, -, -.,., SF..,,,,., SF, SF. SF. SF.,,.,. < >, < >, < >, < >.,, T V.
139 4.2.,,.,,., SF. T V 30 (Star T rek)., T V. (T he Physics of Star T rek, 1995 ),.,,,,,.,,.,,,.. SF. < > (teleporetion ) 97
140. SF., SF SF,. SF. SF SF.,,. SF,,. (S - FX) SF S - FX, S - FX.,...,,.,,.,..,..,.
141 4.3 4.3.1,,,,.. SF..,.,.,. ( ),.. 4.3.2. (cell).. CF.
142 CUT - OUT,. ( ).,. (1995 < > ), (< > ). ( ) (PAINT ING ON T HE GLASS ), ( ). (PIXILLAT ION), ( MT V )..
143 ( ; < > ). 1982 < (T RON)>, ( ; < >, < >, < >, < >, < >, < >. < > ). 4.3.3,,.. 1 24. 1 8, 12, 30..,,.,,,,.,, -,,,.,,,.,,,,.,,..
144....,,.. < 28 > < Z>, < > < >....,.,.,.. < >, < >. < >.,..,
145. (CONT I)., 1 24 12 8... 1 24, 1 8 12. (lay - out ).. ( ).,. ( ),,,.,. (Checking ) NG, RE - T AKE..,. (INKING).
146.,.,. (PAINT ING). / /..,. 4.3.4., 17-18.,. 17. (, Magic Lantern ), (T raumatrope), (Stroboscope).. 1893 [ ], 1906 [, Humours Phumours on Funny Face]. 1917 [ ], 1928 [ ].
147 HLKZ T V. 1961 (,, ) [ ]. [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]. 1967 [ ]. [ ], 70. 70 T V,. 1976, [ ], [ ], [ 1,2,3], [ 007], [ ]. 76 SF.. [ A](81), [ ](82), [ V](82), [ V](84), [ 3](85), [ ](85), [ ](79), [ ](79), [ ](79), [ ](79), [ ](81). 81 [ 001],. 5. SF [15 ](80), [ 5 ](80), [ 007, ](80), [ ](81), [ 5000 ](82), [ ](83), [ ](83), [UF O ](83), [ 007](85), [ ](85), [ ](96) (< 5-2- 1> )., 1982 < > [ ], < > [ ].
148 T V T V. T V 1964 [ ]. T V (< 5-2- 2> ). T V SF [ ](71), [ ](82), [ ](83), [ ](86), [ ](82), [ ](83), [ ](79), [ ](69), [ ](71), [ ](71), [ Z](75), [ X](79), [ 999](81), [ ](85), [ ](88), [ ](88), [ ](88), [2020 ](89). 87.. < > (88), < > (87), < > (87), < > (90). < >, <2020 > (< 5-2- 3> ). ( ),, 97 Si Caf 4. [ ], [ ].,.,..
149 4.4 4.4.1. < > 1, < > 1 4, < > 2.,,,.,. 90%, 95%., 1995,. 3. 4, 7, 1, 2, 4, 3. 97 5%. 1 5 2. 62 (1997 ), 5-6 60%.,,,. 4 4 -
150 - ( ) - - (2 ) - - - - - - - T V T V 90%.. < >, < >, < >, < Z>, < 5 >, < >, < >, < >. 88 < >, 97 < > 98. 70 T V., 90. < > (94), < 5> (95), < > (96), < > (97), < >. 4.4.2.
151.,..,.,,.., PC, CD.,... 4.5 4.5.1,. 1997..,.,. <, >..
152.... 40%, 2. 6,, ( 1993 3 9 )..,.., ( ).., < >.. < Z >. < >,,,.. < >, < > ( ).. ( ) T V..
153... (95 ), KBS 1 1 (KBS2-42.9%, MBC- 28.8%, SBS - 53.0%) (< 5-2- 5> ). SF.,. 4.5.2 SF,. SF, SF. SF. ( ) SF. SF,..,., /.,.,.? SF,.,
154. ( ). SF,..,,.,.,.?..,.,,,..?.,,,. ( ),...
155?. < >. < > 3.,. 4.5.3 < >, < >.... < V> < > 20 30.,. < >.,..,.,.,.
.,, CD-ROM
159 5. 5.1 5.1.1..?,. (Modem, Modulation and Demodulation).,.. 1950 MIT. 1958 F CC(F ederal Communication Commission ) AT &T,..,..,.,.
160 5.1.2...,..,. (ARPA, Advanced Research Project Agency ) 1960. 60 (circuit switching ) (packet switching ),. 1966. (ARPA Computer Network) (ARPANET ).,. 1969., 1970-72 IMP (Interface Message Processor ; ). 1972 D.C. 1. 1975 (Defense Communication Agency ), 60., 1982 (Defense Data Network)., (MILNET ). 1983 (Internet ),. (E - mail), (FT P ),,.
161. 90. (LAN), PC.,. 5.1.3.. 95 10% 96 6. 96 150 1, 2 10..,.,. 3.,,, T V.,,,,,, T V..,.., 96 60-70%.., EU, AP ( ),.
162. ( ). (Netizen).,,,., ID.,.,.,.., IAD(Internet Addiction Disorder, 1994 ).,,,,,.,.,..,,,.,, 2-3%,..
163 5.2 6. MIT,, NASA, Bell,,,,,,,. 2000 5 5..,......,..,,.
164 5.2.1, 1982 KIET SDN (System Development Network ). 1983 1990 HANA. 1993 6 KORNET., 1994,. 35. 5.2.2 < 5-1> 1993. 12 1994. 12 1995. 12 1996. 12 7,650 14,681 38,644 73,189 47 192 563 2,664 ISP 3 11 11 16 96 12 7 3. 3 10. 93 96 50 5. 80%.. < 5-1> 93 97.
165 < 5-1> 93 97 5.2.3 77.7%, 7.7% 3.2% 1.4% (96 12 ).. 5..
166 < 5-2> 96 5.2.4., 2 5, 14. 94,. < 5-2> 1995 1996 1994 1996 1995 124 1996 1 1812 15. 5,919 85,494., T V.
167 < 5-2> 5.3, (World Wide Web). (Usenet new sgroup), (Mailing list ).. 5.3.1 (Use net newsgroup). (newsgroup)
168 20,000.,,,.... ( )...... (.).. comp :,,.. sci :,. talk : (talk).,.. new s :.,,, FAQ(Frequently Asked Questions),. rec :.
169 misc :. alt : alt.. ( alt. bit : BIT NET. BIT NET, bit BIT NET. biz :.,, clari : AP.. gnu : FSF (Free Software Foundation ). FSF,,,. GNU, GNU 'GNU is Not Unix '. ieee : IEEE. info :. bionet :. han :, han. 5.3.2 (WWW). (97 8 ) 380,070. [ ]. [1633] [283] [257]
170. ( 3 ). BBS : T ext BBS (5), Web BBS (79), (6) CAD : DB (22), Web (36), ( )(4) : (59), (49), (44) ( ) : Web (53), (20), (26), (2), (223), (96) : HT ML(8), WWW (11), (JAVA )(18), (6) : (2), (1), (2) : SW (3), (2), (2), ( ) : HW (45), SW (114), (3), (36), (64), (57), (15), (96), (144) : (3), (5), (4), (5), (3), (26), (10) : ( )(7) : ( )(9) : (93) : (1), ( )(16)
171 : (4), (5), (31) : (35), (19), (1), (6), (19) : (1), (9), (1), (5), (3), (19), (1), (1), (18), (41), (5) (10), (1), (3) ( ),....,.
172 6. CD- ROM 6.1 6.1.1., 1962 MIT..,. 2, 1958. 5,. 1970 VCS. 1970 80 PC., 80 IBM - PC,., 80, 90.
CD- ROM 173 6.1.2.,., CD- 93 30, 94 50, 95 200. CD- 30%, (, 1995). 1996 800, 30 50%.. 1993 156, 1994 308, 1995 625 (, 1995)..,, (Contents )..,.,.,.., (CAI; Computer Assisted Instruction ),. 6.1.3 1996, 350 50%
174. PC 9 1, PC. 70,., PC 80%, T V 95%. ( ). 20, 30,, 20 30, (96 ).,. (, 1997), 1996 &, 5, 2 5, 3. 6.1.4.,, PC.,.,,,. 1972 (Pong ). T V, 8, 16, 32, 64.
CD- ROM 175 PC PC. PC,,.,,,,,,,.,,.,.,,,,. PC ( ) (SEGA ).. :,,, PC,,,,,,, 3D,, 2,,,. :, F 19,,,,,, &, 2,, 2,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,
176,. :,,,,, 2,, 5 (RPG; Role Playing Game, ),. :,,,,,, 2,,. : NBA LIVE 96, FIFA 96,, (10 ), Euro 96,, PGA 96,, 2 (Board T able Game),,,,.. (Variety Game),,. 6.1.5, (, 1995;, 1997)).,,
CD- ROM 177 7.,. : NCAA,,,,,,,,. :,, T FX,,,,,, 357, 3.0, UF O,. :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,. :,,,,,,,,,. :,,,,,,,,,,,,
178. :,,,,,. :,,, ( ), ( ). :,, Blown Away ( ),,,. :,,,, ( ),,, SF SF. : 4, 2, 2, 2, 2 6.1.6 :,,,. (MUD, 'Multiple User Dimension ' )..
CD- ROM 179..,,,,... KIT,,, CIRCLE.,,,,. PC. * SF 1999.,,,,.,.. 1m.,,.,,.,.,,. *,.,...
180 * 2333, 7, * CYBERZONE : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : * : 6.2 6.2.1.(, 1997) -
CD- ROM 181 - - - - - - - - - - / - / - - - - - - -
182 6.2.2 3 (, 1997) - - - - : - : /. - : - : :, - : - : - : - : - - - 6.2.3 SW 1 100%,. : 15% : 10% : 5%
CD- ROM 183 Opening & Ending : 10% : 60%. (Game Engineering ).,,,,,,, /,,,,, /, T V/ CAT V,. 6.3.,., T V,.,,, (edu - game), (edutainment ).,,,,,.,..,.,.,,, (, 1995).
184 6.3.1 (1980), (, 1993).,,, (, 1993), (, 1994). (Greenblat Bredemeier, Rosen ),, (, 1997)... 6.3.2.,.,.,, (, 1991).,.
CD- ROM 185 6.3.3,. (1993).,..,,,. 6.3.4,.,.,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,,.,..,
186 (, 1997).,. 6.4 6.4.1 1997 PC 52%, 20%, 14%, 3%, 6% ( 1997. 10. 22).. (, 1995), 83.4%, 28.4%, 13.1%, 11.5%, OA 17.8%, 7.8%., 91.4%, 21 50. 15.4% 42.8%,.,.,,...,,,,,.,
CD- ROM 187. 6.4.2, (edugame), (edutainment ).,. (88 96) 1500,,,,.. 3.,.,,, UN,,.,..,.,. 6.4.3 -,,,,,,.,
188., SF.,,,, SF.. SF,. SF.. SF,.. 6.5 4.,,,,.,,... SF.. SF.. 6.5.1,
CD- ROM 189.,,,,,.,,, SOS. SOS 4.,,,,,..,,,.,., -,,.,,,,,. 6,. Out Numbered!,
190,, Gizmos & Gadgets.,,,, 6.5.2 (Simearth) (Simant ) T he Ant 6.5.3,,,. 20, 10, 5 6.5.4 SF & 2,
CD- ROM 191. 22 1997 NASA (EART HSIEGE) 25, (SYST EMSOFT/ )
192 6.6. 70,.,,.,.,,., 70,. 93.,.,... (, 1997) 90.,,,,,.
CD- ROM 193..,,,...,.. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).. ( ) ( ), ( ), (, ) ( ),..,,..,.,,,,...
194,.,. 50%..,..,.,. 6.7 CD 6.7.1 CD. 1997 742 2000 CD. CD CD, CD., CD, CD. CD CD. CD,. CD
CD- ROM 195 CD, CD, CD, CD. CD.,... (93. 5. 13- ), (95. 2. 27- ), (95. 9. 21- ), (96. 12. 7- ), (96. 7. 19- ), (95. 2. 28- ), (95. 7. 14- ), (94. 1. 29- ), (94. 10. 29- ), (93. 5. 15- ), (95. 12. 26- ) 6.7.2 CD CD CD. 1995 CD 1995 35, 1996 72, 1997 116 (< 1-2> ).. CD. CD. CD CD..(< 4-2?> ) 316 CD 50. 7, CD 20, CD 5, CD 6. CD CD. CD
196,, -,. CD.,, CD. BBC PBS T V CD. CD. CD, CD CD. 6.7.3 CD CD. CD, T V,. CD,. SF,. CD. CD. T V, CD.
CD- ROM 197 CD CD. CD.,. CD. CD,. 6.7.4 CD. CD, CD. SF SF, (edutainemnt ) CD.. CD, CD,.,. CD.,., CD..
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201 7. 7.1 21.,. T V VCR PC T V,., ( ).,,.,. 7.1.1 (1) T V T V.,,.,. T V.,
202..,,.,,.,,,,,..,,.,. SW,,., KBS,., T V.,..,.,
203,..,.,,, PD,,.,,,..,..,.,,., ( ). (2),,, (97 5% )., T V 90%.,,
204.,.,.,. SF,,.,,,.,.,,.,,. (3) PC (52% 83% ),.,,.,,,., (edugame) (edutainment ).,, (88 96, 1500 ),
205, 3..,,,.. (4) 2000 5 5.,..,.,..,,,,,,,.,,.,.,.,,.,,.
206 (5) CD- ROM CD. CD. CD,,., CD, CD.,. CD,., CD,., CD, CD. SF, (edutainment ) CD., CD,., CD,. 7.2,.,,.,
207. < 7-1> 1 (1998 2000) 2 (2001 2003) - : TV - : ( - ) CATV - CD-ROM 3 (2004 ) - - ( - TV TV ) - - - S/W ( ) DVD - -H/W - CD-ROM - : - -IMF - - - 7.2.1,. ( ) - CD- ROM - DVD(Digital Versatile Disc) - ( / / / / ) -
208 T V - T V - - - T V - T V - (webzine)( ) - - SF - - / / - - SF - - - / / - -
209 - (Digital Photography ) - - - 7.2.2?,, (pool) (,,, 1998).. 1. (1) / - - - - CAD - - - - - - ( ) - - ( / ) - /
210 (2) - - - - - (3) - - - - - ( ) (4) - / - (5) - - ( / ) - - (6) / / - (,,, ) - ( /, /, ) 2. (1) -
211 - - (2) - - - - - - - (3) - / - (, ) - (LG,, ) - / ( ) - (,, ) - - (4) - - (5) - - - - - - -
212 - - / (6) / / - - - - (7) / - 3. ( ) (1) - (, ) - ( ) ( ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ / / ) - ( )/ / / / ( ) ) - - - (, ) - - (, ) - - / - - - - (, ) - - (, ) - - - -
213 (2) - / - - (, ) - - - - (3) - - - - - - - - - - - - / - ( ) - - - - / / - / - - - - -
214 - - - - - (4) - - (5) / - - - ( ) (6) - - (7) - - - - - - - - (8) - UNESCO
215 4. (1) - / / / / / / / / - / / / / (2) - / / / (3) - / / / / / / / - / / (4) - / / (Geodesy )/ (5) / - / / / / / / (6) - / / / / / / (7) - / / / / / / / / / (8) - / / / / (9) - / / / / / - /
216 (10) / - / / / / / / / / ( )/ / / / / / 5. (1) / - - / / / / / / / / - - - ( ) - (2) (Cartography Map) - - (T opography ) - / - - - / - - - - (3) - - - - - -
217 (4) - ( ) - ( ) 6. (1) - - (2) / - - - (3) / / - - - - - (4) / - - - / - (5) / / - - - /
218 (6) / - - - (7) / - - - - - (8) - ( ) - - - - / (9) - - - - - - - (10) - - -
219 - - - - - - - (11) / - - - - - (12) - - / T V/ WEB/ - - / - (13) - - - - (14) - - - - / /
220 - - / / (15) / - (tests & measurements) - - (16) / / - - - - (17) - - - - (18) - (, ) (19) - - - - - - (20) - (FA )
221 - (OA) - (HA ) (21) - - ( ) (22) ( ) -, 23) - (24) / ( DB ) - - - / / / 7. / / / (1) - (2) - - - (3) - - -
222 (4) / - - - - / / (5) / / - - - (6) - / - (7) / - - - 8. / (1) - - / / / / ( ) - / / / / (,, )/ / / - (,, /, )/ / -
223 - / / / - / / ( )/ / / / / / (2) / / - / / / / - ( ) - ( ) - (Chiropractic T herapy )/ (Osteopathy )/ (Mental Healing )/ - - - (,, )/ ( ) - / (drug counseling) ( / / / / / ) - - ( / ( )/ ) - ( / ) - - - ( / ) - ( / ) - - - - ( / (Occupational T herapy )) (3) Do It Yourself( ) (4) / /
224 - ( / / / / / ) - ( / / ) - / ( ) (5) - - ( / / ) - - 9. (1) - - - - (2) / - - (3) (Science- T echnology - Society ) - - - ( / / / ) - ( / / ) (4) - ( / / ) - -
225 - (, ) - (, ) - - (Professional Ethics) - (Ethics of Consumption ) - (Ethics of Recreation & Leisure) - (,, ) (5) - ( ) - ( / / / ) - / ( ) - (1 / 2 / 3 ) - - ( / / / ) (6) - / - ( / / ( ) / (, ) - / ( ) - / / / / ( / / ) - ( / ) - - - ( /, / ( )/ ) - (7) - ( / / / ) - { / ( : - ))
226 7.2.3,. / / / / / / / / / / / / Do It Yourself / /
227,, pp.169-199 (1997, ), : DB, (1998, ),, pp.226-248 (1997, ) (1989),., < > 1989,, pp.130-149. (1991),,, p.15. (1996),,,, pp.189-190.,,, 1989. p.26. (1990),.., < > 1990 1, pp.8-11. (1989), < > 1990 1, pp.8-11. (1989), < > 1989 8, pp.61-64., 1995, 1995.9., 1996, 1996.9., 1997, 1997.9., 1995, 6, 7., 1995, 6, 7., 1995, 6, 7., 1995, 6, 7. (MSK), 1997 9.,,, 1997, 1995-1996, 1995, :,, 1997
228,, Icc-9301, 1993, :,, 1995,,, 1991,,, 1996,,, 1995,,,,, 1994. 11,,, 1992,,, 1997,, 1993,,, 1992,,, 1997. 7.,,, 1980,,, 1997, SF, - (1996), (, 1996), 'SF :,, SF ) ( ), SFX, /, SF-,,, (1996, 5 ) (1992, 1 ) 21 (1997, 12, 133 ) (1996,, SF TV < > (, Sci-Pop Forum ),, (, 1993), (, 1990), 1997, < : >, 142., 1996, < : 80-95 >., 1996, < >,.
229, P., 1989, < >,,., 1997, < >,., 1997,,, < >('97.2), pp.70-74., 1996,, < >( 96.6), pp.89-119., 1995, TV, < >( 95.8), pp.5-18., 1995, TV, < >( 95.8), pp.19-32., 1995, TV, < >( 95.8), pp.33-42., 1995,, < >( 95.8), pp.43-58., 1995,, < >( 95.8), pp.59-72., 1995, -, < >( 95.8), pp.73-84., 1994,, < >( 94.3), pp.52-57.,, < 21> 167 (1997.7.24), pp.90-99. 97, < 21> 114 (19978.12), pp.26-35., 1997, < >,., 1996, < >,., 1997, < 1>,., 1997, < 2>,., 1997, < >,., < > 20 ( 96.11), pp.74-120, < > 23 ( 97.2), pp.58-81., < > 30 ( 97.7), pp.28-32. < > 3 ( 95.7), pp.227-229., < > 4 ( 95.8), pp.104-107., < >,. (1996),. 3,,, 1994. 3. 19. p.441., 1997. 8. 27. 22 (1997), 96., :,97, p.131. (1996), 1995.
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