1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 1. 2. 3. 4., 2. 3. 4. 5.
6 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6. 1. 65% 1. 40% 2. 14-20% 2. 21% 3. 6% 3. 14% 4. 9% 4. 7% 5. 6%
1. = 2., 3. 1. :60-75% 2. :30% 3. :5-10% 4.
1. 24-36 2. 75kcal/hr 35kcal/hr 3. 4. 5. () 6.
(RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowances) 1. 97-98% ( 2 ) 2. FAO/WHO(1985) 3., 4. 5. : 7, 2000
Dietary Reference Intakes National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine 1. EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) : 50% 2. RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) : 97-98% 3. AI (Adequate Intake) :,, RDA 4. UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) :
Models for DRIs
DRI : RDA/AI UL : EAR/AI UL
1 20-29 30-49 50-64 65-74 75+ 20-29 30-49 50-64 65-74 75+ (kg) 67 68 68 64 60 54 55 57 54 52 (cm) 174 170 168 167 166 161 158 157 154 152 (kcal) 2500 2500 2300 2000 1800 2000 2000 1900 1700 1600 (gm) 70 70 70 65 60 55 55 55 55 55 + 500 300 + 200 300
1. : : : = 65:15:20 2. AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) : 45-65%,, 10-35%, 20-35% 3. : 4kcal/gm, 4kcal/gm, 9kcal/gm, 7kcal/gm
1.,, 20 2. : 3.,,,,,,, (9 ) 4.,
1. (biological value) 2. 3. / X 100 4.
36 73 46 74 53 75 53 75 54 79 57 79 67 83 73 83 74 84 77 88 81 96
1. 1. 2., 3. 2 : 140gm, 100gm 2. 1.,,, 2. - (Protein-Energy Malnutrition): 5 3. (kwashiorkor):,,
() 1. 2., 3. 100gm, 250gm 4., 50-70% 5. RDA: 130gm/d 6. : 25%
1. 1. :,, 2. :,, 2. : fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides prebiotics 3. :,,
(Glycemic index) 1. 2. 100gm 100 3.
64 7 92 (100%) 55 5 72 (100%) 43 6 36 66 63 54 55 47 16 46 52 4 44 46 38 38 27
1. : 2. : 3. : + 4.,,,, 5., 6. 7. AI: 38gm, 25gm
Lignin () Cellulose (,, ) Hemicelluose (, ) Pectin (,, ) Gum (,, ) Psyllium (, ) Beta glucan () (,, ) : polydextrose, dextrin, low molecular weight arginin
1. ' ', ' ', ' - ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ' 2.,,,,, 3. 100ml 34~60kcal, 5gm 4. 5gm: 100gm 6, 1, 5, 3 5.
1. ( ) 2. (,, ),, 3. 4. :, 5. :,,, 6. -Linolenic Acid AI: 1.6gm, 1.1gm 7. Linoleic acid AI: 17gm, 12gm
1. (SFA, Saturated Fatty Acid),,, 2. (MUFA, Monounsaturated Fatty Acid),, 3. (PUFA, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid):,,, 4. Trans:,, 5., :,, 6. SFA:MUFA:PUFA = 1:1:1 7. 1 300mg
Omega-3 Omega-6 1. 2. Omega-3: -linolenic acid, EPA, DHA,,,,, 3. Omega-6: linoleic acid, -linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid,,,,, 4. Omega-3:6 = 1:4
-3 EPA+DHA/100g EPA+DHA/100g 2.5g 1.9g 1.7g 1.6g 1.4g 1.4g 1.3g 1.2g 1.2g 0.2g 0.2g 0.2g 0.2g 0.3g 0.3g 0.3g 0.3g 0.4g
Trans 1. 2. :,, 3., 4. 5.
,, /, //,,,, //,,,, /,,,
I % 14 13 15 13 14 30 39 62 87 % 70 32 43 24 32 45 45 29 6 % 11 50 38 59 31 21 21 4 2
II
(mg/100gm) 1., (376) 2. (313), (1213-1602), (645) 3. (200-500) 4. (216), (250), (380), (497) 5. (285), (630) (1380) 6. / / / (300-420) 7. (60), (55), (70), (80)
13 1. 2. mg µg 3. 13 ( 4, 9 ) 4. : :
RDA/AI UL A 900/700R.E (2300IU),, 3,000R.E,, D E K 10 g (400IU) 10mg (15IU) 120/90 g ( ),,, 50 g 1000mg,,,, 1R.E. = 3.33 IU; D 2.5 g = 100IU -tocopherol = 1.1IU/mg -tocopherol = 1.5IU/mg
A A α - carotene β - carotene β -cryptoxanthin Lutein Lycopene Zeaxanthin
B 1 B 2 B 5 B 6 B 7 B 9 (thiamin) (riboflavin) B 3 (pantothenic acid) (niacin) (pyridoxine) (biotin) (folacin) B 12 (cobalamin) C* RDA/AI 1.3/1.0mg 1.5/1.2mg 5mg 13-17NE 1.4mg 100-200 g 400 g 2.4 g 90/75mg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, * 2,000mg,,,
1. 2., - Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride Iron, Iodine, Fluoride Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Boron
RDA/AI 1200mg 700mg 420/320mg 12/16mg 12/10mg 2.2/1.6mg 900 g 35/25 g (1-10mg) 55 g 45 g 4/3mg 150 g,,,, UL 2.5gm 4gm 45mg 40mg 11mg 10mg 20mg 400 g 2mg 10mg 1.1mg,,,,,,,,,,
B 1 (thiamin) B 2 (riboflavin) B 5 (niacin) B 6 (pyridoxine) B 9 (folacin) B 12 (cobalamin) C A D E 2.18mg 2.6mg 30NE 3.65mg 400 g 9 g 90mg 1500R.E. 10 g 45mg 1 1.3/1.0mg 1.5/1.2mg 13-17NE 1.4mg 400 g 2.4 g 200mg 700R.E. 10 g 10mg
1. 2. 3. 4.
E 1. 2. 3. 4.? 5.? 6. Retinitis pigmentosa?
C 1. 2. 70mg 3. 35mg
1. (taurine) 2. (choline) 3. (inositol) 4. (carnitine) 5. (flavonoid)
1. 2. Citrin, C 2, P 3.,,,,, 4. 5.,,, 6. 1 1 1gm
Anthocyanidin Catechin Flavanone Flavone Isoflavone (daidzein, genistein) Lignan,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), LDL,
CJ nutra,,, A/B 1/ B 2/ C, / ///, / D 3 / 1 120mg, / ///, B/C,,, / //L- /,
1. 70% 2. 2001 : 945ml, 851ml 3.,, 4. :,,, 5. :,,,,, 6. 8 7.
1. :,, 2. 3. 4. 5.,,
1. Saccharin: 300-500, 2. Aspartame:, ( ) 3. Stevioside: 250-300,, 4. (Licorice extract):,,, 5. Cyclamate: 1969 FDA
(Saccharin) 1. 1 : 5mg/kg 2. ( ),,,,, : 0.2g/kg 3.
1. : carmine, paprika, saffron, turmeric, β- carotene, riboflavin 2. : Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine), Red No. 3 (erythrosine), Red No. 40, Blue No. 1, Citrus Red No. 2 3. Red No. 3, methyl salicylate (, oil of wintergreen)
1. : C, E, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), ethoxyquin, propyl gallate, TBHQ (t-butylhydroquinone) 2. BHA, BHT 3. : 1. Nitrite: 2. sulfite, sulfur dioxide:
1. : 2. :,, 3. : DDT 4. : dioxin, PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls), PBB (polybrominated biphenyls) 5.
1., 2.,,, 3. :, 4.,, 5. WHO : 4pgm/kg 6. : 2.3pgm
Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbon, PAH 1.,,,, 2. 3. 1. 2.
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine, HAA 1.,,,,,, 2. AA, carbohydrate, creatine, 3. 1.,, 2. (pan),, 3.,,,,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Harman 1956 2. 3. 4.
Aging - A Vicious Cycle Oxidative Metabolism System Failure Free Radical Production (Declining Function) Antioxidant Impaired 1. Cardiovascular Protection HOMEOSTASIS 2. Musculoskeletal Damage To Vital Hormonal 3. Nervous Biomolecules Balance 4. Neuroendocrine 1. Nuclear Unstable Aging 5. Immune 2. Mitochondrial Internal Corrective Environment Repair Intervention Mechanisms Diminished Tissue Declining (Organ) Function Cellular Function (Dysdifferentiation)
Oxidative stress Decreased antioxidants ROS, RNS Pro-oxidants Malnutrition Chemicals, Drugs, Environmental Metabolism
(Free radicals) 1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS):. O 2 -, OH -, H 2 O 2, HOCl ; Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 2. : 1. 2O 2 -. + 4H + H 2 O 2 (superoxide dismutase) 2. 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2 (catalase or glutathione peroxidase) 3. H 2 O 2 + 2Cl - 2HOCl (myeloperoxidase) 3. 1. 2. 3.,
(Antioxidants) 1. 1. A carotenoids 2. C 3. E (alpha-tocopherol) 2. :,,, 3. Flavonoids: Proanthocyanins, Anthocyanins, Tannins 4. Alpha-lipoic acid, Melatonin, Coenyzme Q-10 5. pro-oxidant
Food Dark Chocolate Milk Chocolate Prunes Raisins Blueberries Kale Blackberries Strawberries Spinach Raspberries ORAC* Units/100g 13,120 6,740 5,770 2,830 2,400 2,036 1,770 1,540 1,260 1,220 Seasoning type Dark soy sauce (Tiger brand) Dark soy sauce (Tai Hua brand) Dark soy sauce (Who Hup brand) Sweet dark soy sauce (Zara) Red wines Chili sauce Black vinegar HP sauce Kung Bo sauce Chinese cooking wine Tomato sauce White wines Chinese rice wine TEAC(Mm) (mean SD, n-3) 147.33 9.45 127.33 4.93 47.1 1.93 28.73 2.54 12-24 11.10 1.51 10.37 1.00 9.80 0.53 9.17 0.94 6.17 0.35 3.23 0.06 5 0.36 0.13
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
(2001) 7-12 62.3 14.2 22.8 13-19 61.2 14.3 23.0 20-29 61.7 14.6 20.8 30-49 63.0 15.0 18.6 50-64 68.0 14.6 14.1 65 70.7 13.8 13.0 65.6 14.9 19.5 : 2200kcal, 1800kcal: 1976kcal : 2500kcal, 1800kcal, C:P:F= 50:15:35
(2001) (mg) (mg) (%) 497 1200 41 (B 2 ) A () () C () 1.13 624RE 12.2 15-20gm 133 12.5gm 1.5( ) 1.2( ) 700RE 16 20-25gm 90 10gm 75 89 76 75 148 125
1. : 10 2. : 10 3. : 5 4. : 12 5. : 3 6. : 6 7. : 1 200, 25
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2., 3.,,, BMI, WC 4. :,,,,,,,,, 5., /,,,,, RBP (retinolbinding protein) 6. ()?
24????????
1. 2. 3. 4. Palatable, acceptable, available, affordable
Selenium Folic acid β- carotene Vitamin E Vitamin C B C C B C C C C C C B C C C B C C D ( ) C C B C A C C B C C C C B B B B B B C C C C, C B C C C C C C C C C Tryptophan, D B C C C B C C C B C Vit D, D ( )
1. : 2000-2400kcal 2. : : = 65:15:20 3. : 25gm 4. : 10gm ( 4gm) 5. B 2 6. A 7. 8. 9.,
kcal % % % ( 250g) 528 61 18 21 + 562 74 13 13 954 61 12 27, (200g) + 1008 41 19 40, 1263 47 10 43,
1 1 ( ) - 115gm 60gm 1 85gm 1 1 (210gm) 1 250cc 1 kcal 9 60 240 280 445 300 54 95 % 100 91 48 50 44 91 67 100 % 0 7 4 5 4 8 4 0 % * 1 75Kcal, 1 90, 1 150, 1 190 0 2 48 45 52 1 29 0
1: 240kcal,, 1 : 150kcal 1 : 100kcal,, 1 : 90kcal 2 : 50kcal 1, 5 : 30kcal 1 (210gm): 300kcal
1. Carotenoids 2. Vitamin C, E 3. Folate 4. Minerals (selenium, etc.) 5. Fiber 1. Dithiolthiones 2. Indoles 3. Isothiocyanates 4. Isoflavones (phytoestrogens) 5. Allium compounds
1. : 2. 3. 1.,,,, 2., 4. 1.,, 2. 3.
+ = +
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.
DHA DHA/EPA, C
,,,,,,, (, )
1. (4 ) 2. 3.,,,,,,,, /,,,
1. 2002 8 26 2. 3., 4. :,,,,,
(25 ) 1 14 2 15 3 16 4 17 5 18 6 19 7 20 8 21 (, ) 9 22 10 23-11 24 12 25 13
(Functional foods) 1., 2. 3. Designer foods, Nutriceuticals
1. 1. 2. 1. 1:5 5cc: 1gm 5cc 2. 4:1 250mg: 1gm 250mg
1. 1. :,, 2. : 3. : 4. :, 1. : 1:5 2. : 1:1 1:2 2. 1., 2.,
() 100%,, () 30%
1 40g 30 77000 : 170kcal : 67% : 12% : 21% : 150mg,, 1 40g 30 98000 : 145kcal : 87% : 11% : 12% : 200mg : 3gm,,
Evidence 1. Definitive:,, : 2. Suggestive:,,, :, 3. Preliminary: in vitro, 4. No evidence: claim,
A. definitive evidence B. suggestive evidence C. suggestive evidence, evidence D. suggestive definitive evidence I. / (no evidence), preliminary
1. : 37 2. 250 3. 2,000 4. 90 A, B 5. C, D, I
( A,B) 1. Sugar alcohol: xylitol 2. Melatonin, SAMe 3. : Creatine, N-acetylcysteine 4. : -3 fatty acids, gamma linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, Diglyceride 5. Stanol/sterol ester, gamma oryzanol, soy protein 6. Prebiotics, probiotics 7. Carotenoids, flavonoids 8. : /, 9. :,,,,,, St John s wort, saw palmetto,, Echinacea, Kava, horse chestnut seed, chamomile
( C, D, I) 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 204, 4. /,,,,,,, 5.,, 6., & 7. DHEA, Coenzyme Q-10, α-lipoic acid
2002 2 -? (2002.5.15) 99.11.13 11
I / (,,, ) ( ), (Xylitol ) Chromium, -3,, (K, Ca, Mg),, -3,, phytosterol,, Saw palmetto Chondroitin, glucosamine, Avocado/soya, Lyprinol, SAMe * Avocado/soya: Imotun 300mg (, ), Glucosamine: Ostemin 250mg (, ). SAMe: Sayme 200mg (, )
II,, -linolenic acid (GLA) Echinacea, N-acetylcysteine vit B, vit C Melatonin, lavender, chamomile Creatine, carnitine / * -linolenic acid: Evoprim 40mg (, ), L-carnitine: L-Carn (, )