1-1 -
, (,, ) OE CD PRTR(Pollu t a n t Rele a s e a n d Tr a n s fer Regis t er s ) <C (9 6 )4 1 fin a l>. 1. 14 2, 9-2 0 0 1-4 0 (2 0 0 1.3. 14 ) : (3 3 9 p ) 8, 9, 4-10 6 13 ( 9 9. 1. 16 ).,, 5 0 1-12 - 2 0 0 0 1 0 0-3 -
2, 5 0-2 : - - (,, ) - (,,,, ) - (,, ) -, -, ) - ), - ), - -,,
. -,,,, 5 0 (2000100 ) 1, ( 2) 5 0?
, ( 2 ) < 1 > :,, - -,,, -,,,,..,. - 6 -
< 2 > : -, () - (, ) - - -, ( <5 % 5 %), 10 0 % (10 % 6 0 % 9 0 % (6 0-9 0 % ) 7 5 %) - - 7 -
() 30,000kg. MS DSMEK ( - - )50% 20%. 50%, 80%. (80% + 50%) / 2 = 65% 30,000kg 65% = 11,700kg. () 32,500kg. MSDS 80%. 80%, 100%, (80% + 100%) / 2 = 90%, 32,500kg 90% = 29,250kg. 20. 0.5%, 0.2%. 1%(10,000 ppm). 0.1%(1,000 ppm),. 5 0 < 1 > :, - 8 -
- - (,, ) 100, 50, 150. 100, 50, 150.. < 2 > :, 5 0 - = + 50% 60 10% 200. 60 0.5= 30, 200 0.1=20, 50. A25. A, 15wt ( ).. 25 ( / ) 0.15 3.75 ( / ) - 9 -
, MS D S ( ) ( P & ID, P F D ) () () () ( ).,, ( ) 2 2 8 ( : 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 2 8 ) - 2-10 -
V. - 2 ( 1).? - (19 9 7-79, 9 7. 8.2 9 ), - 11 -
2-13 -
2. 1,, 1. :,,,,, :,, < > -,, -,,,,,, (Open- e nded Line) -,,,, -,, - 15 -
2. ( ): :,, < > -,,, - -,, - 3.,,,,, < > - -,,, -, - 16 -
4. (, ), < > - ( ), - 5. < > -,,, -,,, - - - 17 -
. 1.,, (),,,,, (,,),, (, ) (,,, ) -. -,,,,,,,, - 18 -
2. I., 1., - - ( ),.,,,,,, -. -. 2.,,,,,,,,, (, ) - 19 -
II. 1.,, (,,, ),, 2.,,,,. 3.,. 4.,. - 20 -
5.,,,,,, 6.,, -, 7. 8.,, 9.,,,,, - 21 -
III. 1.,, 2., 3.,,,, IV. V. (,, ),,,,,,,,, - 22 -
.,,, k g 2. ( : 2,5 4 3 k g/ 2,5 0 0 k g) (,, ) p H 6 0 (,,,,,,, ) CN 14,000kg (PbCrO4 PbO), 16,000kg (PbSeO4).. (PbCrO4 PbO) = 546.37 - (2Pb) = 207.2 2 = 4 14.4 = 4 14.4/546.37 = 75.85% (PbSeO4) = 350.17 - ( 1Pb) = 207.2 = 207.2/350.17 = 59.17% : 0.7585( ) 14,000( ) = 10,619kg : 0.5917( ) 16,000( ) = 9,467kg ( ), ( :, ) 2 ( ) (10-7 ) - 23 -
.,,, 1. ( ) = ( ) -,,,,,,,, ( :p H, ) - 24 -
,,, 20 + 273 = ( ) + 273 ( : p p m v ) ( kg) = (ppm v) ( m 3 / ) 273 (( ) + 273) 22.4 10 6 ( ),,, 1- ( ) - 3 3.(7 ) - 25 -
1 :. (dichloroethylene) (oxychlo rinatio n). 26 m/s. (dichloroethylene) 20 0.22 gra m/ m 3. 94. 1 m. 100 of product/, 200,000 /. 2 :... = x = 3.14 x ( ) 2 /4 = 26 m/s x 3.14 x (1 m) 2 /4 = 20.4 1 m 3 /s at 94 3 :. (20 ) (dichloroethylene) 0.22 g/ m 3. 94,. = 20.4 1 m 3 /s x 0.22 g/m 3 x (20 + 273.15) / (94 + 273.15) x 3600 s/ = 12.9 kg/, 0.13 kg/ of product(12.9kg/ / 100 / ). 200,000 /.,. = 200,000 / x 0.13 kg/ = 26,000 kg/ : -... - 26 -
1 :. 500 mg/l 5 l/min. 5 l/min 25 mg/l. 24, 1 330,.,. 2 :. = 5 l m in 60 m in h 24 h day 330days y ear = 2, 376, 000 l/ y ea r = 2, 376, 000 l y ear 500mg l = 1. 188 10 6 g / y ea r = 2, 376, 000 l y ea r 25mg l = 59kg / 1 :. 10. : g / l 6 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 <5 <5 <5 8 = 1 6 + 1 10 + 1 8 + 7 5 10 = 5.9 g / l = 5.9 10-6 g / l 2 :. 378 10 6 l, = 5.9 10-6 g / l 378 10 6 l/ = 2.2 kg/ - 27 -
., 200 m 3, 10%. () ( 1.2 /m 3 ),. 200 m 3 / 1.2 /m 3 10 % = 24 / 30 m 3. 1l 87.4g. : 30 m 3 / 1000 l/m 3 87.4 g/l 0.001 kg/g = 2,622 kg/ 2,600 kg. (degreas ing). (methylene chloride). 50,000 l/., (methylene chloride) 10 wt.%. 2.5 kg/l. (methyle ne chloride) wt.% = 50,000 l/ x 2.5 kg/l x 10 wt.% = 12,500 kg/., 13,000 kg/. - 28 -
2. = - ( ) (, ) ( ) - ( ) = (+ ) - ( + ) ( ),,, - 29 -
,,,, ( : ), (MS D S ) - - ( :,, ) ( :, ),,,,,, 1- ( ) - 3 3.(7 ) - 30 -
.., o : 432 () o, : 30 () o : 805 () o : 1,229 (, ) : 8 = 432 ( ) + 30 ( ) + 805 ( ) - 30 ( ) - 1,229 ( ) 8, (point source). (Xylene) 24,000kg, 25%. 8,000 kg/, 2,000 kg/, 10,000kg, 15 %. Y 24,000kg/yr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > Process sepa rator - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > 10,000kg/yr 8,000 kg/yr 2,000 kg/yr Input = (8,000 kg) Output = + + = 24,000 kg x 0.25 + 10,000 kg x 0.15 + (unknown) Input = Output 8,000 kg = 6,000 kg + 1,500 kg + = 500 kg/ - 31 -
3. o,,,,,,, - 3. 2.,,,, ( 7 0 p ). o,,, - = ( (%) ) 10 0 o - = ( (%) (k g/ ) ( ) ) 10 0-3. o,,,, - 32 -
o,,, [ 1- () - 3 3.(7 ) o o o - -, ( ). log () = a + b lo g () : a, b : 5 : 6 -, () = 10 a + b l o g ( ) - 33 -
A 5. (GC- FID),. A? (kg/ /source) (ppm) 0.00055 3 0.00114 8 0.00546 17 0.0170 81 0.0675 145 p l o t,. ( ). o lo g () = 1.2 0 0 1 l o g () - 3.8 8 4 6 o 10 0 p p m lo g () = 1.2 0 0 1 l o g ( 1 0 0 ) - 3.8 8 4 6 = - 1.4 8 4 4 = 1 0-1. 4 8 4 4 = 0.0 3 2 7 8 ( k g/ / s o u r c e ) - 34 -
o (FCC) (Uncontrolled) kg/10 3 L kg/10 3 L kg/10 3 m 3 kg/10 3 m 3 (Blowdown) kg/10 3 L (flaring) kg/10 3 L 0.630 0.250 21.8 0.28 1,662 0.002 0.14 0.155 0.017 3.2 - - - -. 330, 2,500 l/, 1,500 l/.. = 2,500l/ 24 / 330 / 0.000630kg/l = 12,474 kg/ = 1,500l/ 24 / 330 / 0.000250kg/l = 2,970 kg/ = 12,474 + 2,970 = 15,444 kg/ = 15,000 kg/ - 35 -
o 1 ( ) H C l k g / H C l ( ) 0.0 8 0.9 0 35% 20,000..? = 0.35 20,000 / 0.08 kg/ = 560 kg/ - 36 -
4., ( :,, ),, ( :,,,,, ),,,, o,, o,,, o - : CHEMDAT8 - (h t t p :/ / w w w.n ie r.g o.k r ) (h t t p :/ / k cic.n ier.g o.k r ) (h ttp :/ / www.epa.gov/ ttn/ chief/ s oftware.html) - 37 -
o,,, [ 1- () - 3 3.( 7 ) o, ( kg / ) = 100 + 10 3 : 100g (g) o o,, - = o, - 38 -
- = ( 1/ 2 ) o,, - 3 o - TANKS : - WAT E R8 : - S IMS :,, - (h t t p :/ / w w w.n i e r.g o.k r ) (h t t p :/ / k cic.n ie r.g o.k r ) (h ttp :/ / www.epa.gov/ ttn/ chief/ s oftware.html) - 39 -
1 EDC(ethylene dichloride) EDC deca nter.. 1 2 Decanter ( ) () 3 ( ) - 1 EDC. 1 EDC = 97g 1 H2O = 18g 1 EDC + 1 H2O = 115g EDC = 97/115 100 = 86% - EDC 0.869g/100gH2O - EDC 0.160g/100gEDC 185,000 / EDC.. 1) 2. ( 30,000 / ) EDC = 30, 000 0.869g E D C 100g + 0.869g 10 3 = 258454 Kg/ 100.869g 0.869g EDC ) H2O EDC 3. 2) 2. - EDC0.160g/100g EDC, 3 EDC. 3 = 185,000 EDC/ + X H2O/ - 40 -
3 H2OEDC X = 0. 160g H 2 O 100gE D C = 296 10 6 gh 2 O 185, 000 E D C = 296 H 2 O 10 6 g E D C 1 E D C, 3 = 185,000 / + 296 / = 185,296 / : ( 1) = ( 2) + ( 3) ( 1) = ( 2) + 185,296 / - - - - - - - - - [ ] EDC : 0.86 ( 1) = 0.869/100.869 ( 2)+185,296 - [ ] [ ] [ ]( 1) ( 2). ( 1) = 215,420 / ( 2) = 30,125 / EDC = 30,125 / * 0.00869 = 262 / 2,. (1ppm). 21 25,000m 3 /min. 1, (0.5ppmv). 21 (1atm),. 1) MEK 25,000m 3 /min 60min/ 4,000 / 0.5m 3 MEK/10 6 m 3 air = 3,000m 3 / - MEK. MEK = 72.12, = 21, = 1 MEK = 72.12(kg/kgmol)/22.4(m 3 /kgmol) 273.15/294.15 = 2.990kg/m 3 MEK 3,000m 3 / 2.990kg/m 3 = 8,970kg/ 2) / -. = 92.14, = 106.17 = (0.5 92.14 + 0.5 106.17)/22.4 273.15/294.15 = 4.111kg/m 3 /3,000m 3 / 4.111kg/m 3 = 12,330kg/ 6,150kg/. - 41 -
3 ( ) - 43 -
3 ( ),,, ( )..,,,. I. II. III. - -, - >,,, < - - - - > - - - - - IV. V. - 45 -
.,.,. (,, )/,.,. ( ). - 46 -
,,,,,. - -,. - - (, ),, (,, ). - -,,. - -,. - - 47 -
-,,. - -,. - 48 -
I., 1..,.,.,,,,, - - - -,, (., ) ( ),.,,,,,,, - -,, (., ) - 49 -
() > >. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) (),,, ( ) 1).... X X: M ( Kg/ k m o l = g/ m o l ) : V m 3 ( (V 2 ) - (V 1 ) ) : P 0 m m H g ( T) : N / : T K ( = ( ) + 2 7 3, 2 9 3) : R = 0.0 8 2 a t m l/ ( K m o l ) - 50 -
( k g / ) = ( M V P 0 N ) / ( 7 6 0 RT ). X, 3 (X 1, X 2, X 3 ),. X% : W % X: M ( Kg/ k m o l = g/ m o l ) X 1% : W 1 % X 1: M 1 g/ m o l X 2 % : W 2 % X 2 : M 2 g/ m o l X 3 % : W 3 % X 3 : M3 g/ m o l X : x % x = (W/ M }/ {W/ M + W 1/ M 1 + W 2 / M 2 + W 3 / M3 } X: P 0 m m H g X: P ( = x P 0 ) m m H g X: y ( = P/ 7 6 0 ) : G m 3 / m in : T K ( = ( ) + 2 7 3 ) 1 : t / : d / ( Kg / ) = M y G 6 0 ( 1/ RT ) t d - 51 -
X, X 15wt.%, 95kg/kmol, 365mmHg. 0.14m 3 /. 20 o C, 200 /, 4 /, 18kg/kmol. X? X= (15/95)/[(15/95)+(85/18)] = 0.032 = 95 0.032 365/760 0.14 60 1 0.082 293 4 200 = 410kg/. X: M (g/ m o l = Kg/ k m o l ) : P m m H g X( ) : P 0 k g/ c m 2 : D m : z m : T o C : a ( = 1.0, = 1.2, = 1.3 3, = 1.4 6 ) : b (5m = 0.3, 5-9m = 0.8, 10m = 1.0 ) 2 0 o C, 1 k g/ c m 2 = 7 6 0 m m H g. ( k g / ) = 1.5 8 1 0-6 M [P 0 / ( P - P 0 ) ] 0. 6 8 D 1. 7 3 z 0. 5 1 T 0. 5 a b T 0 0. - 52 -
2 ) ( ) L T = L R + L WD + L F + L D, LT =, k g/ y r LR = r im s e a l, k g/ y r LW D = w it h d r a w a l, k g/ y r LF = d e c k fit t in g, k g/ y r LD = d e c k s e a m (), k g/ y r Rim S e a l, LR L R = 1.49 * [ K Ra + K Rb ( v / 1.609) n ]D P * M V K C, LR = r im s e a l, k g/ y r KR a = 0 r im s e a l, () KR b = r im s e a l, () v =, k m / h (, v = 0 ) n = s e a l, () P * =, P * = P V A / 760 [ 1 + ( 1 - [ P VA / 760]) 0.5 ] 2, PV A =, m m H g D =, m Mv = Kc = ( 0.4, 1) W it h d r a w a l, LW D L WD = 1. 14 Q C W L D [ 1 + N C F C D ] - 53 -
, LW D = w it h d r a w a l, k g/ y r Q = ([b b l ] ), m 3 / y r C = ( ), ( 0.0 0 1 5, 0.0 0 7 5, 0. 15, 4.) W L =, k g/ l D =, m Nc =, ( Nc = 0 ) F c =, m ( [m ]/ ) ( F c = [m ]/ ),. F c = 0.3 3 ( 7 9 ), 0.2 1 ( 8 ), 0.3 ( ) D e c k F it t in g, LF L F = F F P * M V K C, LF = d e c k fit t in g, k g/ y r P *, Mv, Kc F F = d e c k fit t in g F F = [ ( N F 1 K F 1 ) + ( N F 2 K F 2 ) +....... + ( N F nf K F nf ) ], NF i = d e c k fit t in g (i = 0, 1,2,...,n f ), KF i = fit t in gd e c k fit t in g (i = 0, 1,2,...,n f ), n f = fit t in g, K F i = K F ai + K F bi (K v v ) m i - 54 -
, KF i = fit t in gd e c k fit t in g KF a i = fit t in g0 KF b i = fit t in g m i = d e c k fit t in g, i = 1, 2,..., n, Kv = 0.7, fit t in g, v =, k m / h ( v = 0 ) D e c k S e a m, LD d e c k d e c k s e a m 0. d e c k s e a m., D, P *, MV KC L D = K D S D D 2 P * M V K C. KD = s e a m d e c k s e a m = d e c k 0.0 = d e c k 0.4 6 S D = d e c k s e a m, m / m 2 = L seam A deck Ls e a m = d e c k s e a m, m A d e c k = d e c k, m 2 = D 2 / 4 ( d e c k s e a m 0.6 6.) - 55 -
rim s e al K R a, K R b, n a RIM SEAL Mechanical shoe seal Primary only ( ) Shoe- mounted( ) Rim - mounted( ) Liquid- mount ed seal Primary only ( ) W eather shield Rim - mounted( ) Vapor - mounted seal Primary only ( ) W eather Shield Rim - mounted( ) Mechanical shoe seal Primary only ( ) Shoe- mounted( ) Rim - mounted( ) fitting seal KR a KR b n 5.8 1.6 0.6 1.6 0.7 0.3 6.7 3.3 2.2 10.8 9.2 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.003 0.4 0.2 0.3 2.1 1.6 1 1.5 1.2 0.3 3 3 4.3 2 1.9 1.5-56 -
de ck f it tin g, K F a, K F b, m Fitting KF a KF b m Access Hatch (24-in. Diameter w ell) Fixed Roof Support Column Well (24-in. Diameter w ell) Unslotted Guide- Pole Well (24-in. Diameter unslotted pole, 21- inch diameter w ell) Slotted Guide-Pole/ Sample Well (8-in. Diameter slotted pole, 21- inch diameter w ell) Float Well (Automatic Gauge) Roof Leg or Hanger Well Sample Pipe or Well (24- in. Diameter) Bolted Cover, Gasketed 1.6 0 0 Unbolted Cover, Gasketed 31 5.2 1.3 Unbolted Cover, Ungasketed 36 5.9 1.2 Built -Up Col., Gasketed Sliding Cover 33 0 0 Built -Up Col., Ungasketed Sliding Cover 47 0 0 Round Pipe Col., Flexible F abric Sleeve Seal 10 0 0 Round Pipe Col., Gasketed Sliding Cover 25 0 0 Round Pipe Col., Ung asketed Sliding Cover 31 0 0 Ung asketed Sliding Cover 31 150 1.4 Gasketed Sliding Cover 25 13 2.2 Ung asketed Sliding Cover w/ pole Sleeve 25 2.2 2.1 Gasketed Sliding Cover w/ pole Sleeve 8.6 12 0.81 Gasketed sliding Cover w/ pole Wiper 14 3.7 0.78 Ung asket. Sliding Cover, w ith Float 31 36 2 Ung asketed Sliding Cover 43 270 1.4 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Float 31 36 2 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Pole Wiper 41 48 1.4 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Pole Sleeve 11 46 1.4 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Float and pole Wiper 21 7.9 1.8 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Float, Pole Sleeve, and Wiper 11 9.9 0.89 Gasketed Sliding Cover, w ith Pole Sleeve and Pole Wiper 8.3 4.4 1.6 Bolted Cover, Gasketed 2.8 0 0 Unbolted Cover, Gasketed 4.3 17 0.38 Unbolted Cover, Ungasketed 14 5.4 1.1 Adjustable 7.9 0 0 Fixed 0 0 0 Slotted Pipe- Sliding Cover, Gasked 43 0 0 Slotted Pipe-Sliding Cover, Ung asked 43 0 0 Slit F abric Seal 10% Open 12 0 0 Stub Drain (1-in. Diameter) 1.1 0 0 Vacuum Breaker (10- in. Diameter), Gauge-H atch/ Sample Well (8-in. Diameter) Deck Drain (3-in. Diameter ) Deck Leg (3-in. Diameter) Rim Vent (6-in. Diameter) Ladder Well(36-in. Diam.) Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Gasked 6.2 1.2 0.94 Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Ung asked 7.8 0.01 4 Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Gasked 0.47 0.02 0.97 Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Ung asked 2.3 0 0 Slit F abric Seal, 10% Open Area 12 Open 1.5 0.21 1.7 90% Closed 1.8 0.14 1.1 Adjustable, internal floating deck 7.9 Adjustable, Pontoon Area, Ung asketed 2 0.37 0.91 Adjustable, Center Area, Ung asketed 0.82 0.53 0.14 Adjustable, Double-Deck Roofs 0.82 0.53 0.14 Fixed 0 0 0 Adjustable, Pontoon Area, Gasketed 1.3 0.08 0.65 Adjustable, Pontoon Area, Sock 1.2 0.14 0.65 Adjustable, Center Area, Gasketed 0.53 0.11 0.13 Adjustable, Center Area, Sock 0.49 0.16 0.14 Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Gasked 0.71 0.1 1 Weighted Mechanical Actuation, Ung asked 0.68 1.8 1 Sliding Cover, Ung asketed 76 0 0 Sliding Cover, Gasketed 56 0 0-57 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 58 -
II. ( 1 ) () ; (kg/ ) = [{ (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} - { (kg/ ) + (kg/ + (kg/ )}] ( ) - (kg/ ) I. III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 59 -
( 3 ) ( / ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 60 -
, > (, 0) I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) (), (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) ( ) - (kg/ ) ( ) - (kg/ ) III. ( 3 ) () (kg/ ) = (mg/ m 3 ) (m 3 )(- ) (1/ ) 10 6 - : P 0 (mg/ m 3 ) = P 0 760 M 22.4 273 T + 273 : (m m Hg) M : T : ( ), ( 20.) 10 6-61 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 62 -
II. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 63 -
>,,,,,. (,,, ), (,, ),. (, 0) I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) [ - ] - (lg/ ) 2 ) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) [ - ] - (kg/ ) - (kg/ ) III. - 64 -
( 3 ), () (kg/ ) = k M A P 0 R T t M = k g/ k g - m o le A =, m 2 (, ) P 0 =, m m H g, R =, 6 2.4 m m H g m 3 / k g m o l K T =, K ( ) t = (h o u r ) k =, m / s k = 0.00211 U 0.78 D 2/ 3 D =, c m 2 / s U =, k m / c m 2 / s., D D. D = 0.288 18 M, P 0, PA. - 65 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 66 -
II.. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (g/ 100m L) 10 5 * ; (m 3 / ) = (mm/ ) (m 2 ) 10 3 1) ( ) < ( (kg/ ) ) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (g/ 100m L) 10 5 2 ) ( ) > ( (kg/ ) ) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) - 67 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ),. - 68 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 69 -
2.,,,, (,, ),,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, (., ) A / B C / C,,, - 70 -
.,,,,, o,,,,,,,, - : API34 - : API34 API 141.5 API = - 131.5 ( @ 60 / @ 60 ). - : (20 5mmHg ) - : (20 5mmHg ),,. 20 o ( k g / ) = ( (%) ) 1 0 0 = - 71 -
: o ( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) 0.0 2 6 8 0.0 10 9 0.0 0 0 2 3 0. 1 14 0.0 2 1 / 0.6 3 6 / 0. 16 () 0.0 0 0 2 5 0.0 0 2 3 0.0 15 0 0.0 3 17,,,, API - : API34 - : API34 14 1.5 AP I = - 13 1.5 ( @ 60 / @ 60 ). - : (20 5mmHg ) - : (20 5mmHg ) 20-72 -
- ( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) 0.0 0 5 9 7 0.0 0 4 0 3 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 1 9 9 0.0 0 8 6 2 / 0.2 2 8 / 0. 10 4 () 0.0 0 1 8 3 0.0 0 1 7 0.0 1 5 0 - o o o 1-10,0 0 0 p p m - VO C 1-73 -
- ( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) ( 10,0 0 0 p p m ) ( 10,0 0 0 p p m ) 0.2 6 2 6 0.0 0 0 6 0.0 8 5 2 0.0 0 1 7 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.4 3 7 0.3 8 8 5 0.0 1 2 0 0.0 1 3 5 / 1.6 0 8 0.0 8 9 4 / 1.6 9 1 0.0 4 4 7 () 0.0 3 7 5 0.0 0 0 0 6 0.0 1 1 9 5 0.0 0 1 5 0 - ( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) ( 10,0 0 0 p pm ) 0.0 7 8 2 0.0 8 9 2 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.2 4 3 0.2 16 ( 10,0 0 0 p p m ) 0.0 0 0 13 1 0.0 0 0 16 5 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 0 1 8 7 0.0 0 2 10 / 1.6 0 8 0.0 8 9 4 / 1.6 9 1 0.0 4 4 7 () 0. 1 13 0.0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0.0 1 19 5 0.0 0 1 5 0 o o - 74 -
: 1 o : 5,, 100, 10 %, 8000 /... = x x x = 0.00 183 kg/ /source x 100 x 0.1 x 8000 / = 146.4 kg of benze ne/ o () ( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) 0 1,0 0 0 ppm 1,001 10,000ppm 10,000ppm / 0.0 1 1 3 2 0.2 6 4 0 0 1.7 0 8 0 0 0.0 0 1 9 8 0.0 0 3 8 0 0.0 3 3 5 0 0.0 9 2 6 0 0.4 3 7 0 0 0.3 8 8 5 0 / 0.0 0 0 14 0.0 0 0 2 8 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 0 16 5 0.0 0 9 6 3 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 4 5 10 0.0 8 5 2 0 0.0 0 0 2 3, 0.0 0 0 0 2 0.0 0 8 7 5 0.0 3 7 5 0 / 0.0 1 14 0 0.2 7 9 0 0 1.6 9 1 0 0 0.0 0 0 13 0.0 0 8 7 6 0.0 1 1 9 5-75 -
,. / ( / ) A / 15 8,760 0.80 0.20 B / 12 4,380 1.0 27. A (ppm) B (ppm) 01 94 01 88 02 37 02 150 03 130 03 450 04 78 04 320 05 85 05 540 06 510 06 07 120 07 850 08 150 08 150 09 300 09 220 10 8 10 10 15,000 11 290 11 250 12 89 12 220 13 52 14 180 15 110-76 -
o (>10,000ppm) = 0.437 (<10,000ppm) = 0.0 12 10,000ppm - A : (15< 10000 ppmv) = () x x x = 0.8 x 0.012 x 15 x 8760 = 1261 kg/ = A - B : (10 < 10000 ppmv) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.0 12 x 10 x 4380 = 526 kg/ (1 > 10000 ppmv) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.437 x 1 x 4380 = 1914 kg/ (1 ) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.0494 x 1 x 4380 = 2 16 kg/ B = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 2,656 kg/ A, B = 1261 kg/ + 526 kg/ + 19 14 kg/ + 2 16 kg/ = 3917 kg/ - 77 -
o 1000 ppmv = 0.00 198 1000-10000 ppmv = 0.0335 10000 ppmv = 0.437 - A : (10 < 1000 ppmv) = () x x x = 0.8 x 0.00198 x 10 x 8760 = 139 kg/ (1000 < 5 < 10000 ppmv) = () x x x = 0.8 x 0.0335 x 5 x 8760 = 1174 kg/ A = 139 kg/ + 1174 kg/ = 1313 kg/ - B : (10 < 1000 ppmv) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.00198 x 10 x 4380 = 87 kg/ (1 > 10000 ppmv) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.437 x 1 x 4380 = 1914 kg/ (1 ) = () x x x = 1.0 x 0.0494 x 1 x 4380 = 2 16 kg/ B = 87 kg/ + 1914 kg/ + 2 16 kg/ = 22 17 kg/ A, B = 1313 kg/ + 22 17 kg/ = 3530 kg/ - 78 -
( E PA ) ( C : ) - (kg/ hr) (kg/ hr/s o urc e ) 2.29 x 10-6 C 0.7 4 6 7.8 x 10-6 5.03 x 10-5 C 0.6 10 2.4 x 10-5 1.53 x 10-6 C 0.7 3 5 7.49 x 10-5 2.20 x 10-6 C 0.7 0 4 2.0 x 10-6 1.36 x 10-5 C 0.5 8 9 4.0 x 10-6 - (kg/ hr) (kg/ hr/s o urc e ) 1.87 x 10-6 C 0.8 7 3 6.56 x 10-7 6.41 x 10-6 C 0.7 9 7 4.85 x 10-7 1.90 x 10-5 C 0.8 2 4 7.49 x 10-6 () 1.36 x 10-5 C 0.8 3 6.1 x 10-7 o,,, o o 0, o o - 79 -
(FCC) (Uncontrolled) kg/10 3 L kg/10 3 L kg/10 3 m 3 kg/10 3 m 3 (Blowdown) kg/10 3 L (flaring) kg/10 3 L 0.630 0.250 21.8 0.28 1,662 0.002 0.14 0.155 0.017 3.2 - - - - -, ( k g / 1 0 9 C a l ) ( ) 0.2 5 A ( kg / ) = A ( % ) 100 ( % ) A ( kg / ) A - = (0.25kg/ 10 9 Cal) - 1-80 -
H C l k g / H C l ( ) 0.0 8 0.9 0 (% ) -, -, (%) 1.93-3.08 2.48 1.84-2.6 1 2.29 1.97-2.23 2.06 3.06 3.06 1.69-4.08 2.6 1 2.54-4.67 3.28 1.70-3.48 2.30 0.244-0.472 0.404 0.266-0.458 0.403 0.677-0.787 0.737 0.485 0.485 0.032-0.080 0.054 0.026-0.039 0.034 0.328-0.368 0.350 0.089 0.089 0.020-0.039 0.033 0.016-0.024 0.0 19 0.100-0.12 1 0.111 0.048 0.048 0.03 1-0.042 0.038 0.033-0.034 0.034 0.133-0.19 1 0.16 1 0.058 0.058 0.024-0.049 0.020-0.040 0.033 0.122-0.134 0.127 0.040 0.040 (,,,) ( : dynes/cm 2 ) ( = 5 cp, =29.3), ( = 4 cp, = 77.3 ), ( = 97 cp, = 34.5, ( = 3 cp, = 31.4 ) - 81 -
II. ( 1 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = { (kg/ ) - (kg/ )} ( ) - 82 -
,,.,,. (kg/ ) = a M V P/760 N (RT) : V m 3 / ( ) 1 = ( k g ) ( k g / m 3 ) ( ) : P m m H g : M ( Kg/ k m o l = g/ m o l ) : N / R = 0.0 8 2 a t m l/ ( K m o l ) : T K ( = ( ) + 2 7 3, 2 9 3 K) : a ( ), 0.5, ( ) 1.4 5, 0.6, 1.4 5,, 1.0,, 1.0, 0.2,, 0.5-83 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 84 -
. 10 m 3, 200.. 20mmHg 92g/mol.. 0.5. = 0.5 92 10 x (20 / 760) x 200 (0.082 293) = 101kg/ - 85 -
II. 1. (,, ).,,,, (., ), / - 86 -
, > I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} II., III. ( 3 ) ( ) ;. 1) E x = [ ( M x K x A P x 3600 H ) / ( R T ) ] B - 87 -
2 ) E x = [ ( M x K x A P x 3600 ) / ( R T ) ] E x = x, k g/ M x = x, k g/ k g - m o le K x = x, m / s e c A =, m 2 P x = T x, x, k P a (x ( P x )7 ( 2 ) ( 3 )) H = 1 (b a t c h ), / b a t c h R =, 8.314 ( kpa)( m 3 )/ ( kg m ol) (K ) T =, K B =, b a t c h e s / K x = 0.00211 U 0. 78 D 2/ 3 D =, c m 2 / s U =, k m / c m 2 / s., D D. D ( cm 2 / s) = 0.288 18 M. - 88 -
. 4, 550. 0.8km/, 298K,? (A) 8.75m 2 ( M x ) 92 kg/kg- mole ( P x ) 298K(25 ) 4kPa ( ) 1 : (D). D = 0.288 18 M = 0.288 18 92 = 0. 127 ( cm 2 / s) 2 : ( K x ). K x = 0. 00211 U 0.78 D 2/ 3 = 0.00211 0.8 0.78 0. 127 2/ 3 = 4.48 10-4 ( m / s) 3 : ( E x ). E x = [ ( M x K x A P x 3600 H ) / ( R T ) ] B = [ ( 92 4.48 10-4 8.75 4 3600 4) / (8.314 298) ] 550 = 4611.40 kg tolu en e/ - 89 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 90 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 91 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 92 -
( 3 ) ( / ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 93 -
2. (,,,,, ).,, (,,, ),,,, / - 94 -
, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) AA, AB (kg/ ) = [ ( A ) - ( B B A) ] - ( k g / ) III. A, A B ( ) (kg/ ) = [ (A ) ( 1- ) - ( A) ] - ( k g / ) III. B (kg/ ) = ( - ) B- ( k g / ) - 95 -
III. 2 ) AA, AB (kg/ ) = [ ( A ) - ( B B A) ] - [ (kg/ ) + ( k g / ) ] II., III. A, A B ( ) (kg/ ) = [ (A ) ( 1- ) - ( A) ] - [(kg/ ) + ( k g / ) ] II., III. B ( k g / ) = ( - ) B- [ (kg/ ) + ( k g / ) ] II., III. - 96 -
AB. A 50, B70. A 30 %, B 20 %..? = / - / = 50 x 0.3-70 x 0.2 = 1 / AB. A 50, B60. 10. A30 %, B 20 %, 10 %..? = / - / - / = 50 x 0.3-60 x 0.2-10 x 0.1 = 2 / - 97 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 98 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, 1m m Hg 1) AA, A B (kg/ ) = (A ) - ( B B A) 2 ) A, A B ( ) (kg/ ) = (A ) ( 1 - ) - ( A) 3 ) A B ( k g / ) = ( - ) B ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 99 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 100 -
( 3 ) ( / ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 101 -
3.,,,,,. : :,,,,, : ;, (,, ) (,,, ).,., 4.. ( ) / - 102 -
,,. I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () ;,,, ( k g / ) = [ (,, ) ( k g / ) + ( k g / ) - ( k g / ) ] - ( k g / ) III. ( 3 ) () ;, ( k g / ) = (,, ) ( k g / ) ( 1 - ) - ( k g / ) III. - 103 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 104 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, ( k g / ) = [ { (,, ) ( k g / ) + ( k g / ) } - { ( k g / ) + ( k g / ) }] - ( k g / ) III. 1m m Hg. ( k g / ) = [ ( k g / ) - ( k g / ) ] ( / ).. ( k g / ) = ( m 2 / ) ( m / ) ( k g / m 3 ) ( / ) ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 105 -
T B T A TBT.? TBT = 2% TBT = 50 / = 5000m 2 = 2mm = 2 = 2g/cm 3 (kg/ ) = (m 2 / ) (m/ ) (kg/m 3 ) ( / ) = 5000m 2 0.002m 2000kg/m 3 2 = 40,000kg/ (kg/ ) = [ (,, )(kg/ ) - (kg/ ) - (kg/ )] = (50,000-40,000) 0.02 = 200 kg/, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 106 -
III., ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. ( 4 ) ( k g / ) = [ (,, ) ( k g / ) + ( k g / ) - ( k g / ) ] - 107 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 108 -
4.,,,,,, (),.,,, :,. : ( ) 3.., / - 109 -
,,, I. ( 1 ) () ; ( ). (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) - (kg/ ) - (kg/ ) III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) + (kg/ ) - (kg/ )) - (kg/ ) III. - 110 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 111 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, (kg/ ) = ((kg/ ) ) - {((kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 112 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 113 -
( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 114 -
, (b in d e r ). I. ( 1 ) () ; ( ). (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1), ;,. (kg/ ) = ( (kg) - (kg)) (kg/kg). (k g/ k g ) 0.9 3 0 0.8 9 0 0.9 10 1k g. - 115 -
2 ) ;,,, / 1. (kg/ ) = ( / )(kg/ ). (k g/ ), An ilin e 0.8 5 0 1, An ilin e 0.8 8 5 5, An ilin e 0.0 7 0 8, An ilin e 0.0 6 3 8 k g..,, (k g/ ) Tr im e t h y lflu or o s ila n e 0.0 7 5 8 n - H ex a n e 0.2 3 4 5 Tr im e t h y lflu or o s ila n e 1.3 4 Be n z e n e 0.4 5 5 6 T olu e n e 0. 12 0 6 n - H ex a n e 0.0 0 7 Tr im e t h y lflu or o s ila n e 0.0 4 Be n z e n e 0.0 13 6 T olu e n e 0.0 0 3 6 n - H ex a n e 0.0 0 7 Tr im e t h y lflu or o s ila n e 0.0 4 Be n z e n e 0.0 13 6 T olu e n e 0.0 0 3 6 n - H ex a n e 0. 13 6 5 Tr im e t h y lflu or o s ila n e 0.7 8 Be n z e n e 0.2 6 5 2 T olu e n e 0.0 7 0 2 k g. - 116 -
. (Pou r in g ), (c a s t in g ) An ilin e 0.0 4 9 6 k g. (k g/ ) 3 ) -,, - (b in d e r ). -,. ( / )) (kg/ ) (kg/ ) = ( ( / ) -. Ph e n olic Nob a k e (k g/ ) * 1 Ph e n o lic Ur e t h a n e Ph e n olic H ot b ox (gr e e n s a n d ) 0.0 3 9 0.0 8 9 10.9 3 1 0.0 6 5 1.4 6 2 0.0 5 7 0.0 0 9 0.8 3 2 1 1.2 0 9 5.3 5 1 1.0 0 2 0.6 1 1 0.0 1 0.0 2 2 0.0 0 6 0.0 0 4 0.0 2 9 1.0 5 3 1. 18 4 0. 1 18 M- x y le n e 0.0 9 7 0.4 3 9 0. 12 1 0.0 2 1 O-Xy le n e 0.0 4 9 0. 13 2 0.0 3 0.0 2 1 0.6 9 4 0.8 3 3 0. 18 2 0.0 6 3-117 -
(c or e oil) (s h e ll) (k g/ ) Alk y d Is o c y a n a t e S o d iu m S ilic a t e- E s t e r 0.0 3 8 3.8 6 0.0 3 7 0.0 3 8 0.0 5 7 0.0 9 4 0.0 0 7 0. 19 7 2.3 4 4 6.6 6 7 5.3 3 6 1.4 1 0.0 9 8 0.0 3 5 0. 10 6 0. 16 9 0.0 8 6 10.5 2 6 0. 17 5 0. 17 9 M- x y le n e 0.2 3 9 0.5 8 5 2.5 2 2 0.0 9 4 O-Xy le n e 0.2 8 7 0. 1 17 3.8 3 8 0.0 9 4 0.4 7 8 2.9 0 7 1.5 3 5 0.2 8 2 Low Nit r og e n F u r a n (k g/ ) Me d iu m Nit r og e n F u r a n T SA Ca t a ly s t F u r a n 0.0 4 0.2 0 2 19.5 7 9 0.4 0 5 0.4 8 2 0.0 6 0.6 4 8 4.5 3 4 0.5 3 7 0.2 5 7 0.0 6 5 0.0 0 9 0.3 6 8 0.6 0 7 3.4 7 4 M- x y le n e 2.2 2 7 0.2 4 3 0.0 3 2 O-Xy le n e 0.7 2 9 0.0 4 0.0 3 2 0. 12 1 8.8 2 5 0.0 3 2 H ot b ox 1 k g. Phe nolic Noba ke 20,? Phe nolic Noba ke Binde r. = ( ) (kg/ ) = 20 0.039kg/ = 0.78kg/ - 118 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 119 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 120 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 121 -
( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 122 -
5.,,,,,,., :,,,,. :,,.,.,,,,,, /,, - 123 -
,,, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} II., III. - 124 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 125 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, (kg/ ) = ((kg/ ) ) - {((kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 126 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III.,,, ( : ) ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 127 -
( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),,,. ( 4 ). ( k g / ) = [ ( k g / ) - ( k g / ) ] ( / ).. ( k g / ) = ( m 2 / ) ( m / ) ( k g / m 3 ) ( / ) B.? = 2% = 5000m 2 = 2mm = 2g/cm 3 = 1 (kg/ ) = (m 2 / ) (m/ ) (kg/m 3 ) ( / ) = 5000m 2 0.002m 2000kg/m 3 1 = 20,000kg/ (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) = 20,000 0.02 = 400 kg/ - 128 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 129 -
. (kg/ ) = ( )(kg/ ). (Ac id Pr o c e s s ) (k g/ ) (p ic k lin g ) 4 4.5 (p ic k lin g ) 9.8 k g., - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 130 -
,,. I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () (kg/ ) = ((kg/ ) + - (kg/ )) - ( (kg/ ) + (kg/ )) II., III. ( 3 ) T C E () 1) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) 0.037 2 ) (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) 0.0 1-131 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 132 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) T C E () (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) 0.000014 ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ), - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 133 -
III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. ( 4 ) T C E () (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) 0.008-134 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 135 -
6.,. (, ) -, -, - :,, :, (., ), -,, /, - 136 -
> > I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {(,(kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {(,(kg/ ) ) + (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} II., III. ( 3 ) () ;. (kg/ ) = { ( / ) + ( / ) - ( / )} (kg/ ) - 137 -
a c e t ic a c id a c e t on e a c e t on it r ile a m y l a c e t a t e b e n z e n e d ic h lo r ob e n z e n e e t h a n ol e t h y l a c e t a t e (k g/ ) 10 14 0 8 3 0 4 2 0 2 9 0 2 0 10 0 3 0 0 for m y la ld e h y d e n - h ex a n e m e t h a n ol m e t h y l e t h y l k e t on e m e t h y l is ob u t y l k e t on e t olu e n e t r ic h lor o e t h a n e x y le n e s (k g/ ) 19 0 17 0 3 10 6 5 0 8 0 0 3 10 10 0 0 6 0 1(k g/ ). 1500, 0.5. = 140 kg/ = 0.5 /hr 1500hr/ = = 0.5 /hr 1500hr/ 140kg/ =105,000kg/ - 138 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ), III.. = (1- ) - 139 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ;, (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - ) - ) ( (kg/ ) III. (kg/ 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) (EDC)EDC EDC. EDC 50m 3 /, EDC. (EDC 8.69kg/m 3 ). EDC = [50m 3 / ] [12 / ] [8.69kg/m 3 ] = 5,2 14 kg/ (1- ). - 140 -
( 4 ) () ;. (kg/ ) = { ( / ) - ( / )} (kg/ ) (k g/ ) (k g/ ) a c e t ic a c id a c e t on e a c e t on it r ile a m y l a c e t a t e b e n z e n e d ic h lor ob e n z e n e e t h a n ol 8 2 0 2 2 0 17 0 5 8 0 3 7 0 9 8 0 6 0 e t h y l a c e t a t e e t h y le n e gly c o l for m y la ld e h y d e m e t h a n ol m e t h y l e t h y l k e t o n e t olu e n e x y le n e s 4 7 0 10 0 0 7 7 0 4 5 0 12 0 14 0 19 0 1( k g/ ), - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 141 -
III., ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),,. = = ( - 3 ) - 142 -
7.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - >,, - > / - 143 -
,, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} II., III. ( 3 ) ( ) ; -,.. - 144 -
E = { (P x ) T 1 101.3 - (P x ) T 1 + (P x ) T2 101.3 - (P x ) T2 } ( n M a N ) 2 E =, k g/ ( P x ) T 1 = T 1 x, k P a ( 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ( P x ) T2 = T 2 x, k P a ( 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) n = k g - m o le, k g - m o le/ c y c l e M a =, k g/ k g- m o le N =, / n. n = V/ R * ( P a 1 / T 1 - Pa 2 / T2) n = k g - m o le, k g - m o le/ V =, m 3 R =, 8.314 ( kpa)( m 3 )/ ( kg m ol) (K ) Pa 1 =, k Pa Pa 2 =, k Pa T 1 = T2 =, K, K Pa 1 P a 2. P a 1 = 101.3 - ( P x ) T 1 P a 2 = 101.3 - (P x ) T2 Pa 1 =, k P a Pa 2 =, k P a (P x ) T 1 = T 1x, k P a ( 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) - 145 -
(P x ) T2 = T 2 x, k P a ( 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) x. E x = { ( P x ) T 1 101.3 - ( P x ) T 1 + ( P x ) T2 101.3 - (P x ) T2 } ( n M a N ) 2 3000 2000.. 30, 20 (MEK), 50. (T1) 298K(25 ). (T2) 313K(40 ). 85kg/kg- mole. (Ma) 77kg/kg- mole. 25 /, 1 (T1) (T2). 3000-2000 =10001m 3 1 : 7 (4), ( m x ) x z x M x m x 0.2 92 MEK 0.3 72 ( z x / M x ) / ( z x / M x ) = 0.28 ( z x / M x )/ ( z x / M x ) = 0.24 2 : 7 (2), [ ( P x ) T 1 ] x m x VP x 25 (kpa) T1 (kpa) 0.28 4 m x * VP x = 1. 12 MEK 0.24 13.31 m x * VP x = 3. 19-146 -
3 : 7 (2), [ ( P x ) T2 ] x m x VP x 40 (kpa) T2 (kpa) 0.28 8 m x * VP x = 2.240 MEK 0.24 25.86 m x * VP x = 6.206 4 : ( P a 1 )( P a 2 ) P a 1 = 101.3 - ( P x ) T 1 = 101.3 - ( 1. 12 + 3. 19) = 96.99 k P a P a 2 = 101.3 - ( P x ) T2 = 101.3 - ( 2.24 + 6. 2 06) = 92.84 k P a 5 : kg- mole ( n) 3000-2000 = 1000 l 1m 3 n = V/ R ( P a 1 / T 1 - P a 2 / T2) = ( 1/ 8.314) ( 96.99/ ( 298) - 92.84/ ( 313)) = 3.35 10-3 kg - m oles/ 6 : ( E ) E = { ( P x ) T 1 101.3 - ( P x ) T 1 + ( P x ) T2 101. 3 - ( P x ) T2 } ( n M a N ) 2 = { 4. 31 101.3-4. 31 + 8.446 101.3-8.446 } ( 3.35 10-3 25 77) 2 = 0.45 kg / 7 : (14), ( E tolu e n e ) E x = { ( P x ) T 1 101.3 - ( P x ) T 1 + ( P x ) T2 101.3 - ( P x ) T2 } ( n M a N ) 2 = { 1. 12 101.3-1. 12 + 3. 19 101.3-3. 19 } ( 3.35 10-3 25 77) 2 = 0. 113 kg / - 147 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 148 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ; ;, (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - ) + (kg/ )} {( (kg/ ) III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 149 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1-150 -
( 3 ) ( k g / ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 151 -
8. : :,, (,.),,, - 152 -
, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () ; (kg/ ) = ((kg/ ) + (kg/ ) - (kg/ )) - (kg/ ) III. - 153 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 154 -
II.,,, ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),,,. ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = (( k g / ) + (kg/ ) - ( k g / )) 1m m Hg - 155 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 156 -
, (, ) I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) ( ) ; X (kg/ ) =(M V P 0 N)/ (760 RT) 0.5 X: M ( Kg/ k m o l = g/ m o l ) : V m 3 : P 0 m m H g ( T) : N / : T K ( = ( ) + 2 7 3, 2 9 3 ) : R = 0.0 8 2 a t m l/ ( K m o l ) - 157 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 158 -
II., ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),,,. ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = (( k g / ) + (kg/ ) - ( k g / )) 1m m Hg - 159 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 160 -
9.,,,,,, -, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () 1) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ )} III. 2 ) (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - {( (kg/ ) ) + (kg/ ) + (kg/ )} - 161 -
II., III. ( 3 ) () (kg/ ) = ( / )(kg/ ) (k g/ ) 0.0 1 1.6 5 0. 1 0 0.3 6 : 1k g. 4, 99%... (kg/ ) = ( / ) (kg/ ) = 4 / 1.65 kg/ 0.99 = 6.5 kg/ - 162 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 163 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ; ;, (kg/ ) = ( (kg/ ) ) - ) + (kg/ )} {( (kg/ ) III. 1m m Hg ( 3 ) ( ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) - 164 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = III. ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1-165 -
( 3 ) ( k g / ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. = = ( - 3 ) - 166 -
III.,..,,,. - 167 -
1... ;,,,,,, - 168 -
,.. ( ), (( 1- ) ), (( 1- ) ( ) ),. I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (kg/ m 3 ) ( 2 ) () (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (kg/ m 3 ) (1 - ) 3 ( 3 ) () ( k g / ) = i {( (kg/ ) ( )} (1- ) i, 3, 8. - 169 -
( 4 ) () - ;, A ( kg / ) = A ( kg / ) A A (kg ) = (0.25 kg/ 10 9 (Ca l/ ) ( / ) Ca l) ( k g / 1 0 9 C a l ) ( ) 0.2 5-170 -
. 10 m 3 /, 5 %. 80%, 200.. 20 o C. = x x (1- ) = 10m 3 / x 1,000,000 cm 3 /m 3 x 200 / x 0.00324 g/cm 3 x 0.05 x (1-0.8) = 64,800 g/ = 65 kg of be nze ne/ 1,3-. 500,000 kca l. 1,3-. = 0.25kg/10 6 kca l 500,000kca l/ 24 / 365 / = 1,100kg/ 1,3. ( =16.04, 1,3- =52.09, 1,3- =4) 1,3- = 100( % ) 100( % ) = 890 kg/ 52.09 1, 100 ( kg / ) 16.04 4-171 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) ( 2 ) () ( k g / ) = i {( (kg/ ) ( )} ( - ) i,, 3, 8., - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 172 -
III. ( 1 ) () ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. ( 2 ) () ; ( k g / ) = i {( (kg/ ) ( )} ( - ) i,, 3, 8., 1,,. - 173 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 174 -
2.. (), - 175 -
, I. (WAT E R8, S IMS, ). - 176 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 177 -
II. ( 1 ) () (kg/ m 3 ) (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) ( 2 ) () (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (kg/ m 3 ) (1 - ) 4. ( 3 ) () (kg/ ) = )} (1 - ) i {( (kg/ i, 4.. 1 m 3 /,. 50%, 200. (sodium nitrate)20 o C 88 g/100 cm 3.. 20 o C. = x x (1- ) = 1m 3 / x 1,000,000 cm 3 /m 3 x 200 / x 88 g/100 cm 3 of wate r x (1-0.5) = 88,000 kg/ = 88 of sodium nitrate/ - 178 -
III. ( 1 ) () ( k g / ) = ( k g / ) 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) 3 ) ( k g / ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ),. ( 2 ) () ;, ( k g / ) = i {( (kg/ )} ( - ) i,, 4., 1,,. - 179 -
= = ( - 3 ) - 180 -
3..,,, ( ),,. - 181 -
, I. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( / ) ( 2 ) () (kg/ ) = ( / ) (g/ ) 1000. (g/ ) (g/ ) 0.0 5 6.6 0.6 4.7 1, 1, 1-0.0 6 1 6 1,4-0.4 1 14 2 5 8.0 0.0 1 1 3 0.0 3 6 6 7.8 0.4 : 1 g - 182 -
. 100 m 3 /, 0.00115 g/cm 3. 10 w.t.%. 99.5%, 200.?, 20 o C. (kg/ ) = x x (1- ) = 100 m 3 / x 1,000,000 cm 3 /m 3 x 200 / x 0.00115 g/cm 3 x 0.1 x(1-0.995) = 11,500 g/ = 11.5 kg/ ( 3 ) () (kg/ ) = (kg/ ) ) (1-3. - 183 -
. = (1- ) + (1- ) ( ) = (1- ) = (1- ) ( ) 0, 0 () - : = 1-8 (,,, ) - 0.9 5, - 0.9 9-3 ( ),,,, III.. = (1- ) - 184 -
II.., - = (1 - ) 4 III. - =, = III.,,,. ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = ( / ) 1 ( k g / ) - 185 -
= = - 186 -
IV. ( ) I. (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) (kg/m 3 ) (m 3 / ) = (mm/ ) (m 2 ) 1000 = ( (%))+ (i (%) i )+ / 100 0.85 0.60 0.65 0.75 0.30 0.20 0.85 0.90 ( 2% ) ( 2 7%) ( 7% ) ( 2% ) ( 2 7%) ( 7% ) 0.80 0.85 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.20 0.30-187 -
1,000mm. 100,000m 2, 10%, 40%, 50%., 1 1.4mg.. 10% 0.85 40% 0.90 50% 0.20 = (10%) (0.85) + (40%) (0.90) + (50%) (0.20) / 100 = 0.545 = = (1m) (100,000m 2 ) (0.545) = 54,500m 3 / = (54,500,000 / ) (1.4 mg/ ) = 76,300 mg/ = 76 kg/ = - 188 -
V. (,, ),,,,,,,,, - - - - - - 189 -
,,, I.,,,. ( 1 ) (1/ RT) (kg/ ) = V ( P + 1.033 ) M (C/ 100) ( 2 ), (kg/ ) = V (P + 1.033) M {C (F+ 1.033)/ 100 (E + 1.033)} (1/ RT) X: M g/ m o l ( ): V m 3 : P k g/ c m 2 X: C % R = 0.0 8 2 a t m l/ ( K m o l ) : T K ( = ( ) + 2 7 3. 1 5 ) : E k g/ c m 2 : F k g/ c m 2-190 -
II.,,. ( 1 ) () (kg/ ) = ( / ) (m 3 / ) (g/ 100 m l) 10 10 0 g g. A 50, B 70. A, B.,., 50 1 0.1m 3. (sodium nitrate) 20 o C 88g/ 100g.. = x x = 50 / x 0.1 m 3 x 88 10 = 4400 kg/ ( 2 ) (). - 191 -
(kg/ m 3 ) (kg/ m 3 ) (kg/ ) = (m 3 / ) = ( kg ) ( % ) ( m 3 ) 100 (% ) o, o, (%) 1.93-3.08 2.48 1.84-2.61 2.29 1.97-2.23 2.06 3.06 3.06 1.69-4.08 2.61 2.54-4.67 3.28 1.70-3.48 2.30 0.244-0.472 0.404 0.266-0.458 0.403 0.677-0.787 0.737 0.485 0.485 0.032-0.080 0.054 0.026-0.039 0.034 0.328-0.368 0.350 0.089 0.089 0.020-0.039 0.033 0.016-0.024 0.019 0.100-0.12 1 0.111 0.048 0.048 0.03 1-0.042 0.038 0.033-0.034 0.034 0.133-0.191 0.161 0.058 0.058 0.024-0.049 0.020-0.040 0.033 0.122-0.134 0.127 0.040 0.040 (,,,)( : d y n e s / c m 2 ) ( = 5 c P, = 2 9.3 ), ( = 4 c P, = 7 7.3 ), ( = 9 7 c P, = 3 4.5, ( = 3 c P, = 3 1.4 ) - 192 -
1,1,1-. 200l.. (1,1,1- trichloroethane). 2.48%. 1.3249. 100 / 200 l/1.3249 kg/l 0.0248 kg- / kg- = 657.2 kg/ 660 kg/., - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = - 193 -
, I.. ( 1 ) ( k g / ) = [( / ) ( k g / ) - ( k g / ) ] ( 2 ) ( k g / ) = [() ( / ) ( ) ( k g / ) - () ( k g / ) ] II. ( 1 ) = 0 ( 2 ) ;,. ( k g / ) = - 194 -
= = ( - 3 ) III. ( 1 ) (kg/ ) = 60 k M A P 0 R T t M = k g/ k g - m o le A =, m 2 P 0 = T 1, m m H g, R =, 6 2.4 m m H g m 3 / k g m o l K T =, K t = ( ) k =, m / s k = 0.00211 U 0.78 D 2/ 3 D =, c m 2 / s U =, k m / c m 2 / s., D D. - 195 -
D = 0.288 18 M, P 0, PA. ( 2 ) ;. 1 ) ; (kg/ ) = ( / ) 100 + 10 3 : 10 0 g (g ) 2 ) ;, ( k g / ) = - - 196 -
, - = (1- ) 4 - = - =, = = ( 3 ) ;,. ( k g / ) = - = = ( - 3 ) - 197 -
, ( 1 ),,,. = ( 1 - ). 0.9 9, 0.. = - = - -. = ( 1- ), 4-198 -
1 ),, W = 6. 0 C d A x i t [ 196( P 1-1.033) + 19.6h ] 1/ 2 W =, k g C d =, (.) C d C d C d = 0.9 7 = 0.8 1 = 0.8 C d = 0.6 ( ) C d,. ( Pe r r y C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r in g H a n d b o o k ) A =, c m 2 =, k g/ L x i = ( ) t = ( ) P 1 =, +, k g f/ c m 2 a h = -, m (, 0 ) - 199 -
50% 2. 1m, 2.2 kgf/cm 2 a. 25, 1.05 kg/l, 10cm 2.? ( C d ) = 0.8 ( P 1 ) = 2.2 kgf/cm 2 a h = 1 m = 1.05 kg/l W = 6.0 0.8 10 1.05 0.5 2 196(2.2-1.033) [ + 19.6 1] 1/ 2 = 790 kg 1.05.,. 2 ) -. (kg) = (m 3 ) (kg/ m 3 ) - (m 3 ) (kg/ m 3 ) - 200 -
-. (kg) = ((m 3 ) - (m 3 )) (kg/ m 3 ) *,.,,.,.,. F v a p 1, F vap = C p1 ( T 1 - T b ) H vap F v a p =, C p 1 =,, C a l/ k g T 1 =, T b H v a p =, =, C a l/ k g 200? ( 0.587Ca l/kg, 1 140, 70.44Ca l/kg.) F vap = ( 0.587)(200-140) ( 70.44) = 0.5-201 -
,, W = 60 k M A P 0 R T 1 t M = k g/ k g - m o le A =, m 2 P 0 = T 1, m m H g, R =, 6 2.4 m m H g m 3 / k g m o l K T =, K t = ( ) k =, m / s k = 0.00211 U 0.78 D 2/ 3 D =, c m 2 / s U =, k m / c m 2 / s., D D. D = 0.288 18 M, P 0, PA. - 202 -
25 30m 2. 10km/ 78. 10? ( ( T 1 ) 298K, 35mmHg) D. D = 0.288 18 M = 0.288 18 78 = 0. 138 cm2 /s D. k = 0.00211 U 0.78 D 2/ 3 = 0.00211 10 0.78 0. 138 2/ 3 = 0.00340 m/s k. W = 60 = 60 = 9.0 k M A P 0 t R T 1 0.00340 78 30 35 62.4 298 10 kg - 203 -
( 2 ),,,. =. = - = - -. = ( 1- ), 4 W = 6.0 C d A x i t [ 196 m ( P 1 - P c ) ] 1/ 2 W = (k g ) A =, c m 2-204 -
C d =, ( ( 3 ) ) x i = ( ) t = ( ) P c = ( P c = 0.5 5 P, ), k g f/ c m 2 a P 1 =, +, k g f/ c m 2 a m =, k g/ L m = [ ( F vap v 1 ) + ( 1 - F vap 1 ) ] F v a p = ( ( 3 ) 2 ) ), C p, Tb, Hv a p. v =, k g/ L v( kg / L ) = P 1M R T 1 R =, 8 4.8 k g f/ c m 2 a L/ k g m o l K M =, k g/ k g - m o le 1 =, k g/ L Ma v g. M avg = X A G M A + X B G M B +...X IG M I M I = I, X I G = I X IG = P I 0 P 0 IX IL P 1 = P 1, I X I L = 0 P 1 =, P I. - 205 -
(3 ) (3 ) ( 3 ),,,, P2 <Pc,. ( ) P2 >Pc,,. () P 2 = 1.0 3 3 k g f/ c m 2 a P c ( ) = P 1 ( 2 k + 1 ) k k - 1 k = C p C v P 1 = = + ( 1.0 3 3 ), k g f/ c m 2 a (, ) k = C p Cv = = - 206 -
. W = 25. 7 C d A GP 1 x i t ( M R T ) 1/ 2 W =, k g A =, c m 2 C d =, ( ( 3 ) ) G =, k. G = 520[ k ( k + 1 2 k + 1 ) k - 1 ] 1/ 2 P 1 =, k g f/ c m 2 a (, ) x i = ( ) t = ( ) M =, k g/ k g- m o le R =, 8 4.8 k g f/ c m 2 a L/ k g m o l K T =, K = + 2 7 3. 1 5 ( ), Cp, Cv,, M. W = 25.7 C d A P 1 ( P 2 P 1 ) 1/ k x i t [ Mk R T ( k - 1) ( 1 - ( P 2 P 1 ) k - 1 k ) ] 1/ 2., Cp, Cv,, M - 207 -
4-209 -
1. (,,, ) [] (h o t t y p e ).. [ ],.. [] ( ] 1 ) (k g/ ) - - - - A. 1 0 k g 1 0 / 1 1 10 0 k g. 1 0 k g 3 2 4 0, = 10 0 *3 *2 4 0 = 7 2,0 0 0 (k g/ ). - 211 -
2 ) ( 1 ) (k g/ ) = A *0.0 3 7 - - - - - - B 1 (k g/ ) = A *0.0 0 0 0 14 - - C 1 (k g/ ) = A*0.0 0 8 - - D 1 ( 2 ) (k g/ ) = A *0.0 1 - - - - - - - B 2 (k g/ ) = A *0.0 0 0 0 14 - - C 2 (k g/ ) = A*0.0 0 8 - - D 2 3 ) B 1 B 2. C 1 C 2. D 1 D 2. - 212 -
2. (,,, ) [],,,,, [ ],. [] ( ) 1 ), (k g/ ) - - - - -, (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B.,, - C., (k g/ ) - - - - - D. MS D S[ ]. MS D S. MS D S. () - 213 -
.. A*C,,.,. 2 ) ( 1 ),. a. = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 3. b. = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 4. ( 2 ) = D * C - 214 -
.,, 3 ),... - 215 -
3. (, ) [], (,, ), (,,, ).,,. [ ]. ().. [] ( ) 1 ), (k g/ ) - - - - -, (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B.,, - - - -. C, (k g/ ) - - - - - D. - 216 -
MS D S[ ]. MS D S. MS D S. ().. A*C,,.,. 2 ) ( 1 ),. a. = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 3. b. - 217 -
= (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 4. ( 2 ) = D * C,,. 3 ),... - 218 -
4., (, ) [],. [ ],,,. [] ( ) 1 ), (k g/ ) - - - - -, (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B.,, - - - -. C, (k g/ ) - - - - - D., MS D S[ ]. MS D S. MS D S. (). - 219 -
. A*C,,.,. 2 ) ( 1 ),.,,. ( 2 ),, = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 4. ( 3 ) = D * C,,. 3 ),.,. - 220 -
5.,(, ) [],,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,. [ ],,,,,.,,. [] ( ) 1 ), (k g/ ) - - - - -, (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B.,, - - - - C., (k g/ ) - - - - - D. - 221 -
, MS D S[ ]. MS D S. MS D S. ().. A*C,,.,. 2 ) ( 1 ),. a. = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 3. b. = (A - B - D ) * C - 222 -
. ( 1- ) 4. ( 2 ) = D * C,,. 3 ),... - 223 -
6. ( ) [],,. [ ]. [] ( ) 1 ) (k g/ ) - - - - - (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B. - - - - - C. (k g/ ) - - - - - D. MS D S[ ]. MS D S. MS D S. (). - 224 -
. A*C,,.. 2 ) ( 1 ),.. ( 2 ) = (A - B - D ) * C ( 1- ). 4. ( 3 ) = D * C,,. 3 ),.,. - 225 -
7. [].,.,. [ ] - - [] X X: M ( Kg/ k m o l = g/ m o l ) : V m 3 ( (V 2 ) - (V 1 ) ) : P0 m m H g ( T) : N / : T K( = ( ) + 2 7 3, 2 9 3) : R = 0.0 8 2 a t m l/ ( K m o l ) (k g/ ) = (M V P 0 N )/ ( 7 6 0 RT ) - 226 -
8. [], (,, ),,,,,. [ ],,,, [] - = ( ( % ) ) 10 0 100, 10 %, 8000 /... = x x x = 0.00083 kg/ /source x 100 x 0.1 x 8000 / = 66.4 kg of be nze ne/ - 227 -
( k g / h r/ s o u r c e ) 0.0 0 5 9 7 0.0 0 4 0 3 0.0 0 0 2 3 0.0 19 9 0.0 0 8 6 2 / 0.2 2 8 / 0. 1 0 4 ( ) 0.0 0 1 8 3 0.0 0 1 7 0.0 1 5 0 -..
9.,, [],, 2. [ ],,, [] 1 ) ( 1 ) (k g/ ) - - - - - (k g/ ) - - - - - A. B. ( k g/ ) - - - - - C. - - - - - D. ( 2 ) () (k g/ ) = (A - B - C ) D - - (k g/ ) - 229 -
2 ) () (k g/ ) = (k g/ m 3 ) (m 3 / ) ( ) 3 ) ( k g/ ) = (k g/ ) ( 1 ) (k g/ ) = ( / ) 1 (k g/ ) ( 2 ) (k g/ ) = ( / ) 1 (k g/ ) - 230 -
5-231 -
5 1., 2.,,. 2 2-1.. 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (, ), 1 2 -,,, 1 ( : - 4 10 0, - 4 4 8 4 ) -,, 2 () (5) (6) (7) 1 5.,, 3 (8) - 233 -
(9) 8 4 (10) ( ) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) TM (16) (17) (18) 1 1, ( ) 5 T.M 5 ( ) 2 2. ( ). ( ) 6 (19) ( ) 7 (20) 8 (2 1) (22) (23), - 234 -
. 2. 2 CAS(Ch emical Ab stra ct Service Registry Nu mber), 2 CAS( :,.,,,,,, ) IUPAC CA(Ch e m ic a l Ab s t r a c t s ).CAS, (, ) : SnCl2 Tin Chloride (1), Sn.?. 9. - 1. 10.. "k g" (2) - 2 1 1. "k g" - 2. 1 1-235 -
(2). "k g" - 2. 1 1. "k g" - 2. 1 1.. (3). 7.. k g - 2. "k g" - 2. 1 1... 8-236 -
(3).. k g - 2 (4) - (k g)/ ( ). - / 2 (2 )(+ + ) 2 (2 ) (+ (kg) / ( ) + )2 ( 1). + - (4) (kg)/ ( ) -. / 2 (3 ) ( + ) "k g" 2 ( 3 ) ( (k g) / ( ) + )2 ( 1). +. 12-237 -
1. 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 17 1 120 1 12 1 1 12 3 1 126 1 129 113 2 113 3 113 5 1138 114 1 114 4 114 7 1150 115 3 1 154 1 156 1 159 1 16 2 1 16 5 1 16 8 1 17 1 1 174 2 10 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 14 2 1 17 2 120 2 12 3 2 126 2 12 7 2 129 2 130 2 13 2 2 13 3 2 13 5 2 138 2 14 1 2 14 4 2 14 7 2 20 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 14 22 17 22 20 22 2 3 2 226 2 229 2 230 2 30 0 2 3 1 1 2 3 14 2 3 17 23 18 23 20 23 2 3 23 24 2 326 2 32 7 2 328 24 0 0 24 1 1 24 14 24 15 24 17 24 20 2 50 0 2 5 1 1 25 14 25 17 2 520 2 52 7 26 0 0 26 12 26 14 26 1 1 4 10 0 4 1 1 1 4 1 12 4 1 13 4 1 14 4 1 15 4 1 16 26 13 4 1 17 4 1 18 4 1 19 4 120 4 12 1 4 12 2 4 12 3 26 15 4 12 5 4 12 7 4 128 4 129 4 130 4 13 1 4 13 3 ( ) - 238 -
1. ( ) 4 13 5 4 13 7 4 139 4 14 1 4 14 3 4 14 5 4 17 1 4 17 3 4 17 5 4 17 7 4 179 4 18 0 4 18 1 4 18 2 4 18 3 4 184 4 18 5 4 18 6 4 18 7 4 20 0 4 2 1 1 4 2 13 4 2 15 4 2 17 4 2 19 4 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 4 2 7 2 4 2 7 3 4 2 7 5 4 2 76 4 2 7 7 4 2 78 4 279 4 28 0 4 28 1 4 28 2 4 28 3 4 30 0 4 3 1 1 4 3 12 4 3 13 4 3 15 4 3 7 1 4 3 7 2 4 3 7 3 4 3 74 4 3 7 5 4 376 4 37 7 4 38 0 4 38 1 4 4 0 0 4 4 13 4 4 15 4 4 17 4 4 19 4 4 2 1 44 7 1 44 7 3 44 7 5 44 76 44 7 7 44 79 4 4 8 0 4 4 8 1 4 4 8 3 4 4 84 4 4 8 8 4 50 0 4 5 1 1 4 5 12 4 5 13 4 5 15 4 5 17 4 5 19 4 5 2 1 4 5 7 1 4 5 7 2 4 5 7 3 4 5 74 4 57 5 4 57 7 4 579 4 58 0 4 6 0 0 4 6 1 1 4 6 13 4 6 15 4 6 17 4 6 2 1 4 6 7 1 4 6 7 2 4 6 7 3 4 6 7 7 4 6 78 4 6 79 4 6 8 0 4 6 8 1 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 3 4 684 4 68 6 4 68 7 4 68 8 4 68 9 4 69 0 4 69 1-239 -
1. ( ) 4700 47 11 47 12 47 13 47 15 47 17 47 19 472 1 4723 4725 4727 4729 4772 4773 4775 4776 4777 4782 4783 4784 4785 4790 4792 4793 4794 4800 48 11 48 16 48 17 48 18 48 19 482 1 4825 4827 4829 4872 4873 4874 4876 4882 4883 4884 4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4900 49 11 49 13 497 1 4972-240 -
2. () 6 10 0 6 1 10 6 12 0 6 13 0 6 14 0 6 2 3 0 6 2 0 0 6 2 10 6 2 4 0 6 2 5 0 6 2 6 0 6 3 0 0 6 3 2 0 6 4 0 0 6 4 10 6 4 2 0 6 4 3 0-241 -
3. 1101 1102 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2401 2402 2403 2402 2405 2406 2407 < > < > 3 1 (1,2,3) 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2601 2602 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 1 2 3 4 () 1 2 1 2 3 2 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4201 4202 4203 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4301 4302-242 -
4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 1 1 2 3 (1,2,3) 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 5000 1 2-243 -
4. 2101 2201 2202 2401 2601 2602 2603 2604 4101 4201 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4226 4227 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410-244 -
4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626-245 -
4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4901 4902 4903 5000-246 -
5. T.M - - TM 1 : 5 0,0 0 0 1 : 2 5 0,0 0 0 TM (, ) - TM 11 0. 1 10 0 m.. < > 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 2 4 3 1 A B 4 3 0 19 5 196 197 198 199 200 20 1 202 203 204 A : 19 9.0 : 4 3 2.5 B : 2 0 0.5 : 4 3 2.0-247 -
6. 0 14 1 0 14 2 0 10 1 0 14 3-0 10 2 0 10 3 0 14 4 0 10 4 0 14 5 0 10 5 0 14 6 0 10 6 0 14 7 0 10 7-0 14 8 0 1 1 1 0 14 9 0 1 12 0 15 0-0 1 13 0 1 14-0 15 1 0 15 3-0 1 15 0 16 0 0 1 16-0 16 1-0 1 17-0 16 2-0 1 18 0 16 3-0 1 19 0 12 0-0 17 1-0 13 1 0 17 2 0 13 2 0 17 3 0 13 3 - - 0 17 4 - - 248 -
6. ( ) 0 18 1 0 2 2 5 0 18 2-0 2 2 6 0 2 2 7 0 19 1 0 2 2 8 0 19 2 0 2 2 9 0 19 3 0 2 3 0 0 19 4 0 2 3 1-0 19 5 0 19 6-0 2 4 1 0 19 7-0 2 4 2-0 19 8 0 2 5 1-0 19 9 0 19 0-0 2 5 2-0 2 5 3 () 0 2 5 4-0 2 0 1 0 2 5 5 0 2 0 2 0 2 5 6-0 2 0 3 -, 0 2 6 1 0 2 1 1-0 2 6 2 0 2 6 3-0 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 () 0 2 7 1 0 2 2 3 0 2 7 2 0 2 2 4 0 2 7 3-249 -