- - : ( ) : ( )
. 1 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3. 4 1. 4 2. 6 3. 7. 10 1. 10 1) 10 2) 14 3) 15 (1) 15 (2) 17 (3) 17 (4) 18 (5) 19 (6) 21 (7) 22 (8) 23 - i -
(9) ( ) 23 (10) 24 (11) 24 4) 25 (1) 25 (2) 26 (3) 28 5) 28 (1) 28 (2) 29 (3) 29 (4) 29 6) 29 (1) 29 (2) 30 (3) 31 2. 31 1) 31 2) 33 3) 37 4) 37 3. 38 1) 38 2) 39 3) 41 4) 41 5) 42 6) 42 - ii -
4. 43 1) 43 2) 44 3) ( ) 45 5. 46 1) 46 2) 46 (1) 46 (2) 48 (3) 48 (4) 48 (5) 48 (6) 48 3) (animation ) 49 (1) 49 (2) 49 (3) 50 4) 50 5) 50 6. 51 7. 51 1) 52 2) 52 3) 52. (Urba n C ultura l To uris m) 55 1. 55 - iii -
1) 55 2) 56 3) 57 4) 57 5) 58 2. 61 1) 61 2) 64 3) 64 4) 66 5) 66 6) 67. 68 1. 68 2. 70 1) 70 2) 71 3) 73 3. 74 1) 74 2) 75 3), 77 4) 77 5) 78 6) 78 7) 79 - iv -
8) 80 9) 80 10) 80. 81 1. 81 2., 82 3. 82. 82 1. 82 2. 83. 84 89 - v -
2-1 5 2-2 (1984/ 1985) 32 2-3 Glasgow 33 2-4 34 2-5 35 2-6 36 2-7 43 2-8 47 2-9 53 4-1 71 4-2 76 6-1 82 2-1 8 2-2 9 2-3 11 2-4 13 2-5 16 2-6 26 - v i -
. 1..,,.,,,,.,,.,..,,.,..,,,,... - i -
2..,,, (cultural resource) (cu ltu r al m anifest ation s ).. (h erit a g e t ou r ) (ar t t ou r )..,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,.,,,,,,....,,,,, - 2 -
..,,, (City T our ),. 3.,,,.,,.,,,,,,,.,,. - 3 -
. 1.. Association for T ourism and Leisure Education (A T LAS ) 26 6,500. 1). (WT O) 37%. 3 6 4 43% 1 5 7 8. 1990 1987 45% 1990 51%, 1987 27% 1990 33%. AT LAS 60%.. A m st er dam (Upmarket ).. 1) Greg Richards and Carolina, "Marketing cultural tourism in Europe," Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1994-4 -
.... 2).. 2-1 ( : ) 1991 1992 1993 25.3 6.5 25.8 4.7 13.7 21.2 1.6 28.3 9.3 25.8 1.5 12.3 19.7 1.0 0.1 1.7 28.4 7.9 24.9 2.9 12.2 20.5 1.7 0.3 1.2 :,, 1991 1994. 2-1. 2) Getz, D., F estivals, Special Events, and T ourism, 1991 77%. - 5 -
2. 20.....,,,... Glasgow. 1980, (Mayfest ), Conference centre,, Garden Festival,., 1990.... - 6 -
..... 3. 4...,,,,,, (staged anthenticity )..,,,,. - 7 -
< 2-1> 1., (,,, ), (,,, ),,, (, ) 2. (,, ) 3. 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - 8 -
2-2.,,,,,,.,,,,,. - 9 -
. 1. 1) Getz(1991a ) (event tourism ).,.....,,.....,,,.,,. - 10 -
2-3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 600 1993 1 (5 ). Oklahoma City 1987 8 8, 38%. 26%. 1 2. 1992 9 7 2 (864 ). 300. Antigonish Highland Games".,. (visibility )..... - 11 -
,,.... 1960 1990.,,,,..... - 12 -
2-4 : Get s (1991), PP. 41. - 13 -
2),,,......,,. 2 3.,,,...,,. 5 10. 9 10 70.8%, 5-6 13.4%, 3-4 9.7%... - 14 -
.,,,,,,.,,,,. 3) (1)......,,,...,,,,,,,,.. - 15 -
..,,,,. 2-5 : Get s (1991), p.187. - 16 -
(2), 350.,.,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,.. (3).. 1... 3 5... - 17 -
.,,,, 10. 5 10. (4)..,,. 1.. ;,,,,,,,,,, (,, )... - 18 -
. ; 1 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,. (5) - 19 -
. 1.,,.,,,,,,. 1 1..,,.,,,,,,,,,.....,.. 1.,,,,. - 20 -
. (,,, ) (,,, ). (6)....,,....... - 21 -
,,..,,.,,,..,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,...,,,.,,,. (7)..,,,.. - 22 -
(8).,....,,,.,. (city tour ). (9) ( ).. ;,, - 23 -
- -,,, (10)....,,,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,,. (11),,,,... - 24 -
..,,,.. ( ),,,....,,.. 4) (1).,,,.. - 25 -
,,. (2) 2-6 1. (Visitors/ Audience) (1) (2),, ; / (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) - 26 -
(11) 0 0 2. (1) ( ) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) (4) (5) (6) (, ) (7) (8),, 3. (1) 0 1 (2) - 27 -
(3) 4. (1) / (2) (3),, (4), (5) (6), (7) (3).. ( )... 5) (1).. - 28 -
.. (2),,,. (3),,. (4).,,. (5) + + + 6 ) (1).. - 29 -
. 6,..,,,,,,,,,,... 7. ( ),. (2)...... - 30 -
,,,,...., (95 8 7 ), (95 9 ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),. (3).,,,,.,.. 2. 1). (art custom er s ). - 31 -
.... 2-2 40%..,,.... 2-2 (1984/ 1985) ( : % ) Mu seum s and galleries T heatres and concert s 0 T ourist - British - Overseas - Sub - total 13 31 44 5 35 40 0 Day visitors 27 21 0 Resident s 29 39 T otal 100 100 : John Myerscouch et al., T he economic importance of the art s in Britain, Policy Studies In stitute, 1988. - 32 -
2-3 G las gow ( ) (% ) 1986 1990 (% ) 1986 1990 484 800 524 420 149 330 27 188 +66-19 +125 +596 41 46 44 24 13 19 2 10 +5-20 +6 +8 1184 1738 +47 100 100 - : My er scouch, 1991. 2) 2-4..,,,,, 6,,,,. 1993 2 6 40.,,,., 95 4-33 -
,., 19 ( ) 2 30 4. 95 6 17. 7. 2-4 1.,, 4 (5 ),, 17-18:20 2 ( ) 2.,, (522) 15-17 2 3.,, (1500) 18-19:30 4.,,,,, (3000) 13-15 5. 30 5 (101) 19-20:30 (101) 7 30 6., 19 2 30 ( ) 4 ( ) - 34 -
.. 17 5, 7 3 70 1-4%.... 90 40 1 5 94 2 3. 1994 96% 87%, 61%.. 2-5 92 93 94 230,000 155,000 134,000 235 178 174 6,184 5,631 4,627. - 35 -
2-6. 92 23,516 (32% ) 50,028 (68% ) 73,544 93 30,978 (38% ) 49,518 (62% ) 80,496 94 19,804 (29% ) 48,453 (71% ) 68,257. 92 6,154 (11% ) 48,046 (89% ) 54,200 93 12,127 (22% ) 43,100 (78% ) 55,227 94 5,658 (10% ) 49,936 (90% ) 55,594..,,,.....,. - 36 -
3).... 6.,,,,,..,,,,, City tour.. 4) (1).,,,,,.,,,.. - 37 -
. (2) ;,,,, ; 1,, 3. 1)... - 38 -
........ 2)..,..,.. - 39 -
...,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,.. 1992 785,668 1994 1,461,697. (,,,, ).,,,.. (,,, ).... - 40 -
3),,,. 4)...,... 1 : 2 : 3 :.,,, 4 : - 41 -
5)... 9 44%.. 6)..,., ( )..,.,,.,. - 42 -
,,,,,..,,,. 4. 1). 2-7 1. 2-7 ( : % ) 1 London Glasg ow 1985 1990 M er sey side Ip sw ich 29 56 50 65 36 27 19 23 20 34 44 25 27 15 30 : Law C. M., Urban T ourism, 1994. - 43 -
London South Kensington, Washing DC T he Smithonian Institution (13 musuems ), Frankfurt (7musuems).. 2) (1),,,,,,,,,,,... (2) ( ) 3... - 44 -
3) ( ) (1),,,,.,,,,,. (2) ; ;, (,, ),,,.., - 45 -
5. 1) (1). 1994 9 4 103 IOC 2000. (2) 144 4 3,128,626 ( 94 12 31 ). (3)... 2) (1).. - 46 -
... 23 41,,,. 2-8 1973 6,900 ( 2,300 ) 1992 60,000 ( 18,182 ) 1 : 9 4,221 ( 1,277 ) 18,000 ( 5,455 ) 1 : 4 227 606 1 : 3 1,800 2,400 1 : 1.3 2 2 2 11 1 2, /. - 47 -
(2) (3),,,,,. (4),,.,,. (5),,.,..,,,,. (6).. - 48 -
..,,,,... 3) (a nimatio n)... (1) ;,, (2) 62 2-49 -
- - (3) T.V., 4) 5) - - > 6... - 50 -
,...... 7. 1)......,,,.. - 51 -
2). ( ) ( )..,. 3) (1). 7 3 4 14 15... - 52 -
2-9 91.1.21 91.7.25 6 92.2.21 ( ) ( ) 92.2.31 ( ) ( ) 92.6.3 92.10.3 -, - (2 )..,,,,. (3) - 53 -
.......,,. 3. 1 :, 2 :,, 3 : (, ) - 54 -
. (U rb an Cultural T ouris m ) 1. 1).. Amenities. 1980...,,. Glasgow, Paris, Rennes, Montpellier, Barcelona, Ruhr, Mim es, Gr enoble, Hamburg, Cologne, Rotterdam, Bradford, Birmingham, Frankfurt. 3 ),,. 1991 Longwoods International T ravel USA. 4) 3) Franco Bianchini and Michael Parkinson ed; Cultural Policy and Unban regeneration : the W est European experience, Manchester university press, 1993. - 55 -
1.,. 2. 3.,,, 4. (,,,,, ) 5. 6. 7. 8. (Sun and Sand) 9. 10.,,,,,,,..,,,,,,. 2).. 4 4.. 4) Law Christopher M. Urban T ourism :Attracting Visotors to Large Cities, Mansell Publishing Limited. 1994. - 56 -
3).. 3. 1 :. 2 :. 3 :. 4) (1),,,.....,. - 57 -
(2). 12.,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,. 1996,,,,. 5) (1).... - 58 -
( ). :....,,,. - -,,,,,, - -,, - - - -, - -,, - -, - -, - - - - - - - - - 59 -
- - - - ( ) - - - - - -. 1,,....,, (2).,,,,,,.. - 60 -
...,,.,,. 2. 1),,,. 3 In Bound..... 2.. - 61 -
.. 1. ( ) 1) : / 09:00-17:00 : 40,000/ 1, 3 : - - - - 3 - - - 2) : 09:30-17:30 : 55,000/ 1, 2 : - - - - - - - 3) ( ) : 09:30-12:30 : 18,000/ 1, 2 : - - - - 4) ( ) : 13:30-17:00 : 22,000/ 1, 2 : - - - 5) ( ) : 09:00-13:00-62 -
: 35,000/ 1, 2, ( ): 75,000/ 1 (, ) 6) 63 ( ) : 13:30-17:00 : 35,000/ 1, 3 : 63 - - - 7) ( ) : 13:00-17:30 : 35,000/ 1, 2 : - - 8) : 18:30-22:00( ) : 58,000/ 1 ( ) 70,000/ 1 ( ), 2 : 9) : 17:40-22:00 : 78,000/ 1, 2 : - ( )- 2. ( ) : - ( )- - - - - - - - - - : 6 : 6,000 : 6,050 ( ) - 63 -
3. ( ) : - - - - - - - - - : 11:00, 15:00 : 4,000, 2,000 4. ( ) 4 - - - - - - - - - - 2).,,,..,,,,. 3) (Heritage T ourism ) (cultural event tourism ) (art tourism ).... - 64 -
..,, 1995 200. 1) ( ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3) - - - - ( ) - - ( ) 4) ( )- ( ) 63 ( )- ( ) 63 ( )- ( ) - 65 -
(4).. ) - - ) ( ) - - - ).,,.... City T our.,. (5) City T our.. - 66 -
.,,,,....,,..,,,,,,,,,.,,,,. (6). One T icket Sy stem.,... - 67 -
. 1......,,,,,,,,..,,,,,..,,.,,,,,,,. 1),,,,,. - 68 -
2) (To ur Gu ide ),. 3).,.,. 4),,.,,,,,,,.,. - 69 -
5),,,,. 2. 1) 1961 1962 1992 1,795, 2,591, 392, 89, 37, 33, 2 4,939. 5 ) 290, 1,258, 92, 4, 3, 4, 2 4,939 1,653 (33.5%). 6),. 1 2 (,,,, ).,,,... (1 ), (1 ), (6 ), (4 ). 5),, 1993. 6),, 1993. 3-70 -
2) (1) 93 3 103, 40 (38.8%), 35 (34.0% ),, 25 (24.3%),, 3 (2.9%).. 4-1 ( :, % ) 11 11 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 11 4 2 7 13 1 2 3 5 2 3 10 3 3 5 11 1 3 7 11-2 8 10 3 8 3 14 40 35 3 25 103 :,, 1993, p.32. - 71 -
(T IC).,, 3,. 60%., 92 1,881,148 104,834 (5.57%), 254,633 22,489 (8.83%), 134,782 3,479 (2.58%). 1987 (T IC). 92 108,102 74,022 (68.5% ), 34,080 (31.5% ), 91 49.2% 50.8%, 37.7%, 62.6%. (2). 93 3 40 11, 1. 93 154 22.7% 35. - 72 -
.... 3) 93 3 1,015,,, 380 37.4%, 240 23.7%, 395 38.9%. 48.5%, 50.8% 0.7%.,...... - 73 -
3. 1),. (1), (, ). (2) ( ). (3). (4),,,,,,,. (5),, ( ) Incentive. - 74 -
(6),. (7) 38 32 ( ). 2)... 4-2..,,,,,,. - 75 -
4-2,,,,, /, ( ) (TIC),, CAPT AIN, KINGS,, i,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (, ),,,,,,,,, Touch Screen :,, 1993, p.128.. AMUSEUM (amusement museum ), Miniature.,,,, 1,. Inform ation Box - 76 -
,.,.... 3),,,,,,,,.,,,. 4) (1),,,.,,,,,. (2),,,,,,,.. - 77 -
,.,. (3),,,,,,,, CD- ROM.. - -,,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,, 6). - 78 -
.... (2,000 )......... 4, 3. 7) (1), (2), (3) - 79 -
,,,,,,,, 8) INT ERNET, 9),, 10) - 80 -
..,.,.. 186.. 1.... - 81 -
2.,,,.. 3..,,,,,.. 1..... - 82 -
2. 6-1>. 6-1> 1. / / / 2. 3. ( /, / ) 4.,,,,, 5. - 83 -
.,,,,,,,,,.,.. (Heritage T ourism ) (Arts T ourism )...... (City T our ),,,,.,.... - 84 -
1. 1),,,, 2) 3) 4),,,, ;,, 5),,,,,, 2. ;, - 85 -
3., ;, ; 4.,, 5.,, Animation - 86 -
6. - - ( ) - - - - - - ( ) 7. (U rb an Cu ltural T ouri s m ) 1) ;,,,, 2) (C ity To ur) City T our T icket Sy stem ; ;, - 87 -
8.,,, -, ( ) - - - Mapping - -,,, 9.,, 10. - 88 -
,,? 1995,,, 3, 1995.,,, 1994.,, 1992. 12.,, 1993. 10.,, 1993.,, 1993.,, 1993.,,, 1989., - -,, 1994., 95, 1995., 200, 1995.,, 95, 1995.,, 35 1995., 5, 1993.,,, 1995.,, ( : ), 1992.,, ( : ), 1990.,,, 1994. - 89 -
,,, 1994.,,, 1990.,,, 1993.,,, 6, 1995.,,, 6, 1995.,, :, 1987.,, KAT A ' 95 1995. 5. 26.,,, 1995.,,, 1994.,,, 4, 1995.,,, 199?,, 1993.,, 1993.,, 1994. 12,,1993.,, 1994. 12, 1995. 1, 2, 3, 4.,, 1994.,, 1991.,, 1993. - 90 -
,, 1989.,,1992.3., 5 (1993 1997), 1993.,, 1994. 12.,, 1994.,, 1994.,, ( : ), 1994.,,, 1993.,,,,,, 15 Vol.. 14, 1991.,,,,, 1995.. 1. B ook s Donald Getz, Festivals, Special Event s, and T ourism Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1991. David L. Edgell, International T ourism Policy, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1990. Franco Bianchini and Michael Parkin son, Cultur al Policy and urban r egener ation : T he West European experience, Manchester Univ er sity Pres s, Manchester 1993 Law Christopher M., Urban T ourism : Attr acting Visitor s t o Lar ge Cities, Mansell Publishing Limited. - 91 -
2.A rticle s Bob Simpson, T ourism and T radition from Healing to Heritage, Annals of T ourism Research Vol. 20. No. 1, 1993. Chery Ann Popelka, Mary Ann Littrell, Influence of T ourism on Handcraft Evolution, Annals of T ourism Research Vol. 18. No. 3, 1991. Gordon Robinson, T ourism and T ourism Policy in T he European Community :an overview, International journal of Hospitality Management Vol. 12. No. 1, 1993. Greg Richar ds and Carolina Bonink, "Marketing cultur e tourism in Europe", Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1994. Howard L. Hughes, Culture as a tourism resource- a theoretical consideration T ourism Management Vol. 8. No. s3, Sep. 1987. How ard L. Hughes, T ourism and the art s,t ourism Management Vol. 10. No. 2, Jun. 1989. Jean Holder, T ourism and the Future of Caribbean handcraft, T ourism Management Vol. 10. No. 4, Dec. 1989. John Myerscouch et al., T he economic importance of the arts in Britain, Policy Studies Institute, 1988. Justin Greenwood, et al., Policy implementation and tourism in the UK, T ourism Management Vol. 11. No. 1, Mar. 1990. Kau Ah - Keng, Evaluating the attractiveness of a new theme parks - A cross- culture comparison, T ourism Management Vol. 14. No. 3,Jun. 1993. Mulcahy, Kevin V. "Culture and the Cities," in Kevin V. Mulcahy and C. Richard Sw aim (ed.) Public Policy and the Art s. Boulder : W estview Press, 1982, pp. 213-235 Neil Cossons, Heritage tourism - trends and tribulation,t ourism - 92 -
Management Vol. 10. No. 3, Sep. 1989. Pauline J. Sheldon, Professionalism in T ourism Hospitality, Annals of T ourism Resear ch Vol. 16. No. 4, 1989. Stanislaw Ostrow ski, Ethnic tourism - focus on Poland, T ourism Management Vol. 12. No. 2, Jun. 1991. Sv en son, Arthur, "State and Local Art s Agencies", in Kevin V. Mulcahy and C. Richar d Sw aim (ed.) Public Policy and the Art s. Boulder :Westview Pr ess, 1982, pp. 213-235 - 93 -