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DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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Vol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M

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์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๋„๋ก Selected Relics from Hannam University Central Museum

๊ฐœ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋…„ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 30์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… The 56 th Anniversary of Hannam University and The 30 th Anniversary of Hannam University Central Museum ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๋„๋ก Selected Relics from Hannam University Central Museum ํ‰์–‘์„ฑํƒˆํ™˜๋„(์ž‘์ž๋ฏธ์ƒ) ๅนณ ๅฃค ๅŸŽ ๅฅช ้‚„ ๅœ– ( ไฝœ ่€… ๆœช ่ฉณ ) Painting depicting the recapture of Pyongyang Fortress (Anonymous)

์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋‘๊ธฐ 1 ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐœ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋…„๊ณผ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 30์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ็›ฎ ๆฌก CONTENTS ์ถ•์‚ฌ ็ฅ ่พญ Congratulatory Remarks 008 2 ๋„๋ก์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์€ ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์œ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ ็™ผ ๅˆŠ ่พญ Preface 010 3 ๋„๋ก์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ, II. ์™€์ „, III. ๋„์ž๊ธฐ, IV. ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ์„œํ™”, V. ์ƒํ™œ์šฉํ’ˆ, VI. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ ๊ต์™€ ํ•œ ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์‹œ I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 1. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€, 2. ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€, 3. ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€, 4. ์›์‚ผ ๋„ํŒ ๅœ– ๆฟ Plates ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€, 5. ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(๋ฐฑ์ œ), 6. ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(์‹ ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์•ผ), 7. ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€, 8. ๊ณ ๋ ค์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , II. ์™€์ „์€ 1. ๋ฐฑ์ œ ์™€์ „, 2. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ์™€์ „, 3. ์‹ ๋ผ์™€ ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™€์ „, 4. ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™€์ „, 5. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์™€์ „์œผ๋กœ, III. ๋„์ž ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1. ๊ณ ๋ ค์ž๊ธฐ 2. ์กฐ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ่€ƒ ๅค ่ณ‡ ๆ–™ Archaeological Material 012 4 ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ธ€๊ณผ ํ•œ์ž, ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ช…, ์‹œ๋Œ€, ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ตด์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ 1. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ่ˆŠ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Paleolithic Age 014 2. ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๆ–ฐ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Neolithic Age 024 ์šฐ์™€ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ์ถœํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถœํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ํ•œ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ์ž ํ‘œ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ช…์นญ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์žฌ์งˆ, ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ธ๋กœ(cm)๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ้‘ ้Š… ๅ™จ ๅˆ ๆœŸ ้ต ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 032 4. ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๅŽŸ ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 052 5 5. ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(๋ฐฑ์ œ) ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ( ็™พ ๆฟŸ ) Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje) 062 ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. H : height L : length or left R : right D : diameter T : top B : bottom 6. ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(์‹ ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์•ผ) ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ( ๆ–ฐ ็พ… ไผฝ ๅ€ป ) Three Kingdoms Period (Silla Gaya) 096 7. ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€ ็ตฑ ไธ€ ๆ–ฐ ็พ… ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Unified Silla Period 132 6 ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๋ง๋ฏธ์— ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 8. ๊ณ ๋ ค์‹œ๋Œ€ ้ซ˜ ้บ— ๆ™‚ ไปฃ Goryeo Dynasty 142 Explanation II. ์™€์ „ ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks 164 1 1. ๋ฐฑ์ œ ์™€์ „ ็™พ ๆฟŸ ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Baekje Kingdom 166 This volume has been published in order to commemorate the 56 th anniversary of the founding of the University and the 30 th 2. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ์™€์ „ ้ซ˜ ๅฅ ้บ— ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Goguryeo Kingdom 190 anniversary of the opening of the University s Central Museum. 3. ์‹ ๋ผ ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ ์™€์ „ ๆ–ฐ ็พ… ็ตฑ ไธ€ ๆ–ฐ ็พ… ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Silla and Unified Silla Kingdoms 200 2 4. ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์„  ์™€์ „ ้ซ˜ ้บ— ๆœ ้ฎฎ ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties 214 The items presented in this volume have been selected from the collection of Hannam University Central Museum and from 5. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ผ๋ณธ ์™€์ „ ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็“ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of China and Japan 222 artifacts recovered during investigations undertaken by the excavation unit of Hannam University Central Museum. 3 III. ๋„์ž๊ธฐ ้™ถ ็“ท ๅ™จ Ceramic Ware 228 This volume is comprised of six main chapters: โ… . Archaeological Material; โ…ก. Tiles & Bricks; โ…ข. Ceramic Ware; โ…ฃ. Historical Documents and Painting & Calligraphy; โ…ค. Articles for Everyday Life; โ…ฅ. The Korea Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United 1. ๊ณ ๋ ค์ž๊ธฐ ้ซ˜ ้บ— ็“ท ๅ™จ Goryeo Porcelain 230 States and Hannam University. The Archaeological Material chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Paleolithic 2. ์กฐ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ๆœ ้ฎฎ ็“ท ๅ™จ Joseon Porcelain 252 Age; 2. Neolithic Age; 3. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age; 4. Proto-Three Kingdoms Period; 5. Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje); 6. Three Kingdoms Period (Silla Gaya); 7. Unified Silla Period; 8. Goryeo Dynasty. The Tiles & Bricks chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Tiles & Bricks of the Baekje Kingdom; 2. Tiles & Bricks of the Goguryeo Kingdom; 3. Tiles & Bricks of the Silla IV. ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๅค ๆ–‡ ๆ›ธ ์™€ ์„œํ™” ๆ›ธ ็•ต Historical Documents and Painting & Calligraphy 284 and Unified Silla Kingdoms; 4. Tiles & Bricks of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties; 5. Tiles & Bricks of China and Japan. The Ceramic Ware chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Goryeo Porcelain; 2. Joseon Porcelain. V. ์ƒํ™œ์šฉํ’ˆ ็”Ÿ ๆดป ็”จ ๅ“ Articles for Everyday Life 324 4 Item descriptions have been presented in Korean, Chinese characters and English when possible and state the name, period and dimensions of each item. In the case of excavated artifacts and artifacts which were not excavated but the place of origin is clearly known, the relevant information has also been provided. Chinese characters were not used when it was difficult to do so. In the VI. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต ็พŽ ๅœ‹ ๅ— ้•ท ่€ ๆ•Ž ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๊ต ้Ÿ“ ๅœ‹ ๅฎฃ ๆ•Ž ์™€ ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ้Ÿ“ ๅ— ๅคง ๅญธ ๆ ก 362 The Korea Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United States and Hannam University case of calligraphy, the name of the artwork, the name of the artist, the type of material on which the calligraphy was written and the dimensions of the artwork were presented (width x length). 5 ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ชฉ๋ก ้บ ็‰ฉ ็›ฎ ้Œ„ List of Items on Display 376 The alphabet letters that denote the dimensions of each artifact or item are used as follows: H : height L : length or left R : right D : diameter T : top B : bottom ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๅƒ ่€ƒ ๆ–‡ ็ป Bibliography 408 6 A detailed list of the items can be found at the back of this volume. ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์–ด์ œ์™€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ไธญ ๅคฎ ๅš ็‰ฉ ้คจ ๏ฆŒ ๅฒ History of Central Museum 410

์ถ•์‚ฌ ็ฅ ่พญ Congratulatory Remarks ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์„ผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฝƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ณ  ์—ด๋งค๋„ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์ƒ˜์ด ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์—๋„ ๋Š ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์†Ÿ์•„๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ด๋ฅด๋‹ˆ... ์ด๋Š” ์šฉ๋น„์–ด์ฒœ๊ฐ€( ๏ง„ ้ฃ› ๅพก ๅคฉ ๆญŒ ) ์ œ2์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ [ ๆบซ ๆ•… ่€Œ ็Ÿฅ ๆ–ฐ ] ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๆบซ ๆ•… ่€Œ ๅ‰ต ๆ–ฐ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ (history)์š”, ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์‹ ๋น„(mystery)์š”, ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์„ ๋ฌผ(present)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋œป์—์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”. ์˜› ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋˜์งš์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A tree with deep roots blossoms beautifully and bears lots of fruit because it does not sway with any strong wind. The water from a deep spring becomes a stream and flows to the ocean because it does not dry up with a drought. This is the second chapter of Yongbiuchunga. There is an old Chinese epigram, We should study the past to know the present. But now, I think, the epigram may be changed to mean We should study the past to create something new. Today does not exist without yesterday so yesterday is a history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is a gift. History is such a valuable thing in this sense. The Central Museum in Hannam University is regarded as the most important place for education. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” 1956๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ—Œ์‹  ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 57๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ค‘๋ถ€๊ถŒ ๋ช…๋ฌธ์‚ฌํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ „์ง€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™€๋‹น์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 30๋…„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ ์ง„์ฒœ ์‚ผ๋ฃก๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋งˆํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์กฐ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฌผ, ์ถฉ๋ถ ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์กฐ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ 10๋งŒ๋…„ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™์˜ ์œ ์  ๋ฐœ๊ตด์กฐ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ง€ ์—ญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๊ต์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜›๋‚ ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํฐ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์ด์š” ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์€ ์ž‘์€ ์˜›๋‚ ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋“ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ œ์™€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๊ณผ ๋‚ด์ผ์ด ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋งˆ๋“ค์–ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด ์†์—์„œ ๋Š™์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ตฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜ ์— ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์Ÿ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ( ็”Ÿ ๆ–ผ ๆญค ไธญ, ๏คด ๆ–ผ ๆญค ไธญ, ๆ•… ๅ› ๅญ ็€ ๅฟต ๆญค ไธ‰ ๆ—ฅ ) ์ด ๋ง์€ ์ด๋•๋ฌด( ๏งก ๅพท ๆ‡‹ 1741-1793)๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ทค๋‹น๋†์†Œ ( ่Ÿฌ ๆฉ˜ ๅ ‚ ๆฟƒ ็ฌ‘ )์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด์ œ๋Š” ํ›„ํšŒ์š”, ์˜ค๋Š˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ด์ œ์™€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๊ณผ ๋‚ด์ผ ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ํž˜์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋Œ€์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ดˆ ์ค‘ ๊ณ ๊ต์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜ ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€๋ณ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก์ด ์—†์–ด ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์•„์‰ฌ์›€์ด ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ 2012๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋ก์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ „์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณ„์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€ ์—ญ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋ก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ณ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹  ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ด€์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•™์˜ˆ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์น˜ํ•˜์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Hannam University has been honored as one of the most prestigious private universities in local Daejeon area as well as in central region of Korea since its establishment by the American Presbyterian Church in 1956. Its museum boasts 30 years of history and large roof tile collections of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea. The Central Museum also holds many valuable records showing the missionary works of the early American Presbyterian Church and old documents which ascertain the history of Daejeon and Choongchung area. The Central Museum retains excavated materials from a kiln site of Samryong-ri and Sansu-ri in Jincheon and a Neolithic dwelling site in Daecheon-ri, Okcheon, Choongchungbook-Do. Especially, the Yongho-dong site excavation proved that the history of Daejeon is almost 100,000 years old. Lee Deok-mu (1742-1793) wrote in his essay Seongyuldangnongso, The past and now is a big moment. A moment is little past and now. The moments accumulate and become the past and now. Yesterday, today and tomorrow continue to take turns to make new things. A wise man is born and gets old and he has to be reminded of the importance of these three days. Today without yesterday is a regret and tomorrow without today is a worry. We should pay more attention to managing these three days yesterday, today and tomorrow. We now publish this collection of the pictorial records as one event of the 56 th anniversary celebration of Hannam University. I am very pleased to have an opportunity to open to the world the vast collection of artifacts including some which have not been displayed due to the limitation of the space in the museum. I hope this Collection of the pictorial records can be of great use to the field of history and culture domestically and internationally. This is another part of Hannam University s endeavor to share with community and the world. I would like to express my warmest appreciation to the Central museum Director, the curator and all staff involved who made endless efforts for the publication of this collection of the pictorial records. 2013. 1. 23 ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ด์žฅ ๊น€ ํ˜• ํƒœ January 23, 2013 President, Prof. Dr. Hyung-tae Kim

๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ ็™ผ ๅˆŠ ่พญ Preface ์ž‘๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์ด ์„œ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฟฐ์–ด์•ผ ๋ณด๋ฐฐ ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜›๋ง์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ „์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜‘์†Œํ•œ ํƒ“์— 8,000์ ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋นผ์–ด๋‚œ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ์ „์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์ž ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 30์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด์— ํ’ˆ๊ฒฉ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์•„์‰ฌ์›€ ์„ ๋‹ค์†Œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ 1987๋…„์— ์ฒซ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์‹  ๋ฐ•์š”์ˆœ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ์ค‘์•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์‹  ์ตœ๋ณ‘ํ˜„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „์ž„ ๊ด€์žฅ๋‹˜๋“ค์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ๊ธ‰ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํŠน๋ณ„์ „์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€ ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋„๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ ๊ด€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 30์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ˆ™์›์ด๋˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ 8,000์—ฌ์ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋นผ์–ด๋‚œ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ 600์—ฌ์ ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™€๋‹น(ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋ฐฑ์ œ ์™€๋‹น ๋ณด์œ )์€ ๊ตญ ๋ฆฝ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋’ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(2011๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต 55์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ „ ๊ฐœ์ตœ). ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€์—ฌ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๋Š์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‚จ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต์˜ ์„ ๊ตํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ ๊ต๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ, ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„/์ฃผ์ œ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ง„ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ† ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ถ˜๋‹น ์†ก์ถ˜๊ธธ, ์šฐ์•” ์†ก์‹œ์—ด ๋“ฑ ์€์ง„ ์†ก์”จ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๊ด€๋ จ ํฌ๊ท€๋ณธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌ ํ•œ ๋นผ์–ด๋‚œ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜‘์†Œํ•œ ์ „์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋น›์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ๊ธˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดฌ์˜๊ณผ ์ธ์‡„๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ• ๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ ๋นผ์–ด๋‚œ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ํ’ˆ๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์žฌํƒ„์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์„œ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋„๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ ์‹  ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์„ํ™, ํ•œ์ •์—ฝ ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์˜ˆ๋งฅ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์™€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์…”์„œ ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์„ ๋…๋ คํ•ด์ฃผ์‹  ๊น€ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ด์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์žฅ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ „์‹œ, ๋ณด์กด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์žฅ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Š˜ ์• ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์•„ ๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊น€๊ทผ์™„ ํ•™์˜ˆ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. The old Korean saying, Beads don t make a necklace has been deeply impressed on my mind since last year when I took office in the Hannam Central Museum as Director. I could not feel good about the situation that only a part of the 8,000 brilliant artifacts could be on display due to the limited size of the display section in the museum. It is believed that a decent venue for exhibition is an essential factor as well as a courtesy toward valuable artifacts. Since its opening in 1982, the Directors of the Hannam Central Museum, including Professor Park Yo-soon who published the very first collection of the pictorial records in 1987 and Professor Choi Byung-hyun who committed to the prosperity of the Central Museum, have been making continuous efforts to collect valuable artifacts. Although the 8,000 artifacts received attention from the academic and public through several special exhibitions, they were not widely known because there was no comprehensive collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. Fortunately, we see the publication of this elegant collection of the pictorial records in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the opening of Hannam Central Museum, and the Central Museum can reveal 600 of the 8,000 artifacts to the world, which is a big relief. The Central Museum is most famous for its large collection of roof tiles. Especially, it boasts the largest rooftile collection of the Baekje Kingdom among the university museums in Korea. There was a 55 th anniversary celebration exhibition highlighting the rooftile collection of the Central Museum in 2011. The Central Museum also has an extensive collection of records proving the missionary activities of the Presbyterian Church of USA. There are diverse collections of earthenware and ceramics made in different historical times. Additionally, the old, rare documents from the local Song family including Song Joon-gil (Dongchoondang) and Song Si-yeol (Uam) are the special collection of the Central Museum. It is thrilling to see all those valuable pieces overcoming the spatial limitation and finally being unveiled to public with the publication of this collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the photographer Mr. Han Seok-hong and Mr. Han Jeong-yup and the Yemac Publishing Company for taking fantastic pictures and making the elegant Collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. My deepest gratitude goes to the President, prof. Dr. Kim Hyung-tae who appreciated the value of the collections in Hannam Central Museum and encouraged the publication of collection of the pictorial records. The collection of the pictorial records would not been published without the President Kim s support. My extra special thanks go to the Curator Mr. Kim Geun-wan and the staff of the Museum for their unflagging efforts and commitment. 2013. 1. 23 ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์žฅ ์ด ์ง„ ๋ชจ January 23, 2013 Director, Prof. Dr. Jin-mo Lee

I ๊ณ ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ่€ƒ ๅค ่ณ‡ ๆ–™ ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ่€ƒ ๅค ่ณ‡ ๆ–™ ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ”์ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์œ ์  ้บ ่นŸ, ์œ ๊ตฌ ้บ ๆง‹, ์œ ๋ฌผ ้บ ็‰ฉ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค ์–‘ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์œ ๋ฌผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ่ˆŠ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๆ–ฐ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ้‘ ้Š… ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ ๋Œ€ ๅˆ ๆœŸ ้ต ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ๋กœ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๅŽŸ ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ํ†ต์ผ ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€ ็ตฑ ไธ€ ๆ–ฐ ็พ… ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ๊ณ ๋ ค์‹œ๋Œ€ ้ซ˜ ้บ— ๆ™‚ ไปฃ, ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๆœ ้ฎฎ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋—€์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋™์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” 8,000๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1,000๋…„๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‹œ ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์žก๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€์— ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ ํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ๆซ› ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๋Š” ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„“์€ ์ง€ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 10์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฒญ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒญ๋™ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋†๊ฒฝ ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์•ผ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋งˆ ์„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„ํŒŒํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ็ต ็ถ ๅฝข ้Š… ๅŠ ๊ณผ ์„ธํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้Š… ๅŠ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒญ๋™์ œ ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ตฌ, ์˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋„ ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ ธ ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๆˆฐ ๅœ‹ ็ณป ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ  ์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๅคซ ้ค˜ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ้ซ˜ ๅฅ ้บ— ๋“ฑ ์˜ˆ๋งฅ ๆฟŠ ่ฒŠ ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์‚ผํ•œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ผํ•œ ์ค‘ ๋งˆํ•œ์€ ๋ฐฑ์ œ๊ฐ€, ์ง„ํ•œ์€ ์‹ ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด ๊ฐ”๊ณ , ๋ณ€ํ•œ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ ํŽธ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„œ๊ธฐ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด ๋ ต๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์™•๊ตญ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ด์–ด์„œ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๅŽŸ ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๋ฐฑ์ œ ์‹ ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’์€ ๊ท€ ์กฑ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ท€์กฑ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค ๅค ๅขณ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ•์กฐ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์ด ์˜์œ„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ํ˜ธํ™”๋กœ์šด ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ† ๋˜์–ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์—ฟ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹น ๅ” ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜ ์–ด ์„ธ๋ จ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ ˆ ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํ†ต์ผ์‹ ๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ท€์กฑ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฝƒ ํ”ผ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ฒญ์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ฒญ ์ž์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ฉด์„ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†  ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตฝ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋„์žฅ๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๅฐ ่Šฑ ๆ–‡ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ฐ๋ณ‘ ๅ›› ่ง’ ็”, ํŽธ๋ณ‘ ๆ‰ ็” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํ˜•์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฒฝ์ด ์–‡์•„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜•์„ ๋‹ฎ์€ ํ† ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋„๋ก ๋ฐ‘ ์ด ๋„“๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์ ธ ์กฐ ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. Archaeological Material Archaeological material refers to all traces left by past human activity. It comprises archaeological sites, features and artifacts, in addition to ecofacts, and provides the basic material with which human history and culture can be studied and reconstructed. The Korean prehistoric period can be divided into the Paleolithic Age, Neolithic Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, and the historic period can be divided into the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, Three Kingdoms Period, Unified Silla Period, Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty. The communities of the Paleolithic Age were highly mobile, and hunted animals and gathered plants. This period can be further divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic according to the type of stone tools used and their manufacturing technique. The Neolithic Age began at around 8,000 BCE and continued until 1,000 BCE. Communities in the Korean Peninsula at this time established small villages along rivers or on the coastline, which allowed easy access to marine resources. They also made pottery and used ground stone tools. The representative pottery type of this period is combpattern pottery, which has the widest range of distribution. The Bronze Age began at around the 10 th century BCE, following the introduction of farming communities into the Korean Peninsula that used plain pottery and bronze objects. Villages were established on low-lying hillsides, which allowed easy access to farmlands, and the production of bronze weapons, tools and ritual objects, such as Liaoning-type and Korean-type bronze daggers, took place. In addition, the manufacture of stone tools, required for farming activities, was greatly developed in this period. The Early Iron Age began at around the 3 th century BCE, with the introduction of the Chinese iron culture of the Warring States Period. The Iron Age is also regarded as the later phase of the Bronze Age. This period witnessed the establishment of Yemaek states, such as Buyeo and Goguryeo, in the northern regions of the peninsula, and various Samhan polities were formed in the southern regions. Of these Samhan polities, Mahan was annexed by Baekje, Jinhan was annexed by Silla, and Byeonhan was consolidated into the Gaya Confederacy. However, as it was only in the 3 rd century BCE that the establishment of fully-fledged states took place, the time prior to this is referred to as the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. The Three Kingdoms Period witnessed the establishment of an elite culture that emerged through the merging of the indigenous cultures of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, and various cultural influences from outside the peninsula. The tombs of the Three Kingdoms Period are a good example of this elite culture. These great tombs, which were constructed as demonstrations of great power and authority, and which contained a rich array of objects that would have been used by the elite of the period, provide insight into the power and cultural level of the elite. In the Unified Silla Period, the cultures of the Three Kingdoms were merged together and the cultural influences of Tang China were adopted, thereby resulting in a sophisticated culture that may be considered to represent the zenith of the ancient cultures of the peninsula. The significant role that Buddhism played in the spiritual lives of the people at the time, in particular, resulted in great developments in Buddhist art. The Goryeo Dynasty witnessed the blossoming of an opulent aristocratic culture which was founded upon the culture of the Unified Silla Period. One aspect of this rich culture is represented by Goryeo celadon, including inlaid (sanggam) celadon. The ceramic vessels of this period acquired shorter pedestals, and stamped patterns were no longer used. New vessel forms, such as flattened bottles and rectangular bottles, also came into use. Thinwalled vessels came to be made, following the influence of celadon ware, and vessels identical in form to that of celadon ware were also produced. Overall, ceramic vessels came to have wide bases, which increased their stability and utility, and the use of such vessels continued into the Joseon Dynasty. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 12 13

1 ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ่ˆŠ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ธ์› ๏ง ไบบ ็Œฟ ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์ธ ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ๋…„๊นŒ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ทธ๋Š˜, ์•ผ์™ธ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ Paleolithic Age The Paleolithic Age began with the production and use of stone tools by early humans that had evolved from anthropoid primates. It came to an end at around 10,000 years ago when the Neolithic Age began. Paleolithic communities were seasonally mobile and formed small groups. They lived in caves and temporary ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๋ง‰์ง‘์— ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด, ์ฑ„์ง‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. dwelling structures or under rock shelters. Their subsistence economy was based on hunting, fishing and gathering. ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›”๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜ The gradual evolution of Paleolithic people was accompanied by an increase in brain capacity. As a result, oral ์˜€๊ณ , ์›์‹œ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™๊ตด์˜ ๋ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์Šน์˜ ๋ผˆ์™€ ๋ฟ”, ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋Œ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ communication became possible, primitive religion emerged, people began to bury their dead, and artwork (in the form ์กฐ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ–‰์œ„๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋Œ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ๋—€์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ผˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์—ฐ of cave paintings or carvings made on bone, horn, wood and rock) came to be produced. The tools used at the time ์žฅ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. were made of chipped stone, wood and bone. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „๊ธฐ(250๋งŒ๋…„~10๋งŒ๋…„์ „), ์ค‘๊ธฐ(10๋งŒ๋…„~4๋งŒ๋…„์ „), ํ›„ The Paleolithic Age can be divided into the Lower Paleolithic (2.5 million years ago ~ 100 thousand years ago), ๊ธฐ(4๋งŒ๋…„~1๋งŒ๋…„์ „)๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Middle Paleolithic (100 thousand years ago ~ 40 thousand years ago), and Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years ago ~ 10 thousand years ago) according to stone tool type and manufacturing technique. ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ž๊ฐˆ๋Œ์˜ ํ•œ๋ฉด ํ˜น์€ ์–‘๋ฉด์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค๋‚ธ ์ฐ๊ฐœ, ์ „๋ฉด์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค๋‚ด์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์— ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ ์ฃผ๋จน๋„๋ผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๋Œ, ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋‚ ๋„๋ผ, ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ฐœ, ๊ธ๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋Œ€ํ˜•์„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ The stone tools of the Lower Paleolithic were generally large stone tools that often served various functions. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ค„ Examples of such stone tools used in this period include choppers which were made by flaking one or both sides of ์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , ์„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ ์šฉ๋„์— ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๋‚ ์„๊ธฐ pebble stones, hand-axes which were made by flaking the entire surface of the stone to facilitate easier grip and to ๋šœ๋ฅด๊ฐœ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚ ์„ ์ž”์†์งˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฟ”, ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— enhance their function, bola stones, cleavers, points and scrapers. The development of stone manufacturing technology ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋ ค ์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํƒ€๊ฒฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฟ”๋กœ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ๋–ผ์–ด์„œ 2์ฐจ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•œ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ๋–ผ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ in the Middle Paleolithic led to a decrease in the number of large stone tools that were used. There was a greater ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ž”์„๊ธฐ ็ดฐ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. diversity in terms of tool types and the number of single purpose tools increased. Stone tools used in this period include denticulates, borers and burins, and the tool blades were often retouched. The Upper Paleolithic witnessed the use of ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์•ฝ 70๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ”์ ์€ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ํ˜• indirect flaking, in which bone, horn and hard wood were used to flake stone. Pressure flaking, which utilized sharp bone ์„ฑ๋œ ํฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธต์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ทธ๋Š˜, ์•ผ์™ธ์œ ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ and horn tools, was also used to retouch stone tools. Small and sophisticated microliths were also made. ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. In the Korean Peninsula, the Paleolithic Age is thought to have begun at around 700 thousand years ago. Traces ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™์œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™์œ  of Paleolithic people are often found in the cultural layers located along the terraces of large rivers and the coast. Traces of ์  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™์œ ์ ์€ ์•ฝ 10๋งŒ๋…„์ „์—์„œ 1๋งŒ๋…„์ „ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธต์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜ Paleolithic activity have also been found in caves, rock shelters and outdoor campsites. ์–ด ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ 10๋งŒ๋…„ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Hannam University Central Museum has excavated important Paleolithic sites, such as Yongho-dong and Noeun-dong, both in located Daejeon. The Yongho-dong site, in particular, yielded four Paleolithic layers which date to between 100 thousand years ago and 10 thousand years ago. This makes it possible to confirm that humans had resided in the Dajeon region as far back as 100 thousand years ago. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 14 15

004 ์Šด๋ฒ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ฐœ ๆœ‰ ่Ž– ๅฐ– ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 5.7 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Tanged-point, Stone L 5.7 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 005 ์Šด๋ฒ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ฐœ ๆœ‰ ่Ž– ๅฐ– ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 4.0 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Tanged-point, Stone L 4.0 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 006 ์–‘๋์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ฐœ ๊ธธ์ด 9.7 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Bi-point, Stone L 9.7 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 004 005 006 001 ์ฃผ๋จน๋„๋ผ ๆ‰‹ ๆ–ง ๊ธธ์ด 14.2 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Hand-axe, Stone L 14.2 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 007 007 ๋ชธ๋Œ ็Ÿณ ๆ ธ ๊ธธ์ด 9.8 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Core, Stone L 9.8 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 008 ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฐ์„๊ธฐ ๊ธธ์ด 13.4 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ 002 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ ์œ ์ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต Panorama view of the Yongho-dong site, in Daejeon 003 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ ์œ ์ ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋• ์ž๋ฆฌ Fire pit from the Yongho-dong site, in Daejeon Ground-tool, Stone L 13.4 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 008 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 14 15

010 011 012 013 009 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์™ธ๋‚ ์ฐ๊ฐœ ๅ„ ็จฎ ๅ–ฎ ๅˆƒ ๅ™จ ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Choppers, Stone From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 010 ์™ธ๋‚ ์ฐ๊ฐœ ๅ–ฎ ๅˆƒ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 13.5 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Chopper, Stone L 13.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 011 ์™ธ๋‚ ์ฐ๊ฐœ ๅ–ฎ ๅˆƒ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 11.5 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Chopper, Stone L 11.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 012 ์™ธ๋‚ ์ฐ๊ฐœ ๅ–ฎ ๅˆƒ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 10.5 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Chopper, Stone L 10.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 013 ์™ธ๋‚ ์ฐ๊ฐœ ๅ–ฎ ๅˆƒ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 9.3 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Chopper, Stone L 9.3 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 18 19

018 ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๋‚  ๊ธธ์ด 9.0 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Denticulate, Stone L 9.0 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 019 ๋ฐ€๊ฐœ ๆ” ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 5.6(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ End-scrapers, Stone L 5.6(R) From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 014 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„๊ธฐ ๅ„ ็จฎ ๅคš ้ข ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Polyhedrons, Stone From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 015 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„๊ธฐ ๅคš ้ข ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 9.5 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ 016 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„๊ธฐ ๅคš ้ข ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 6.6 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ 017 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„๊ธฐ ๅคš ้ข ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 9.9 ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ 020 ๊ธ๊ฐœ ๆ” ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 6.2 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ 021 ๋Œ๋‚  ็Ÿณ ๅˆƒ ๊ธธ์ด 5.8 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ 022 ๊ฒฉ์ง€ ๅ‰ ็‰‡ ๊ธธ์ด 8.3 ๋Œ€์ „ ์šฉํ˜ธ๋™ Polyhedron, Stone Polyhedron, Stone Polyhedron, Stone Scraper, Stone Blade, Stone Flake, Stone L 9.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 6.6 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 9.9 From Noeun-dong, Daejeon L 6.2 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 5.8 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 8.3 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 18 19

023 ๋ฐ€๊ฐœ ๆ” ๅ™จ ๊ธธ์ด 4.1(์™ผ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ End-scrapers, Stone L 4.1(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 026 ์ข€๋Œ๋‚ ๋ชธ๋Œ ็ดฐ ็Ÿณ ๅˆƒ ๆ ธ ๊ธธ์ด 4.5(์™ผ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ Microblade cores, Stone L 4.5(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 024 ๋Œ๋‚  ็Ÿณ ๅˆƒ ๊ธธ์ด 6.0(์™ผ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ Blades, Stone L 6.0(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 025 ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ ๅฝซ ๅˆป ๅˆ€ ๊ธธ์ด 3.2(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ Burins, Stone L 3.2(R) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 027 ์Šคํ‚ค๋ชจ์–‘๊ฒฉ์ง€ ๅ‰ ็‰‡ ๊ธธ์ด 7.7(์™ผ์ชฝ) ๋Œ€์ „ ๋…ธ์€๋™ Ski-shaped flakes, Stone L 7.7(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 22 23

2 ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๆ–ฐ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ 1๋งŒ 2์ฒœ๋…„์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ต๊ณผ ์ฑ„์ง‘๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋™์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ถ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์‹œ ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๅ™จ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ €์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Neolithic Age The Neolithic Age began at around 12,000 years ago when the Ice Age came to an end and the natural environment took on its present form. A transition took place in this period, from a mobile lifestyle based on hunting and gathering to a settled way of life based on farming and animal husbandry. Ground stone tools and pottery began to be produced, the latter being ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 8,000~6,000๋…„๊ฒฝ), ์ „๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 6,000~3,500๋…„๊ฒฝ), ์ค‘๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3,500~2,000๋…„๊ฒฝ), ํ›„๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 2,000~1,000๋…„๊ฒฝ)์˜ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. used as cooking and storage vessels. The Korean Neolithic Age can be divided into four phases the Incipient Neolithic (8,000 ~ 6,000 BCE), Early ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌธ์–‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ง๋ฌด ๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ๏งœ ่ตท ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ์™€ ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ๆซ› ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Neolithic (6,000 ~ 3,500 BCE), Middle Neolithic (3,500 ~ 2000 BCE) and Late Neolithic (2,000 ~ 1,000 BCE) according to diachronic changes in pottery type. ๋ง๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ง„ํ™๋ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ‰๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•ํ™์„ ๋„๋“œ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋‚จํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด ๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ† ๊ธฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋น— ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์–‘์„ ์‹œ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ์ถœํ† ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋น— ์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡ ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ์™€ ์žฅ์‹๋ฌธ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žฅ์‹ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. The most characteristic feature of the Korean Neolithic is the use of pottery. The pottery of this period can be broadly divided into raised design pottery and comb-pattern pottery according to the mode of decoration. Raised design pottery was decorated by attaching strips of clay or by pinching the vessel surface in order to form raised designs. This pottery type is mainly found in the eastern and southern coastal regions of the Korean Peninsula but its distribution extends southwards to Japan and northwards to the Amur River region. Comb-pattern ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋—€์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๋Œ๋„๋ผ๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์ถ” ๋‚š์‹œ ์ž‘์‚ด ํ™”์‚ด ์ด‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด ๋„๊ตฌ ๆผ ๆ’ˆ ๅ…ท ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋Œ ๊ฐˆํŒ ๊ณ ์„ ์ˆซ๋Œ ๋ฐœํ™”์„ ็™ผ ็ซ ็Ÿณ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์šฉ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผˆ์—ฐ๋ชจ ้ชจ ่ง’ ๅ™จ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์†ก๊ณณ ์ฐ”๊ฐœ์‚ด ์ž‘์‚ด ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. pottery was decorated by incising the vessel surface with a comb-like tool. As this pottery type is found throughout the Korean Peninsula, the Korean Neolithic culture is also referred to as the comb-pattern pottery culture. The vessels forms and decorative patterns of comb-pattern pottery were regionally distinct in the early stage, but in the later stage, the decorative patterns of comb-pattern pottery in all regions gradually become simplified, and the area of decoration also ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ•์•ˆ๋Œ€์ง€๋‚˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์–ธ๋• ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ทผ๋„์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊นŠ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ž์›์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋ฌด์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์œ ์ ๊ณผ ์›€๋ฌด๋ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งค์žฅ์œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. decreased. Both chipped stone tools and ground stone tools were used in the Neolithic Age. The stone tool types of this period include various types of axes, hunting and fishing tools (net weights, fish hooks, harpoon points, arrowheads) and ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ ์€ ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋†๊ฒฝ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ถœํ† ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋†๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. everyday items (grinding stones and slabs, whetting stones, and flint stones). Bone tools comprise needles, awls, and harpoon points. It appears that bone was regarded as a more efficient type of raw material in the case of these tools. Neolithic communities generally established villages in locations where they could have easy access to water and food resources, such as along river terraces, coastal hillsides and islands located close to the mainland, or near small rivers in the case of inland communities. They left sites that were formed as a result of daily activities (shellmiddens and dwellings) or the disposal of the dead (pit burials). Hannam University Central Museum excavated Neolithic dwelling at the site of Daecheon-ri, in Okcheon. This dwelling yielded various different types of grains, as well as farming tools. The site is therefore regarded as an important site that my shed light on the earliest stages in the development of farming in the Korean Peninsula. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 24 25

029 ๋„ํŒ 28์˜ ๋ฌธ์–‘์„ธ๋ถ€ Detail of Pl. 28. 028 ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ๆซ› ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๋†’์ด 25.0 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ 030 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต Panorama view of the settlement site of Daecheon-ri, in Okcheon Comb-pattern pottery, Earthenware H 25.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 26 27

031 ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ๆซ› ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๋†’์ด 30.0 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Comb-pattern pottery, Earthenware H 30.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 033 ๊ฐˆํŒ ็ขพ ็Ÿณ ๊ธธ์ด 69.0 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Saddle quern, Stone L 69.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 032 ๋น—์‚ด๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํŽธ ๆซ› ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ็‰‡ ์ž”์กด๋†’์ด 6.3 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Comb-pattern pottery sherd, Earthenware H 6.3 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 034 ๊ฐˆํŒ ็ขพ ็Ÿณ ๊ธธ์ด 68.3 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Saddle quern, Stone L 68.3 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 28 29

035 ๊ฐˆ๋Œ ็Ÿณ ๆฃ’ ๊ธธ์ด 18.7 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Grinding stone pestle, Stone L 18.7 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 037 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ๋ณด์Šต ๅ„ ็จฎ ็Ÿณ ็Š ๊ธธ์ด 20.0(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ„) ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Plowshares, Stone L 20.0(R T) From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 038 ๋Œ๋„๋ผ ็Ÿณ ๆ–ง ๊ธธ์ด 6.5 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Axe, Stone L 6.5 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 036 ๊ฐˆ๋Œ ็Ÿณ ๆฃ’ ๊ธธ์ด 9.2 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Grinding stone pestle, Stone L 9.2 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 038 039 039 ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ ๅฝซ ๅˆป ๅˆ€ ๊ธธ์ด 4.0 ์˜ฅ์ฒœ ๋Œ€์ฒœ๋ฆฌ Burin, Stone L 4.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 30 31

3 ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ้‘ ้Š… ๅ™จ ๅˆ ๆœŸ ้ต ๅ™จ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 10์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ์˜ ์š”๋ น์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ์™€ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์žก์ด๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ถ•์ด ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋งˆ์„์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰ ์ •์ƒ๋ถ€์™€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋†๊ฒฝ์ด ์ƒ์—…๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์„ ์ƒ์ง€ ๆ‰‡ ็‹€ ๅœฐ ๋กœ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์€ 2~4๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ณ€์˜ ์ถฉ์ ๋Œ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋งŽ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•ด ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๋ž‘์„ ํŒŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๆœจ ๆŸต ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age The Korean Bronze Age began at around the 10 th century BCE with the migration of communities into the Korean peninsula from the Liaoning region of Northeast China and the Northern Steppe regions. These farming communities used plain pottery and bronze objects, and were soon assimilated with the peninsula s indigenous population. The rapid development of farming and animal husbandry, as well as the continuation of hunting and fishing practices, took place in the Bronze Age. This resulted in increased economic production, which in turn established the foundations for the formation of large-scale villages. Villages of the earlier period were generally established on hilltop locations or along natural river embankments. However, as farming came to play a greater role in the subsistence economy, villages soon spread to lower altitudes and came to be situated on hillsides or alluvial fans. In addition, in contrast to the villages of the earlier period, which generally consisted of two to four dwellings, the villages of the later period, established ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ธ๋Œ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ๋„๋ฌด๋ค ็Ÿณ ๆฃบ ๅข“, ๋…๋„๋ฌด๋ค ็”• ๆฃบ ๅข“, ์›€๋ฌด๋ค ๅœŸ ๅฃ™ ๅข“ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด on gently rolling hillsides or alluvial plains, grew in scale and could consist of up to hundreds of dwellings. Such large-scale ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ค์–‘์‹์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋ค๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฌด๋ค ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ์œ„๊ณ„ villages were at times surrounded by ditches and wooden fences which served protective functions. ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ฒญ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋น„ํŒŒํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ๊บพ์ฐฝ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒญ๋™์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์ด๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐฝ ์นผ ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰ ๋„๋ผ ๋Œ€ํŒป๋‚  ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๋Œ์นผ ๋‚ซ ๊ดญ์ด ๊ฐ€ A number of new burial types appeared in the Bronze Age, such as dolmens, stone cist burials, jar burials and ๋ž˜ ๊ฐˆ๋Œ ๊ฐˆํŒ ์ˆซ๋Œ ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ† ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ตฝ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด earth cut burials. These diverse burials appear to have been associated with an increase in social complexity, as hierarchical ๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ์™€ ๋ถ‰์€๊ฐ„ํ† ๊ธฐ ็ด… ้™ถ, ๊ฒ€์€๊ฐ„ํ† ๊ธฐ ้ป‘ ้™ถ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. distinctions can be seen in the different types of burials used within a single cemetery. Objects used in daily life which newly appeared in this period include bronze items (such as Liaoning-type daggers, ge-halberds and mirrors), in addition to ground ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 4-3์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ™” stone items (such as daggers, spearheads, arrowheads, axes, planes, semi-lunar reaping knives, sickles, hoes, plowshares, ๊ฐ€ ์š”๋™-์„œ๋ถํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”๋™-์„œ๋ถํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ grinding slabs and stones, whetstones and spindle whorls). The production of ground stone objects, which first appeared in ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 2์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒญ์ฒœ๊ฐ• ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์€์œจ ์†ก์‚ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐฑ์ฒœ ์„์‚ฐ๋ฆฌ, ํ•จํฅ ์ดํ™”๋™ ๋“ฑ the Neolithic Age, reached its zenith in this period, and a diverse range of tools, which served distinct functions, were made. ์˜ ์„ธํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ์ถœํ† ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด ้‘„ ้€  ้ต ๆ–ง ๋“ฑ์ด ์ถœํ† ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณง์ด์–ด ์„ธํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ฒ ์ œ๋‹จ๊ฒ€์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ In the case of pottery, plain vessels with low bases were made, along with red and black burnished vessels. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์„œ๋‚จํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹น์ง„ ์†Œ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋ถ€์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์†ก๋ฆฌ, ์žฅ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์–‘๋ฆฌ, ๋…ผ์‚ฐ ์› ๋ถ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ฒฝ ๆผข ้ก ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ์‹ ๆผข ๅผ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ ๋ถ€์†๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์ถœ The early Iron Age dates from the 4 th ~ 3 rd century BCE to around the early 1 st century CE. This period began with ํ† ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋‚™๋ž‘์˜ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ the introduction of the iron culture of the Warring States of China into the Liaoning region and the northwestern region of the ์€ ์ƒํ™œ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋„ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ peninsula, and can also be regarded as the Late Bronze Age. The iron objects that were introduced into the Liaoning region ํšŒ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. and the northwestern region of the peninsula spread to the areas south of the Chungcheon River at around the 2 nd century BCE. This can be identified through the presence of plowshares made of cast iron at sites which also yielded slender-type ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์›€์ง‘๊ณผ ์ง€์ƒ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋Œ bronze daggers, such as Songsan-ri in Eunyul, Seoksan-ri in Baekcheon, and Yihwa-dong in Hamheung. Iron daggers that ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๋„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ์ธ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋Œ๋„๋ฌด๋ค replicated the form of slender-type bronze daggers were soon produced, and the number, as well as the types, of iron objects ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋ฌด๋ค์–‘์‹์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋„๋ฌด๋ค ๆœจ ๆฃบ ๅข“, ๋ง๋„๋ฌด๋ค ๆœจ ๆงจ ๅข“, ๋…๋ฌด๋ค ็”• ๆฃบ ๅข“ ๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ํ–‰ increased. In the southwest region of the peninsula, early wooden coffin burials, such as those found at the sites of Soso-ri in ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Dangjin, Hapsong-ri in Buyeo, Namyang-ri in Jangsu, and Wonbuk-ri in Nonsan, have only yielded Korean-style bronze objects and iron objects made to imitate these bronze objects. The fact that Han mirrors and Han style chariot fittings have not been identified in these wooden coffin burials indicates that the iron culture of the Warring States period of China had already been introduced prior to the introduction of the Lelang iron culture. The spread of iron objects brought about significant changes the subsistence economy, and the resulting increase in agricultural production led, in turn, to accelerated social differentiation. The iron objects also increased in size, and this brought about great changes throughout all aspects of society. The archaeological sites of this period were settlement sites and burial sites. Settlements consisted of traditional pit dwellings and dwellings built on the ground surface, and both had some form of indoor heating facilities. The dwellings of this period became larger in scale and the internal space was increased. In terms of burial sites, the use of the Bronze Age dolmens and stone cist burials decreased. New types of burials, such as wooden coffin burials, wooden cist burials and jar burials, were also used which combined traditional burial elements with Chinese influences. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 32 33

041 ๋ถ‰์€๊ฐ„ํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็ด… ้™ถ ๋†’์ด 12.5 Red burnished pottery, Earthenware H 12.5 042 ๋ถ‰์€๊ฐ„ํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็ด… ้™ถ ๋†’์ด 11.7 Red burnished pottery, Earthenware H 11.7 040 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 45.0 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 45.0 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 34 35

046 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 11.2 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 11.2 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 043 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 28.5 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 28.5 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 044 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 11.9 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 11.9 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 045 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ ์œ ์ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต Panorama view of the Guseong-dong site, in Daejeon 047 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 15.6 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 15.6 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 048 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 14.7 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 14.7 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 36 37

052 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๋Œ์นผ ๅ„ ็จฎ ๅŠ ๆœˆ ๅฝข ็Ÿณ ๅˆ€ ๊ธธ์ด 22.5(์œ„) Harvesting knives, Stone L 22.5(T) 049 ๊ฐ„๋Œ๊ฒ€ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 21.4(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 21.4(R) 050 ๊ฐ„๋Œ๊ฒ€ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 21.8(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 21.8(R) 051 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋Œ๊ฒ€ ๅ„ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 31.8(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 31.8(R) 053 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™ˆ์ž๊ท€ ๅ„ ็จฎ ๆœ‰ ๆบ ็Ÿณ ๆ–ง ๊ธธ์ด 15.5(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Groove adzes, Stone L 15.5(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 38 39

056 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œํ™”์‚ด์ด‰ ๅ„ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ้ƒ ๊ธธ์ด 13.0(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ„) Arrowheads, Stone L 13.0(R T) 054 ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ๋„๋ผ ๅ„ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็Ÿณ ๆ–ง ๊ธธ์ด 18.9(์™ผ์ชฝ) Axes, Stone L 18.9(L) 055 ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋‚ ๋„๋ผ ็’ฐ ็‹€ ็Ÿณ ๆ–ง ์ง€๋ฆ„ 14.3 Discoidal maces, Stone D 14.3 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 38 41

058 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 36.7 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 36.7 059 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 21.8 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 21.8 057 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 35.7 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 35.7 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 42 43

060 ์„ธํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้Š… ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 23.7 061 ์„ธํ˜•๋™๊ฒ€ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้Š… ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 24.8 062 ์„์ œ์นผ์ž๋ฃจ๋์žฅ์‹ ็Ÿณ ่ฃฝ ๅŠ ๆŠŠ ้ ญ ้ฃพ ๋†’์ด 6.5 063 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹๋™๊ฒ€ ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ๅŠ ๊ธธ์ด 46.6(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Slender-type dagger, Bronze Slender-type dagger, Bronze Pommel fitting, Stone Chinese-type daggers, Bronze L 23.7 L 24.8 H 6.5 L 46.6(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 42 45

065 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊บฝ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๋™ํˆฌ๊ฒ์ฐฝ ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้‰พ ้Š… ๆˆˆ ๊ธธ์ด 16.1(์™ผ์ชฝ) Chinese-type ge-halberds and socketed spearhead, Bronze L 16.1(L) 064 ์ฒญ๋™๊บฝ์ฐฝ ้Š… ๆˆˆ ๊ธธ์ด 22.5 Ge-halberd, Bronze L 22.5 066 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰ ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ƒ ๊ธธ์ด 8.4(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Chinese-type arrowhead, Bronze L 8.4(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 46 47

067 ๋ช…๋„์ „ ๆ˜Ž ๅˆ€ ้Œข ๊ธธ์ด 15.7(์™ผ์ชฝ) Knife-shaped coins, Bronze L 15.7(L) 068 ํฌ์ „ ๅธƒ ้Œข ๊ธธ์ด 5.8(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Spade-shaped coins, Bronze L 5.8(R) 069 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ(ํ›ผ๋ฃก๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ก ( ่™บ ๏ง„ ๆ–‡ ้ก ) ์ง€๋ฆ„ 19.1 Chinese-type mirror with dragon design, Bronze D 19.1 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 48 49

070 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ(์ˆ˜๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ก ( ็ธ ๆ–‡ ้ก ) ์ง€๋ฆ„ 11.2 Chinese-type mirror with auspicious animal design, Bronze D 11.2 072 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ(์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ก ( ๏ฆš ๅผง ๆ–‡ ้ก ) ์ง€๋ฆ„ 11.3 Chinese-type mirror with arch design, Bronze D 11.3 071 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ(๋ช…๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ก ( ้Š˜ ๆ–‡ ้ก ) ์ง€๋ฆ„ 13.1 Chinese-type mirror with Chinese characters, Bronze D 13.1 073 ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ์ฒญ๋™๊ฑฐ์šธ(๋ฐฉ๊ฒฉ๊ทœ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅœ‹ ๅผ ้Š… ้ก ( ๆ–น ๆ ผ ่ฆ ็Ÿฉ ้ก ) ์ง€๋ฆ„ 9.7 Chinese-type mirror with square panels, Bronze D 9.7 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 50 51

4 ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๅŽŸ ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์›์ดˆ์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ํ›„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ๊ธฐ 300๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์•ฝ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์‡ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋†๊ฒฝ ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ Proto-Three Kingdoms Period The Proto-Three Kingdoms is a concept distinctive to archaeology. It is a time period, 300 years long, that is used to refer to the incipient stages of the Three Kingdoms. It begins around the beginning of the 1 st century CE and continues until 300 CE. The large-scale production of iron took place from this period onwards, and iron weapons and farming tools ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. also came to be widely used. The use of iron tools increased farming efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, led to increased social differentiation and the emergence of control mechanisms which lay down the foundations for the ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ ๆฟŠ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ค‘ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆํ•œ ์ง„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ•œ์˜ ์‚ผํ•œ์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ผํ•œ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ ๅœ‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๋งˆํ•œ์—๋Š” 54๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตญ์ด, ์ง„ํ•œ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ•œ์—๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. establishment of new political groups. The Korean Peninsula at this time witnessed the emergence of the Ye polity in the northern regions, and the Samhan polities of Mahan, Jinhan and Byeonhan in the southern regions. The polities of Ye and Samhan were not yet ๋งˆํ•œ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ „๋ผ์ง€์—ญ, ์ง„ ๋ณ€ํ•œ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋‚™๋™๊ฐ•์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋™์•ˆ ๆฑ ๅฒธ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ง„ํ•œ์ด, ์„œ์•ˆ ่ฅฟ ๅฒธ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•œ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. states but confederations of smaller political units, called guk. It is recorded that, in the 3 rd century, Mahan consisted of 54 guks and Jinhan and Byeonhan were made up of 12 guks. ๋‚™๋™๊ฐ• ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ€ํ•œ์€ ์ฒ ์„ ๋‚™๋ž‘๊ณผ ์™œ ๅ€ญ ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™œ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์™ธ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ ๆผข ๅ›› ้ƒก ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ‰์–‘ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋‚™๋ž‘๊ตฐ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ์˜€๋‹ค. Mahan territory is believed to have comprised the areas of Chungcheong Province and Jeolla Province, and parts of Gyeonggi Province, while Jinhan was located east of, and Byeonhan west of, the Nakdong River. ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ”์ ์€ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋”๋ฏธ, ๊ฐ€๋งˆํ„ฐ, ์•ผ์ฒ ์ง€ ๅ†ถ ้ต ๅ€, ๋ฌด๋ค ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›€์ง‘ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์ƒ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ์˜ ์ถ•์กฐ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ๋งŽ ์€ ์กฐ๊ฐœ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งˆํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ค ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋„๋ž‘ ๅ‘จ ๆบ ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ ์›€๋ฌด๋ค ๅ‘จ ๆบ ๅœŸ ๅฃ™ ๅข“, ์ฃผ ๊ตฌ๋ฌ˜ ๅ‘จ ๆบ ๅข“ ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง„ ๋ณ€ํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฌด๋ค ๅœŸ ๅฃ™ ๆœจ ๆฃบ ๅข“ ๊ณผ ๋ง๋„๋ฌด๋ค ๅœŸ ๅฃ™ ๆœจ ๆงจ ๅข“ ์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์™€ ๋‚™๋ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ๋ฌด์ง€๋ฌด๋ค ็ฉ ็Ÿณ ๅกš ๊ณผ ๋ง๋„๋ฌด๋ค ๅœŸ ๅฃ™ ๆœจ ๆงจ ๅข“, ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋ฌด๋ค ๅกผ ็ฏ‰ ๅขณ ์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Located along the lower reaches of the Nakdong river, Byeonhan had access to plentiful iron resources, which it exported to Lelang and Wa. In exchange, it received goods from China, Wa and the Northern Steppe regions. This provided the basis for active foreign interaction with these regions. In particular, the ancient culture of China was introduced into Byeonhan territory via Lelang, one of the four Han Commaderies which was established in the Pyeongyang area. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋ถํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํƒ€๋‚ ๋ฌธํ† ๊ธฐ ๆ‰“ ๆบ ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‚จํ•œ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ํ† ๊ธฐ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์žˆ ์–ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋‚ ๋ฌธํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํƒ€๋‚ ๋ฌธ ํšŒ๋„ ็ฐ ้™ถ ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™๋ž‘๊ตฐ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จํ•œ ๊ฐ์ง€๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ† ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. The lives of communities of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period may be approached through dwelling sites, shellmiddens, kiln sites, iron production sites and burials. Various types of houses were used in this period. Pit dwellings continued to be used but the number of ground surface dwellings increased as well. Many shellmiddens were formed near the seashore. The types of burials used varied according to region, with earth cut burials surrounded by a ditch ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ ์€ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ์œ ์ , ๋Œ€์ „ ์˜ค์ •๋™ ์ง‘ ์ž๋ฆฌ์œ ์ , ๊ณต์ฃผ ์ƒ์„œ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ์œ ์  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. (jugumyo) appearing in the territory of Mahan. In the Jinan and Byeonhan territories, wooden coffin burials were used in the earlier phase and wooden cist burials in the later phase. In the territories of Goguryeo and Lelang, located in the northern regions of the peninsula, stone pyramid tombs, wooden cist burials and brick tombs were used. The paddled pottery manufacturing technique, which was introduced from the northwestern region into the southern regions of the peninsula in this period, brought about many changes in the pottery production technology of the time. The manufacturing technique of paddled pottery was derived from the gray software of the Chinese Warring States Period and was introduced into the southern regions of the peninsula around the time that the Lelang Commandery was founded, contributing to the establishment of the pottery production system of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. The sites of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period excavated by Hannam University Central Museum include the Guseong-dong settlement site and the Ojeong-dong settlement site, both in Daejeon, and the sites of Sangseo-ri and Naecheon-ri in Gongju. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 52 53

074 ์‡ ๋ฟ”๋ชจ์–‘์†์žก์ดํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็ต„ ๅˆ ็‰› ่ง’ ๅฝข ๆŠŠ ๆ‰‹ ้™„ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 36.0 077 ๊ตฝ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธด๋ชฉํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ่‡บ ้™„ ้•ท ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 40.2 078 ๊ตฝ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณง์€๋ชฉํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ่‡บ ้™„ ็›ด ๅฃ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 35.8 Jar with horn-shaped handles, Earthenware H 36.0 074 Pedestaled jar with long neck, Earthenware H 40.2 Pedestaled jar with straight neck, Earthenware H 35.8 075 ์งง์€๋ชฉํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็Ÿญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 26.2 Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 26.2 076 ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆํ˜ธ ๏งง ๅฝข ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 13.2 079 ํ™”๋กœ๋ชจ์–‘ํ† ๊ธฐ ๏คณ ๅฝข ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๋†’์ด 16.0 Jar, Earthenware Brazier-shaped pottery, Earthenware H 13.2 075 076 H 16.0 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 54 55

082 ์งง์€๋ชฉํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็Ÿญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 28.2 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 28.2 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 080 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ๅœŸ ๅ™จ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 34.3 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 34.3 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 081 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ ์ง‘์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์Šต Dwelling from the Guseong-dong site, in Daejeon 083 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 21.0 ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 21.0 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 56 57

084 ์งง์€๋ชฉํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ ็Ÿญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋†’์ด 25.0(์™ผ์ชฝ) ๊ณต์ฃผ ์ƒ์„œ๋ฆฌ Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 25.0(L) From Sangseo-ri, Gongju 087 ์‹œ๋ฃจ ็”‘ ๋†’์ด 29.3 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ Steamer, Earthenware H 29.3 From Naechon-ri, Gongju 088 ๋„ํŒ 87์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ Bottom of Pl. 87. 085 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 21.0 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ 086 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋Šฌํ† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ็„ก ๆ–‡ ้‰ข ๋†’์ด 11.4 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ 089 ๋น— ๆซ› ๊ธธ์ด 3.0 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ 090 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ดŒ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์  ๋ชจ์Šต Panorama view of the Naechon-ri site, in Gongju Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 21.0 From Naechon-ri, Gongju Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 11.4 From Naechon-ri, Gongju Comb, Wood L 3.0 From Naechon-ri, Gongju ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 58 59

091 092 091 ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ชจ์–‘ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ่™Ž ๅฝข ๅธถ ้‰ค ๊ธธ์ด 11.5 Tiger-shaped buckle, Bronze L 11.5 093 ๋ง๋ชจ์–‘ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ้ฆฌ ๅฝข ๅธถ ้‰ค ๊ธธ์ด 8.0(์œ„) Horse-shaped buckles, Bronze L 8.0(T) 092 ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ชจ์–‘ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ่™Ž ๅฝข ๅธถ ้‰ค ๊ธธ์ด 7.8 Tiger-shaped buckle, Bronze L 7.8 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์›์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 60 61

5 ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(๋ฐฑ์ œ) ไธ‰ ๅœ‹ ๆ™‚ ไปฃ ( ็™พ ๆฟŸ ) ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 18๋…„, ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์ธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์˜ ์œ ์ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ฐ•์œ ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์ œ๊ตญ ไผฏ ๆฟŸ ๅœ‹ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ , ์ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋งˆํ•œ์˜ ์˜›๋•…์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ด์™•(234~286๋…„) ๋•Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋„์„ฑ ้ƒฝ ๅŸŽ ์˜ ์ถ•์กฐ, ๋ฐฑ์ œํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ, ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ถ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ, ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์™ธ ๊ต์—ญ Three Kingdoms Period(Baekje) It is recorded that in 18 BCE, a group of refugees who were of Buyeo origion, and therefore came from the same stock as the Goguryeo people, settled down in the Han River region and established the polity that was Baekje-guk. This polity expanded its territory through the annexation of Mahan lands and unlimitedly came to form the Bakeje Kingdom. ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‹ค์ง€๊ณ , ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๋‚™๋ž‘์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ•œ4์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ดˆ๊ณ ์™•(346~374) It was during the reign of King Goi (r. 234-286) that the walls surrounding the capital city were built, the Baekje ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์™€ ์‹ธ์›Œ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋งˆํ•œ์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ „๋ผ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋‚™๋™๊ฐ• ์ค‘ ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ•์› ํ™ฉํ•ด ์–‘๋„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ํฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ceramic style was established, large-scale tombs emerged and long-distance exchange networks were established. All of this contributed to the establishment of the foundations required by an ancient state. The kingdom developed noticeably in the early 4 th century, following the fall of the Lelang Commandery. During the reign of King Gunchogo (r. 346-374), Baekje ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๊ด‘๊ฐœํ† ๋Œ€์™•์˜ ๋‚จ์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์ ์  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋กœ์™•์ด ๊ณ  extended its northern boundaries through territorial wars with Goguryeo, and its southern boundaries by annexing the ๊ตฌ๋ ค์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํŒจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ 475๋…„ ๋ฌธ์ฃผ์™•์€ ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์›…์ง„ ็†Š ๆดฅ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์›…์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋™์„ฑ remaining Mahan polities. As a result, the Baekje Kingdom came to form a mighty political entity that was spread out over ์™•๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ น์™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ น์™•๋Œ€์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์™• the present day regions of Gyeonggi Province, Chungcheong Province, and Jeolla Province. ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 538๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์›…์ง„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋น„๋กœ ์ฒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์™•์€ ํ•œ๊ฐ•์œ ์—ญ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹ ๋ผ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ณ์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ์‹ ๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ However, from the late 4 th century, the power of Baekje was weakened as a result of the southern expansion ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์™•(600~641) ๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์™•๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ธฐ์šด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜์ž์™• policy of King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo. After King Gaero was killed during battle with Goguryeo, which he lost, (641~660) ๋Œ€์— ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์†Œํ™€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฉธ๋ง์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. the Baekje capital was moved to Ungjin by King Munju in 475 BCE. During the Ungjin phase, the state system was stabilized and the power of the Baekje Kingdom was gradually regained through the efforts of King Dongseong and King Muryeong. ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ œ๋Š” ๋ช‡์ฐจ๋ก€ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ„ ๋„์์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์›…์ง„์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์‚ฌ๋น„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง„๋‹ค. In order to augment the power of the state, which was regained during King Muryeong s reign, King Seong moved the ํ•œ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋™ ์„์ดŒ๋™ ์ผ์›์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฌด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ชฝ์ดŒํ† ์„ฑ, ํ’๋‚ฉํ† ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ capital once more, to Sabi in 538 CE, in order to establish a more efficient government system. In order to recover the ๋ ค์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฌด์ง€๋ฌด๋ค ๅŸบ ๅฃ‡ ๅผ ็ฉ ็Ÿณ ๅกš ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์™•์กฑ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. territory that Bakeje had lost in the Han River region, King Seong formed an alliance with Silla and attacked Goguryeo. King Seong appeared to have succeeded in regaining these lost lands. However, Baekje was expelled, once again, from the Han ์›…์ง„์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ๋Œ๋ฌด์ง€๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , ๋Œ๋ฐฉ๋ฌด๋ค ็Ÿณ ๅฎค ๅขณ ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋ฌด๋ค ๅกผ ็ฏ‰ ๅขณ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด River region following a surprise attack by Silla forces, during which King Seong fell in battle. The Baekje Kingdom recovered ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋น„์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ๊ต๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œต์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ง€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด its might during the reign of King Mu (r. 600-641) who acted to strengthen sovereign power. As a result, the kingdom ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋‚˜์„ฑ ๏ค ๅŸŽ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์†Œ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์šฉ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›…์ง„์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ experienced a new period of regeneration. However, foreign relations were neglected and state resources were used up ๋Œ๋ฐฉ๋ฌด๋ค ็Ÿณ ๅฎค ๅขณ ์ด ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์˜์‚ฐ๊ฐ•์œ ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…๋„๋ฌด๋ค ็”• ๆฃบ ๅค ๅขณ ์ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ถ•์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฑ์ œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ during the reign of King Uija (r. 641-660), and the Baekje Kingdom ultimately came to an end. ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The Baekje period is divided by archaeologists into the Hanseong, Ungjin and Sabi phases according to where ํ•œ๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์ œ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ ์€ ์ง„์ฒœ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ผ์šฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์ œํ† ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋งˆํ„ฐ ์œ  the capital city was located. The archaeological material of the Hanseong phase includes the large-scale tombs that were ์ , ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋™์œ ์ , ๋Œ€์ „ ์˜ค์ •๋™์œ ์  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์ง„์ฒœ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ผ์šฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์ œํ† ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋งˆํ„ฐ ์œ ์ ์€ ๋ฐฑ์ œํ† ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ constructed in the areas of Garak-dong and Seokcheon-dong and the walled city sites of Mongcheon Earthen Wall Fortress ์‚ฐ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. and Pungnab Earthen Wall Fortress. The tombs were of the stone pyramid type, similar to those used in Goguryeo, and are regarded as royal tombs of the Hanseong Baekje Period. Stone pyramid type tombs, which were of Goguryeo origin, disappeared during the Ungjin Baekje Period, and stone chamber tombs and brick tombs, the latter of Chinese origin, came to be used. Gong Mountain Fortress was the site of the Baekje capital in this phase. The Sabi Baekje Period witnessed a blossoming of Buddhist culture and a large number of buildings were constructed. In addition, the walls of Naseong Fortress, which were meant to protect the capital city, were founded by connecting naturally formed hills, and Buso Mountain Fortress was established as a place of evacuation in times of war. In terms of burials, the stone chamber tombs of the previous phase continued to be used. In the Yeongsan River region, jar burials were used for a very long time and this burial tradition presents a distinct contrast to that of the Baekje center. The sites of the Baekje Kingdom excavated by Hannam University Central Museum include the Baekje kiln site of Samryong-ri Sansu-ri in Jincheon, and the sites of Guseong-dong and Ohjeong-dong in Daejeon. The Samryong-ri Sansuri site, in particular, can be regarded as an important site that may shed light on the production system of Baekje pottery. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€(๋ฐฑ์ œ) Archaeological Material Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje) 62 63