์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋๋ก Selected Relics from Hannam University Central Museum
๊ฐ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๊ฐ๊ด 30์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ The 56 th Anniversary of Hannam University and The 30 th Anniversary of Hannam University Central Museum ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋๋ก Selected Relics from Hannam University Central Museum ํ์์ฑํํ๋(์์๋ฏธ์) ๅนณ ๅฃค ๅ ๅฅช ้ ๅ ( ไฝ ่ ๆช ่ฉณ ) Painting depicting the recapture of Pyongyang Fortress (Anonymous)
์ผ๋ฌ๋๊ธฐ 1 ์ด ์ฑ ์ ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ๊ฐ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋ ๊ณผ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๊ฐ๊ด 30์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ็ฎ ๆฌก CONTENTS ์ถ์ฌ ็ฅ ่พญ Congratulatory Remarks 008 2 ๋๋ก์ ์๋ก๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๊ตด์ ๋ฌผ ์ค์์ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ฌ ็ผ ๅ ่พญ Preface 010 3 ๋๋ก์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ, II. ์์ , III. ๋์๊ธฐ, IV. ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ํ, V. ์ํ์ฉํ, VI. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ์ฅ๋ก๊ต์ ํ๊ตญ ์ ๊ต์ ํ ๋จ๋ํ๊ต๋ก ๋๋์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์ I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ 1. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋, 2. ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋, 3. ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋, 4. ์์ผ ๋ํ ๅ ๆฟ Plates ๊ตญ์๋, 5. ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(๋ฐฑ์ ), 6. ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(์ ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ), 7. ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ์๋, 8. ๊ณ ๋ ค์๋์ ์๋์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ถํ์๊ณ , II. ์์ ์ 1. ๋ฐฑ์ ์์ , 2. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ์์ , 3. ์ ๋ผ์ ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ์๋ ์์ , 4. ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์๋ ์์ , 5. ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ ์ผ๋ก, III. ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ 1. ๊ณ ๋ ค์๊ธฐ 2. ์กฐ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋๋์ด ํธ์งํ์๋ค. I. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ่ ๅค ่ณ ๆ Archaeological Material 012 4 ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๋ช ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉด ํ๊ธ๊ณผ ํ์, ์๋ฌธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ช , ์๋, ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐํ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๊ตด์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ 1. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ ่ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ Paleolithic Age 014 2. ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๆฐ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ Neolithic Age 024 ์ฐ์ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ ์ค ์ถํ ์ง๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ช ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ถํ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ก ํ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. ๋จ ํ์๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ตํ์๋ค. ์ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ช ์นญ, ์๊ฐ, ์ฌ์ง, ๊ท๊ฒฉ์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธ๋ก(cm)๋ก ํ์ ํ์๋ค. 3. ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ ้ ้ ๅจ ๅ ๆ ้ต ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 032 4. ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ๅ ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 052 5 5. ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(๋ฐฑ์ ) ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ ( ็พ ๆฟ ) Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje) 062 ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์๋ฌธ ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. H : height L : length or left R : right D : diameter T : top B : bottom 6. ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(์ ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ) ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ ( ๆฐ ็พ ไผฝ ๅป ) Three Kingdoms Period (Silla Gaya) 096 7. ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ์๋ ็ตฑ ไธ ๆฐ ็พ ๆ ไปฃ Unified Silla Period 132 6 ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์์ธ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ด ์ฑ ์ ๋ง๋ฏธ์ ๋ณ๋๋ก ์๋กํ์๋ค. 8. ๊ณ ๋ ค์๋ ้ซ ้บ ๆ ไปฃ Goryeo Dynasty 142 Explanation II. ์์ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks 164 1 1. ๋ฐฑ์ ์์ ็พ ๆฟ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Baekje Kingdom 166 This volume has been published in order to commemorate the 56 th anniversary of the founding of the University and the 30 th 2. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ์์ ้ซ ๅฅ ้บ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Goguryeo Kingdom 190 anniversary of the opening of the University s Central Museum. 3. ์ ๋ผ ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ ์์ ๆฐ ็พ ็ตฑ ไธ ๆฐ ็พ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Silla and Unified Silla Kingdoms 200 2 4. ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์์ ้ซ ้บ ๆ ้ฎฎ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties 214 The items presented in this volume have been selected from the collection of Hannam University Central Museum and from 5. ์ค๊ตญ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ ไธญ ๅ ๆฅ ๆฌ ็ฆ ๅกผ Tiles & Bricks of China and Japan 222 artifacts recovered during investigations undertaken by the excavation unit of Hannam University Central Museum. 3 III. ๋์๊ธฐ ้ถ ็ท ๅจ Ceramic Ware 228 This volume is comprised of six main chapters: โ . Archaeological Material; โ ก. Tiles & Bricks; โ ข. Ceramic Ware; โ ฃ. Historical Documents and Painting & Calligraphy; โ ค. Articles for Everyday Life; โ ฅ. The Korea Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United 1. ๊ณ ๋ ค์๊ธฐ ้ซ ้บ ็ท ๅจ Goryeo Porcelain 230 States and Hannam University. The Archaeological Material chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Paleolithic 2. ์กฐ์ ์๊ธฐ ๆ ้ฎฎ ็ท ๅจ Joseon Porcelain 252 Age; 2. Neolithic Age; 3. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age; 4. Proto-Three Kingdoms Period; 5. Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje); 6. Three Kingdoms Period (Silla Gaya); 7. Unified Silla Period; 8. Goryeo Dynasty. The Tiles & Bricks chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Tiles & Bricks of the Baekje Kingdom; 2. Tiles & Bricks of the Goguryeo Kingdom; 3. Tiles & Bricks of the Silla IV. ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ๅค ๆ ๆธ ์ ์ํ ๆธ ็ต Historical Documents and Painting & Calligraphy 284 and Unified Silla Kingdoms; 4. Tiles & Bricks of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties; 5. Tiles & Bricks of China and Japan. The Ceramic Ware chapter is further divided into the following sections: 1. Goryeo Porcelain; 2. Joseon Porcelain. V. ์ํ์ฉํ ็ ๆดป ็จ ๅ Articles for Everyday Life 324 4 Item descriptions have been presented in Korean, Chinese characters and English when possible and state the name, period and dimensions of each item. In the case of excavated artifacts and artifacts which were not excavated but the place of origin is clearly known, the relevant information has also been provided. Chinese characters were not used when it was difficult to do so. In the VI. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ์ฅ๋ก๊ต ็พ ๅ ๅ ้ท ่ ๆ ์ ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ต ้ ๅ ๅฎฃ ๆ ์ ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ้ ๅ ๅคง ๅญธ ๆ ก 362 The Korea Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United States and Hannam University case of calligraphy, the name of the artwork, the name of the artist, the type of material on which the calligraphy was written and the dimensions of the artwork were presented (width x length). 5 ์ ๋ฌผ๋ชฉ๋ก ้บ ็ฉ ็ฎ ้ List of Items on Display 376 The alphabet letters that denote the dimensions of each artifact or item are used as follows: H : height L : length or left R : right D : diameter T : top B : bottom ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ ๅ ่ ๆ ็ป Bibliography 408 6 A detailed list of the items can be found at the back of this volume. ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ด์ ์ ์ค๋ ไธญ ๅคฎ ๅ ็ฉ ้คจ ๏ฆ ๅฒ History of Central Museum 410
์ถ์ฌ ็ฅ ่พญ Congratulatory Remarks ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊น์ ๋๋ฌด๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ผ ๋ฐ๋์๋ ์์ง์ด์ง ์๋ํ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ฝ์ด ์ข๊ณ ์ด๋งค๋ ๋ง์ผ๋, ์์ด ๊น์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ๋ญ์๋ ๋ ์ด์ง ์๊ณ ์์๋๋ฏ๋ก ๋ด๊ฐ ๋์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅด๋... ์ด๋ ์ฉ๋น์ด์ฒ๊ฐ( ๏ง ้ฃ ๅพก ๅคฉ ๆญ ) ์ 2์ฅ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต ๋ถํ๋ฉด์ [ ๆบซ ๆ ่ ็ฅ ๆฐ ] ์ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํ๊ฑธ์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ๆบซ ๆ ่ ๅต ๆฐ ์ ์์ค๊น์ง ๋ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ ์ญ์ฌ (history)์, ๋ด์ผ์ ์ ๋น(mystery)์, ์ค๋์ ์ ๋ฌผ(present)์ ๋๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ ์์ด๋ ์ค๋์ด ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ป์์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ํญ์ ์์คํ ๊ฒ์ด์. ์ ์กฐ์๋ค์ ์ํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋์ง์ด ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ณ ๊ทํ ๊ต์ก ์ฅ์์ ๋๋ค. A tree with deep roots blossoms beautifully and bears lots of fruit because it does not sway with any strong wind. The water from a deep spring becomes a stream and flows to the ocean because it does not dry up with a drought. This is the second chapter of Yongbiuchunga. There is an old Chinese epigram, We should study the past to know the present. But now, I think, the epigram may be changed to mean We should study the past to create something new. Today does not exist without yesterday so yesterday is a history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is a gift. History is such a valuable thing in this sense. The Central Museum in Hannam University is regarded as the most important place for education. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต๋ 1956๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ฅ๋ก๊ต์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ค์ ํ์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ก ์์๋์ด 57๋ ๊ฐ ์ค๋ถ๊ถ ๋ช ๋ฌธ์ฌํ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋์ ์ง ์ญ์ฌํ์ ์๋ถ์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญํด์์ต๋๋ค. ํนํ ์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ์๋น์ ๋๋ ์์งํ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ฐ๊ด 30๋ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ ์ง์ฒ ์ผ๋ฃก๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๋งํฐ ๋ฐ๊ตด์กฐ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌผ, ์ถฉ๋ถ ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ง์๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๊ตด์กฐ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ 10๋ง๋ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ตด์กฐ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋น๋กฏํด ํ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ง ์ญ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ์ดํด ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ์ฅ๋ก๊ต ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ต์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ท์คํ ์๋ฃ ๋ค์ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์๋ ๊ณผ ์ง๊ธ์ ํฐ ์์๊ฐ์ด์ ์์๊ฐ์ ์์ ์๋ ๊ณผ ์ง๊ธ์ ๋๋ค. ์์๊ฐ์ด ์์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธ์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์ค๋๊ณผ ๋ด์ผ์ด ์์์ด ์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋์์์ด ์๊ฒ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ์์์ ๋์ ์ด ์์์ ๋์ผ๋ ๊ตฐ์๋ ์ด ์ฌํ ์ ๋ง์์ ์์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค ( ็ ๆผ ๆญค ไธญ, ๏คด ๆผ ๆญค ไธญ, ๆ ๅ ๅญ ็ ๅฟต ๆญค ไธ ๆฅ ) ์ด ๋ง์ ์ด๋๋ฌด( ๏งก ๅพท ๆ 1741-1793)๊ฐ ์ ๊ทค๋น๋์ ( ่ฌ ๆฉ ๅ ๆฟ ็ฌ )์์ ํ ๋ง์ ๋๋ค. ์ค๋ ์๋ ์ด์ ๋ ํํ์, ์ค๋์ด ์๋ ๋ด์ผ์ ๊ทผ์ฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ด์ ์ ์ค๋๊ณผ ๋ด์ผ ์ด ์ฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํ์จ์ผ ํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ง๋์๋ค์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ด ์ค ๊ณ ๊ต์๊ณผ ์ญ์ฌํ ์ ๊ณต์๋ค์ด ์์๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ์ฌ ๊ด๋ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๋ณ๋ณํ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก์ด ์์ด ๋งค๋ฒ ์์ฌ์์ด ๋จ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค 2012๋ ๊ฐ๊ต 56์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ ํ ์ฌ์ ํ๋๋ก ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ก์๋ ๊ทธ ๋์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๊น์ง ํจ๊ป ์๋กํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ ์ญ์ฌํ๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ณ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฃ๋ก ์ ๊ณตํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๊ธฐ์๊ฒ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ ์ง ์ญ๋ฐ์ฐฉํ ๋ํ์ ์งํฅํ๋ ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๋๋์ ํ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์๊ณ ํด์ฃผ์ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๊ด์ฅ๊ณผ ํ์์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ค์ ๋ ธ๊ณ ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ฐ๋ปํ ์นํ์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค. Hannam University has been honored as one of the most prestigious private universities in local Daejeon area as well as in central region of Korea since its establishment by the American Presbyterian Church in 1956. Its museum boasts 30 years of history and large roof tile collections of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea. The Central Museum also holds many valuable records showing the missionary works of the early American Presbyterian Church and old documents which ascertain the history of Daejeon and Choongchung area. The Central Museum retains excavated materials from a kiln site of Samryong-ri and Sansu-ri in Jincheon and a Neolithic dwelling site in Daecheon-ri, Okcheon, Choongchungbook-Do. Especially, the Yongho-dong site excavation proved that the history of Daejeon is almost 100,000 years old. Lee Deok-mu (1742-1793) wrote in his essay Seongyuldangnongso, The past and now is a big moment. A moment is little past and now. The moments accumulate and become the past and now. Yesterday, today and tomorrow continue to take turns to make new things. A wise man is born and gets old and he has to be reminded of the importance of these three days. Today without yesterday is a regret and tomorrow without today is a worry. We should pay more attention to managing these three days yesterday, today and tomorrow. We now publish this collection of the pictorial records as one event of the 56 th anniversary celebration of Hannam University. I am very pleased to have an opportunity to open to the world the vast collection of artifacts including some which have not been displayed due to the limitation of the space in the museum. I hope this Collection of the pictorial records can be of great use to the field of history and culture domestically and internationally. This is another part of Hannam University s endeavor to share with community and the world. I would like to express my warmest appreciation to the Central museum Director, the curator and all staff involved who made endless efforts for the publication of this collection of the pictorial records. 2013. 1. 23 ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ด์ฅ ๊น ํ ํ January 23, 2013 President, Prof. Dr. Hyung-tae Kim
๋ฐ๊ฐ์ฌ ็ผ ๅ ่พญ Preface ์๋ ๋ถํฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ํ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฑ ์์ง๋ฉด์ ๊ตฌ์ฌ์ด ์ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฟฐ์ด์ผ ๋ณด๋ฐฐ ๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์๋ง์ ์ ๊ฐํด์์ต๋ ๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ํ์ํ ํ์ 8,000์ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋นผ์ด๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋จ์ง ์ผ๋ถ๋ง ์ ์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํฉ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ํ๊น์ ์ต๋๋ค. ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑธ๋ง๋ ์พ์ ํ ์ ์ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ์์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์ ๊ท์คํ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค. ๋คํ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ๊ด 30์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ง๋ ์ฌํด์ ํ๊ฒฉ ์๋ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ๊ทธ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๋ค์๋๋ง ์ฑ์ฐ๊ฒ ๋์์ต๋๋ค. 1982๋ ๊ฐ๊ดํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ 1987๋ ์ ์ฒซ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ต์๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ดํ ์ค๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ ์ต๋ณํ ๊ต์๋์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ์ ๊ด์ฅ๋๋ค์ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ ์ด ๊ท์คํ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ๊ธ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์์งํด์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ํน๋ณ์ ์์ ์ ์๋์ด ํ๊ณ์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์์ง ๋ง ๊ทธ๋์ ์ข ํฉ ๋๋ก์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์์ต๋๋ค. ๋คํํ๋ ์ฌํด ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด ์ค๋ฆฝ 30์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ง์ดํ์ฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ค๋ ์์์ด๋ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฝ 8,000์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋นผ์ด๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ 600์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๋ณํ์ฌ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ณด์ผ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ ํฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ์๋น(ํนํ ๊ตญ๋ด๋ํ ์ต๋ค ๋ฐฑ์ ์๋น ๋ณด์ )์ ๊ตญ ๋ฆฝ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ ๋ค์ง์ง ์๋ ์ฐ์์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๊ณ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค(2011๋ ๊ฐ๊ต 55์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ ํน๋ณ ์ ๊ฐ์ต). ๊ตญ๋ด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ฌ์์ฒญ์ด ๋์ด์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ด ๋จ์ฅ๋ก๊ต์ ์ ๊ตํ๋์ ๋ฉด๋ฐ ํ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์ ๊ต๊ด๋ จ ์๋ฃ, ์๋๋ณ/์ฃผ์ ๋ณ๋ก ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ง ๋ช ํ ์์ค์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋์ถ๋น ์ก์ถ๊ธธ, ์ฐ์ ์ก์์ด ๋ฑ ์์ง ์ก์จ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ๊ด๋ จ ํฌ๊ท๋ณธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์๋ค๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ์๋ํ๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌ ํ ๋นผ์ด๋ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฒ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์ํ ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ๋น์ ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋์ด์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๊ธํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ ํฌ๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์ข ํฉ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ํ ์ดฌ์๊ณผ ์ธ์๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ต๊ณ ์์ค์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์๋ขฐํ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค์๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ์์ฅํ ๋นผ์ด๋ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ์ฌํ์๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ฌ์ ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ํ๋ฅญํ ๋๋ก์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ฃผ ์ ์ฌ์ง์๊ฐ ํ์ํ, ํ์ ์ฝ ๋๊ณผ ์๋งฅ์ถํ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋๋ฆฝ๋๋ค. ์ ํฌ ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๊ณ ๊ทํ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์น ์ ๋์ธ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ํฅ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ํ๊ฐํ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ คํด์ฃผ์ ๊นํํ ์ด์ฅ๋์ ๋์ ์์ด๋ ์๋ง ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์ด ๊ณ์ ์ง์ฒด๋์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด์ฅ๋๊ป ์ง์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฝ๋๋ค. ๋์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ ์, ๋ณด์กด ํ๊ฒฝ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌ ํ๊ณ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ต์์ ์ํ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด์กดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ์ด๋ฒ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ํด ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ ธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ผ์ง ์์ ๊น๊ทผ์ ํ์์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์๊ตฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ํน๋ณํ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋ง์์ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค. The old Korean saying, Beads don t make a necklace has been deeply impressed on my mind since last year when I took office in the Hannam Central Museum as Director. I could not feel good about the situation that only a part of the 8,000 brilliant artifacts could be on display due to the limited size of the display section in the museum. It is believed that a decent venue for exhibition is an essential factor as well as a courtesy toward valuable artifacts. Since its opening in 1982, the Directors of the Hannam Central Museum, including Professor Park Yo-soon who published the very first collection of the pictorial records in 1987 and Professor Choi Byung-hyun who committed to the prosperity of the Central Museum, have been making continuous efforts to collect valuable artifacts. Although the 8,000 artifacts received attention from the academic and public through several special exhibitions, they were not widely known because there was no comprehensive collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. Fortunately, we see the publication of this elegant collection of the pictorial records in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the opening of Hannam Central Museum, and the Central Museum can reveal 600 of the 8,000 artifacts to the world, which is a big relief. The Central Museum is most famous for its large collection of roof tiles. Especially, it boasts the largest rooftile collection of the Baekje Kingdom among the university museums in Korea. There was a 55 th anniversary celebration exhibition highlighting the rooftile collection of the Central Museum in 2011. The Central Museum also has an extensive collection of records proving the missionary activities of the Presbyterian Church of USA. There are diverse collections of earthenware and ceramics made in different historical times. Additionally, the old, rare documents from the local Song family including Song Joon-gil (Dongchoondang) and Song Si-yeol (Uam) are the special collection of the Central Museum. It is thrilling to see all those valuable pieces overcoming the spatial limitation and finally being unveiled to public with the publication of this collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the photographer Mr. Han Seok-hong and Mr. Han Jeong-yup and the Yemac Publishing Company for taking fantastic pictures and making the elegant Collection of the pictorial records of the Central Museum. My deepest gratitude goes to the President, prof. Dr. Kim Hyung-tae who appreciated the value of the collections in Hannam Central Museum and encouraged the publication of collection of the pictorial records. The collection of the pictorial records would not been published without the President Kim s support. My extra special thanks go to the Curator Mr. Kim Geun-wan and the staff of the Museum for their unflagging efforts and commitment. 2013. 1. 23 ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ฅ ์ด ์ง ๋ชจ January 23, 2013 Director, Prof. Dr. Jin-mo Lee
I ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ่ ๅค ่ณ ๆ ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ่ ๅค ่ณ ๆ ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ์ด ๋จ๊ธด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ ์ ้บ ่น, ์ ๊ตฌ ้บ ๆง, ์ ๋ฌผ ้บ ็ฉ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ค ์ํ ์์ฐ์ ๋ฌผ๊น์ง ํฌํจํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ ์ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ณต์ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์์๋ ์ ์ฌ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์๋ ่ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ, ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๆฐ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ, ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ้ ้ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ, ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๅ ๆ ้ต ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ ๋ก, ์ญ์ฌ์๋๋ ์์ผ๊ตญ ์๋ ๅ ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ, ์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ, ํต์ผ ์ ๋ผ์๋ ็ตฑ ไธ ๆฐ ็พ ๆ ไปฃ, ๊ณ ๋ ค์๋ ้ซ ้บ ๆ ไปฃ, ์กฐ์ ์๋ ๆ ้ฎฎ ๆ ไปฃ ๋ก ์ธ๋ถํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋์ํ์ ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ก ์๊ธฐ์ ์ข ๋ฅ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ค๊ธฐ ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ง๋ค. ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ 8,000๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ 1,000๋ ๊ฒฝ๊น์ง ๊ณ์๋์๋๋ฐ ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ๋์ ์ธ๋ฅ๋ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ก๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ํด์์ด๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ง์ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉด์ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๅจ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ๆซ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ง ์ญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์์ 10์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ํ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋ค์ด์ค๋ฉด์ ์ฒญ๋ ๊ธฐ์๋๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋๊ฒฝ ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ์ผ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋ง ์์ ํ์ฑํ์๊ณ , ๋นํํ๋๊ฒ ็ต ็ถ ๅฝข ้ ๅ ๊ณผ ์ธํ๋๊ฒ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้ ๅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฒญ๋์ ์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ตฌ, ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋๊ฒฝ์ํ์ ํ์ํ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฐํด์ ธ ์ ์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 3์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๆฐ ๅ ็ณป ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ถ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์๋ ๋ถ์ฌ ๅคซ ้ค ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ้ซ ๅฅ ้บ ๋ฑ ์๋งฅ ๆฟ ่ฒ ๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ ๊ณ , ๋จ์ชฝ์๋ ์ผํ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ด ์ฑ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์ผํ ์ค ๋งํ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ๊ฐ, ์งํ์ ์ ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ํตํฉํด ๊ฐ๊ณ , ๋ณํ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ ํธ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๊ธฐ 3์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด ๋ ต๊น์ง๋ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์๊ตญ์ด ์ถํํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ด์ด์ ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ๅ ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๊ตญ์๋๋ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๋ผ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋๋ฌธํ ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ค ๋์ ๊ท ์กฑ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด ์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ๊ท์กฑ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค ๅค ๅขณ ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๊ถ์์ ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ณผ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ถ์กฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์๋ ๋น์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ธต์ด ์์ํ์๋ ํธํ๋ก์ด ์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ์ถํ ๋์ด ๋น์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์๋ค์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ์์ค์ ์ฟ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ์๋์๋ ์ผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ตํฉ๋๊ณ , ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋น ๅ ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์์ฉ๋ ์ด ์ธ๋ จ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋์น๋ ๊ณ ๋๋ฌธํ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ํนํ ๋ถ๊ต๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฐฐํด ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ๊ต๋ฏธ์ ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ ค์๋์๋ ํต์ผ์ ๋ผ์๋ ๋ฌธํ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์นํ์ฌ ํ๋ คํ ๊ท์กฑ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๊ฝ ํผ์ ๋๋ฐ ์๊ฐ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ฒญ ์์์ ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ฟ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ํ ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ตฝ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง๋ฉฐ, ๋์ฅ๋ฌด๋ฌ ๅฐ ่ฑ ๆ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ณ ๅ ่ง ็, ํธ๋ณ ๆ ็ ๋ฑ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐํ์ด ์ถํํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฒญ์์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฒฝ์ด ์์ ์ง๊ณ ์ฒญ์์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ฎ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ์ ์ค์ฉ์ฑ์ด ๋๋๋ก ๋ฐ ์ด ๋๊ณ ์์ ๋ ํํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ด์ ธ ์กฐ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. Archaeological Material Archaeological material refers to all traces left by past human activity. It comprises archaeological sites, features and artifacts, in addition to ecofacts, and provides the basic material with which human history and culture can be studied and reconstructed. The Korean prehistoric period can be divided into the Paleolithic Age, Neolithic Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, and the historic period can be divided into the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, Three Kingdoms Period, Unified Silla Period, Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty. The communities of the Paleolithic Age were highly mobile, and hunted animals and gathered plants. This period can be further divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic according to the type of stone tools used and their manufacturing technique. The Neolithic Age began at around 8,000 BCE and continued until 1,000 BCE. Communities in the Korean Peninsula at this time established small villages along rivers or on the coastline, which allowed easy access to marine resources. They also made pottery and used ground stone tools. The representative pottery type of this period is combpattern pottery, which has the widest range of distribution. The Bronze Age began at around the 10 th century BCE, following the introduction of farming communities into the Korean Peninsula that used plain pottery and bronze objects. Villages were established on low-lying hillsides, which allowed easy access to farmlands, and the production of bronze weapons, tools and ritual objects, such as Liaoning-type and Korean-type bronze daggers, took place. In addition, the manufacture of stone tools, required for farming activities, was greatly developed in this period. The Early Iron Age began at around the 3 th century BCE, with the introduction of the Chinese iron culture of the Warring States Period. The Iron Age is also regarded as the later phase of the Bronze Age. This period witnessed the establishment of Yemaek states, such as Buyeo and Goguryeo, in the northern regions of the peninsula, and various Samhan polities were formed in the southern regions. Of these Samhan polities, Mahan was annexed by Baekje, Jinhan was annexed by Silla, and Byeonhan was consolidated into the Gaya Confederacy. However, as it was only in the 3 rd century BCE that the establishment of fully-fledged states took place, the time prior to this is referred to as the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. The Three Kingdoms Period witnessed the establishment of an elite culture that emerged through the merging of the indigenous cultures of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, and various cultural influences from outside the peninsula. The tombs of the Three Kingdoms Period are a good example of this elite culture. These great tombs, which were constructed as demonstrations of great power and authority, and which contained a rich array of objects that would have been used by the elite of the period, provide insight into the power and cultural level of the elite. In the Unified Silla Period, the cultures of the Three Kingdoms were merged together and the cultural influences of Tang China were adopted, thereby resulting in a sophisticated culture that may be considered to represent the zenith of the ancient cultures of the peninsula. The significant role that Buddhism played in the spiritual lives of the people at the time, in particular, resulted in great developments in Buddhist art. The Goryeo Dynasty witnessed the blossoming of an opulent aristocratic culture which was founded upon the culture of the Unified Silla Period. One aspect of this rich culture is represented by Goryeo celadon, including inlaid (sanggam) celadon. The ceramic vessels of this period acquired shorter pedestals, and stamped patterns were no longer used. New vessel forms, such as flattened bottles and rectangular bottles, also came into use. Thinwalled vessels came to be made, following the influence of celadon ware, and vessels identical in form to that of celadon ware were also produced. Overall, ceramic vessels came to have wide bases, which increased their stability and utility, and the use of such vessels continued into the Joseon Dynasty. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 12 13
1 ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ ่ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ ์ธ์ ๏ง ไบบ ็ฟ ์์ ์งํ๋์ด ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๋จ๊ณ๋ถํฐ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋๊ฐ ์์๋๊ธฐ ์ง์ ์ธ ์ฝ 1๋ง๋ ๊น ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋์๋ ์์ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋์ํ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ตด์ด๋ ๋ฐ์๊ทธ๋, ์ผ์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋จํ๊ฒ Paleolithic Age The Paleolithic Age began with the production and use of stone tools by early humans that had evolved from anthropoid primates. It came to an end at around 10,000 years ago when the Neolithic Age began. Paleolithic communities were seasonally mobile and formed small groups. They lived in caves and temporary ์ค์นํ ๋ง์ง์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ก์ด, ์ฑ์ง ๋ฑ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๋์ ์กฐ๋ฌํ๋ฉด์ ์ํํ์๋ค. dwelling structures or under rock shelters. Their subsistence economy was based on hunting, fishing and gathering. ์ค๋ ์ธ์๋์ ์งํ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ๋๋์ฉ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋จํ ์์ฌ์ํต์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ The gradual evolution of Paleolithic people was accompanied by an increase in brain capacity. As a result, oral ์๊ณ , ์์์ข ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฅํ์๊ณ , ๋๊ตด์ ๋ฒฝ์ด๋ ์ง์น์ ๋ผ์ ๋ฟ, ๋๋ฌด, ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ communication became possible, primitive religion emerged, people began to bury their dead, and artwork (in the form ์กฐ๊ฐํ๋ ์์ ํ์๋ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋์๋ ๋์ ๊นจ๋จ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๋์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋๊ตฌ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ฌด๋ ๋ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ ์ฐ of cave paintings or carvings made on bone, horn, wood and rock) came to be produced. The tools used at the time ์ฅ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. were made of chipped stone, wood and bone. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ข ๋ฅ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๊ธฐ(250๋ง๋ ~10๋ง๋ ์ ), ์ค๊ธฐ(10๋ง๋ ~4๋ง๋ ์ ), ํ The Paleolithic Age can be divided into the Lower Paleolithic (2.5 million years ago ~ 100 thousand years ago), ๊ธฐ(4๋ง๋ ~1๋ง๋ ์ )๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์๋ค. Middle Paleolithic (100 thousand years ago ~ 40 thousand years ago), and Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years ago ~ 10 thousand years ago) according to stone tool type and manufacturing technique. ์ ๊ธฐ์๋ ์๊ฐ๋์ ํ๋ฉด ํน์ ์๋ฉด์ ๋๋ ค๋ธ ์ฐ๊ฐ, ์ ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ ค๋ด์ด ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ธ ์ฃผ๋จน๋๋ผ๋ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๋, ๊ฐ๋ก๋ ๋๋ผ, ์ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ, ๊ธ๊ฐ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ผ์ด๋ด๊ธฐ ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ ๋ํ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ฒด๋ก The stone tools of the Lower Paleolithic were generally large stone tools that often served various functions. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ ํ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง์๋ค. ์ค๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋์ฑ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์ฌ ๋ํ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ค Examples of such stone tools used in this period include choppers which were made by flaking one or both sides of ์ด๋ค๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ถํ๋๋ฉด์ ํ ์ฉ๋์ ํ ํํ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ํฑ๋๋ ์๊ธฐ pebble stones, hand-axes which were made by flaking the entire surface of the stone to facilitate easier grip and to ๋๋ฅด๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋ ์ ์์์งํ๋ ์๋ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๋ค. ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๋ ๋ฟ, ๋๋ ๋จ๋จํ ๋๋ฌด์ enhance their function, bola stones, cleavers, points and scrapers. The development of stone manufacturing technology ๋๊ณ ๋๋ ค ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ๋ผ๋ ๋ฟ๋ก ๋๋ฌ ๋ผ์ด์ 2์ฐจ๊ฐ๊ณตํ ๋๋ฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์๋ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ in the Middle Paleolithic led to a decrease in the number of large stone tools that were used. There was a greater ๋งค์ฐ ์๊ณ ๋ชจ์์ด ์ธ๋ จ๋ ์์๊ธฐ ็ดฐ ็ณ ๅจ ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. diversity in terms of tool types and the number of single purpose tools increased. Stone tools used in this period include denticulates, borers and burins, and the tool blades were often retouched. The Upper Paleolithic witnessed the use of ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ ์ฝ 70๋ง ๋ ์ ์ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํ์ ์ ๋นํ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ ํ indirect flaking, in which bone, horn and hard wood were used to flake stone. Pressure flaking, which utilized sharp bone ์ฑ๋ ํฐ ํ์ฒ๊ณผ ํด์์ ์ ๋จ๊ตฌ๋ฉด์์ ๋น์์ ๋ฌธํ์ธต์ด ํ์ธ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ตด์ด๋ ๋ฐ์๊ทธ๋, ์ผ์ธ์ ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ and horn tools, was also used to retouch stone tools. Small and sophisticated microliths were also made. ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. In the Korean Peninsula, the Paleolithic Age is thought to have begun at around 700 thousand years ago. Traces ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋์ ์ ๊ณผ ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋์ of Paleolithic people are often found in the cultural layers located along the terraces of large rivers and the coast. Traces of ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ํนํ ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋์ ์ ์ ์ฝ 10๋ง๋ ์ ์์ 1๋ง๋ ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํ๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฌธํ์ธต์ด ์กฐ์ฌ๋ Paleolithic activity have also been found in caves, rock shelters and outdoor campsites. ์ด ๋์ ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ 10๋ง๋ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ์๋ค. Hannam University Central Museum has excavated important Paleolithic sites, such as Yongho-dong and Noeun-dong, both in located Daejeon. The Yongho-dong site, in particular, yielded four Paleolithic layers which date to between 100 thousand years ago and 10 thousand years ago. This makes it possible to confirm that humans had resided in the Dajeon region as far back as 100 thousand years ago. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 14 15
004 ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ ๆ ่ ๅฐ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 5.7 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Tanged-point, Stone L 5.7 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 005 ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ ๆ ่ ๅฐ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 4.0 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Tanged-point, Stone L 4.0 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 006 ์๋์ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ด 9.7 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Bi-point, Stone L 9.7 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 004 005 006 001 ์ฃผ๋จน๋๋ผ ๆ ๆง ๊ธธ์ด 14.2 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Hand-axe, Stone L 14.2 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 007 007 ๋ชธ๋ ็ณ ๆ ธ ๊ธธ์ด 9.8 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Core, Stone L 9.8 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 008 ๊ฐ๋ฆฐ์๊ธฐ ๊ธธ์ด 13.4 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ 002 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ชจ์ต Panorama view of the Yongho-dong site, in Daejeon 003 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์๋ฆฌ Fire pit from the Yongho-dong site, in Daejeon Ground-tool, Stone L 13.4 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 008 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 14 15
010 011 012 013 009 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธ๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๅ ็จฎ ๅฎ ๅ ๅจ ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Choppers, Stone From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 010 ์ธ๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๅฎ ๅ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 13.5 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Chopper, Stone L 13.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 011 ์ธ๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๅฎ ๅ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 11.5 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Chopper, Stone L 11.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 012 ์ธ๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๅฎ ๅ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 10.5 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Chopper, Stone L 10.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 013 ์ธ๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๅฎ ๅ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 9.3 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Chopper, Stone L 9.3 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 18 19
018 ํฑ๋๋ ๊ธธ์ด 9.0 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Denticulate, Stone L 9.0 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 019 ๋ฐ๊ฐ ๆ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 5.6(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ End-scrapers, Stone L 5.6(R) From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 014 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฉด์๊ธฐ ๅ ็จฎ ๅค ้ข ็ณ ๅจ ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Polyhedrons, Stone From Yongho-dong, Daejeon 015 ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฉด์๊ธฐ ๅค ้ข ็ณ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 9.5 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ 016 ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฉด์๊ธฐ ๅค ้ข ็ณ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 6.6 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ 017 ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฉด์๊ธฐ ๅค ้ข ็ณ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 9.9 ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ 020 ๊ธ๊ฐ ๆ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 6.2 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ 021 ๋๋ ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 5.8 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ 022 ๊ฒฉ์ง ๅ ็ ๊ธธ์ด 8.3 ๋์ ์ฉํธ๋ Polyhedron, Stone Polyhedron, Stone Polyhedron, Stone Scraper, Stone Blade, Stone Flake, Stone L 9.5 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 6.6 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 9.9 From Noeun-dong, Daejeon L 6.2 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 5.8 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon L 8.3 From Yongho-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 18 19
023 ๋ฐ๊ฐ ๆ ๅจ ๊ธธ์ด 4.1(์ผ์ชฝ) ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ End-scrapers, Stone L 4.1(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 026 ์ข๋๋ ๋ชธ๋ ็ดฐ ็ณ ๅ ๆ ธ ๊ธธ์ด 4.5(์ผ์ชฝ) ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ Microblade cores, Stone L 4.5(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 024 ๋๋ ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 6.0(์ผ์ชฝ) ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ Blades, Stone L 6.0(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 025 ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๅฝซ ๅป ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 3.2(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ Burins, Stone L 3.2(R) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon 027 ์คํค๋ชจ์๊ฒฉ์ง ๅ ็ ๊ธธ์ด 7.7(์ผ์ชฝ) ๋์ ๋ ธ์๋ Ski-shaped flakes, Stone L 7.7(L) From Noeun-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 22 23
2 ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๆฐ ็ณ ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ 1๋ง 2์ฒ๋ ์ ์ ํ๋ก ๋นํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋๊ณ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ ต๊ณผ ์ฑ์ง๊ฒฝ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ด๋์ํ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๋๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ถ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ํ์ด ์ ์๋์๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๅจ ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์๋ค. Neolithic Age The Neolithic Age began at around 12,000 years ago when the Ice Age came to an end and the natural environment took on its present form. A transition took place in this period, from a mobile lifestyle based on hunting and gathering to a settled way of life based on farming and animal husbandry. Ground stone tools and pottery began to be produced, the latter being ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋๋ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์์ 8,000~6,000๋ ๊ฒฝ), ์ ๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์์ 6,000~3,500๋ ๊ฒฝ), ์ค๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์์ 3,500~2,000๋ ๊ฒฝ), ํ๊ธฐ(๊ธฐ์์ 2,000~1,000๋ ๊ฒฝ)์ 4๋จ๊ณ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ์ ์๋ค. used as cooking and storage vessels. The Korean Neolithic Age can be divided into four phases the Incipient Neolithic (8,000 ~ 6,000 BCE), Early ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํน์ง ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋๋ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ฌด ๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ๏ง ่ตท ๆ ๅ ๅจ ์ ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ๆซ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์๋ค. Neolithic (6,000 ~ 3,500 BCE), Middle Neolithic (3,500 ~ 2000 BCE) and Late Neolithic (2,000 ~ 1,000 BCE) according to diachronic changes in pottery type. ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐํํ์ ๋๋๋ผ์ง๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ ํด์๊ณผ ๋จํด์์ ๋ฐ๋ท๊ฐ์์ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋๊ณ ๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ถ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ ์ญ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ๋น์ด๋ฌด ๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ ํ ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋น ๋ชจ์์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์์ ์๋ฌธํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ญ์์ ์ถํ ๋๊ณ ์์ด ๋น ์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆ ์๊น์์ ์ฅ์๋ฌธ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐํ ์ง์ญ์ฑ์ ๋ ์ง๋ง, ํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ๋ตํด์ง๊ณ ์ฅ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ค์ด๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. The most characteristic feature of the Korean Neolithic is the use of pottery. The pottery of this period can be broadly divided into raised design pottery and comb-pattern pottery according to the mode of decoration. Raised design pottery was decorated by attaching strips of clay or by pinching the vessel surface in order to form raised designs. This pottery type is mainly found in the eastern and southern coastal regions of the Korean Peninsula but its distribution extends southwards to Japan and northwards to the Amur River region. Comb-pattern ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ์ ๋์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ฐ์ข ๋๋๋ผ๋ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์ถ ๋์ ์์ด ํ์ด ์ด ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ก์ด ๋๊ตฌ ๆผ ๆ ๅ ท ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ณ ์ ์ซ๋ ๋ฐํ์ ็ผ ็ซ ็ณ ๋ฑ์ ์ผ์์ฉ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ผ์ฐ๋ชจ ้ชจ ่ง ๅจ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ก๊ณณ ์ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์์ด ๋ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ผ๊ฐ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋์๋ค. pottery was decorated by incising the vessel surface with a comb-like tool. As this pottery type is found throughout the Korean Peninsula, the Korean Neolithic culture is also referred to as the comb-pattern pottery culture. The vessels forms and decorative patterns of comb-pattern pottery were regionally distinct in the early stage, but in the later stage, the decorative patterns of comb-pattern pottery in all regions gradually become simplified, and the area of decoration also ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์๋์ง๋ ํด์์ ์ธ๋ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ทผ๋์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊น์ ๋ด๋ฅ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฑ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ ์๋์์์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ์ ์ ์ฐฉํ์ฌ ๋ง์์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ง์๋ฆฌ์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌด์ง ๋ฑ์ ์ํ์ ์ ๊ณผ ์๋ฌด๋ค ๋ฑ์ ๋งค์ฅ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. decreased. Both chipped stone tools and ground stone tools were used in the Neolithic Age. The stone tool types of this period include various types of axes, hunting and fishing tools (net weights, fish hooks, harpoon points, arrowheads) and ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ ์ง์๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ์ง์๋ฆฌ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข ๋ฅ์ ๊ณก๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋๊ฒฝ๋๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ์ถํ ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ดํดํ๋ ์ค์ํ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. everyday items (grinding stones and slabs, whetting stones, and flint stones). Bone tools comprise needles, awls, and harpoon points. It appears that bone was regarded as a more efficient type of raw material in the case of these tools. Neolithic communities generally established villages in locations where they could have easy access to water and food resources, such as along river terraces, coastal hillsides and islands located close to the mainland, or near small rivers in the case of inland communities. They left sites that were formed as a result of daily activities (shellmiddens and dwellings) or the disposal of the dead (pit burials). Hannam University Central Museum excavated Neolithic dwelling at the site of Daecheon-ri, in Okcheon. This dwelling yielded various different types of grains, as well as farming tools. The site is therefore regarded as an important site that my shed light on the earliest stages in the development of farming in the Korean Peninsula. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 24 25
029 ๋ํ 28์ ๋ฌธ์์ธ๋ถ Detail of Pl. 28. 028 ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ๆซ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๋์ด 25.0 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ 030 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ ์ง์๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ์ ๋ชจ์ต Panorama view of the settlement site of Daecheon-ri, in Okcheon Comb-pattern pottery, Earthenware H 25.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 26 27
031 ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ๆซ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๋์ด 30.0 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Comb-pattern pottery, Earthenware H 30.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 033 ๊ฐํ ็ขพ ็ณ ๊ธธ์ด 69.0 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Saddle quern, Stone L 69.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 032 ๋น์ด๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํธ ๆซ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ็ ์์กด๋์ด 6.3 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Comb-pattern pottery sherd, Earthenware H 6.3 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 034 ๊ฐํ ็ขพ ็ณ ๊ธธ์ด 68.3 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Saddle quern, Stone L 68.3 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 28 29
035 ๊ฐ๋ ็ณ ๆฃ ๊ธธ์ด 18.7 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Grinding stone pestle, Stone L 18.7 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 037 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ณด์ต ๅ ็จฎ ็ณ ็ ๊ธธ์ด 20.0(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์) ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Plowshares, Stone L 20.0(R T) From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 038 ๋๋๋ผ ็ณ ๆง ๊ธธ์ด 6.5 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Axe, Stone L 6.5 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 036 ๊ฐ๋ ็ณ ๆฃ ๊ธธ์ด 9.2 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Grinding stone pestle, Stone L 9.2 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon 038 039 039 ๋ฌด๋ฌ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๅฝซ ๅป ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 4.0 ์ฅ์ฒ ๋์ฒ๋ฆฌ Burin, Stone L 4.0 From Daecheon-ri, Okcheon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Neolithic Age 30 31
3 ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ ้ ้ ๅจ ๅ ๆ ้ต ๅจ ๆ ไปฃ ๊ธฐ์์ 10์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ ์๋ น์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฃผ ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ํ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋ค์ด์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํก์ ๋ํํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋์๋ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ก์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฑ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๊ณ ๋ฒผ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ถ์ด ๋น์ฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํจ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ฐ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ก ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋ง์์ด ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ๋ง์์ ์ด๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ ์ ์๋ถ์ ํ์ฒ์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตญํํ์ฌ ํ์ฑ๋์์ง๋ง, ๋๊ฒฝ์ด ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋น์ค์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ ์ฌ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ์์ง ๆ ็ ๅฐ ๋ก ๋ง์์ ์ ์ง๊ฐ ํ๋๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ง์์ 2~4๊ธฐ์ ์ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ง์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์์ผ๋ ๋ง์์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ถฉ์ ๋์ง๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํ๋๋์ด ๋ง๊ฒ๋ ์๋ฐฑ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋ง์๋ก ๋ณ๋ชจํด ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ง์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋๋์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๋ฌด ์ธํ๋ฆฌ ๆจ ๆต ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age The Korean Bronze Age began at around the 10 th century BCE with the migration of communities into the Korean peninsula from the Liaoning region of Northeast China and the Northern Steppe regions. These farming communities used plain pottery and bronze objects, and were soon assimilated with the peninsula s indigenous population. The rapid development of farming and animal husbandry, as well as the continuation of hunting and fishing practices, took place in the Bronze Age. This resulted in increased economic production, which in turn established the foundations for the formation of large-scale villages. Villages of the earlier period were generally established on hilltop locations or along natural river embankments. However, as farming came to play a greater role in the subsistence economy, villages soon spread to lower altitudes and came to be situated on hillsides or alluvial fans. In addition, in contrast to the villages of the earlier period, which generally consisted of two to four dwellings, the villages of the later period, established ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋์๋ ๊ณ ์ธ๋์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ ๋๋๋ฌด๋ค ็ณ ๆฃบ ๅข, ๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ค ็ ๆฃบ ๅข, ์๋ฌด๋ค ๅ ๅฃ ๅข ๋ฑ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด on gently rolling hillsides or alluvial plains, grew in scale and could consist of up to hundreds of dwellings. Such large-scale ์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฌด๋ค์์์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ณตํฉ๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋ค๊ตฐ ๋ด์์๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ฌด๋ค ๊ฐ์์๋ ์๊ณ villages were at times surrounded by ditches and wooden fences which served protective functions. ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์ฒญ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ ๋นํํ๋๊ฒ ๊บพ์ฐฝ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ฑ์ ์ฒญ๋์ ํ๊ณผ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฐฝ ์นผ ํ์ด์ด ๋๋ผ ๋ํป๋ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋์นผ ๋ซ ๊ดญ์ด ๊ฐ A number of new burial types appeared in the Bronze Age, such as dolmens, stone cist burials, jar burials and ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐํ ์ซ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋ฐํด ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฉ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ํํธ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฉ์ํ ๊ตฝ์ด ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏผ๋ฌด earth cut burials. These diverse burials appear to have been associated with an increase in social complexity, as hierarchical ๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ์ ๋ถ์๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ ็ด ้ถ, ๊ฒ์๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ ้ป ้ถ ๋ฑ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. distinctions can be seen in the different types of burials used within a single cemetery. Objects used in daily life which newly appeared in this period include bronze items (such as Liaoning-type daggers, ge-halberds and mirrors), in addition to ground ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 4-3์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ์์ 1์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ด์ง๋ ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๊น์ง ์๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ณ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ stone items (such as daggers, spearheads, arrowheads, axes, planes, semi-lunar reaping knives, sickles, hoes, plowshares, ๊ฐ ์๋-์๋ถํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์์๋์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ถ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ์๋-์๋ถํ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก๋ถ grinding slabs and stones, whetstones and spindle whorls). The production of ground stone objects, which first appeared in ํฐ ์ ์ ๋ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 2์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒญ์ฒ๊ฐ ์ด๋จ์ ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ์์จ ์ก์ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐฑ์ฒ ์์ฐ๋ฆฌ, ํจํฅ ์ดํ๋ ๋ฑ the Neolithic Age, reached its zenith in this period, and a diverse range of tools, which served distinct functions, were made. ์ ์ธํ๋๊ฒ ์ถํ ์ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ดญ์ด ้ ้ ้ต ๆง ๋ฑ์ด ์ถํ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณง์ด์ด ์ธํ๋๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ ์ฒ ์ ๋จ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์๋๋ ๋ฑ In the case of pottery, plain vessels with low bases were made, along with red and black burnished vessels. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ข ๋ฅ๋ ๋ค์ํด์ก๋ค. ํํธ ์๋จํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋น์ง ์์๋ฆฌ, ๋ถ์ฌ ํฉ์ก๋ฆฌ, ์ฅ์ ๋จ์๋ฆฌ, ๋ ผ์ฐ ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌด๋ค์์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๆผข ้ก ์ด๋ ํ์ ๆผข ๅผ ์๋ ๋ถ์๊ตฌ๋ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๊ณ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ถ The early Iron Age dates from the 4 th ~ 3 rd century BCE to around the early 1 st century CE. This period began with ํ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ๋๋์ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ๊ตญ๊ณ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ ํด์ก์์ ์๋ ค์ค๋ค. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณด๊ธ the introduction of the iron culture of the Warring States of China into the Liaoning region and the northwestern region of the ์ ์ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ ํฐ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ ๋์ ์์ฐ์ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ณ์ธต๋ถํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํํ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจํ๋๋ ๋ฑ ์ฌ peninsula, and can also be regarded as the Late Bronze Age. The iron objects that were introduced into the Liaoning region ํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ์๋ค. and the northwestern region of the peninsula spread to the areas south of the Chungcheon River at around the 2 nd century BCE. This can be identified through the presence of plowshares made of cast iron at sites which also yielded slender-type ์ด ์๋์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ง์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์๋ค. ์ง์๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์์ง๊ณผ ์ง์๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์จ๋ bronze daggers, such as Songsan-ri in Eunyul, Seoksan-ri in Baekcheon, and Yihwa-dong in Hamheung. Iron daggers that ์์ค์ด ์ฑ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ด๋ถ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ๋๋์ด ๋ํํ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ์๋์ ๊ณ ์ธ๋๊ณผ ๋๋๋ฌด๋ค replicated the form of slender-type bronze daggers were soon produced, and the number, as well as the types, of iron objects ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ค์ด๋๋ ๋์ , ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ๊ณผ ์ ํต์ ๋ฌด๋ค์์์ด ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ค ๆจ ๆฃบ ๅข, ๋ง๋๋ฌด๋ค ๆจ ๆงจ ๅข, ๋ ๋ฌด๋ค ็ ๆฃบ ๅข ๋ฑ์ด ์ ํ increased. In the southwest region of the peninsula, early wooden coffin burials, such as those found at the sites of Soso-ri in ํ์๋ค. Dangjin, Hapsong-ri in Buyeo, Namyang-ri in Jangsu, and Wonbuk-ri in Nonsan, have only yielded Korean-style bronze objects and iron objects made to imitate these bronze objects. The fact that Han mirrors and Han style chariot fittings have not been identified in these wooden coffin burials indicates that the iron culture of the Warring States period of China had already been introduced prior to the introduction of the Lelang iron culture. The spread of iron objects brought about significant changes the subsistence economy, and the resulting increase in agricultural production led, in turn, to accelerated social differentiation. The iron objects also increased in size, and this brought about great changes throughout all aspects of society. The archaeological sites of this period were settlement sites and burial sites. Settlements consisted of traditional pit dwellings and dwellings built on the ground surface, and both had some form of indoor heating facilities. The dwellings of this period became larger in scale and the internal space was increased. In terms of burial sites, the use of the Bronze Age dolmens and stone cist burials decreased. New types of burials, such as wooden coffin burials, wooden cist burials and jar burials, were also used which combined traditional burial elements with Chinese influences. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 32 33
041 ๋ถ์๊ฐํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ด ้ถ ๋์ด 12.5 Red burnished pottery, Earthenware H 12.5 042 ๋ถ์๊ฐํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ด ้ถ ๋์ด 11.7 Red burnished pottery, Earthenware H 11.7 040 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 45.0 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 45.0 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 34 35
046 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ้ข ๋์ด 11.2 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 11.2 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 043 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 28.5 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 28.5 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 044 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 11.9 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 11.9 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 045 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ชจ์ต Panorama view of the Guseong-dong site, in Daejeon 047 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ้ข ๋์ด 15.6 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 15.6 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 048 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ้ข ๋์ด 14.7 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 14.7 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 36 37
052 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋์นผ ๅ ็จฎ ๅ ๆ ๅฝข ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 22.5(์) Harvesting knives, Stone L 22.5(T) 049 ๊ฐ๋๊ฒ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 21.4(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 21.4(R) 050 ๊ฐ๋๊ฒ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 21.8(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 21.8(R) 051 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฒ ๅ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 31.8(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Daggers, Stone L 31.8(R) 053 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์๊ท ๅ ็จฎ ๆ ๆบ ็ณ ๆง ๊ธธ์ด 15.5(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Groove adzes, Stone L 15.5(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 38 39
056 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ํ์ด์ด ๅ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ้ ๊ธธ์ด 13.0(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์) Arrowheads, Stone L 13.0(R T) 054 ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ผ ๅ ็จฎ ็ฃจ ่ฃฝ ็ณ ๆง ๊ธธ์ด 18.9(์ผ์ชฝ) Axes, Stone L 18.9(L) 055 ๋ฐํด๋ ๋๋ผ ็ฐ ็ ็ณ ๆง ์ง๋ฆ 14.3 Discoidal maces, Stone D 14.3 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 38 41
058 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 36.7 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 36.7 059 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 21.8 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 21.8 057 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 35.7 Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 35.7 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 42 43
060 ์ธํ๋๊ฒ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 23.7 061 ์ธํ๋๊ฒ ็ดฐ ๅฝข ้ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 24.8 062 ์์ ์นผ์๋ฃจ๋์ฅ์ ็ณ ่ฃฝ ๅ ๆ ้ ญ ้ฃพ ๋์ด 6.5 063 ์ค๊ตญ์๋๊ฒ ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ๅ ๊ธธ์ด 46.6(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Slender-type dagger, Bronze Slender-type dagger, Bronze Pommel fitting, Stone Chinese-type daggers, Bronze L 23.7 L 24.8 H 6.5 L 46.6(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 42 45
065 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊บฝ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๋ํฌ๊ฒ์ฐฝ ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้พ ้ ๆ ๊ธธ์ด 16.1(์ผ์ชฝ) Chinese-type ge-halberds and socketed spearhead, Bronze L 16.1(L) 064 ์ฒญ๋๊บฝ์ฐฝ ้ ๆ ๊ธธ์ด 22.5 Ge-halberd, Bronze L 22.5 066 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋ํ์ด์ด ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ ๊ธธ์ด 8.4(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Chinese-type arrowhead, Bronze L 8.4(R) ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 46 47
067 ๋ช ๋์ ๆ ๅ ้ข ๊ธธ์ด 15.7(์ผ์ชฝ) Knife-shaped coins, Bronze L 15.7(L) 068 ํฌ์ ๅธ ้ข ๊ธธ์ด 5.8(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ) Spade-shaped coins, Bronze L 5.8(R) 069 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ(ํผ๋ฃก๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ก ( ่บ ๏ง ๆ ้ก ) ์ง๋ฆ 19.1 Chinese-type mirror with dragon design, Bronze D 19.1 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 48 49
070 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ(์๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ก ( ็ธ ๆ ้ก ) ์ง๋ฆ 11.2 Chinese-type mirror with auspicious animal design, Bronze D 11.2 072 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ(์ฐํธ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ก ( ๏ฆ ๅผง ๆ ้ก ) ์ง๋ฆ 11.3 Chinese-type mirror with arch design, Bronze D 11.3 071 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ(๋ช ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ก ( ้ ๆ ้ก ) ์ง๋ฆ 13.1 Chinese-type mirror with Chinese characters, Bronze D 13.1 073 ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ(๋ฐฉ๊ฒฉ๊ท๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ) ไธญ ๅ ๅผ ้ ้ก ( ๆน ๆ ผ ่ฆ ็ฉ ้ก ) ์ง๋ฆ 9.7 Chinese-type mirror with square panels, Bronze D 9.7 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Bronze Age and Early Iron Age 50 51
4 ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ๅ ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋๋ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋๊ตฌ๋ถ ๊ฐ๋ ์ผ๋ก, ์ผ๊ตญ์๋์ ์์ด์ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค. ์๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ ์๊ธฐ 300๋ ๊น์ง์ ์ฝ 3์ธ๊ธฐ ๋์์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด ์๋์๋ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ ์์ฐ์ด ๋์ฑ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ๋๊ณ , ์ ๋ก ๋ง๋ ๋๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฐ์๋ค. ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฒฝ ์ ํจ์จ์ด ๋์์ ธ ์์ฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋๊ณ , ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ์ธต ๋ถํ๊ฐ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ฐฐ ์ง์๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋๋ฉด์ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น ์ธ๋ ฅ Proto-Three Kingdoms Period The Proto-Three Kingdoms is a concept distinctive to archaeology. It is a time period, 300 years long, that is used to refer to the incipient stages of the Three Kingdoms. It begins around the beginning of the 1 st century CE and continues until 300 CE. The large-scale production of iron took place from this period onwards, and iron weapons and farming tools ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. also came to be widely used. The use of iron tools increased farming efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, led to increased social differentiation and the emergence of control mechanisms which lay down the foundations for the ์ด ์๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ง์ญ์์๋ ์ ๆฟ ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์๊ณ , ์ค ๋จ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ๋งํ ์งํ ๋ณํ์ ์ผํ์ด ์ ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์๋ ์ผํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ๋์ ์ ์น์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ ์์๋ ๊ตญ ๅ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ ์น์ฒด๊ฐ ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ 3์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๋งํ์๋ 54๊ฐ์ ์๊ตญ์ด, ์งํ๊ณผ ๋ณํ์๋ 12๊ฐ์ ์๊ตญ์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํด์ง๋ค. establishment of new political groups. The Korean Peninsula at this time witnessed the emergence of the Ye polity in the northern regions, and the Samhan polities of Mahan, Jinhan and Byeonhan in the southern regions. The polities of Ye and Samhan were not yet ๋งํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ ๋ผ์ง์ญ, ์ง ๋ณํ์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋๋๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋์ ๆฑ ๅฒธ ์ง์ญ์๋ ์งํ์ด, ์์ ่ฅฟ ๅฒธ ์ง์ญ์๋ ๋ณํ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋๊ณ ์๋ค. states but confederations of smaller political units, called guk. It is recorded that, in the 3 rd century, Mahan consisted of 54 guks and Jinhan and Byeonhan were made up of 12 guks. ๋๋๊ฐ ํ๋ฅ์ ์์นํ๋ ๋ณํ์ ์ฒ ์ ๋๋๊ณผ ์ ๅญ ์๋ ์์ถํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ๋ฑ ๋์ธ๊ต๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ํนํ ํ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๆผข ๅ ้ก ์ ํ๋๋ก ํ์ ์ผ๋์ ์ค์น๋ ๋๋๊ตฐ์ ์ค๊ตญ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋๋ ํต๋ก์๋ค. Mahan territory is believed to have comprised the areas of Chungcheong Province and Jeolla Province, and parts of Gyeonggi Province, while Jinhan was located east of, and Byeonhan west of, the Nakdong River. ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ถ์ ํ์ ์ ์ง์๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ๊ฐ๋๋ฏธ, ๊ฐ๋งํฐ, ์ผ์ฒ ์ง ๅถ ้ต ๅ, ๋ฌด๋ค ๋ฑ์ ํตํด ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์ ๋ค. ์ง์๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ง ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ง์๊ฐ์ฅ์ ์ถ์กฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์ข ๋ฅ์ ์ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ท๊ฐ์๋ ๋ง ์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋๋๋ฐ ๋งํ์์๋ ๋ฌด๋ค ์ฃผ์์ ๋๋ ๅจ ๆบ ์ ๋๋ฆฐ ์๋ฌด๋ค ๅจ ๆบ ๅ ๅฃ ๅข, ์ฃผ ๊ตฌ๋ฌ ๅจ ๆบ ๅข ๊ฐ ์ ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง ๋ณํ์์๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ค ๅ ๅฃ ๆจ ๆฃบ ๅข ๊ณผ ๋ง๋๋ฌด๋ค ๅ ๅฃ ๆจ ๆงจ ๅข ์ด ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํํ ์๋ค. ๋ถ๋ถ์ง์ญ์ธ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์ ๋๋์์๋ ๋๋ฌด์ง๋ฌด๋ค ็ฉ ็ณ ๅก ๊ณผ ๋ง๋๋ฌด๋ค ๅ ๅฃ ๆจ ๆงจ ๅข, ๋ฒฝ๋๋ฌด๋ค ๅกผ ็ฏ ๅขณ ์ด ์ฑํ๋์๋ค. Located along the lower reaches of the Nakdong river, Byeonhan had access to plentiful iron resources, which it exported to Lelang and Wa. In exchange, it received goods from China, Wa and the Northern Steppe regions. This provided the basis for active foreign interaction with these regions. In particular, the ancient culture of China was introduced into Byeonhan territory via Lelang, one of the four Han Commaderies which was established in the Pyeongyang area. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋ถํ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ ๊ธฐ ๆ ๆบ ๆ ๅ ๅจ ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋จํ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ํ ๊ธฐ ์ ์์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ง์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋ค. ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๊ตญ์๋์ ํ๋ ๋ฌธ ํ๋ ็ฐ ้ถ ์์ ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๊ตฐ ์ค์น๋ฅผ ์ ํํ์ฌ ๋จํ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํ๊ธ๋์ด ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ํ ๊ธฐ ์์ฐ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ์์ผฐ๋ค. The lives of communities of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period may be approached through dwelling sites, shellmiddens, kiln sites, iron production sites and burials. Various types of houses were used in this period. Pit dwellings continued to be used but the number of ground surface dwellings increased as well. Many shellmiddens were formed near the seashore. The types of burials used varied according to region, with earth cut burials surrounded by a ditch ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ง์๋ฆฌ์ ์ , ๋์ ์ค์ ๋ ์ง ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ , ๊ณต์ฃผ ์์๋ฆฌ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. (jugumyo) appearing in the territory of Mahan. In the Jinan and Byeonhan territories, wooden coffin burials were used in the earlier phase and wooden cist burials in the later phase. In the territories of Goguryeo and Lelang, located in the northern regions of the peninsula, stone pyramid tombs, wooden cist burials and brick tombs were used. The paddled pottery manufacturing technique, which was introduced from the northwestern region into the southern regions of the peninsula in this period, brought about many changes in the pottery production technology of the time. The manufacturing technique of paddled pottery was derived from the gray software of the Chinese Warring States Period and was introduced into the southern regions of the peninsula around the time that the Lelang Commandery was founded, contributing to the establishment of the pottery production system of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. The sites of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period excavated by Hannam University Central Museum include the Guseong-dong settlement site and the Ojeong-dong settlement site, both in Daejeon, and the sites of Sangseo-ri and Naecheon-ri in Gongju. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ์๊ธฐ์๋ Archaeological Material Paleolithic Age 52 53
074 ์ ๋ฟ๋ชจ์์์ก์ดํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ต ๅ ็ ่ง ๅฝข ๆ ๆ ้ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 36.0 077 ๊ตฝ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ธด๋ชฉํญ์๋ฆฌ ่บ ้ ้ท ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 40.2 078 ๊ตฝ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ณง์๋ชฉํญ์๋ฆฌ ่บ ้ ็ด ๅฃ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 35.8 Jar with horn-shaped handles, Earthenware H 36.0 074 Pedestaled jar with long neck, Earthenware H 40.2 Pedestaled jar with straight neck, Earthenware H 35.8 075 ์งง์๋ชฉํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 26.2 Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 26.2 076 ์ฃผ๋จธ๋ํธ ๏งง ๅฝข ๅฃบ ๋์ด 13.2 079 ํ๋ก๋ชจ์ํ ๊ธฐ ๏คณ ๅฝข ๅ ๅจ ๋์ด 16.0 Jar, Earthenware Brazier-shaped pottery, Earthenware H 13.2 075 076 H 16.0 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 54 55
082 ์งง์๋ชฉํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 28.2 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 28.2 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 080 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ๅ ๅจ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 34.3 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse jar, Earthenware H 34.3 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon 081 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ง์๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ต Dwelling from the Guseong-dong site, in Daejeon 083 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ้ข ๋์ด 21.0 ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 21.0 From Guseong-dong, Daejeon ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 56 57
084 ์งง์๋ชฉํญ์๋ฆฌ ็ญ ้ ธ ๅฃบ ๋์ด 25.0(์ผ์ชฝ) ๊ณต์ฃผ ์์๋ฆฌ Jar with short neck, Earthenware H 25.0(L) From Sangseo-ri, Gongju 087 ์๋ฃจ ็ ๋์ด 29.3 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ Steamer, Earthenware H 29.3 From Naechon-ri, Gongju 088 ๋ํ 87์ ๋ฐ๋ฅ Bottom of Pl. 87. 085 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ้ข ๋์ด 21.0 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ 086 ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ็ก ๆ ้ข ๋์ด 11.4 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ 089 ๋น ๆซ ๊ธธ์ด 3.0 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ 090 ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ด์ด๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ๋ชจ์ต Panorama view of the Naechon-ri site, in Gongju Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 21.0 From Naechon-ri, Gongju Plain coarse bowl, Earthenware H 11.4 From Naechon-ri, Gongju Comb, Wood L 3.0 From Naechon-ri, Gongju ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 58 59
091 092 091 ํธ๋์ด๋ชจ์ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ่ ๅฝข ๅธถ ้ค ๊ธธ์ด 11.5 Tiger-shaped buckle, Bronze L 11.5 093 ๋ง๋ชจ์ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ้ฆฌ ๅฝข ๅธถ ้ค ๊ธธ์ด 8.0(์) Horse-shaped buckles, Bronze L 8.0(T) 092 ํธ๋์ด๋ชจ์ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ่ ๅฝข ๅธถ ้ค ๊ธธ์ด 7.8 Tiger-shaped buckle, Bronze L 7.8 ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์์ผ๊ตญ์๋ Archaeological Material Proto-Three Kingdoms Period 60 61
5 ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(๋ฐฑ์ ) ไธ ๅ ๆ ไปฃ ( ็พ ๆฟ ) ๊ธฐ์์ 18๋ , ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋์ธ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ํ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์ ์ ์ฐฉํ์ฌ ๋ฐฑ์ ๊ตญ ไผฏ ๆฟ ๅ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ , ์ด ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋งํ์ ์๋ ์ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ฉด์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐฑ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ด์(234~286๋ ) ๋์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ ๋์ฑ ้ฝ ๅ ์ ์ถ์กฐ, ๋ฐฑ์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ, ๋ํ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ, ์๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋์ธ ๊ต์ญ Three Kingdoms Period(Baekje) It is recorded that in 18 BCE, a group of refugees who were of Buyeo origion, and therefore came from the same stock as the Goguryeo people, settled down in the Han River region and established the polity that was Baekje-guk. This polity expanded its territory through the annexation of Mahan lands and unlimitedly came to form the Bakeje Kingdom. ๊ถ์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฑ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ง๊ณ , ๋ถ์ชฝ์ ๋๋์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ4์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ถํฐ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทผ์ด๊ณ ์(346~374) It was during the reign of King Goi (r. 234-286) that the walls surrounding the capital city were built, the Baekje ๋์๋ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค์ ์ธ์ ์ํ ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๊ณ , ๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋งํ์ ๋ณํฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ฒญ ์ ๋ผ๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ค ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์ ํฉํด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ํฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฑํ์๋ค. ceramic style was established, large-scale tombs emerged and long-distance exchange networks were established. All of this contributed to the establishment of the foundations required by an ancient state. The kingdom developed noticeably in the early 4 th century, following the fall of the Lelang Commandery. During the reign of King Gunchogo (r. 346-374), Baekje ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 4์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๊ด๊ฐํ ๋์์ ๋จ์ง ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ค ์ ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ก์์ด ๊ณ extended its northern boundaries through territorial wars with Goguryeo, and its southern boundaries by annexing the ๊ตฌ๋ ค์์ ์ ํฌ์์ ํจํ์ฌ ์ ์ฌํ ํ 475๋ ๋ฌธ์ฃผ์์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ง ็ ๆดฅ ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ํ ํ ๋์ฑ remaining Mahan polities. As a result, the Baekje Kingdom came to form a mighty political entity that was spread out over ์๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ น์๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋นํ๊ณ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ ํ๋ณตํ์๋ค. ๋ฌด๋ น์๋์ ํ๋ณต๋ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ the present day regions of Gyeonggi Province, Chungcheong Province, and Jeolla Province. ์ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ํ์ฌ 538๋ ๋ค์ ์ ์ง์์ ์ฌ๋น๋ก ์ฒ๋๋ฅผ ๋จํํ๋ค. ์ฑ์์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์ ํ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ผ ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ณ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์์ผ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ์ด ์ ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ์์ ์ซ๊ฒจ๋๊ณ , ์ ๋ผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ However, from the late 4 th century, the power of Baekje was weakened as a result of the southern expansion ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฌด์(600~641) ๋์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋ณต๋์ด ์๊ถ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ณ ์๋ก์ด ๋ถํฅ๊ธฐ์ด์ด ์์์ผ๋ ์์์ policy of King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo. After King Gaero was killed during battle with Goguryeo, which he lost, (641~660) ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ชจํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฉธ๋ง์ ๊ธธ๋ก ๋ค์ด์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. the Baekje capital was moved to Ungjin by King Munju in 475 BCE. During the Ungjin phase, the state system was stabilized and the power of the Baekje Kingdom was gradually regained through the efforts of King Dongseong and King Muryeong. ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์ ๋ ๋ช์ฐจ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ ๋์์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ฑ์๊ธฐ, ์ ์ง์๊ธฐ, ์ฌ๋น์๊ธฐ๋ก ๋๋์ด ์ง๋ค. In order to augment the power of the state, which was regained during King Muryeong s reign, King Seong moved the ํ์ฑ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์ ์๋ฃ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋ ์์ด๋ ์ผ์์ ๋ํ๋ฌด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ชฝ์ดํ ์ฑ, ํ๋ฉํ ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ์ฑ๊ณฝ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ capital once more, to Sabi in 538 CE, in order to establish a more efficient government system. In order to recover the ๋ ค์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋ฌด์ง๋ฌด๋ค ๅบ ๅฃ ๅผ ็ฉ ็ณ ๅก ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑ์๊ธฐ ์์กฑ์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค. territory that Bakeje had lost in the Han River region, King Seong formed an alliance with Silla and attacked Goguryeo. King Seong appeared to have succeeded in regaining these lost lands. However, Baekje was expelled, once again, from the Han ์ ์ง์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๊ณํต์ ๋๋ฌด์ง๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณ , ๋๋ฐฉ๋ฌด๋ค ็ณ ๅฎค ๅขณ ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ฒฝ๋๋ฌด๋ค ๅกผ ็ฏ ๅขณ ์ด ์๋ก์ด River region following a surprise attack by Silla forces, during which King Seong fell in battle. The Baekje Kingdom recovered ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋น์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด ๋ถ๊ต๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์ต์ฑํ์ฌ ๋ง์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋๋ถ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ด its might during the reign of King Mu (r. 600-641) who acted to strengthen sovereign power. As a result, the kingdom ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์์ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ ๋์ฑ ๏ค ๅ ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ฐ์ ๋ํผ์ฉ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง์๊ธฐ์ experienced a new period of regeneration. However, foreign relations were neglected and state resources were used up ๋๋ฐฉ๋ฌด๋ค ็ณ ๅฎค ๅขณ ์ด ์ ํํ์๋ค. ํํธ ์์ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์์๋ ๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ค ็ ๆฃบ ๅค ๅขณ ์ด ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์ถ์กฐ๋์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ค์ฌ์ง์ญ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ during the reign of King Uija (r. 641-660), and the Baekje Kingdom ultimately came to an end. ์์์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. The Baekje period is divided by archaeologists into the Hanseong, Ungjin and Sabi phases according to where ํ๋จ๋ํ๊ต ์ค์๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ง์ฒ ์ฐ์๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋งํฐ ์ the capital city was located. The archaeological material of the Hanseong phase includes the large-scale tombs that were ์ , ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ ์ , ๋์ ์ค์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ์ค ์ง์ฒ ์ฐ์๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์ ํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋งํฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ constructed in the areas of Garak-dong and Seokcheon-dong and the walled city sites of Mongcheon Earthen Wall Fortress ์ฐ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ ์ค์ํ ์ ์ ์ด๋ค. and Pungnab Earthen Wall Fortress. The tombs were of the stone pyramid type, similar to those used in Goguryeo, and are regarded as royal tombs of the Hanseong Baekje Period. Stone pyramid type tombs, which were of Goguryeo origin, disappeared during the Ungjin Baekje Period, and stone chamber tombs and brick tombs, the latter of Chinese origin, came to be used. Gong Mountain Fortress was the site of the Baekje capital in this phase. The Sabi Baekje Period witnessed a blossoming of Buddhist culture and a large number of buildings were constructed. In addition, the walls of Naseong Fortress, which were meant to protect the capital city, were founded by connecting naturally formed hills, and Buso Mountain Fortress was established as a place of evacuation in times of war. In terms of burials, the stone chamber tombs of the previous phase continued to be used. In the Yeongsan River region, jar burials were used for a very long time and this burial tradition presents a distinct contrast to that of the Baekje center. The sites of the Baekje Kingdom excavated by Hannam University Central Museum include the Baekje kiln site of Samryong-ri Sansu-ri in Jincheon, and the sites of Guseong-dong and Ohjeong-dong in Daejeon. The Samryong-ri Sansuri site, in particular, can be regarded as an important site that may shed light on the production system of Baekje pottery. ๊ณ ๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ผ๊ตญ์๋(๋ฐฑ์ ) Archaeological Material Three Kingdoms Period (Baekje) 62 63