식물병연구 Res. Plant Dis. 28(4): 179-194 (2022) Mini-Review Open Access https://doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2022.28.4.179 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals and Cereal Products in Korea *Corresponding author Tel: +82-63-238-3401 Fax: +82-63-238-3840 E-mail: tessyl1@korea.kr ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-650x https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-3881 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0328-7831 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9639 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-4902 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7719-2720 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3524 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-6535 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-8436 Received November 14, 2022 Accepted December 12, 2022 * Theresa Lee*, Seul Gi Baek, Sosoo Kim, Ji-Seon Paek, Jin Ju Park, Jangnam Choi, Jung-Hye Choi, Ja Yeong Jang, and Jeomsoon Kim Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Korea In this review, the mycotoxin contamination of Korean cereals and their products is analyzed by crop based on scientific publications since 2000. Barley, rice, and corn were investigated heavier than the others. The common mycotoxins occurred in all cereals and their products were deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Nivalenol was detected in all samples analyzed but more frequently or mainly in barley, rice, and oat. Fumonisin was commonly detected in corn and sorghum but also in adlay, millet, and rice. Adlay and millet were similar in the contamination pattern that fumonisin and zearalenone were the most frequently detected mycotoxins. Zearalenone was the most commonly detected mycotoxin with concentrations higher than the national standards (maximum limit), followed by deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxin. However, most occurrence levels were below the maximum limits for respective mycotoxins. This result shows that barley, rice, corn, sorghum, millet, and adlay are more vulnerable to mycotoxin contamination than other cereals and therefore continuous monitoring and safety management are necessary. Keywords: Cereals, Contamination, Mycotoxins Research in Plant Disease eissn 2233-9191 www.online-rpd.org.,,.., A,,,. (species) Aspergillus flavus A A. ochraceus, Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides (Desjardins, 2006).. (van der Lee, 2015).,, The Korean Society of Plant Pathology This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
180 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4. (Del Ponte, 2022).,,,,.. 2000. (https://scholar.google.co.kr) 2000,,. Table 1..,. 2002 (88 ) B1, B1, A,,, 2.3 9.1% 7.3 ng/g, 60.6 ng/g, 6.0 ng/ g, 159 ng/g, 462 ng/g, 47.0 ng/g (Park, 2005a). 2003 A 60 8.3% 6 ng/g (Table 2) (Park, 2005b). 2004 2005 (21 ) (21 ) (Song, 2008), (134 ) (Ok, 2007b). 2005 2006 (14 ) (7 ) 43%, 29% 48.2 µg/kg, 9.3 µg/kg 100% 60.7 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a). 2005 2008 (43 ), (25 ), (76 ), (51 ) (44%), (16%), (14%), (5%) (0.035 mg/kg), (0.031 mg/kg), (0.020 mg/kg), (0.017 mg/kg) (Ok, 2009b). 2007 2008, 5%, 8%, 14%, 30.8 µg/kg, 9.7 µg/ kg, 43.8 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a). 50 38% 57.5 µg/kg. 2007,,. 4,180 ng/g, (3,607 ng/g), (569 ng/g) 94%, 100% 20%, 2% (Lee, 2011).,, 327 ng/g, 765 ng/g, 96 ng/g 1,355 ng/g. 2009 (60 ) (24 ) (Kim, 2010). 2009 (32 ) 13 172.9 µg/kg,, 1 (122 µg/kg, 133 µg/kg, 3,403.4 µg/kg) (Lee, 2010). 2009 B ( 3-, 15-, 4- ). (35 ), (64 ), (60 ) 45.0 µg/ kg, 23.1 µg/kg, 45.4 µg/kg 31.7 µg/kg, 18.2 µg/kg, 28.9 µg/kg (Ok, 2011b). 15- (24.1 µg/kg) 3-10 µg/kg 4- (18.7 µg/kg), (15 µg/kg), (8.9 µg/kg). (Ok, 2011a). 2010 80 1.3% ( 12.6 µg/kg), 8.8% ( 11.5 µg/kg),,, 7.5% ( 2.7 µg/ kg), 1.3% (43.2 µg/kg), 28.8% (34.9 µg/kg), 83.8% (201.3 µg/ kg) (Ok, 2014b). 2011
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 181 Table 1. Mycotoxin occurrence in Korean cereals and cereal products reported in scientific publications between 2000 and 2022. Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Adlay 2011 2 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 13 - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2016 2017 12 - - - - - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) 2017 2018 5 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Adlay product 2017 2018 70 - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) 2017 2018 6 - - - Adlay product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Barley 1998 1999 30 - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) 1998 1999 30 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002 52 - - - - - - 2-Rowed malting, 6-rowed husked, 6-rowed hulless ELISA/HPLC Pei et al. (2004) 2003 22 - - - - - - - LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 134 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2004 2005 12 - - - - - - (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) 2005 2006 14 - - - - - - LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) 2005 2008 84 - - - - - - - HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 70 - - - - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) <2009 24 - - - - - - - ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) 2009 39 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) 2010 85 - - - - Unhulled, naked, silage, malting HPLC Ryu et al. (2011) 2011 43 - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a) 2011 6 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 16 - - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2013 25 - - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015)
182 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference 2017 2018 13 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Barley product 1998 1999 32 - - - - Powder, roasted, bisquet, meal, flour, tea ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) 1998 1999 32 - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002 13 - - - - - - Malt, pearled barley ELISA/HPLC Pei et al. (2004) 2003 46 - - - - - - Beer LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2004 2005 7 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2005 2008 59 - - - - - - Beer HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 26 - - - - - - Beer HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) <2009 24 - - - - - - - ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) 2011 20 - - - - - - - LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) 2012 8 - - - - - Powdered malt HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) Buckwheat 2005 2008 34 - - - - - - - HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2012 7 - - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) Buckwheat product 2017 2018 3 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) 2017 2018 3 - - - Buckwheat product LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Corn 1998 1999 18 - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) 1998 1999 18 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 50 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2004 2005 3 - - - - - - (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) 2005 2006 14 - - - - - - LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) 2005 2008 96 - - - - - - - HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 82 - - - - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) <2009 30 - - - - - - - ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) 2009 19 - - - - LC-MS Lee et al. (2010) 2009 25 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) 2011 84 - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a)
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 183 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference 2012 10 - - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2013 3 - - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 ~100 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) Corn product 2017 2018 1 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) 1996 76 - - - - - - Flakes, snack, starch, popcorn, others ELISA/HPLC Kim et al. (2002) 1998 1999 47 - - - - Roasted, meal, flour, snack, others ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002a) 1998 1999 47 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Park et al. (2002b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 99 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2005 2006 7 - - - - - Canning corn LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) 2005 2008 40 - - - - - - Canned corn, popcorn HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 43 - - - - - - Breakfast cereals HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) 2011 9 - - - - - - Corn-based food LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) 2011 6 - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) <2012 32 - - - - - - Snack HPLC Ok et al. (2014a) 2012 18 - - - - Popcorn HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2017 2018 5 - - - Roasted, popcorn LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Millet 2002, 2005 - - - - - - Millet HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 4 - - - - - - (BEA) HPLC Song et al. (2008) 2011 7 - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 16 - - - - - Millet HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2013 19 - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) Common millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Millet LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) 2016 2017 10 - - - Proso millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) 2017 2018 16 - - - Proso millet, foxtail millet LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019)
184 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference 2017 2018 26 - - - Proso millet HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) 2019 24 - - - Proso millet UPLC Choi et al. (2021) Oat 2017 2018 7 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) 2017 2018 88 - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Rice 2002 88 - Polished HPLC/MS Park et al. (2005a) 2003 60 - - - - - - Polished LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 134 - - - - - - Polished ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2004 2005 42 - - - - - - (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) 2005 2006 21 - - - - - Polished, brown LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) 2005 2008 195 - - - - - - Polished, brown, glutinous HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 201 - - - - Polished brown, colored, blue-tinged GC-MS Lee et al. (2011) 2007 2008 149 - - - - - - Polished, brown, glutinous HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) <2009 84 - - - - - - - ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) 2009 124 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Polished, brown, glutinous GC Ok et al. (2011b) 2009 32 - - - Paddy Lee et al. (2010) 2010 160 - - - White, brown HPLC Ok et al. (2014b) 2011 47 - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) 2011 371 - - - - Paddy, husk, brown, blue-tinged, bran, broken, discolored, polished Polished LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2013a) HPLC Lee et al. (2013) 2011 22 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 45 - - - - - Glutinous HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2010 2012 152 - - - (DAS) Paddy, husk, brown, blue-tinged, broken, discolored, polished 2013 28 - - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) LC-MS Lee et al. (2014) Glutinous, brown LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Brown LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a)
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 185 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference Rice product 2017 2018 18 - - - Brown LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) 2003 14 - - - - - - LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2007 2008 50 - - - - - - Cereals HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) 2017 2018 13 - - - Brown LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) Rye 2005 2008 5 - - - - - - - HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) Rye product 2011 1 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) Sorghum 2011 3 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 11 - - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2013 15 - - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) <2016 (T-2/HT-2 toxin, 3-ADON) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) 2016 2017 8 - - - - LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017b) 2017 2018 8 - - - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) 2017 2018 60 - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Lee et al. (2020) Wheat 2004 2005 4 - - - - - - (BEA) - HPLC Song et al. (2008) 2005 2008 41 - - - - - - - HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 41 - - - - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) 2009 54 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) - GC Ok et al. (2011b) Wheat product 2010 41 - - - - - HPLC Ryu et al. (2011) 2011 1 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) 2012 8 - - - - - - HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2003 35 - - - - - - - LC-MS/MS Park et al. (2005b) 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2004 2005 7 - - - - - - - ELISA/HPLC Ok et al. (2007b) 2005 2006 7 - - - - - Flour LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a)
186 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 Table 1. Continued Cereals Sampling year No. of samples Mycotoxin AFB1 OTA FB1 DON NIV ZEN Others Contaminated food product Analytical method Reference 2005 2008 44 - - - - - - Flour HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2007 2008 53 - - - - - - Buscuits, bread, flour HPLC/LC-MS Ok et al. (2009a) 2008 9 - - - - - - HPLC/LC-MS Jang et al. (2011) <2009 24 - - - - - - - ELISA/LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2010) 2009 38 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Flour GC Ok et al. (2011b) 2011 7 - - - - - - HPLC Park et al. (2013) <2012 30 - - - - - - Dnack HPLC Ok et al. (2014a) 2012 14 - - - - - Flour HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) 2013 15 - - - - - - (T-2/HT-2 toxin) - LC-MS/MS Paek and Kang (2015) Others 2002, 2005 - - - - - - - HPLC Oh et al. (2007) 2005 2006 7 - - - - - - LC-MS Ok et al. (2007a) 2005 2008 91 - - - - - - Buscuits, bread, cereals HPLC Ok et al. (2009b) 2008 432 - - - - - - Infusion tea, starch, sunshik HPLC Jang et al. (2011) 2009 58 - - - - (3-,15-ADON, 4-ANIV) Mixed grains, breakfast cereals GC Ok et al. (2011b) 2011 60 - - - - - - Misutgaru, snack, others LC-MS/MS Choi et al. (2012) <2012 101 - - - - - - Dry noodle, instant noodle, infant formula 2012 30 - - - - - Roasted grain powder, bake flour, frying flour HPLC/UPLC Ok et al. (2014a) HPLC Kim et al. (2013b) <2013 47 - - - Sunsik LC-MS/MS Jung et al. (2015) <2016 (HT-2 toxin) Mixed grains LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2017a) <2018 97 - - - - - - (ALT, AME, TEN, BEA, ENN) Unknown cereals and product LC-MS/MS Kim et al. (2019) 2017~2018 24 - - LC-MS/MS Yang et al. (2019) AFB1, aflatoxins B1; OTA, ochratoxin A; FB1, fumonisin B1; DON, deoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol; ZEN, zearalenone; 3-ADON, 3-acetyl DON; 15-ADON, 15-acetyl DON; 4-ANIV, 4-acetyl NIV; DAS, diacetoxyscirpenol; BEA, beuvericin; ENN, enniatin; ALT, alternariol; AME, alternariol monomethyl ether; TEN, tentoxin; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC, gas chromatography; UPLC, ultra performance liquid chromatography. Open and closed circles indicate mycotoxin not detected ( ) or detected ( ), respectively.
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 187 Table 2. Korean standards for mycotoxin limits in foods Mycotoxin Target food Maximum limits Total aflatoxin (sum of B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2) Plant nature material (except algae) Processed foods <15 μg/kg (<10 μg/kg for B 1) <15 μg/kg (<10 μg/kg for B 1) Infant formula, weaning food, baby food <0.10 μg/kg for B 1) Ochratoxin A Cereals <5 μg/kg Fumonisin (sum of B 1 and B 2) Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc.) Corn (except corn intended for starch or starch sugar manufacture) Sorghum Simply processed sorghum (ground, cut, etc.) Simply processed corn (ground, cut, etc.) Processed cereal products containing > 50% of simply processed corn or sorghum) Breakfast cereals Processed corn for popcorn <4 mg/kg <2 mg/kg <1 mg/kg Deoxynivalenol Cereals (except corn) <1 mg/kg Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc., except corn) Corn Simply processed corn (ground, cut, etc.) Breakfast cereals Infant formula, weaning food, baby food Noodles <2 mg/kg <0.5 mg/kg <0.2 mg/kg <0.75 mg/kg Zearalenone Cereals <100 μg/kg Simply processed cereals (ground, cut, etc.) Snacks Infant formula, weaning food, baby food Breakfast cereals <50 μg/kg <20 μg/kg <50 μg/kg The mycotoxins related to cereals were selected from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Notification (No. 2022-76, 2022.10.25.). 4. (47 ), B1, 36.2%, 29.8%, 6.4% 6.7 µg/kg, 6.7 µg/kg, 93.1 µg/kg (Kim, 2013a). (9 ) (4 ) (Park, 2013). 2011 (45 ) 56%, 4.4 mg/kg 38%, 2.2 mg/kg (Lee, 2013). 0.139 mg/kg, 0.072 mg/kg, 0.057 mg/kg, 0.046 mg/kg 0.047 mg/kg. 2012 (,, 6.6 mg/kg) 2 7% diacetoxyscirpenol (Lee, 2014). 2012 (8 ), (14 ), (11 ), (12 ) 25% 110 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2013 (4 ), (13 ), (11 ) T-2/HT-2 T-2/HT-2 1.3/0.0 µg/kg, 4.0/4.2 µg/ kg (Paek Kang, 2015). 2016 B1 1%
188 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 1.1 ng/g, B1 B2 42% ( 22.8 ng/g), 44% ( 18.8 ng/g), 7% ( 12.3 ng/g), 5% (36.8 ng/g), 32% ( 37.6 ng/g) (Kim, 2017a). 2017 2018 (,,, ) 18 6 2 (B1+B2, 11.2 µg/kg), 1 (15.4 µg/kg) (Yang, 2019). (8 ) 1 (B1+B2) 33.6 µg/kg.,,, A. A,, 6. (Eriksen, 2004; Minervini, 2004).,,... 1998 1999 (30 ) (32 ) (,, ) 12.5% B1 (8 11 ng/g) A (7 8 ng/ g) A (Park, 2002a). 33% 14 171 ng/g, 38% 120 ng/g (Park, 2002b). 2002 6 (20 ) 2.28 µg/g, 2 (12 ) 1.78 µg/g, 6 (20 ) 2.35 µg/g (13 ) 0.39 µg/g (Pei, 2004). 2003 (22 ) 22.7% 0.9 ng/g A, (46 ) 2% 0.3 ng/g (Park, 2005b). 2004 2005 (12 ) 0.03 µg/g (Song, 2008) (134 ) (7, ) (Ok, 2007b). 2005 2006 39% 99.73 µg/kg, 7% 33.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a). 2005 2008 (84 ) (26, ) 58% 12% 0.022 mg/kg (Ok, 2009b). 2007 2008 (70 ) (26, ) 54% 17.4 µg/kg, 12% 20.9 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a). 2009 (39 ) B 5 59% 100.9 µg/kg (56%, 40.1 µg/kg), 15- (31%, 7.1 µg/kg), 3- (26%, 3.9 µg/kg), 4- (15%, 9.9 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011a).. 2010 (16 ), (46 ), (12 ), (11 ) 7.02 µg/g, 9.74 µg/g, 5.39 µg/g, 8.13 µg/g, 4.2 µg/g, 2.41 µg/g (Ryu, 2011). 2. 3.52 ( 0.65 µg/g), 0.07 µg/g. 2011 (43 ) 1 6.06 µg/kg, 55.8% ( 334 µg/kg), 34.9% ( 8.95 µg/kg) (Kim, 2013a). 2012 (16 ) 44% 202.9 µg/kg (8, ) G2 (0.02 µg/kg) (27.5 µg/kg) 1 (Kim, 2013b)...,, 2002 2010., A,..
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 189 10. 2004 2005 (4 ) 1 0.14 µg/g (Song, 2008). 2005 2006 (7 ) 17.8 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a). 2005 2008 (41 ) (44, ) 59%, 41% 0.056 mg/kg, 0.040 mg/kg (Ok, 2009b). 2007 2008 (41 ) 59% 353.6 µg/kg (,, ) 38 43% 3.1 172.9 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a). 2009 ( ) B, 85 79% 241.8 µg/kg 199.5 µg/kg ( 65%, 58.5 µg/kg; 21%, 31.8 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b). 15-, 3-4- 0, 5.1 µg/kg, 8.6 µg/kg ( ) 21.0 µg/kg, 4.9 µg/kg, 9.5 µg/kg ( ). 2010 (41 ),, 92.7%, 73.2%, 17.1% 5.65 µg/g, 1.03 µg/g, 0.16 µg/ g (Ryu, 2011). 2012 (20, ) 6.7% 8.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a). 2012 (8 ) 75% ( 94.9 µg/kg), 1 B1 (0.02 µg/kg), (14 ) 21% ( 181.8 µg/kg) (Kim, 2013b).,,. 2010. /.. 2002 2005 (0.098 ng/g) (Oh, 2007). 2012 (16 ) 13% ( ) 0.18 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 38% 422.0 µg/kg. 2013 T-2 4.7 µg/kg 4.4 µg/kg T-2/HT-2 (Paek Kang, 2015). 2016 11 B1 & B2, B1 & B2,,, 7 (Kim, 2017a). B1 9% 5.6 ng/ g, B1 52% 32.6 ng/g, 25% 16% 212 ng/g, 102.0 ng/g, 14% 61.5 ng/g. 2016 2017 (5 ) A 4.8 µg/ kg ( ), (5 ) B1 43.1 µg/kg (Kim, 2017b). 2017 2018 (9 ) (7 ) (B1+B2) 46.0 µg/kg, 57.5 µg/kg 64.6 µg/kg, 21.5 µg/kg (Yang, 2019). 2017 2018 2017 (18 ) (66.7%, 149.0 µg/kg), (90.9%, 35.7 µg/kg) 2018 (8 ) (12.5%, 140.0 µg/kg), (12.5%, 9.2 µg/kg), (B1+B2) (25%, 114.0 µg/kg) (Lee, 2020). 2019 (24 ) (45.8%, 861.8 ng/g), (41.7%, 433.2 ng/g), (62.5%, 117.7 ng/g), ( ) (37.5%, 96.7 ng/g), T-2/HT-2 (8.3%, 338.8 ng/g) (Choi, 2021).. 114 µg/kg,... (1996, 76 ) B1 (71.4%), (40.0%), (41.7%), (37.5%) ( 1,010 ng/g) (332 ng/ g), (188 ng/g), (165 ng/g) (Kim, 2002). 1998 1999 B1(43 119 ng/g) B1(8 11 ng/g) (Park, 2002a). 18
190 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 22% 5.8 ng/g, 47 19% 84 ng/g (Park, 2002b). 2004 2005 50 4% 48.61 µg/kg( 4.8 ) B1 (Ok, 2007b). (3 ) 0.23 µg/g (Song, 2008). 2005 2006 (14 ) 71% 1,842.3 µg/kg 64%, 174.9 µg/kg (7 ) 86% 187.4 µg/kg (Ok, 2007a). 2005 2008 (96 ) 77%, 0.166 mg/kg, (32 ) 19%, 0.066 mg/kg, (8 ) 63%, 0.121 mg/ kg (Ok, 2009b). 2007 2008 82 78% 132.3 µg/kg (18 ) 33% 36.5 µg/kg (Ok, 2009a). 2009 (19 ),,,. 26% 2,667 µg/ kg, 10.5% 1,364 µg/kg, 26% 385.9 µg/kg 3.8 (Lee, 2010). B1 68.4% 3,091.8 µg/kg, B2 21% 624.1 µg/kg, B3 15.7% 582.1 µg/kg. 2009 B, 25 96% 491.9 µg/kg 52%, 129.4 µg/kg 15- (80%, 98.0 µg/kg), 4- (FUS- X, 24%, 19.1 µg/kg), 3- (28%, 6.8 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b). 2011 (84 ) 1 B1 B2 68.0 µg/kg, 32.9 µg/kg (Kim, 2013a). 2011 (9 ) 22.2% 8.5 µg/kg (Choi, 2012), 2012 (32 ) 10.3 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a). 2012 (4 ), (6 ) 33% ( ) 2.7 27.9 µg/kg, 380.0 µg/kg (10 ) 60% 175.8 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2013 (3 ) T-2 5.2 µg/kg (Paek Kang, 2015). 2016 11 (~100 ) 8 (Kim, 2017a). 8 B1 (47%, 2,990 ng/g), B2 (59%, 620 ng/g) (13%, 1,405 ng/g) (18%, 570 ng/g), 3- (2%, 27.7 ng/g), (7%, 14.7 ng/g), T-2 (2%, 13.7 ng/g), B1 1% 5.7 ng/g. 2017 2018 1 738.5 µg/kg (5 ) 3 (B1+B2) 8.4 µg/kg, 1 507.6 µg/kg 5 (Yang, 2019)..,., 6.. 2010. 2011 3 1 B1 0.32 µg/kg (Park, 2013), 2012 (11 ) 18% ( ) 0.30 µg/kg, 55% 202.4 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2013 T-2/HT-2 37.1 µg/kg, 5.4 µg/kg (Paek Kang, 2015). 2016 B1, (B1+B2),,,. 4%, 1.7 ng/g, B1 95%, 890.0 ng/g, B2 89%, 223.5 ng/g, 70%, 257.0 ng/g, 53%, 211.5 ng/g, 62%, 313.0 ng/g 3 (Kim, 2017a). 2016 2017 (8 ) B1 B2, 351.1 µg/kg, 20.7 µg/kg, 28.6 µg/kg (Kim, 2017b). 2017 2018 (8 ) (B1+B2) 75%, 166.7 µg/kg 50%, 34.0 µg/kg (Yang, 2019). 2017 2018,,. 2017 45 33.3% 159.0 µg/
Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 191 kg, 46.7%, 206.0 µg/kg, 96.9%, 55.9 µg/kg, B1 46.7%, 538.0 µg/kg, B2 66.7%, 148.0 µg/kg (Lee, 2020). 2018 (15 ) 2017 33.3%, 177.2 µg/kg, 53.3%, 533.6 µg/kg, B1 86.7%, 1,301.6.0 µg/kg, B2 46.7%, 280.1 µg/kg., 2016 2018 2.,,.. 2018. 2017 2018 (7 ) 2017 (46 ) (Yang, 2019) 2018 42,,. 2018 14.3%, 492.0 µg/kg, 66.7%, 3,277.0 µg/kg, 4.8%, 6.9 µg/ kg, B2 2.4%, 12.9 µg/kg (Lee, 2020).,,.. 2010. 2012 13 7.7% B1 0.02 µg/kg 85% 754.4 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2016 2017 (12 ) B1, B2, 509.2 µg/kg, 50.96 µg/kg, 26.5 µg/kg (Kim, 2017b). 2017 2018 (5 ) 80%, 100% 90.6 µg/kg (B1+B2) ( 66.0 µg/kg) (Yang, 2019). 166.3 µg/kg, 103 µg/kg. 2017 2018,,, (Lee, 2020). 2018 ( 730.0 µg/kg) B1( 624.0 µg/kg), B2( 179.0 µg/kg) 2017 2017 ( 90.0 µg/kg) ( 32.1 µg/kg) 2018...,. 2005 2008 (5 ) 100% 0.095 mg/kg (Ok, 2009b). 2012 (7 ) 1 20 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2005 2008 38%, 0.025 mg/kg, 38%, 0.052 mg/kg, 24 38%, 0.024 mg/kg (Ok, 2009b). 2008,, 432,, 66.7% (34 ) 41% 53.76 µg/kg (Jang, 2011). 2009 B (, 3 ). (18 ) 61% 1,096.8 µg/kg 57.6 µg/kg 10.1 µg/kg (Ok, 2011b). (40 ) 95% 309.9 µg/kg (88%, 88.9 µg/kg), 15- (25%, 111.5 µg/kg), 4- (33%, 22.5 µg/kg), 3- (15%, 6.4 µg/kg) (Ok, 2011b). 2011 60, 31.6% 4.8% 29.7 µg/kg, 2.2 µg/kg (Choi, 2012). 2012 (35 ), (30 ), (36 ) 1, 2, 5 8.1 µg/kg, 3.6 µg/kg, 17.6 µg/kg (Ok, 2014a). 2012. B1 0.30 µg/kg ( ) 0.13 µg/kg, 147.5 µg/kg (Kim, 2013b). 2013 (47 ) 66.4 µg/kg 100% ( 29.3 µg/kg) A 48.3 µg/kg 4.1 µg/kg (Jung, 2015). 2016 11 8 (Kim, 2017a).
192 Research in Plant Disease Vol. 28 No. 4 B1 4% 12.4 ng/g (B1 10.0 µg/kg). 40% ( 175 ng/g), 19% ( 162 ng/g) B1 B2 74% 58% 80.1 µg/kg 22.1 µg/kg. A, HT-2 47% ( 36.0 µg/kg), 1% (0.5 µg/kg), 1% (4.3 µg/kg). 2018 Alternaria. Alternaria Alternaria 70 (Escrivá, 2017). 61 36 (alternariol), (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME), (tentoxin) (Kim, 2019). AME ( 70.89 µg/kg), (46.64 µg/kg) 13.14 µg/kg. Fusarium. 27.61 µg/kg B 6.28 µg/kg ( ). 2017 2018 24 (,, ) (Yang, 2019).,... (Jang, 2019). 10..,,..,,,...,,,.,.,,,,,,,. 2000.,,..,,.,,.. ( )..,,,,,.
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