Essential Grammar For Korean as a Second Language 2004 All rights reserved by Chul Young Lee Version 2.3
Preface Demand for the Korean langauge education as a second language is significantly increasing these days. The Korean language is an agglutinative language and is sometimes recognized tricky to learn by the people who speak a European language as their primary language. But depending on how systematical the education method is, it can be efficiently learned with the aid of its scientific letter system Hangeul. This book aims to provide the comprehensive rules and factors of the Korean language in a systematic way. The grammar chapters contain most of the important basic rules so that you can build the essence to learn Korean. This book can be used for self-learners who are learning Korean with other books and environment and want a good grammar textbook. This book can be also used as a textbook in a Korean class, in which case I recommend the instructors to provide replicating examples to the students and try to relate the multiple chapters on the inflectional words with each other to maximize the efficiency of the education. I hope this can contribute to the Korean language education to all the people who teach or learn Korean. Chul Young Lee 이철영 2
CONTENTS Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics Chapter 0: About the Korean Alphabet System.... 5 Chapter 1: How to Compose a Syllable.... 6 Chapter 2: Korean Alphabet. 7 Chapter 3: Important Rules for Pronunciation... 11 Part II. Basic Grammar Chapter 4: Parts of Speech.... 18 Chapter 5: Sentence Structure. 20 Chapter 6: Inflectional Words... 23 Chapter 7: Supplementary Inflectional Words....... 28 Chapter 8: Irregular Inflectional Words..... 32 Chapter 9: Attitudes... 38 Chapter 10: Postpositions.. 41 Chapter 11: Designation. 44 Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies Chapter 12: 5W1H. 47 Chapter 13: Frequently Used Basic Sentences..... 48 Chapter 14: Numeral & Units.. 51 Chapter 15: Time.. 55 Chapter 16: Family 57 3
Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics 4
Chapter 0. About the Korean Alphabet System The World's Most Scientific Writing System The Korean Alphabet is known to be the most scientific writing system in the world. This letter system is called Hangeul. Each character in Hangeul represents a unique sound in a systematic way, which makes it very easy and clear to learn this letter system. This is why Korea s literacy rate is extremely high. Hangeul was developed in 1443 by King Sejong (1397-1450) who clearly stated the purpose of developing this letter system. It was basically to let everyone in the nation to be able to read and wirte easily. He developed the new letter system in an amazingly scientific and systematic way. He created the shapes of the characters in a way that they resemble the shapes of the human organs when they are pronounced. Hangeul is a state-of-the-art phoneme character system which consists of 10 basic vowels, 14 basic consonants and some compound vowels and consonants, and you can write down whatever you hear in a unique way. You typically do not have to ask how to spell something. This is possible because one character in Hangeul is mapped to only one sound. While you learn this letter system, you will be amazed to see how easy it is to learn and how powerful it is. You could even apply Hangeul to another language without a big problem. 5
Chapter 1. How To Compose A Syllable 1. Why is Syllable Important in Korean? Syllable is the unit of composing actual letters using the letter elements (consonants and vowels). Once you become able to build a syllable by applying the consonants and vowels, you can write anything you hear. 2. What does a Korean Syllable look like? It is composed of three elements: Initial Sound ( 초성 ), Medial Sound ( 중성 ) and Final Sound ( 종성 ), as you can see in the figure below. INITIAL [ 1 Consonant ] MEDIAL [ 1 Vowel ] FINAL [ 0, 1, 2 Consonant(s) ] Figure 1 A Korean Syllable 3. Composing Syllables See the example below: Initial Sound (1 consonant) 한 Medial Sound (1 vowel) Final Sound (1 consonant) Figure 2 An example of a syllable A syllable must have exactly 1 consonant as the initial sound and 1 vowel as the medial sound. A syllable can be composed with or without the final sound (consonant). Sometimes there can be 2 consonants located as the final sound. Examples ( 보기 ) Syllables without the final sound: 가, 나, 너, 뽀, 쭈, 야, 의, 왜 Syllables with 1 consonant as the final sound: 안, 녕, 합, 얌, 굉, 있, 낚, 꺾 Syllables with 2 consonants as the final sound: 않, 없, 앉 6
Chapter 2. Korean Alphabet There are 14 basic consonants and 10 basic vowels. 1. Consonants ( 자음 ) 1) Basic Consonants Consonant Name Value Stroke Sequence ㄱ 기역 [g/k] ㄱ ㄴ 니은 [n] ㄴ ㄷ 디귿 [d/t] ㅡ ㄷ ㄹ 리을 [r/l] ㄱ ㄱ ㄹ ㅁ 미음 [m] ㅣ ㄱ ㅁ ㅂ 비읍 [b/p] ㅣ ㅣㅣ ㅣㅣ ㅂ ㅅ 시옷 [s] ㅅ ㅇ 이응 [ŋ] ㅇ ㅈ 지읒 [j/g] ㅈ ㅊ 치읓 [t /ts] ㅊ ㅋ 키읔 [k] ㄱ ㅋ ㅌ티읕 [t] ㅡㅡ ㅍ피읖 [p] ㅍㅎ히읗 [h] ㅎ ㅌ 7
2) Compound Consonants Consonant Value Name ㄲ k sound in sky 쌍기역 ㄸ t sound in start 쌍디귿 ㅃ p sound in spy 쌍비읍 ㅆ s sound in say 쌍시옷 ㅉ strong/voiceless j/g sound 쌍지읒 1) Every compound consonant is a fortis. Do not get confused with aspiration ( ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ ) 2) Do not get confused with double consonants which are combination of two different consonants ( ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄻ, ㅄ, and ㄿ ). 2. Vowels ( 모음 ) 1) Basic Vowels Vowel Name Value Stroke Sequence ㅏ 아 [a] ㅣ ㅏ ㅑ 야 [ya] ㅣ ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ 어 [ә] ㅓ ㅕ 여 [yә] ㅕ ㅗ 오 [o] ㅗ ㅛ 요 [yo] ㅛ ㅜ 우 [u] ㅜ ㅠ 유 [yu] ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ 으 [-] ㅡ ㅣ 이 [i] ㅣ 8
2) Compound Vowels Consonant Value Name ㅐ a sound in and 애 ㅔ e sound in end 에 ㅒ ya sound in yam 얘 ㅖ ye sound in yes 예 ㅚ [o] + [e] 외 ㅟ we sound in we 위 ㅢ ㅡ + ㅣ 의 ㅘ wa sound in swallow 와 ㅝ wo sound in wonderful 워 ㅙ wa sound in wax 왜 ㅞ we sound in wet 웨 3. Common Writing Rules Writing a syllable should be done by the following rules: 1) Write in the following order: Initial Sound Medial Sound Final Sound 2) For each letter element, write from Top and from Left. Polarity of Vowels ( 모음의음양 ) Positive Vowels: ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅗ, ㅛ, and compound vowels including them Negative Vowels: ㅓ, ㅕ, ㅜ, ㅠ, ㅡ, and compound vowels including them Neutral Vowel: ㅣ Vowel Accordance ( 모음조화 ): Vowels with the same polarity tend to stick together in words (but this is not an absolute rule any more in modern Korean). For example, an inflectional word with the stem with a positive vowel uses suffixes with a positive vowel. < 보기 > 놀다 (to play) 놀 + 아요 = 놀아요 9
Two-Element Syllable Matrix with Basic Consonants and Basic Vowels in Order 가나다라마바사아자차카타파하갸냐댜랴먀뱌샤야쟈챠캬탸퍄햐거너더러머버서어저처커터퍼허겨녀뎌려며벼셔여져쳐켜텨펴혀고노도로모보소오조초코토포호교뇨됴료묘뵤쇼요죠쵸쿄툐표효구누두루무부수우주추쿠투푸후규뉴듀류뮤뷰슈유쥬츄큐튜퓨휴그느드르므브스으즈츠크트프흐기니디리미비시이지치키티피히 10
Chapter 3. Important Rules for Pronunciation 중요한발음법칙들 1. Representative Sounds for Consonants ( 자음의대표값 ) [Rule 1] If a consonant is a Final Sound in a stand-alone syllable, it can be pronounced as one of only 7 sounds: ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ where the consonants as a Final Sound belong to: [ ㄱ ] ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄳ, ㄺ [ ㄴ ] ㄴ, ㄵ [ ㄷ ] ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ [ ㄹ ] ㄹ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ [ ㅁ ] ㅁ, ㄻ [ ㅂ ] ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅄ, ㄿ [ ㅇ ] ㅇ [Rule 2] A Final Sound pronounces as its representative sound (in Rule 1), if it is followed by a consonant. < 보기 > 솟고낚다있다높다젖다앉다넓다닭고기 [Rule 3] A Final Sound recovers its original sound if it is followed by a vowel, unless they are at the border of an independent combination. < 보기 > 솟아낚아있어높아젖은 [Comparison] Dependent combination: 옷을입어요. (Original sound recovered) Independent combination: 옷입어요. (Pronounced as representative sound) [Rule 3-1] If there are 2 consonants in the Final Sound position, the second one recovers its value, when it is followed by a vowel. < 보기 > 앉아요 넓어요 11
2. Phoneme Compression ( 음운축약 ) Phoneme compression is a phenomenon that occurs when two phonemes meet and change. [Rule 1] Consonant Compression ( 자음축약 ) When ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅈ are followed or preceded by ㅎ, they change to the aspiration ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ. < 보기 > ㄱ + ㅎ = ㅎ + ㄱ = ㅋ노랗고 [ 노라코 ] (yellow) ㄷ + ㅎ = ㅎ + ㄷ = ㅌ좋다 [ 조타 ] (good) ㅂ + ㅎ = ㅎ + ㅂ = ㅍ밟혀 [ 발펴 ] (to be stepped on) ㅈ + ㅎ = ㅎ + ㅈ = ㅊ닿지 [ 다치 ] (to touch/reach) [Rule 2] Vowel Compression ( 모음축약 ) When two vowels meet, they become a diphthong. < 보기 > ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ 보아라 [ 봐라 ] (to see) ㅜ + ㅓ = ㅝ 주었다 [ 줬다 ] (to give) [Note] Do not get confused with the historical transformation: compaction ( 축약 ) In history there were special mutual assimilation cases where two consecutive vowels were compressed or became one sound. < 보기 > 가히 개 (dog) 사이 새 입시울 입슐 입술 (bird) (lip) 12
3. Consonant Assimilation ( 자음접변 / 자음동화 ) The final sound of a syllable, when it meets another vowel which is the initial sound of the next syllable, one (or both) of these two changes its sound to resemble the other. [Backward Assimilation ( 역행동화 )] If a final sound ㄴ is followed by ㄹ, this ㄴ is pronounced as [ ㄹ ]. ㄴ + ㄹ [ ㄹ + ㄹ ] < 보기 > 신라 [ 실라 ] 난로 [ 날로 ] (stove) If a final sound ㅂ / ㅍ is followed by ㄴ or ㅁ, this ㅂ / ㅍ is pronounced as [ ㅁ ]. ㅂ / ㅍ + ㄴ / ㅁ [ ㅁ + ㄴ / ㅁ ] < 보기 > 감사합니다 [ 감사함니다 ] (Thank you.) 밥물 [ 밤물 ] 옆면 [ 염면 ] If a final sound whose representative sound is ㄷ (i.e., ㄷ / ㅌ / ㅅ / ㅆ / ㅈ / ㅊ ) is followed by ㄴ / ㅁ, this former consonant is pronounced as [ ㄴ ]. ㄷ / ㅌ / ㅅ / ㅆ / ㅈ / ㅊ + ㄴ / ㅁ [ ㄴ + ㄴ / ㅁ ] < 보기 > 가봤는데요 [ 가봔는데요 ] (I ve been there.) 한곳만 [ 한곤만 ] 젖먹이 [ 전먹이 ] (only one place) (a nursing baby) 13
[Forward Assimilation ( 순행동화 )] If a final sound ㅁ or ㅇ is followed by ㄹ, this ㄹ is pronounced as [ ㄴ ]. ㅁ / ㅇ + ㄹ [ ㅁ / ㅇ + ㄴ ] < 보기 > 침략 [ 침냑 ] (invasion) 종로 [ 종노 ] [Mutual Assimilation ( 상호동화 )] ㄱ + ㄹ [ ㅇ + ㄴ ] & ㅂ + ㄹ [ ㅁ + ㄴ ] < 보기 > 격론 [ 경논 ] (bitter discussion) 섭리 [ 섬니 ] (providence) 4. Palatalization ( 구개음화 ) A non-palatal consonant is pronounced as a palatal if it is followed by ㅣ inside a word group ( 어절 ). This applies only if two syllables are combined in a dependent relation. ㄷ + l [ ㅈ + l] & ㅌ + l [ ㅊ + l] [Rule 1] Palatalization rule applies to dependent combination < 보기 > 밭 + 이 [ 바치 ] 끝 + 이 [ 끄치 ] 맏 + 이 [ 마지 ] 닫 + 히 + 다 [ 다치다 ] [Rule 2] Palatalization rule does not apply to the following cases: 1) Compound word (of independent words) < 보기 > 홑이불 = 홑 + 이불 [ 혼니불 ] 2) Within the stem of a word < 보기 > 더디다, 버티다, 견디다, 잔디, 느티나무 14
5. Rules about ㅎ [Rule 1] Consonant Compression ( 자음축약 ) See page 12. [Rule 2] ㅎ is mute before a vowel < 보기 > 좋아요 [ 조아요 ] 않아요 [ 아나요 ] [Rule 3] ㅎ makes a following ㅅ a fortis (tensed sound) < 보기 > 좋습니다 [ 조씀니다 ] 6. Voiceless Consonants ㄱ / ㄷ / ㅂ / ㅅ / ㅈ Pronounced as Fortis If voiceless consonants ㄱ / ㄷ / ㅂ / ㅅ / ㅈ / follow a voiceless consonant (as the final sound of a preceding syllable), they are pronounced as a fortis [ ㄲ / ㄸ / ㅃ / ㅆ / ㅉ ]. < 보기 > 학교 [ 학꾜 ] 꽃밭 [ 꼳빧 ] 숙제 [ 숙쩨 ] This may or may not happen when they follow a voiced consonants ( ㄴ / ㄹ / ㅁ / ㅇ ). < 보기 > 갈대 [ 갈때 ] 담다 [ 담따 ] 술병 [ 술뼝 ] 언제 [ 언제 ] (no effect) 긴장 [ 긴장 ] (no effect) 출범 [ 출범 ] (no effect) 15
[Note] Head-Sound Rules ( 두음법칙 ) - Historical change (not important) There are specific rules for the initial sound of the first syllable of a word. Pronunciation conforms to these rules, so does the spelling. ( Head-sound means the initial sound of the first syllable of a word.) [Rule 1] ㄴ followed by ㅣ cannot be a head-sound. This ㄴ becomes mute ( ㅇ ). < 보기 > 녀자 여자 (woman) 뉴대 유대 (relation) [Rule 2] ㄹ cannot be a head-sound. If ㅣ follows this ㄹ, it becomes mute ( ㅇ ), otherwise it becomes ㄴ. < 보기 > 량심 양심 (conscience) 류행 유행 (vogue) 래일 내일 (tomorrow) [Rule 3] Double consonant cannot be a head-sound. You separate the consonants using ㅡ. < 보기 > Chirstmas ㅋ리ㅅ마ㅅ 크리스마스 strike ㅅㅌ라이ㅋ 스트라이크 [Exceptions to Rule 1 & 2] Rule 1 and 2 do not apply to adopted foreign words. < 보기 > 라디오 (radio), 라면, 뉴스 (news) 16
Part II. Basic Grammar 17
Parts of Speech Chapter 4. Parts of Speech 품사 Parts of speech are the types of words classified according to their commonness from the grammar perspective. There are 8 parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. In Korean there are 9 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, numeral, verb, adjective, postposition, pre-noun, adverb, and interjection. 1. Noun ( 명사 ) Regular Noun ( 보통명사 ) Proper Noun ( 고유명사 ) Dependent Noun ( 의존명사 ) Type Description example Name of an object 하늘, 땅, 냉장고, 꽃, 음악 Name of a specific person or a property Noun that cannot be used without a preceding prenoun or noun. 이순신, 삼성, 코카콜라, 한국, 미국, 보스턴 것, 데, 바, 듯, 체, 수, 녘, 지, 때문, 만큼, all the units ( 개, 분, 마리, 초, 잔, 대, 채, 켤레,..) 2. Pronoun ( 대명사 ) Words that indicate and replace nouns. Type Description example Personal Pronoun ( 인칭대명사 ) Indicates a person: the first person, the second person, the third person 나, 우리, 저희, 너, 당신, 그대, 너희, 이분, 저분, 그분 Demonstrative Pronoun ( 지시대명사 ) Indicates an object or a direction 이것, 저것, 그것, 여기, 저기, 거기 Interrogative Pronoun ( 의문대명사 ) Indicates the subject of questioning 누구, 언제, 어디, 무엇 18
3. Numeral ( 수사 ) Words for numbers. Refer to the separate Chapter for Numerals. 4. Verb ( 동사 ) Words that indicate movement. [ 보기 ] 하다, 놀다, 가다, 오다, 앉다, 서다, 노래하다, 돕다 5. Adjective ( 형용사 ) Words that indicate state of an object. [ 보기 ] 춥다, 덥다, 예쁘다, 나쁘다, 배고프다, 배부르다, 동그랗다 6. Pre-noun ( 관형사 ) Words that are followed by nouns, pronouns and numerals, and modify them. Do not get confused with pre-nouns and adjectives. Pre-nouns do not inflect (conjugate) and adjectives do not modify nouns in front of them. [ 보기 ] 새노래 7. Postposition ( 조사 ) Postpositions are attached to most of any words to compose a component of a sentence. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions. [Note] Postposition is the only independent word that is written without a space after a preceding word. 8. Adverb ( 부사 ) Words that are followed by a verb or an adjective and modify it, or modify the entire sentence. [ 보기 ] 아주예쁜꽃, 열심히뛴다 9. Interjection ( 감탄사 ) Words that usually express emotion and are capable of being used by itself independently. Substantives ( 체언 ) and Inflectional Words ( 용언 ) Substantives are the words that can take a role of a body supported by a postposition in a sentence. Nouns, Pronouns and Numberals are substantives. Inflectional words are the words that have independent meanings and can be used as a predicate in a sentence. Verbs, Adjectives and Predicate Postpositions are inflectional words. 19
Chapter 5. Sentence Structure 문장구조 1. Basic Format of a Korean Sentence with the Main Components 주어 Subject + 목적어 + 보어 + Object Complement 서술어 Predicate * Pre-nounal, adverbial, and independent components are not shown in this diagram. Part of speech is a class of a word determined by the nature of a word itself before being used, but when the word is used in a sentence, it is assigned its function as a component of the sentence. For example nouns need appropriate postpositions to become a component of a sentence, and inflectional words need appropriate suffixes. The components are subject, object, predicate, complement, prenounal component, adverbial component, and independent component. The subject and the predicate are essential to form a sentence (even though subject is often omitted). [Rule 1] The order of the sentence components is as above. [Rule 2] Subject, object and complement are granted the roles by a postposition. [Rule 3] There are 3 cases for the predicate (all with appropriate inflection): (Don t get confused with English where only verbs can be a predicate.) i) A verb can be a predicate with a closing suffix [ 보기 ] 저는사과를좋아합니다. I like an apple. Subject Object Predicate ii) An adjective can be a predicate with a closing suffix [ 보기 ] 날씨가좋습니다. The weather is nice. Subject Predicate iii) Substantive + predicate postposition ( 이다 ) can be a predicate [ 보기 ] 제고향은서울입니다. My hometown is Seoul. Subject Predicate [Rule 4] Object is used before the predicate (verb). Compare with English. [ 보기 ] 저는사과를좋아합니다. I like an apple. Subject Object Predicate 20
[Rule 5] Complement is used only for the incomplete predicates, 되다 and 아니다. [ 보기 ] 그분은선생님이아닙니다. That person is not a teacher. Subject Complement Predicate [Rule 6] Subject is often omitted (in imperative sentences and in the colloquial language). [ 보기 ] 한국에다녀왔습니다. (I) have been to Korea. Predicate 2. Sentence Components ( 문장성분 ) There are total of 7 components in Korean sentences. 1) Subject ( 주어 ) 2) Object ( 목적어 ) 3) Predicate ( 서술어 ) 4) Complement ( 보어 ) 5) Pre-nounal Component ( 관형어 ) A pre-nounal component modifies a substansive (noun/pronoun/numeral). [ 보기 ] 그는아름다운경치를좋아한다. He likes a beautiful scene. Subject P.N.C. Object Predicate 6) Adverbial Component ( 부사어 ) An adverbial component modifies the predicate, a pre-nounal component, another adverbial component or the entire sentence. (Possible combinations: substansive + postposition, inflectional word with a suffix, and an adverb) [ 보기 ] 어제는눈이많이왔습니다. We had a lot of snow yesterday. Adverb Subject A.C. Predicate 7) Independent Component ( 독립어 ) An independent component is used independently of other components in the sentence. [ 보기 ] 아, 드디어여름이구나. Oh, finally it s summer! I.C. A.C. Predicate 21
3. Suffixes for Predicate Suffixes for a predicate assigns the attitude class (politeness and formality) and the tense (pastpresent-future), and indicate the type of the sentence (interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, etc.). [ 보기 ] Fundamental Form: 좋아하다 (to like) Attitude Tense Past Present Future Formal Polite 좋아했습니다 좋아합니다 좋아하겠습니다 Informal Polite 좋아했어요 좋아해요 좋아할께요 Formal Plain 좋아했다 좋아한다 좋아하겠다 Informal Plain 좋아했어 좋아해 좋아할께 Refer to the separate Chapter for Infected Words for more details. 4. Postpositions Postpositions are attached to compose a component out of a bare word. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions. Spacing Rule for Writing ( 띄어쓰기원칙 ) You must have a space between any two independent words, except for postpositions. ( 모든단어는띄어쓰되조사는앞단어에붙여쓴다.) Words above mean any of the 9 parts of speech. Suffixes and prefixes are not words. [ 보기 ] 나는사과를좋아합니다. pronoun noun verb postposition 22
I. Inflectional Words Chapter 6. Inflectional Words 용언 Verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions inflect when they are used in a sentence, and are called the inflectional words. They have the following structure: STEM Head- SUFFIX (Tail-) SUFFIX * There can be only 1 stem and 1 tail suffix used, but there can be multiple head-suffixes inserted. Inflectional words can be a predicate in a sentence: i) A verb or an adjective can be a predicate if inflected with a closing suffix. [ 보기 ] ( 저는 ) 사과를좋아합니다. I like an apple. Subject Object Predicate ii) A noun plus predicate postposition ( - 이다 ) can also be a predicate of a sentence. [ 보기 ] 제고향은서울입니다. My hometown is Seoul. Subject Predicate II. Stem ( 어간 ) The stem of a word (verb or adjective) is the root part of the word that contains the fundamental meaning of it. The stem does not change its form. What changes is the suffix (and also the stemsupplements, if any) as the words are used in a sentence. III. Fundamental Form & Fundamental Suffix ( 기본형과기본형어미 ) A fundamental form is the original form of a verb or an adjective that is composed of the stem of the word and the fundamental suffix - 다. A fundamental form implies no role of the word as a sentence component such as tense, attitude or the predicate type. [ 보기 ] 하다 = 하 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) to do 공부하다 = 공부하 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) to study 아름답다 = 아름답 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) beautiful IV. Tail-Suffix ( 어말어미 ) Tail-Suffix is the ending part of a verb or an adjective, and it decides many important roles of the word in the sentence such as tense, attitude and the predicate type. Inflectional words are verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions. In a sentence, a verb or an adjective must be inflected with a proper suffix to be a component of the sentence. For that, the fundamental suffix - 다 is replaced by an appropriate tail-suffix, or a combination of a head-suffix and a tail-suffix. 23
1) Closing Suffix ( 종결어미 ) Closing suffixes are used for an inflection to finish the sentence. There are different types of closing suffixes as in the following table: Type Suffixes example Normal ( 평서형 ) statement Interrogative ( 의문형 ) question Imperative ( 명령형 ) instruction -ㅂ니다/ 습니다 [FP], -지[IC], -지요/ 죠 [IP], -( ㄴ ) 다 [C], -아/ 어 [IC], -아요/ 어요 [IP], -( ㄴ ) 데 ( 요 )[IC(IP)], -( ㄴ ) 대 ( 요 )[IC(IP)], -렷다[IC], -오/ 소 [IP], -느니라[IC], -네요[IP], -네[C], -마[IC] -ㅂ니까/ 습니까 [FP], -( 으 ) ㄴ가요 [IP], -아/ 어 [IC], -아요/ 어요 [IP], -던가[FC], -지[IC], -지요/ 죠 [IP], -나[C], -나요[IP], -( 으 ) ㄴ가 / 는가 [FC], -( 으 ) 니 [IC], -려나[FC], -( 으 ) ㄹ까 ( 요 )[C(IP)], -( 으 ) 냐 / 느냐 [IC] -십시오[FP], -아/ 어 [IC], -아요/ 어요 [IP], -지요/ 죠 [IP], -라/ 아라 / 어라 / 여라 [IC], -려무나[IC], -오[IP], -게[FC], -지[IC] 합니다, 했습니다, 했어요, 했소, 했다, 했어, 좋지, 했네요, 했네, 했느니라, 하마, 좋은데요, 좋대요했습니까, 했어요, 여기인가요, 했나요, 여기인가, 여기죠, 했나, 했을까, 했어, 했니, 그럴까요, 했느냐하십시오, 들어요, 하오, 하게, 하지, 들어, 하여라 Petitionary ( 청유형 ) suggestion Exclamatory ( 감탄형 ) exclamation -ㅂ시다[FP], -지[IC], -지요/ 죠 [IP], 갑시다, 가죠, -자[C], -세[FC], -자꾸나[IC] 가세, 가자 -군요[IP], -구려[IP], -구나[IC], 그렇군요, -구먼[IC], -라/ 아라 / 어라 / 여라 [IC] 그렇구나 * Bold face attitude means a frequently used one, and Italic means old fashioned. [Note] -( 으 ) 세요 [IP]: A closing suffix transformed from ( 으 +) 시 + 어요 = -( 으 ) 셔요. This suffix can be used as a normal, an interrogative, or an imperative closing suffix. [ 보기 ] 그분은참친절하세요. (normal) 안녕하세요? (interrogative) 드세요. (imperative) 24
2) Connection Suffix ( 연결어미 ) Connection suffixes are used for an inflection to connect the sentence to another sentence or a word, without finishing the sentence. There are different types of connection suffixes as in the following table: Type Suffixes example Equivalent ( 대등적연결 ) Subordinate ( 종속적연결 ) Supplementary ( 보조적연결 ) -고, -며, -나, -지만, -거나, -든지, -거니, -느니, -면서, -ㄴ데, -되 -면, -거든, -니( 까 ), -므로, -아/ 어, -아서/ 어서, -아야/ 어야, -는데, -ㄹ망정, -ㄹ수록, -러, -려, -게, -도록, -아도/ 어도, -더라도 -아/-어, -게, -지, -고 산은높고바다는넓다. Mountain is high and ocean is wide. 봄이오니까날씨가따뜻하다. Since spring has come, we have a warm weather. 탐이공부를하고있다. Tom is studying. * See the Chapter for Supplementary Inflectional words for the details of the supplementary connection suffixes. 3) Transmutation Suffix ( 전성어미 ) Transmutation suffixes are used for an inflection to convert the nature of a phrase/subsentence to another. There are different types of transmutation suffixes as in the following table: Type Suffixes example Noun form ( 명사형 ) Pre-noun form ( 관형사형 ) -( 으 ) ㅁ, - 기 -( 으 ) ㄴ, - 는, -( 으 ) ㄹ 탐은공부하기를싫어한다. Tom hates to study. 공부하는탐의모습은보기좋다. It is nice to see Tom studying. V. Head-Suffix ( 선행어미 ) Head-suffixes can be inserted into the front part of the suffix to indicate the attitude (towards the subject of the sentence) and the tense. 1) Honorific Head-Suffix ( 존칭선행어미 ): -시- The head-suffix 시 elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix. 25
[ 보기 ] 할아버지께서영화를보신다. Grandfather watches a movie. 보다 = 보 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) verb: to see 보 (stem) + 시 (honorific head-suffix) + ㄴ (tense head-suffix) + 다 (tail-suffix) [ 보기 ] 저희할머니는아주친절하십니다. My grandmother is very kind. 친절하다 = 친절하 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) adjective: kind/friendly 친절하 (stem) + 시 (honorific head-suffix) + ㅂ니다 (tail-suffix) [ 보기 ] 이분이저희장모님이십니다. This is my mother-in-law. 이다 = 이 (stem) + 다 (fundamental suffix) predicate postposition:. to be 이 (stem) + 시 (honorific head-suffix) + ㅂ니다 (tail-suffix) 2) Modesty Head-Suffix ( 겸양선행어미 ): - 옵 - The head-suffix 옵 elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to by your modesty. This is not explicitly used in modern Korean. [ 보기 ] 제말씀을들어보시옵소서. Please listen to me. 3) Tense Head-Suffix ( 시제선행어미 ): - 는 -, - 았 / 었 -, - 였 -, - 더 -, - 겠 - Tense Suffixes example Past ( 과거 ) - 았 / 었 -, - 였 -, - 더 - Present ( 현재 ) - ㄴ / 는 - * 우리는어제영화를보았다. We saw a movie yesterday. 나는매일많이걷는다. I walk a lot everyday. Future ( 미래 ) - 겠 - 나는오늘저녁에숙제를하겠다. I will do my homework this evening. * The present tense head-suffix is used only for verbs with some tail-suffixes such as - 다 (normal) or - 가 (interrogative). For many other cases, the closing tail-suffix itself indicates the present unless there s a past or future tense head-suffix attached. 26
Exercises 1. Inflect the following verbs as indicated: 가다 to go 선생님이지금학교에 + +. stem honorific head-suffix normal closing tail-suffix [FP] 선생님이지금학교에. Teacher is going to school now. 먹다 to eat 아침에밥을많이 + +. stem past-tense head-suffix normal closing tail-suffix [FP] 아침에밥을많이. I had a big breakfast this morning. 2. Inflect the following adjectives as indicated: 가볍다 light 솜은 +? stem interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP] 솜은? Is cotton light? 3. Inflect the predicate postposition as indicated: 이다 to be 그분은전에교수님 + + +. stem honor head-suffix past-tense head-suffix normal closing tail-suffix [FP] 그분은전에교수님. He/She was a professor before. 27
1. Definition Chapter 7. Supplementary Inflectional Words 보조용언 Supplementary inflectional words are the inflectional words that cannot be independently used as predicate of a sentence, and they are used after the main inflectional word. If there are two inflectional words used in the predicate of a sentence, the first word is the main inflectional word ( 본용언 ) and the second one is the supplementary inflectional word ( 보조용언 ). The supplementary inflectional word is used to express status, completion, negation, duty, necessity, inability, supposition, desire and etc. 2. Usage A main inflectional word and a supplementary inflectional word can be used as the format below: Main Inflectional Word Supplementary Inflectional Word Stem of Main Inflectional Word Head- Suffix Supplementary Connection Tail-Suffix + Stem of Supplementary Inflectional Word Head- Suffix Tail- Suffix Supplementary connection-suffixes: - 아 / 어, - 게, - 지, - 고 ( 야 ), ( 보조적연결어미 ) - 아야 / 어야, - 나, - 가 / ㄴ가 / 는가, - 기는, -( 아 / 어 ) 도 [Format 1] Main Verb + Supplementary Verb 본동사보조동사 < 보기 > 기차가떠나가버렸다. M-Verb S-Verb [Format 2] Main Verb + Supplementary Adjective 본동사보조형용사 < 보기 > 냉면이먹고싶어요. M-Verb S-Adjective [Format 3] Main Adjective + Supplementary Verb 본형용사보조동사 < 보기 > 길이넓어보인다. M-Adj S-Verb 28
[Format 4] Main Adjective + Supplementary Adjective 본형용사보조형용사 < 보기 > 길이넓기는하다. M-Adj S-Adj 3. Supplementary Inflectional Words List There are supplementary verbs and supplementary adjectives as follows: [ Supplementary Verbs ( 보조동사 ) ] Negation ( 부정 ): (-지) 아니하다 ( 않다 ) Refrainment ( 자제 ): (-지) 말다 Inability ( 불능 ): (-지) 못하다 Activeness ( 사동 ): (-게) 하다, 만들다 Passiveness ( 피동 ): (-아/ 어 ) 지다, (-게) 되다 Progress ( 진행 ): (-어) 가다, 오다, (-고) 있다, 계시다 Completion ( 완료 ): (-고) 나다, (-아) 내다, 버리다, (-고/ 고야 ) 말다 Service ( 봉사 ): (-어) 주다, 드리다 Attempt ( 시행 ): (-어) 보다, 내다 Emphasis ( 강세 ): (-어) 대다 Possession ( 보유 ): (-어) 두다, 놓다, 가지다 Inference ( 짐작 ): (-아/ 어 ) 보이다 Duty ( 당위 / 의무 / 필연 ): (-아야/ 어야 ) 한다 [ Supplementary Adjectives ( 보조형용사 ) ] Desire ( 희망 ): (-고) 싶다 Negation ( 부정 ): (-지) 아니하다 / 않다, 못하다 Supposition ( 추측 ): (-ㄴ가/ 는가, -나) 보다, (-나, -가) 싶다, 듯하다 Status ( 상태 ): (-어/ 아 ) 있다, 계시다 Admission ( 시인 ): (-기는) 하다 < 보기 > 부산은서울만큼크지않다. M. Adj S. Adj Busan is not as big as Seoul. 29
Exercises Complete the sentence using the main inflectional word and the supplementary inflectional word given below: 1. Main Verb: 말하다 (to sleep) Supplementary Verb: 못하다 [inability] I could not tell the fact. 나는그사실을 + 지 + + 습니다. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem past head-s normal closing tail-s [FP] 나는그사실을. 2. Main Verb: 가다 (to go) Supplementary Verb: 있다 [progress] Yes, I am coming now [I m on my way]. 예, 지금 + 고 +. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem normal closing tail-s [FP] 예, 지금. 3. Main Verb: 보이다 (to show) Supplementary Verb: 드리다 [service] I ll show you my family pictures. 저희가족사진을 + 어 + +. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem future head-s normal closing tail-s [FP] 저희가족사진을. 4. Main Adjective: 피곤하다 (tired) Supplementary Verb: 보이다 [inference] You look tired today. 오늘 + 어 +. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem normal closing tail-s [FP] 오늘피곤해보이십니다. 30
5. Main Verb: 쌓다 (to pile up) Supplementary Verb: 하다 [duty] You should lay the foundation firmly. 기반을튼튼히 + 아야 + ㅂ니다. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem normal closing tail-s [FP] 기반을튼튼히. 6. Main Verb: 서다 (to go) Supplementary Adjective: 있다 [status] Tom is just standing there. 탐은그냥거기 + 어 + 다. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem normal closing tail-s [FC] 탐은그냥거기. 7. Main Verb: 가르치다 (to go) Supplementary Verb: 주다 [service] Please let me know how to get there. 어떻게가는지 + + 세요. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem imperative closing tail-s [IP] 어떻게가는지. 8. Main Adjective: 고프다 (hungry) Supplementary Adjective: 하다 [admission] I should admit that I am hungry. 배가 + 기는 + 네요. stem suppl. con. tail-s stem normal closing tail-s [IP] 배가. 31
Chapter 8. Irregular Inflectional Words 불규칙용언 1. Regular Inflectional Words and Irregular Inflectional Words A regular inflectional word is an inflectional word that either does not change the stem or suffix at all, or changes the stem or the suffix but as a natural phonemic phenomenon, when it inflects. An irregular inflectional word is an inflectional word whose stem or the inflection suffix changes irregularly when it inflects. 2. Regular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of regular inflectional words. 1) No-change inflection ( 변화없는활용 ) No change occurs at any inflection ever. [ 보기 ] 먹다 먹고, 먹지, 먹으니, 먹어서, 먹을까, 먹습니다, (verb: to eat) -이다 이고, 이지, 이니, 이어서, 일까, 입니다, (predicate preposition) 2) ㄹ drop ( ㄹ탈락 ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with ㄹ drop their tailing ㄹ when they meet a leading sound -ㄴ, -ㄹ, -ㅂ, -ㅅ, -오 of a suffix (without any exceptions). [ 보기 ] 날다 날 (stem) + ㅂ니다 (suffix) 납니다 길다 길 (stem) + ㅂ니다 (suffix) 깁니다 (verb: to fly) (adjective: long) 널다, 놀다, 달다, 덜다, 돌다, 멀다, 물다, 밀다, 벌다, 불다, 빌다, 살다, 알다, 얼다, 울다, 절다, 졸다, 줄다 3) 으 drop ( 으탈락 ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with the vowel ㅡ drop their tailing ㅡ when they meet a leading sound -아/ 어 of a suffix (without any exceptions). This does not apply to the 르-irregular inflectional words described as #4 in the irregular inflectional words sections below. [ 보기 ] 쓰다 쓰 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 써 따르다 따르 (stem) + 아 (suffix) 따라 (verb: to write) (verb: to follow) 32
가쁘다, 기쁘다, 끄다, 나쁘다, 다다르다, 들르다, 따르다, 뜨다, 바쁘다, 슬프다, 쓰다, 아프다, 치르다, 크다 3. Irregular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of irregular inflectional words. < 1-5: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem Changes > 1) ㅅ irregular Inflection ( ㅅ불규칙활용 ) The base (final sound) of the stem ' ㅅ ' drops when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix. [ 보기 ] 잇다 잇 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 이어 긋다 긋 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 그어 (verb: to connect) (verb: to draw a line) 붓다, 젓다, 짓다 [Regular inflectional words] 웃다 (to smile/laugh), 빼앗다 (to snatch), 씻다 (to wash) 2) ㄷ irregular Inflection ( ㄷ불규칙활용 ) The base (final sound) of the stem ' ㄷ ' changes to ㄹ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix. [ 보기 ] 듣다 듣 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 들어 걷다 걷 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 걸어 (verb: to listen) (verb: to walk) 긷다, 깨닫다, 묻다 (to ask), 싣다 [Regular inflectional words] 묻다 (to bury), 얻다 (to gain), 쏟다 (to pour) 3) ㅂ irregular Inflection ( ㅂ불규칙활용 ) The base (final sound) of the stem ' ㅂ ' changes to 오 / 우 when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix. [ 보기 ] 굽다 굽 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 구워 눕다 눕 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 누워 (verb: to broil) (verb: to lie down) 33
가볍다, 가엽다, 덥다, 뜨겁다, 맵다, 무겁다, 밉다, 반갑다, 쉽다, 아름답다, 어렵다, 줍다, 차갑다, 춥다 [Regular inflectional words] 씹다 (to chew), 잡다 (to grab), 좁다 (narrow) 4) 르 irregular Inflection ( 르불규칙활용 ) The vowel ' ㅡ in the syllable 르 of the stem changes to ㄹ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix, so that there are 2 consecutive ㄹ s in the inflected form. [ 보기 ] 오르다 오르 (stem) + 아 (suffix) 올라 다르다 다르 (stem)+ 아 (suffix) 달라 (verb: to climb) (adjective: different) 가르다, 거르다, 고르다, 나르다, 누르다 (to press), 마르다, 머무르다, 모르다, 무르다, 바르다, 불사르다, 빠르다, 서투르다, 이르다, 자르다, 조르다, 지르다 5) 우 irregular Inflection ( 우불규칙활용 ) The vowel ㅜ in the end of the stem drops when it meets the suffix 어. There is only one word in this class: 푸다 푸다 푸 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 퍼 (verb: to scoop out) < 6-9: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Suffix Changes > 6) 여 irregular Inflection ( 여불규칙활용 ) If the last syllable of the stem is ' 하 ', the suffix -아/ 어 changes to -여. (This is applied to all the verbs and adjectives that end with -하다. ) (The inflection result -하여 often becomes -해 in the spoken language.) [ 보기 ] 공부하다 공부하 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 공부하여 비슷하다 비슷하 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 비슷하여 (verb: to study) (adjective: similar) 7) 러 irregular Inflection ( 러불규칙활용 ) The suffix - 어 changes to - 러. 34
There are only 3 words in this class: 누르다 (yellowish), 이르다 (to reach), 푸르다 (bluish) 이르다 이르 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 이르러 누르다 누르 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 누르러 푸르다 푸르 (stem) + 어 (suffix) 푸르러 (verb: to reach) (adjective: yellowish) (adjective: blue) [ 르 -irregular inflectional words] 누르다 (to press), 이르다 (early, to peach) 8) 거라 irregular Inflection ( 거라불규칙활용 ) The imperative suffix -어라 changes to -거라. (This is applied to all the intransitive verbs whose stem ends with ㅏ.) 가다 가 (stem) + 어라 (suffix) 가거라 자다 자 (stem) + 어라 (suffix) 자거라 (verb: to go) (verb: to sleep) 9) 너라 irregular Inflection ( 거라불규칙활용 ) The imperative suffix - 어라 changes to - 너라. 오다 오 (stem) + 어라 (suffix) 오너라 (verb: to come) < 10: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem and Suffix Both Change > 10) ㅎ irregular Inflection ( ㅎ불규칙활용 ) [a] The tailing ㅎ in the stem drops when it meets a suffix that begins with ㄴ. [b] The suffix -아/ 어 changes to -애. 파랗다 파랗 (stem) + ㄴ (suffix) 파란파랗다 파랗 (stem) + 아 (suffix) 파래하얗다 하얗 (stem) + ㄴ (suffix) 하얀하얗다 하얗 (stem) + 아 (suffix) 하얘 (adjective: blue) (adjective: white) [Tip] Try placing a suffix - 어 / 아 after the stem of an inflectional word. If the resulting form does not change from the crude stem + suffix combination, it is a regular inflection, and otherwise an irregular inflection (except for the cases where the vowel ㅡ drops). 35
Exercises 1. Inflect the following regular verb with ㄹ -drop as indicated: 밀다 to push 문을세게 + 세요. stem imperative closing tail-suffix [FP] 문을세게. Push the door hard. 2. Inflect the following ㄷ -irregular verb as indicated: 듣다 to hear/listen 저는지금음악을 +. stem normal closing tail-suffix [FP] 저는지금음악을. I am listening to the music now. 한번 + 보세요. stem supplementary connection suffix 한번 보세요. Try listening to it. 3. Inflect the following ㅂ -irregular adjective as indicated: 춥다 cold 오늘날씨가 +? stem interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP] 오늘날씨가? Is the weather cold today? 36
예, 날씨가 +. stem normal closing tail-suffix [IP] 예, 날씨가. Yes, it s cold. 4. Inflect the following 르 -irregular adjective as indicated: 다르다 different 영어와한국어가많이 +? stem interrogative closing tail-suffix [IP] 영어와한국어가많이? Are English and Korean much different? 예, 많이 +. stem normal closing tail-suffix [IP] 예, 많이. Yes, they are much different. 5. Inflect the following ㅎ -irregular adjective as indicated: 파랗다 blue 하늘이 +. stem normal closing tail-suffix [FP] 하늘이. The sky is blue. 저는 + 하늘을좋아합니다. stem pre-noun adjective suffix 저는 하늘을좋아합니다. I like the blue sky. 37
I. Attitudes Classes ( 존칭등급 ) Chapter 9. Attitudes Honorific & Casual Expressions 존대말과반말 Type Class Counterpart Honorific Formal Polite (FP) Older person, Person whom you are meeting for the first time, Stranger, Audience Informal Polite (IP) Older person as a close friend, Friend who did not agree to go casual Casual Formal Plain (FC) Close friend, Friends who agreed to go casual, Men under your command (Also used as a literary style) Informal Plain (IC) Children, Brother, Sister, Close friend, Friend from childhood, Friend who agreed to go casual II. Closing Suffixes for Different Attitudes ( 종결어미에의해정해지는존칭 ) 1) Normal Closing Suffixes ( 평서형종결어미 ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a verb or an adjective assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes for inflection. Attitude Suffix example Formal Polite (FP) -ㅂ니다/-습니다 저는숙제를했습니다. Informal Polite (IP) -아요/ 어요 저는숙제를했어요. Formal Plain (FC) -다 [also in the fundamental form] 나는숙제를했다. Informal Plain (IC) -아/ 어 나는숙제를했어. Predicate Postposition Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition ( - 이다 ) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection. Attitude Postposition example Formal Polite (FP) -입니다 저는학생입니다. Informal Polite (IP) -이에요/ 예요 * 저는학생이에요. Formal Plain (FC) -( 이 ) 다 나는학생이다. Informal Plain (IC) -( 이 ) 야 나는학생이야. * -이에요 is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and 예요 with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant 38
2) Interrogative Closing Suffixes ( 의문형종결어미 ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb or adjective) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to. Attitude Suffix example Formal Polite (FP) -ㅂ니까/-습니까 그학생은숙제를했습니까? Informal Polite (IP) -아요/ 어요 그학생은숙제를했어요? Formal Plain (FC) -나 그학생은숙제를했나? Informal Plain (IC) -아/ 어, -니, -냐 그학생은숙제를했어? Predicate Postposition Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition ( - 이다 ) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection. Attitude Postposition example Formal Polite (FP) -입니까 저분은학생입니까? Informal Polite (IP) -이에요/ 예요 * 저분은학생이에요? Formal Plain (FC) -인가 저분은학생인가? Informal Plain (IC) -( 이 ) 야 저분은학생이야? * - 이에요 is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and 예요 with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant 3) Imperative Closing Suffixes ( 명령형종결어미 ) Verbs Inflected with Imperative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to. Attitude Suffix example Formal Polite (FP) -십시오 숙제를열심히하십시오. Informal Polite (IP) -세요/ 셔요 숙제를열심히하세요. Formal Plain (FC) -라/ 아라 / 어라 / 여라 숙제를열심히하라. Informal Plain (IC) -라/ 아라 / 어라 / 여라 숙제를열심히하여라. 4) Petitionary Closing Suffixes ( 청유형종결어미 ) Verbs Inflected with Petitionary Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to. Attitude Suffix example Formal Polite (FP) -ㅂ시다 이제숙제합시다. Informal Polite (IP) -지요/ 죠 이제숙제하죠. Formal Plain (FC) -자, -세 이제숙제하자. Informal Plain (IC) -자, -세 이제숙제하자. 39
III. Head-Suffix 시 for Elevating the Subject The head-suffix 시 elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix. Attitude to counterpart example + Subject elevation Formal Polite (FP) 저분이선생님입니다. 저분이선생님이십니다. Informal Polite (IP) 저분이선생님이에요. 저분이선생님이세요.* Formal Plain (FC) 저분이선생님이다. 저분이선생님이시다. Informal Plain (IC) 저분이선생님이야. 저분이선생님이셔.* * Looks irregular after vowel compression IV. Sometimes nouns and verbs themselves imply attitudes Saying Thank you FP: 감사합니다. ( ) 고맙습니다. IP: 고마워요. FC: 고맙다. IC: 고마워. Saying Help yourself (or Please eat ) FP: 드십시오. 잡수십시오. IP: 드세요. 잡수세요. 먹어요. ( ) FC: 먹어라. ( ) IC: 먹어. 40
I. What is Postposition ( 조사 )? Chapter 10. Postposition 조사 A postposition is attached at the end of an independent word (without a space) and assigns the word a role in the sentence. II. Postpositions ( 조사의종류 ) 1. Subject Postposition ( 주격조사 ): - 이 / 가, - 께서 (honorific) Besides these subject postpositions, some of the supplement postpositions ( 보조사 ), such as - 은 / 는, - 도, - 만, - 조차, - 마저, -( 이 ) 야말로, can take the role of a subject postposition. Especially 은 / 는 among them are frequently used as a subject marker. Usage < 보기 > Nuance 그학교에는학생이많습니다. 제가한번해보겠습니다. 저희아버지께서오셨습니다. 보스톤은아름다운도시입니다. 저는배가고픕니다. When the answer to who? is the subject There are many students in the school. I ll give it a shot. My father has come. Boston is a beautiful city. I am hungry. When it s the subject s turn to be explained, in contrast with others After Consonant -이 -은 After Vowel -가 -는 2. Object Postposition ( 목적격조사 ): -을/ 를 (after consonant/vowel, respectively) < 보기 > 저는지금점심을먹고있습니다. I am having lunch now. 제친구가오늘시계를하나샀습니다. A friend of mine bought a watch today. 저는야구선수중에서박찬호를제일좋아합니다. I like Chan Ho Park best among all baseball players. 3. Complement Postposition ( 보격조사 ): -이/ 가 (after consonant/vowel, respectively) Used in front of 되다 (verb: to become) or 아니다 (adjective: not) < 보기 > 눈이녹으면물이됩니다. Snow becomes water if it melts. 양배추는과일이아닙니다. Cabbage is not a fruit. 41
4. Predicate Postposition ( 서술격조사 ): Refer to the separate Chapter for inflectional words. 5. Pre-nounal Postposition ( 관형격조사 ): - 의 [of] < 보기 > 한국의수도는서울입니다. The capital city of Korea is Seoul. 6. Vocative Postposition ( 호격조사 ): - 아 / 야, -( 이 ) 여, -( 이 ) 시여 Refer to the separate Chapter for Designation. 7. Adverbial Postposition ( 부사격조사 ) - 에 [at, to], - 에게 [to], - 께 [to], - 에서 [at, from], - 로 / 으로 [to] < 보기 > 저는지금학교에가요. 저는지금학교에서오는길입니다. 저는지금학교쪽으로갑니다. 오늘저녁 8 시에만나요. 탐 (Tom) 은지금집에있습니다. 이책을제동생에게전해주세요. 이책을교수님께전해주세요. I am going to school now. I am coming from school now. I am going toward school now. See you at 8 this evening. Tom is at home now. Please pass this book to my younger sibling. Please pass this book to the professor. 8. Connection Postposition ( 접속조사 ): [and, with] - 와 / 과 : after vowel and after consonant, respectively < 보기 > 사과와배둘다모두맛있다. Apple and pear are both good. 하고 : colloquial < 보기 > 사과하고배세개씩주세요. Let me have apples and pears, three of each. -( 이 ) 며 : 이 is used after a word ending with a consonant < 보기 > 사과며귤이며그모든과일들을다좋아한다. I like all the fruits: apple, tangerine, etc. 42
9. Supplement Postposition ( 보조사 ): These do not decide a specific component of a noun (or substantive) in the sentence, but it just assigns a meaning of specialty to the preceding word, regardless of the sentence component (the component is implicitly assigned). - 도 [also] - 은 / 는 [contrast/emphasis] - 만 [only] - 까지 [even] - 마저 [even] - 조차 [even] - 부터 [first] -( 이 ) 야말로 [indeed] -( 이 ) 라도 [even though] - 커녕 [on the contrary] - 밖에 [only] - 만큼 [as much as] -( 이 ) 든 [whatever] -( 이 ) 나마 [though] - 대로 [separately, just as] - 토록 [to the extent] - 마다 [every] < 보기 > 인삼은한국에서만잘자랍니다. 배고픈데라면이라도먹읍시다. 앨리스 (Alice) 도집에있다고합니다. Insam (Ginseng) grows well only in Korea. Let s just eat RaMyun since we re so hungry. They say that Alice is also at home. 43
Chapter 11. Designation: How to Call Your Counterpart 1. General and Easy Ways [Honorific] 씨 (Dependent Noun: Similar to Mr., Mrs. and Ms., but can be used for more various purposes) [ 보기 ] 백영주씨 (Formal/Informal Polite, the full name makes you feel some distance) 영주씨 (Informal Polite, sometimes even used as Casual) 앤디씨 [Casual] - 아 / 야 (Vocative Postposition: To a kid, younger brother/sister, very close friend in the same age) [ 보기 ] 선아야 (if the last syllable of the name ends with a vowel) 병헌아 (if the last syllable of the name ends with a consonant) 2. Brotherhood [Informal Polite] [Casual] (1) For Calling Elders (2) Extended to Close Older Friends: used more in the younger generation Elder You Male Female Male 형누나 Female 오빠언니 [ 보기 ] 선아누나, 준호형, 리사언니, 탐오빠 3. Title [Honorific] Occupation / Degree / Respect - a noun-suffix 님 makes it polite 선생님 (Teacher/Master, M.D.): can be also used to show respect to a person who s not a teacher 교수님 (Professor) 사장님 (President of a company) 과장님 (A level of a manager) 박사님 (Dr.) 감독님 (Head Coach, Manager of a sports team) 기사님 (Driver, Engineer) [ 보기 ] 남일선생님 (Teacher) 마이크선생님 (just to show respect) 44
4. Special Ways [Informal Polite] 아저씨 (Uncle) Mostly to a married male, or a person who is way older than you are 아줌마 (Aunt) - Mostly to a married female, or a person who is way older than you are 삼촌 (Uncle) To a single or a married male older than you 이모 (Aunt) - To a single or a married female older than you [Informal Plain] 자기 (Self, actually means Honey ) To boyfriend/girlfriend/husband/wife, rarely just as you 45
Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies 46
Chapter 12. 육하원칙 5 Ws & 1 H I. 6 하원칙 육하원칙 (5 Ws & 1 H) is the set of 6 elements that you should contain in the reports such as in broadcast news. They are as following: Korean 누가무엇을언제어디서왜어떻게 English Who What When Where Why How II. What They Are 육하원칙 (5 Ws & 1 H) elements are typically composed as follows: 누가 = 누구 (pronoun) + 가 (postposition) 무엇을 = 무엇 (pronoun) + 을 (postposition) 언제 = 언제 (adverb) 어디서 = 어디 (pronoun) + 서 (postposition) 왜 = 왜 (adverb) 어떻게 = 어떻 (stem of an adjective) + 게 (supplementary connection suffix) Exercises Translate the following English sentences into Korean, considering the 6 하원칙 : 1) I quickly had a very good apple at home this morning because I was hungry. 2) Since I did not like a violent movie, I saw a cartoon at the movies yesterday. 47
Chapter 13. Frequently Used Basic Sentences Basic Daily Sentences 평소에자주쓰는문장들 # 한국어 ENGLISH 1 예 ( 네 ). Yes. 2 아니오. No. 3 가 : 안녕하세요? A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting} 4 가 : 잘지내셨어요? A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting} 5 안녕히가세요. Go in peace. {as saying good-bye to a leaving person} 6 안녕히계세요. Stay in peace. {as saying good-bye to a staying person} 7 나중에봐요. ( 또만나요.) See you later. {informal polite} 8 나중에뵙겠습니다. See you later. {formal polite} 9 반갑습니다. Pleased to see (meet) you. 10 고맙습니다. Thank you. 11 감사합니다. Thank you. [I appreciate it.] 12 미안합니다. I m sorry. Excuse me. 13 죄송합니다. I m sorry. Excuse me. {politer} 14 잠깐만요. Hang on a second. 15 괜찮습니다. That s all right. No problem. 16 늦어서죄송합니다. I m sorry I m late. 17 수고하셨습니다. Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work. 18 배가고픕니다. I m hungry. 19 배가부릅니다. I m full. I m stuffed. 20 목이마릅니다. I m thirsty. 21 날씨가춥습니다. It s cold today. 22 날씨가따뜻합니다. It s warm today. {spring} 23 날씨가덥습니다 ( 뜨겁습니다 ). It s warm [hot] today. {summer} 24 날씨가좋습니다. It s a beautiful day. {weather} 25 비가옵니다. It is raining. 26 눈이옵니다. It is snowing. 48
Frequently Used Sentences In The Class 수업중에자주쓰는문장들 From the Instructor # 한국어 ENGLISH 1 다시한번해보세요. Please repeat it. / Could you do it again? 2 잘하셨어요. Good (job). 3 이책을우리교재로쓰겠습니다. This is the textbook we ll be using in our class. 4 이거보세요. Please look at this one. / Please check this out. 5 다받으셨어요? Did everyone get this one (from me)? 6 오늘은 [ ] 에대해서 We ll learn about [ ] today. 배우겠습니다. 7 숙제를보여주세요. Please show me your homework. 8 시험을 [ 퀴즈를 ] 보겠습니다. We re having a test [quiz]. 9 시간이다됐습니다. Time is up. 10 ( 맞게 ) 고치세요. Please correct it (properly). 11 도움이필요하신분은손을 Raise your hand if you need help. 드세요. 12 ( 짝을 ) 바꿉니다. We re switching the partner. 13 ( 짝을 ) 한번더바꿉니다. We re switching the partner again. 14 아시겠죠? Do you get it? / Did you understand? 15 해보실분 ( 계세요 )? Can anyone try this? / Who wants to give it a shot? 16 다하신분손드세요. Raise your hand if you are done. 17 자기자리에앉아주세요. Please go back to your own table. 18 안보고하실수있는분계세요? Can anyone try this without looking (at the handout)? 19 질문있으세요? Any questions? 20 이문장을외우셔야됩니다. You should memorize this sentence. / Please learn by heart. 21 다음시간에시험을봅니다. We re going to have a test in the next class. 22 다음시간에가지고오세요. Please bring it back next time. 23 도움이됩니까? Does it help? / Do you think it s useful for you? 24 오늘어땠습니까? How was it today? / How did you like the class today? 25 이게오늘숙제입니다. This is today s homework. 49
From a Student # 한국어 ENGLISH 1 잘모르겠어요. <1> I didn t get that. / I don t understand. <2> {as an answer} I don t know. 2 이해를못했어요. I didn t understand that. 3 질문이있습니다. I have a question. 4 다시한번설명해주세요. Please explain that again. 5 다시한번말씀해주실래요? Could you say that once again? 6 오늘숙제가뭐죠? What is today s homework? 7 [ ]( 이 / 가 ) 한국말로뭐죠? What is [ ] in Korean? From Everybody # 한국어 ENGLISH 1 가 : 안녕하세요? 나 : ( 예,) 안녕하세요? A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting} B: (Yes,) are you in peace, too? 2 가 : 잘지내셨어요? A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting} B: Yes, have you been in peace, too? 나 : 예, 잘지내셨어요? 3 잠깐만요. Hang on a second. 4 수고하셨습니다. Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work. 5 감사합니다. Thank you. 6 다음주에뵙겠습니다. See you next week(end). 7 안녕히가세요. Go in peace. {as saying good-bye } 50
1. Two Counting Systems Chapter 14. Numerals & Units Numeral 수사 There are two different counting systems: Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) and Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN). Both can be used for many cases, but there are some cases where one of the two must be used. 2. Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) [1-10] 하나 ( 한 ), 둘 ( 두 ), 셋 ( 세 ), 넷 ( 네 ), 다섯, 여섯, 일곱, 여덟, 아홉, 열 [10-90] 열, 스물 ( 스무 ), 서른, 마흔, 쉰, 예순, 일흔, 여든, 아흔 ( ) is used when the number modifies a following noun. [All numbers beyond 100] They exist, but they are not used in the contemporary language any more. 3. Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN) [1-10] 일, 이, 삼, 사, 오, 육, 칠, 팔, 구, 십 [10-90] 십, 이십, 삼십, 사십, 오십, 육십, 칠십, 팔십, 구십 [100 - billion] 백, 천, 만, 십만, 백만, 천만, 일억, 십억 4. Time [Rule] Use PKN for hours, and ACN for minutes and seconds. Use ACN for all for 24 hour system. [Words] 오전 : AM 오후 : PM 시 : O clock 분 : minute 초 : second 시간 : hour (duration in hours), time (general duration) 자정 : midnight 정오 : noon < 보기 > 오후두시삼십분 : 2:30 PM 오전열시십육분 : 10:16 AM 오전세시이십오분 : 3:25 AM 십육시오십구분 : 16:59 이십삼시이십삼분 : 23:23 51
5. Months [Words] PKN for month is 달, and ACN is 월. [January - December] 일월, 이월, 삼월, 사월, 오월, 유월, 칠월, 팔월, 구월, 시월, 십일월, 십이월 [Rule] Use 월 to mention which month, and use 달 (or ACN 개월 ) to mention the duration. < 보기 > 가 : 지금이몇월입니까? 나 : 시월입니다. Which month of the year is it now? It s October. 가 : 분만예정일이언제입니까? 나 : 한달남았습니다. When are you due for the delivery? I have a month to go. 6. Dates [Rule] Use ACN for dates. < 보기 > 시월십육일 (10 월 16 일 ): October 16 팔월이십팔일 (8 월 28 일 ): August 28 7. Weekdays [Sunday - Saturday] 일요일, 월요일, 화요일, 수요일, 목요일, 금요일, 토요일 52
1. Introduction Units 단위 Most of the countable words in Korean are expressed with units, typically in the following format: 2. Frequently Used Units (NOUN +) NUMBER + UNIT < 보기 > 사과한개 (an apple) Noun UNIT Examples General Object 개 사과한개, 장난감한개 Person (plain) 명 한명 Person (casual) 사람 두사람 Person (polite) 분 세분 Animal 마리 강아지한마리, 말두마리 Building/House 채 집한채, 빌딩두채 Machine/Vehicle 대 컴퓨터한대, 차두대, 비행기세대 Pen/Pencil/Candle 자루 연필한자루, 초한자루 Book/Notebook 권 책한권, 공책두권 Paper 장 종이한장 Clothes 벌 옷한벌 Pair (Shoes/Socks/Gloves) 켤레 구두한켤레, 장갑한켤레, 양말한켤레 One of a Pair (Shoes/ ) 짝 구두한짝, 장갑한짝, 양말한짝 Tree 그루 나무한그루 Flower 송이 장미열두송이 Year 년 2000년 Month (duration) [PKW] 달 한달 Month (duration) [ACW] 개월 일개월 Month (of the year) 월 시월 Day 일 5일 Hour (duration) 시간 한시간 Hour (the time: o clock) 시 한시 Minute 분 삼십분 Second 초 이십초 Years (age) 살 / 세 열두살 [PKW], 십이세 [ACW] Food (vessel/bowl/dish) 그릇 / 공기 / 접시 국수한그릇, 밥한공기, 회한접시 Liquid (bottle) 병 술한병, 물한병 Glass/Cup 잔 / 컵 물한잔, 커피한잔, 술한잔 Won (Korean Currency) 원 1000원 Dollar & Cent 달러 & 센트 10달러 80센트 Dollar & Cent 불 & 전 10불 80전 53