kë k v r 23 r 3, pp. 236~247, 2011 6o { fo Ÿz r ns Sea Level Rise due to Global Warming in the Northwestern Pacific and Seas around the Korean Peninsula n *Ú o **Ú ƒ***ú** Sang Myeong Oh*, Seok Jae Kwon**, Il Ju Moon* and Eun Il Lee** n v :v m p ˆ k p dp IPCC AR4 m p pn l s m. l l p l re v kp vlrp lž}l p dp 3 o m m q pn l p p m. q p, lž}p ˆ k p d p r v v ˆ., em qvll q p d p m. lž}p A1B e ml p MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_CM2.1 l 100 k ˆ kl 24 cmm 28 cm l 27 cm m 31 cmp p d p m l., p dp n~ e k kp k m ˆ k lp kq p p q p m opp., em qvlp l m ˆ kl q dp o p. enl :v m, d, lž}, em, m, ˆ k ABSTRACT : This study investigates sea level (SL) rise due to global warming in the Northwestern Pacific (NWP) and Seas around the Korean peninsula (KP) using outputs of IPCC AR4 climate models. Particularly, components of the SL rise induced by a local steric effect, which was not considered in most climate models, were computed using model-projected 3-dimensional temperature and salinity data. Analysis of the SL data shows that the ratio of the SL rise in the NWP and KP was about two times higher than that in global mean and particularly the ratio in the Kuroshio extension region was the highest. The SL rises over 100 years estimated from MPI_ECHAM5 and GFDL_CM2.1 model by A1B scenario considering the thermosteric effect were 24 cm and 28 cm for the NWP and 27 cm and 31 cm for the Seas around the KP, respectively. Statistical analysis reveals that these SL rises are caused by the weakening of the Siberian High in winter as well as variations of pressure system in the NWP and by the resultant change of water temperature. It also found that the highest SL rise in the Kuroshio extension region of the NWP was connected with the large increase of water temperature in this area. Keywords : global warming, sea level rise, thermosteric, sea surface temperature, Kuroshio, northwestern Pacific 1. v m p l q m tl m p dp (IPCC, 2007). ol l r oo (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)l 2007 l 4 (The fourth Assessment Report, AR4)l, r v rp 1961-2003 vp soq 1.8 mm/yr 1993-2003 v o q 3.1 mm/yr p d mp, qm p l v rp n v v p p 59 cm d p r p. o q n l l, 1993-1998, 1993-2000, 1993-2003 p k rv p 3.1 ± 1.3 mm/yr (Nerem, 1999), 3.2 ± 0.2 mm/yr (Cabanes et al., 2001), 2.8 ± 0.4 mm/yr (Cazenave and Nerem, 2004) d p p. ***rt k r (Graduate program in marine meteorology, Jeju National University, Ara 1 Dong, Jejusi, Jejudo, 690-756, Korea) *** Š k ks o ks l e (Corresponding author, Ocean Research Lab., Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration, 1-17, 7 Ga Hang-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-800, Korea. sj79kwon@korea.kr, Seok Jae Kwon) ***rt k / k l (Corresponding author, College of Ocean Science/Ocean and Environment Research Institute, Jeju National University, Ara 1 Dong, Jejusi, Jejudo, 690-756, Korea, ijmoon@jejunu.ac.kr, Il-Ju Moon) 236
r v rp dp vlrp p p. IPCC p m p l l em ˆ k, v lk, t lk, vll dp ˆ p m p (Landerer et al., 2007; Yin et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2002)., s o o q l ˆ t lp d p r v d 1.3~2 p p p ( ks o, 2010a; Kang et al., 2005;, 2006). ks op 2010 v nm tp so t p 10 p p q n 18 p so p p pn l k v v p r r p l l p 1 l 4.7 mm d ppp m ( ks o, 2010b). p l p d p l p pl, 3.7 mm/yr, 4.6 mm/yr, (rt ) 5.2 mm/yr p yp d p ˆ., Kang et al. (2005)p o q pn l 1992 2001 v 9 vlp d (5.4 ± 0.3 mm/yr)p so l p pp m. (2006) 2005 vp o q pn l 13 t ll p 3.89 mm/yr d(rv p k 1.3 ) p m. dp p l e p vt l p lkl q e m p p., dp lk rv dvp, k e, p, v p m Œ l p vrrp v eˆ p m p k l p rp ql ˆ, rrp rrp m p p ( ks o, 2010a; Nicholls, 2002). dp m lkvll p q o p prp p kp p q rp lk v lk p o e n. p o l dl rp l m p lk., l p l r v d p l m p lkq pp o eqrp p. p dp m p v p. v, p q ( o, o, m, vv ) pn l p l n (Woodworth and Player, 2003; Church and White, 2006; Domingues et al., 2008; Lambeck and Chappell, 2001; Kang et al., 2005) p m pn (Yin et al., 2009; Landerer et al., 2007)p. p e rp q p p p, rq t vlrp p s on n q r v rp v m l p ˆ k p d 237 p p p n., so q p m p p p l plv rl l q rp m l n l p. l p l p pn q m l l rp lr p. Landerer et al. (2007) IPCC AR4 A1B e ml pn l p m, kp lž}p p l rv p 2100 v 26 cm 2199 v 56 cm v p m m. Yin et al. (2009) IPCC AR4 p pn l k lž} l p opp kl p dp l m. p l l p nel 2100 v A2, A1B, B2 e ml dp 51 cm, 47 cm, 36 cm d p m p., Choi et al. (2002)p - k r p pn l CO 2 2 m 4 n rv m ˆ kl p m p p m m. p l l rv m ˆ kp p CO 2 q 2 m k 1.2 Cm o 1.5 o C d, p 7cmm 10 cm d p m m. CO 2 4, rv m ˆ kl m k 2.9 Cm o 3.0 o C, p 19 cmm 25 cm d p r m. v v p pn q m l p l l, k p l v k Boussinesq rp n p. v lrp l p Ž}(steric )p p vrrp l l. IPCC AR4 p l lž}(thermosteric changes)l p p km r v k r rv rrp l r p (Table 1). er p lž}l p dp ov (land-ice) p p m r~ dl q p p v p k r pp rp vlrp p (Stammer, 2008; Milne et al., 2009). q r IPCC p m q p lž}p vlrp p Žk š. np ˆ kl lž}p p l re p l. l l IPCC AR4 p m ˆp v m p ˆ k l vlrp lž} p m s p eˆ k r opp q. p p n q l (2q), l p lž}l p re(3q), p pn ˆ k
238 m Ë që ptëppp Table 1. Characteristics of IPCC AR4 climate models Model ID, Year Sponsor, Country Atmos. Model Resolution Ocean Model Resolution, Coordinates Fluxes BCC-CM, 2005 BCC*, China T63 L16 1.9 o 1.9 o L30, depth, free* H *, M * Sea Level Outputs BCCR-BCM2.0, 2005 BCCR*, Norway T63 L31 0.5 o ~1.5 o 1.5 o L35, density, free none Z1* CCSM3, 2005 NCAR*, USA T85 L26 0.3 o ~1 o 1 o L40, depth, free none CGCM3.1(T47), 2005 CCCMA*, Canada T47 L31 1.9 o 1.9 o L29, depth, free H, F* Z1,Z2*,Z3* CGCM3.1(T63), 2005 CCCMA, Canada T63 L31 0.9 o 1.4 o L29, depth, free H, F CNRM-CM3, 2004 CNRM*, France T63 L31 0.5 o ~2 o 2 o L31, depth, rigid* none CSIRO-MK3.0, 2001 CSIRO*, Australia T63 L18 0.8 o 1.9 o L31, depth, rigid none MPI_ECHAM5, 2005 MPI*, Germany T63 L31 1.5 o 1.5 o L40, depth, free none Z1 ECHO-G, 1999 MIUB*, KMA, Germany, Korea T30 L19 0.5 o ~2.8 o 2.8 o L20, depth, free H, F Z1,Z2,Z3 FGOALS-g1.0, 2004 LASG*, China T42 L26 1 o 1 o L16, eta, free none Z1 GFDL-CM2.0, 2005 NOAA*/GFDL*, USA 2.0 o x2.5 o L24 0.3 o ~1 o 1 o depth, free none Z1 GFDL-CM2.1, 2005 NOAA/GFDL, USA 2.0 o x2.5 o L24 0.3 o ~1 o 1 o depth, free none Z1 GISS-AOM, 2004 NASA*/GISS*, USA 3.0 o x4.0 o L12 3 o 4 o L16, mass, free none Z1,Z2,Z3 GISS-EH, 2004 NASA/GISS, USA 4.0 o x5.0 o L20 2 o 2 o L16, density, free none Z1,Z2,Z3 GISS-ER, 2004 NASA/GISS, USA 4.0 o x5.0 o L20 4 o 5 o L13, mass, free none Z1 INM-CM3.0, 2004 INM*, Russia 4.0 o x5.0 o L21 2 o 2.5 o L33, sigma, rigid local F Z2,Z3 IPSL-CM4, 2005 IPSL*, France 2.5 o x3.75 L19 2 o 2 o L31, depth, free none Z1 MIROC3.2(hires), 2004 CCSR*, JAMSTEC, Japan T106 L56 0.2 o 0.3 o L47, sigma, free none Z1,Z2,Z3 MIROC3.2(medres), 2004 CCSR, JAMSTEC, Japan T42 L20 1.4 o 1.4 o L43, sigma, free none Z1,Z2,Z3 MRI-CGCM3.2.3, 2003 MRI*, Japan T42 L30 0.5 o ~2.0 o 2.5 o L23, depth, rigid H, M, F Z1,Z2,Z3 PCM, 1998 NCAR*, USA T42 L26 0.5 o ~0.7 o 1.1 o L40, depth, free none Z1 UKMO-HadCM3, 1997 HCCPR/MO*, UK 2.5 o 3.75 o L19 1.25 o 1.25 o L20, depth, rigid none Z1 UKMO-HadGEM1, 2004 HCCPR/MO, UK 1.3 o 1.9 o L38 0.3 o ~1 o 1 o L40, depth, free none Z1 *Z1 : sea surface height above geoid (ZOS) *Z2 : global average sea level change (ZOSGA) *Z3 : global average thermosteric sea level change (ZOSTOGA) *H : heat flux, M: momentum flux, F: fresh water flux *T63 : 1.9 o 1.9 o, T85 : 1.4 o 1.4 o, T47 : 2.8 o 2.8 o, T30 : 3.9 o 3.9 o, T42 : 2.8 o 2.8 o, T106 : 1.1 o 1.1 o *L : number of vertical layer *free : free surface model, rigid: rigid-lid approximation *BCC : Beijing Climate Center *BCCR : Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research *NCAR : National Center for Atmospheric Research *CCCMA : Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis *CNRM : Centre NAtional de Recherches Mtorologiques *CSIRO : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation *MPI : Max Planck Institute for Meteorology *MIUB : Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn *KMA : Korea Meteorological Administration *LASG : National Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics *NOAA : National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration *GFDL : Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory *NASA : National Aeronautic and Space Administration *GISS : Goddard Institute for Space Studies *INM : Institute for Numerical Mathmatics *IPSL : Institut Pierre Simon Laplace *CCSR : Center for Climate System Research *JAMSTEC : National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research Center for Global Change *MRI : Meteorological Research Institute *HCCPR/MO : Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research/ Meteorological Office
d npp (4q), n k(5q)p lp. 2. m i 2.1. m v m p ˆ k p dp s o l r IPCC AR4 m p p s m. Table 1p 23 p l p, vo,, k p,, d, q p ˆl. p MIROC3.2(medres) r(o )p 1.1 1.1 o (T106) vrp 56 (L56)p q p, k p UKMO-HadGEM1 p 0.3 o ~1 o 1m 40 (L40)p q o. nvp n t Ž(external gravity waves) e l e p rk ligid-lid rp n p CNRM-CM3, MRI- CGCM3.2, UKMO-HadCM3p, n p p qo (free surface) n. IPCCl r p l p v k r (Boussinesq approximation)p n l lž}l p d (steric effect) l. l l p rp m o l p mëm 3 o m q pn l l r l p rr p lž}l p m (2.2rl ). opl p p vrrp p CGCM3.1, ECHO-G, INM-CM3.0, MRI-CGCM3.2p. l Ž}l p r v (Table 1l Z2 e)p re p CGCM3.1, ECHO-G, GISS-AOM, GISS-EH, INM-CM3.0, MIROC3.2_HIRES, MIROC3.2_ MEDRES, MRI-CGCM3.2 p. l l e p vp q p lv 6 p (MIROC3.2_HIRES, MIROC3.2_MEDRES, CCCMA_ CGCM3.1, MRI-CGCM3.2, MPI_ECHAM5, GFDL_CM2.1)p r l(yin et al., 2009; Landerer et al., 2007), 2100 v p ˆ (CO 2 ) qp k 2 tp 720 ppm v d A1B e ml lž}p r v r(global, G)p d lž}p v kp vlr( ˆ k )p d p re m (Table 2)., MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_CM2.1 l l p vlrp lž}l p d p l p m. MPI_ECHAM5l A1B e m pnl CO 2 q 4 CO 2 quadrupling e mp rp re m. vlrp l p o ˆ k(northwestern Pacific, NWP)p 10-50 Nm o 110-170 Ep o o, v m l p ˆ k p d 239 Table 2. Sea level rises estimated from outputs of IPCC AR4 climate models Model, Scenario (Korean Peninsula, KP) 30-42 o N, 120-135 Ep mlp o rp m. vlrp d Ë k mp p CSEOF (Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function) p pn l s m (2.3r ). 2.2. i l l l p Ž} p p o l l (dynamic topography) m. l 3 o mëm q pn l (1) el p r. = 0 α α 0 Z g 1 ( ) dp 1000 Sea Level Rise [cm/100yr] Without Steric Effect Inclusion of Steric Effect G* NWP* KP* G NWP KP MIROC3.2_HIRES A1B 1.18 6.74 5.73 35.45 MIROC3.2_MEDRES A1B 1.38 8.41 8.09 31.55 CCCMA_CGCM3.1 A1B 0.04 2.37 2.73 22.88 MRI_CGCM2.3.2 A1B 0.49 3.40 2.64 14.79 MPI_ECHAM5 A1B 2.14 2.59 5.83 22.84 23.56 27.24 GFDL_CM2.1 A1B 0.59 8.57 9.19 16.97 27.56 31.34 MPI_ECHAM5 Quadrupling 3.78 6.66 6.67 21.64 30.60 28.54 *G : Global, NWP : Northwestern Pacific, KP : Korean Peninsula l Z l ˆ, α nr(specific volume), α 0 273.15 Km 35 psul p t nr(specific volume as a function of pressure), g t, p k p ˆ. l t p v r l l. p ep kp p l p rrp r(compensate) q e p e e p ll ˆl e j w rp. r v p l p o l n t p(reference depth) 1000 mp. l t p 2000 m l p ll. p p kl p p l r l p p (Choi et al., 2002). } l p o e ll t l rl re(hydrostatic equation)p pn l } lp qp e n m (Kim, 1998). } l qp o t l trp 125.5 o E, 24.5 o Np. 2.3. CSEOFl mk CSEOF(Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function) q l t rp p m n, r rp EOF l n q p rp p vrl e l (1)
240 m Ë që ptëppp v k r(stationary)p l e l (cyclostationary)p l q l rp k (physical mode) p p e rp (principal component time series, PC-Time series) v p (Kim and North, 1997). P( r, t) = B( r, t)t n ( t) n B n (r,t) =B n (r,t + d) (3) l P(r,t) n k q e l k (physical mode)p p ˆ, B n (r,t) k, T n (t) k p rm e (PC time)p ˆ. np ˆ v p d q p o t (l 12 o n) ˆ. k p rp p o rp p r p lk. p k p e rp (PC-time series)p e l rp p (Kim and North, 1997). l l IPCC AR4 MPI_ECHAM5 A1B e ml p l q CSEOF l r n m. v m l p d } p p k l p ee m. l n kë m, m,,, kp. (2) 3. ns, h, m 3.1. i yl s gl IPCC l rp r p m q lž}l p dp v k p (Table 1). Fig. 1p ˆ 6 p (MPI_ECHAM5, GFDL-CM2.1, MIROC3.2_HIRES, MIROC3.2_MEDRES, CCCMA_CGCM3.1, MRI_CGCM2.3.2)l A1B e ml lž}p rn 100 (2001-2100 ) p rp ˆ p. p p l, ˆ kp p lk, kp lk, p k l v tp lk, k l tl p y ll p dp m m. p p p kl n p p m l r v rp p 100 1.18 cm~2.14 cml (Table 2). 6 p tl MIROC3.2_HIRES dp rp q ( 1.18 cm), MPI_ECHAM5 q (2.14 cm) p m. p p Table 1l m p p l rn,, s, s, d, r p p. l n ep p l ˆ k em qvll rp p Fig. 1. Spatial distributions of sea level change (cm/100 yr) without considering steric effect projected by 6 IPCC AR4 climate models; (a) MPI_ECHAM5, (b) GFDL_CM2.1, (c) MIROC3.2_HIRES, (d) MIROC3.2_MEDRES, (e) CCCMA_CGCM3.1, and (f) MRI_ CGCM2.3.2.
지구온난화에 의한 북서태평양 및 한반도 근해의 해수면 상승 241 수면 상승을 예측하고 있다는 것이다. 북서태평양에서 평균 해수면 상승률은 100년간 2.59 cm~8.41 cm, 한반도 근해에서는 2.64 cm~8.09 cm로 나타나 전지구 평균에 비해 최대 약 8 cm 이상 높게 모의되었다. MIROC3.2_MEDRES는 6개 모델 중에 북서태평양과 한반도 근해에서 가장 높은 해수면 상승률(각각 8.41 cm, 8.09 cm)을 모의하였다. 대부분의 모델에서 북서태 평양과 한반도 근해에서 높은 해수면 상승률을 보이는 이유 에 대해서는 4장에서 상세히 설명한다. 열팽창을 고려한 해수면 변화 대부분의 IPCC AR4 기후모델들은 지역적인 열팽창에 의한 해수면 예측자료를 제공하지 않지만 일부 모델은 전지구 평균값 은 제공하고 있다(Table 1). Fig. 2는 4개의 모델(MIROC3.2_ 3.2. HIRES, MIROC3.2_MEDRES, CCCMA_CGCM3.1, MRI_ CGCM2.3.2)에 대해 2001년부터 2100년까지 A1B 시나리오에 의한 열팽창에 의한 전지구 평균 해수면 변동을 나타낸다. 4개의 모델 중에 MRI_CGCM2.3.2는 100년 후에 수온상승에 의한 열팽창으로 해수면이 약 14 cm가 상승할 것으로 가장 낮게 전망하고 있고, MIROC3.2_HIRES는 열팽창으로 약 36 cm 가 상승할 것으로 가장 높게 예상하고 있다. 앞에서 6개 모 델의 열팽창을 고려하지 않은 해수면 상승이 최대 8.41 cm 였 던 것을 감안하면 해수의 열팽창이 해수면 상승에 기여하는 Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Time series of sea level rise due to thermosteric effect during the period 2001-2100 projected by 4 IPCC AR4 climate models. 바가 매우 큼을 알 수 있다. 전지구에 대해 평균된 열팽창에 의한 해수면 예측자료는 지 역적인 변동값을 제공하지 못하기 때문에 북서태평양과 한반 도 근해에서의 지역적으로 발생하는 열팽창에 의한 해수면 상 승값을 알 수가 없다. Fig. 3은 3차원 수온 염분 자료를 이 용하여 계산한 지역적인 열팽창에 의한 해수면 상승을 고려한 100년간 해수면 상승값(2091-2100년 10년 평균과 2001-2010년 10년 평균값의 차이)을 나타낸다. 사용된 모델과 시나리오는 MPI_ECHAM5의 A1B와 Quadrupling 그리고 GFDL_CM2.1의 A1B이다. The difference of 10-year averaged sea level (SST) between the period 2090-2099 and 2000-2009 for global (a, c, e) and northwestern Pacific (b, d, e) estimated considering steric effect for MPI_ECHAM5 A1B (a, b), GFDL-CM2.1 (c, d), and MPI_ECHAM5 Quadrupling (e, f).
242 m Ë që ptëppp A1B e mp MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_CM2.1, l p lž}p ˆ k (Fig. 3(a), (c))p lž}p v kp (Fig. 1(a), (b)) rp p n o ˆ. v, em q(extension) vlp ˆ k,, t y l, l l p dp p l p d p p p. q l r~rp d p p p. v, lž}p n l rp p k 16-20 cm d p k p (Table 2)., lž}p n vlrp d p n ˆ p p. m, GFDL_CM2.1 A1B l ˆ k(27.56 cm) (31.34 cm)p d p rv (16.97 cm) p v ˆ (Table 2). p lž}p vlrp p n o eˆp p. l l MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_CM2.1 l r lž}l p rv d (Table 2l G- G*)p 16.38 cmm 20.7 cm Table 2l re p d (35,45 cm, 31.55 cm, 22.88 cm, 14.79 cm) p v k. p p l l r lž}l p d p l r e ppp rrp ˆ. ˆ d p p l n,, s p p p o p. MPI_ECHAM5 n, A1B e m nl CO 2 Quadrupling rp m (Fig. 3(e), (f)). l e m p q prp m t p d p. p ll A1B e m 50 cm p p n dp m Quadrupling l m d n p d p m. qp n ˆ k p k rll rq n p dp p m. ˆ k l q, em q vll Quadrupling nl A1B k 10 cm p 51 cm v dp ˆ p, lkl k 9cm p 30 cmp dp ˆ (Fig. 3(e), (f)). p d p rv, ˆ k l l e l, r~ k p d p ˆ kp r v p d ˆ (Fig. 4). er v l rp d p p lkp em qvll ˆ v ˆ k r~p d p p d qp p ˆ. p ql p p o kë npl q. Fig. 4. Time series of sea level rise considering steric effect during the period 2001-2100 projected by 3 IPCC AR4 climate models; (a) MPI_ECHAM5 A1B (b) GFDL-CM2.1 (c) MPI_ECHAM5 Quadrupling. 4. h km dp eˆ opp } o l lž}p MPI_ECHAM5 A1B (Fig. 3(a), (b))l ˆ kl d kë np (environmental variables) m. n k l p m(sea Surface Temperature, SST), m (Sea Surface Salinity, SSS),, 1000 hpa kp. p v p p l r. ~w, l 2091-2100 10 2001~2010 10 p p l 100 p p p p d p. w CSEOF p pn l q v m p q t(target)p p (regression) p. r ~ w p pn l ml 100 mp p m (Fig. 5). l rl d p o l 1 (ALL) nl l (summer) n(winter)p m. Fig. 5l q r l p p lk em q vll m dp. p vll mp 5.5 o C v d m. l np p pv kk. p k ˆ kl q p d p p p p vll l mp d p.
v m l p ˆ k p d 243 Fig. 5. The difference of 10-year averaged sea surface temperature (SST) between the period 2090-2099 and 2000-2009 during (a) all seasons, (b) summer (JAS), and (c) winter (DJF) projected by MPI_ECHAM5 A1B. et p n. l ll m p r v rp Ž k p v qp q p p. em q vll mp d opp } o l p vlp p k (Fig. 7). q p p lkp ˆ y p p(anomaly)p. o k 40 o -45 }l yp o p p. o 30 o -35 o }l yp p k p. p p s o 30 o -35 }l em o 40 o -45 } pp k o p. p em v m o l p m q p p (Choi et al., 2002; Kim, 1998). em o o p v nl y p ek y ll emp v k ( yp p ) t ~ v p p (Fig. 7(a)). p p t l ~l v rp ˆ (Fig. 7(b))., ˆ k te (23 o N, 148 E)l e p o r ˆ (Fig. 7(a)). p p l ~ p p m p (Fig. 7(b)). p opp 1000 hpa p l r p. em q vlp p to vll p m p p (Fig. 8(a)). p ( )p ˆ kp n~ l n p (Fig. 8(c))., n n ~l p (v, p k ) p p p. p p t ~ p p p., k Fig. 6. Same as in Fig. 5, but for sea surface salinity (SSS). m pnl p Ž}l l npp m p. 100 m m (Fig. 6), r ~rp ˆ kl pv kv t l l ~l 1psu p p d o 15-20 p l ll 0.5 psup p ˆ. rq t l o kq p m p. kq l m p kr p l p vll tl p p. p v m m dp o eˆ p p tl v n kr r v rp kv p m. p p vlrp npp p qn k n p n l s Fig. 7. Same as in Fig. 5, but for surface current (m/sec).
244 m Ë që ptëppp Fig. 8. Same as in Fig. 5, but for surface wind (m/sec). dp l nl ˆ k kp m p p p. v v k n p p v m l p ˆ nl r,, e p t v k p ~r ˆ p. p p v m l p p s l p. l l CSEOF p pn l q v m l p p p p pn l p eˆ kë p opp s m. p o r CSEOFp l v (Mode)l rp m PC(Principal Component) e l q m., r~ p 48% v r 1 PC e lp 0p tp pl kp rp v p m pp r (Fig. 11). r 1 p Ž p rl p p lp em q vll kp p p (Fig. 10). l re v kkv r v rp vll kp p ˆ k, em ˆ k, v lkl tl p vll kp (v p d)p ˆ. p p sl l ˆ m p d q p (Yin et al., 2009). CSEOF 1 l Ž e lp s, r rl ~ (l l n re) ˆ kl dp p k p. p lkp dp k m q p. Fig. 9. Same as in Fig. 5, but for sea level pressure (Pa). ˆ kl ˆ e p p l ~ q l p p y lp tep e p m p (Fig. 8(b)). p p kž p l p t. ˆ kp r rp k l e k yl kp kv p vrp (Fig. 9(a)). p vp n~p k n o. v, n ~ l o e k kp k p ˆ kp r~rp k p v p p. ˆ k ll rp k p ˆ v k. p p l ~l p ll kp v n~l d l p. v kv } l ll kp Fig. 10. Spatial distributions on the 1st mode of sea level CSEOF analysis for (a) August and (b) February. Fig. 11. Time series of Principal Component (PC) for 1st mode of sea level CSEOF analysis.
v m l p ˆ k p d 245 CSEOFp pn l v m l (Fig. 11)p ppˆ opp s m. p o p m, m, 1000 hpa kl l p t(target)p (regression) p ee m., l ~ p mp q p p ˆ. v p y em q vll m dp p vlp p d eˆ p. Fig. 12(a)m Fig. 10(a) q, p d vl(o 37 o N ) mp d vl(43 o N )p k 5 p o. p p m pnl n dl l p p. p rp e p p l (warm eddy)l ˆ p k r p (Lin et al., 2008). q l p (Fig. 12(c)), p d vl(o 37 o N ) l e p p p p. p e p p yp em v m yl p (30 o N ) pl m. o 37 o N l dp p e p p l l p p., mp d vl(43 o N ) emp o vlp q p. p v lp o vlpl l em p p p vlp m deˆ p. l ~ em q vlp p nl ˆ kl q vrp tl p m m yp tep e p r k p.,, k l q ˆ p p p k o 30 o }l p m m m y l p m. p p em v p k p., m p l ~l kq p o t l v ˆ k n l r r p p p (Fig. 12(b)). p m t l p dp p dl l p. n~, m, m r rp l ~ o (Fig. 13). vrp p ˆ kp yl p p e p r k p tep k p (Fig. 13(d), (e)). rq p em qvlp l ~ o 37 o N l p m (Fig. 13(c)) p p p p vlp dp n o eˆ p. q y ll p e em k eˆ opp (Fig. 13(c)). Fig. 12. Spatial distribution of the regressed (a) SST (b) SSS (c) SC (d) 1000 hpa wind (e) sea level pressure to 1st mode of sea level CSEOF analysis in August. Fig. 13. Same as in Fig. 12, but in February
246 m Ë që ptëppp 5. kh dp v m o q m tl p (IPCC, 2007). l l IPCC AR4 m pn l ˆ k l lž}p p m opp m. 23 p IPCC AR4 p m q m, p tl MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_ CM2.1 l 3 o m m q pn l p p lž}l p vlrp r m. e m 2100 v p ˆ (CO 2 ) qp k 2 tp 720 ppm v d A1Bm CO 2 q 4 CO 2 Quadrupling n m. p l lž}p v kp d (100 )p rv p 1.18 cm~2.14 cm n ˆ., lž}p p rv p 100 36 cm(miroc3.2_hires p n) v v m. p p p lž}p dl l n p e. lž}p A1B e ml p MPI_ECHAM5m GFDL_CM2.1 l em q(extension) vlp ˆ k,, t y l, l l p dp p p d p p p., GFDL_CM2.1 A1B l (31.34 cm)p d p rv (16.97 cm) p v ˆ. p lž}p vlrp p n o eˆp p., MPI_ECHAM5 p Quadrupling e m nl ˆ kl A1B k 10 cm p 51 cm v dp ˆ p, lkl A1B k 9cm p 30 cmp dp ˆ. dp eˆ opp } o l lž}p MPI_ECHAM5 A1B l ˆ kl d kë npp m., ˆ kp ll dp ˆ p m l p em q vlp m p s l. mp d vl(43 o N )p o vlpl l emp p p vlp m de rp dp eˆ p. p e k kp ˆ kp kž p p p qp p., v m n~ e k kp k m ˆ k ll k p p em q vlp p p p ˆ. CSEOF l n~l ˆ kp yl p p e p r k p tep k p vrp ˆ. rq p em qvlp l ~ o 37 N l p m p p p p vlp dp o eˆ p. q y ll p e l ~ p em k eˆ op p p. l l IPCC AR4 p m pn l ˆ k p k. IPCC p k(1.1 o ~3.9 o o), ep k v p q p s l p. l r k p l v k Boussinesq rp n pl vlrp l p Ž} (steric )p p vrrp l l. l l p rp m o l l pn Ž}l p d mv p l n l v r l r r l p. l Boussinesq rp n v kp p p pn l p p s mrp. m l v q (KRF-2007-331-C00255) Š k e l (p 2000-2033-307-210-13) s k v n l (PM55520) p vop ld. p m np te e oo. y ks o (2010a). v m l p l (II). ks o (2010b). r m (2 ). q, r n, q, m (2006). o q (Topex/ Poseidon, Jason-1, ERS, Envisat) pn t l l p m m p l. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, 22(6), 519-531. Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A. and Provost, C. L. (2001). Sea level rise during past 40 years detetmined from satellite and in situ observations. Science, 294, 840-842. Cazenave, A. and Nerem, R. S. (2004). Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG3001. Choi, B. H., Kim, D. H. and Kim, J. W. (2002). Regional responses of climate in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to gradual global warming for CO 2 quadrupling. Journal of Meteorological Society, 80, 1427-1442. Church, J. A. and White, N. J. (2006). A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett. L01602.
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