ª Œª Œ 31ƒ 3B Á 2011 5œ pp. 285 ~ 291 ª Flux Tower d KLDAS w Sol-Vegetato-Atmosphere Trasfer x :wû KoFlux y y w Valdato of Eergy ad Water Fluxes Usg Korea Lad Data Assmlato ad Flux Tower Measuremet: Haeam KoFlux Ste s Hydro-Evromet Aalyss ½ Á Á Á w Km, DaeuÁLm, Yoo JÁLee, Seug OhÁCho, Mha Abstract Accurate assessmet of the water ad eergy cycles s essetal to uderstad hydrologc, clmatologc, ad ecologcal processes. Commo Lad Model (CLM) s oe of the well-developed Sol-Vegetato-Atmosphere Trasfer (SVAT) models based o the water ad eergy balace equato for accurate predcto of hydro-evrometal cycles. The CLM ca estmate realstc ad relable results usg relatvely smple parameters. It has bee wdely used the world, however Korea practcal applcatos of the CLM are rare due to lack of formato ad put data. I ths study, the CLM wth Korea Flux etwork (KoFlux) ad Kore Lad Data Assmlato System (KLDAS) data were dvdually valdated for domestc applcatos. Ths study showed that all comparsos betwee observatos ad model results from KoFlux ad KLDAS had reasoable correlato wth determato coeffcet of 0.73~1.00 va regresso. The results cofrmed the applcablty of the CLM ad the possblty of the KLDAS usage for the rego where put data are ot exsted. Keywords : hydrologc cycle, SVAT, CLM. KLDAS, KoFlux y w yw w w,»zw, kw ww w. y y y yw d w š x Commo Lad Model(CLM)» w Sol-Vegetato-Atmosphere Trasfer(SVAT) x wù, w w x š w w wý. CLM x š ù, ü w ƒ w. CLM ü w wû Korea Flux Network(KoFlux) Korea Lad Data Assmlato System(KLDAS) w y y x w. x d KoFlux KLDAS w z 0.73~1.00 w w ùkû. CLM ü ƒ y w š ƒ w w KLDAS ƒ w y w. w : y, SVAT, CLM. KLDAS, KoFlux 1. y yw sƒ d t» w ww» w v y w d» w x w w d v w (Kustas, 1996; Moul, 1998). z Áw w œ w y œw (E-mal : daeu@hayag.ac.kr) w w» w / ƒ w w (E-mal : yooj.lm@gmal.com) z Áy w œ w m œw Áœw (E-mal : seugoh.lee@hogk.ac.kr) z Á Áw w œ w y œw Áœw (E-mal : mcho@hayag.ac.kr) Geeral Crculato Models(GCMs) sww t» y w w Sol-Vegetato-Atmosphere Trasfer(SVAT) x w y w. SVAT x,, t, m y» w x w» w š (Calvet, 1998) x wì 31ƒ 3B 2011 5œ 285
x w ƒw (Fraks, 1997). SVAT x t Commo Lad Model (CLM) x w x wý ƒ. CLM Natoal Ceter for Atmospherc Research (NCAR) Commuty Lad Model(CLM) (Boa, 2002), Lad Surface Model(LSM), Bosphere- Atmosphere Trasfer Scheme(BATS), Chese Academy of Sceces Isttute of Atmospherc Physcs LSM w (Da, 2003). CLM x p m d w 10 m d, d w 5 d, m w š, TOPography based hydrologcal MODEL(TOPMODEL, Beve Krkby, 1979)» w sy, CO 2» y w Ÿw, šw tv p, p, š m p (Lag, 2005) ( x, 2008). CLM t ƒ t m w t x wš (Lawrece, 2007). CLM v w Á, m ( / m/ m ), m, d, m v. m v Iteratoal Geosphere Bosphere Programme(IGBP) m v» w. CLM Icomg Solar Radato, Icomg Ifrared Radato, Precptato, Ar Temperature, Wd speed(u-drecto, V-drecto), Atmospherc Pressure, Specfc humdty. Whtfeld(2006) û Prare wetlad v ³ v d CLM ƒ y ew y w. w, û CLM x w w w (Da, 2003). p, Stockl(2008) w,, w, š ( )»z 15 Flux Network w CLM w w w w. p y w sww w Matthew (2009) CLM x NOAH, SEBS, courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology w ƒ ùkû, x sƒƒ w š. w CLM x w w ƒ y w ù ü w. x w» w v w œw v ƒ w œ š» w š ƒ. CLM w w x š t w» w w t y (Korea Lad Data Assmlato System; KLDAS,, 2010a, Lm, 2011) y t. d» w t, š y» m w t y (Lad Data Assmlato System; LDAS) t y North Amerca Lad Data Assmlato System(NLDAS)ù t y Global Lad Data Assmlato System (GLDAS) œ mw e», w y ƒš. KLDAS» LDAS» w (p, w ) Noah off-le l, (2010b) KLDAS mw d,, š» x wš, Noah LSM g KoFlux d p w m x w. ù v w» ù š, w v w œ, s y y ƒ w w. w x y w ¾ ù x y w Áœ, x w w w x š w» w. w w w t y w x y wš, d l w. KoFlux v d w t y (KLDAS) d,, š» x CLM» w x w š y w w d w CLM ü ƒ y wš w ƒ w w KLDAS ƒ š w. 2. 2.1 k v d FLUXNET t» y» w (», yk, k, ) yw œ» wš w œw š (Hog, 2009). œ (Eddy Covarace) t» y yk v y d, ywš, ù w» w (Hog, 2003). / y d x» œ z w v wš x ƒ v w yw z w w. x, w œ»» w k tw v p j(.e., AmerFlux, CaboEurope, AsaFlux)ƒ y y («z, 2007). ù AsaFlux wš Ÿ, wû,, w. AsaFlux w œ wû KoFlux œ 286 ª Œª Œ
Fg. 1 Study Area ad Haeam Flux Tower Table 1. Geographc data ad characterstcs of Haeam š (m.s.l) Sol Type Lad Cover wû 34.55 o 126.56 o 14.74 m Loam (sad 38.5%, Clay 30.0%) Rce paddes ad varous croplad» w 2004 l d w. v k 20.8 m, t,»,, CO 2 d w. m m d» Water Cotet Reflectometer(Model CS616, Campbell Scetfc Ic.) w dw, d» 30 cm w t s³ m d w š œw. AsaFlux w w û wû KoFlux (34 33'18"N, 126 34'17"E). 2.2 2.2.1 CLM x ƒ» ƒ (Eq. (1a)) (Eq. (1b)) sww. ---- ρ k θ k dv = U t k ds + M 1 k k ( δ k k ) dv + S k dv k S ---- ρ k θ k h k dv = U t k=, l, v, d k h k ds k =, l, v, d S + λ T ds + RdV S where, V : Cotrol volume (m 3 ) T : Temperature (K) ρ k : Itrsc desty of costtuet k (kg m 3 ) θ k : Partal volume of costtuet k (m 3 m 3 ) h k : Specfc ethalpy (J kg 1 ) U k : Mass flux (kg m 2 s 1 ) M k'k : Phase chage from phase to phase (kg m 3 s 1 ) δ k'k : Kroecker delta : Source of sk term S k (1a) (1b) λ : Thermal coductvty of the medum (W m 1 K 1 ) R : Radato flux (W m 2 ) (1a) y y, š œ w ùkü.» w, ³x l. (1b) y w,, w ù küš. w v t e w š,, m d, m d w š ƒ w (Da, 2003; Cho, 2010). 2.2.2 KoFlux KLDAS w CLM x w de, w. KLDAS 10 km w ƒ w, ƒ w y v w. w w w ƒ e yw w. CLM x w Á, m ( / m/ m ), m, d, m v wû p wš, wì x w. Table 2 KoFlux v d»» KLDAS e. KLDAS w w Lm et al.(2011) šw». 31ƒ 3B 2011 5œ 287
Table 2. Istrumets ad Lad Surface Models used KoFlux ad KLDAS KoFlux KLDAS Averagg tme 30 m. 60 m. Icomg Solar (Shortwave) Radato CNR1 (Kpp&Zoe, Netherlads) GOES (1.1 µm, 3.9 µm), MTSAT (10.8 µm, 3.75 µm) Icomg Ifrared (Logwave) Radato CNR1 (Kpp&Zoe, Netherlads) GDAPS Precptato GTS, AWS Ar Temperature CSAT3 soc aemometer (Campbell Sc., USA) GDAPS Wd speed U V drecto CSAT3 3D Soc Aemometer (Cabell Sc., USA) GDAPS Atmospherc Pressure LI-7500 Electroc box (L-Cor, USA) GDAPS Specfc Humdty LI-7500 (L-Cor, USA) GDAPS 2.2.3 v KLDAS l» w CLM x ƒƒ w w d Root Mea Square Error(RMSE) Bas w w. RMSE Bas. Bas RMSE = 1 (2a) (2b) Eqs. (2a) ad (2b), x measuremet, d e, x calculated, CLM x w ù kü. x w x z w z, w. z x q w» w ww. kw x z w w w w mw q w. 3. ( ) x measured, x calculated, = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = ( ) 2 x measured, x calculated, = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- m (Sol Temparature) m d Ì, d s³ w. m 10 cm ¾ d 4 d w. m KLDAS CLM w KoFlux (Fg. 2)ƒ ùkû. (Groud Heat Flux) v(fg. 3) w m w ùkû. v, ùkù e w ew w w w w. m (Sol Mosture) m x w d (Fg. 4) w. ƒ m w ƒw. m ƒ w ƒ j ùkû. v KLDAS KoFlux ùkù KLDAS 10 km ü w y j». w w KoFlux CLM mw m ew q w Fg. 3 Groud Heat Flux (W m 2 ) Fg. 2 Sol Temperature (K) Fg. 4 Sol Mosture (m 3 m 3 ) 288 ª Œª Œ
Table 3. Statstcal Aalyss betwee Observatos ad Model Results RMSE Bas Regresso CLM CLM CLM CLM CLM_KoFlux CLM_KLDAS KoFlux KLDAS KoFlux KLDAS Y = ax 2 + bx + c R 2 Y = ax 2 + bx + c R 2 Sol Mosture (m 3 m 3 ) 0.039 0.07-0.03-0.05 Y = 2.37x 2 + 1.92x 0.08 0.85 Y = 0.30x 2 + 0.02x + 0.26 0.64 Latet Heat Flux (W m 2 ) 70.99 95.32 32.62 46.98 Y = 0.63x + 7.96 0.84 Y = 0.46x + 11.78 0.73 Sesble Heat Flux (W m 2 ) 90.71 103.44-17.02-61.33 Y = 2.24x 23.00 0.83 Y = 1.94x + 31.41 0.73 Net Radato (W m 2 ) 22.24 73.49-3.24-30.29 Y = 1.07x 8.89 1.00 Y = 0.89x + 48.42 0.92 Fg. 5 Net Radato (W m 2 ) Fg. 7 Sesble Heat Flux (W m 2 ) Fg. 6 Latet Heat Flux (W m 2 ). p, KLDAS KLDAS w CLM m ƒƒ y ewš. KLDAS w KoFlux m û d m ƒ j w e m» š. KoFlux m KLDASƒ w d». RMSE Bas w 0.039 m 3 m 3 (KoFlux_CLM), 0.07 m 3 m 3 (KLDAS_CLM), -0.03(KoFlux_CLM), -0.05(KLDAS_CLM) û ù m w w sƒ. (Net Radato) KoFlux d eƒ ew (Fg. 5). v w w ùkû. KLDAS v w û ùkù, ùkü p. RMSE 22.238 W m 2 (KoFlux_CLM), 73.485 W m 2 (KLDAS_CLM), Bas -3.241(KoFlux_CLM), -30.290(KLDAS_CLM) KLDAS x KoFlux ƒ d e ùkû. z a 1.07(KoFlux_CLM), 0.89 (KLDAS_CLM), R 2 1 ƒà ùkù x deƒ ew. (Latet Heat Flux; LH) x de v(fg. 6) r KLDAS» w v KoFlux ƒ d e v ƒ ¾ y w. ù KoFlux, KLDAS» w v d e. t RMSE 70.99 W m 2 (KoFlux_CLM), 95.32 W m 2 (KLDAS_CLM), R 2 0.84(KoFlux_CLM), 0.73 (KLDAS_CLM) ùkû. x (Sesble Heat Flux; H) KoFlux, KLDAS x d e ùkû (Fg. 7). v(fg 7, 8) v x». š Dckso Hederso Seller(1998) CLM w Geeral Crculato Model(GCM) w x ƒ ƒ x ùkù š w. w x w ƒ. w x œ ql x d eƒ ùkù (Lag, 1998). ƒ x. v KoFlux w CLM ƒ KLDAS w w ùkù. ù ùkù KoFlux d w w ùkü. KLDAS 31ƒ 3B 2011 5œ 289
Fg. 8 Resdual Aalyss (Sol Mosture, NetRadato, Latet Heat Flux, Sesble Heat Flux) ƒ 10 km wû y w w. w KoFlux w w» ew ƒ. r v d e ùküš, w ew ùkû. x m d ƒ w m,,, x w (Resdual Aalyss) w. v r, x, w w ùkù š, ƒ s (Horzotal Bad). w x z x w ùkù x x k v w ùkþ š. m v p w š xk ùküš. Cho (2007) m œ y ql w tx š w. m z w ƒ š z w ƒ v w ùkü. m w š z w, 0.897(CLM_KoFlux), 0.640(CLM_KLDAS) z w j. m w w w š q. 4. wû KoFlux KLDAS» w CLM x d w. w, d e z mw w. m, m, m, x,, y w w w ùkû. KoFlux w CLM x d e ew. š d x w eƒ w ùkû. w w x w CLM x ƒ. ƒ y w KLDAS y w w ù e y» w. w, KLDAS mw y w CLM g w x wš d, w v w. w» [ y(nema- -2010-35)] w. 21» v p y» ( y: 1-8-3) w w. š x «z,,,,, ½ (2007) KoFlux 290 ª Œª Œ
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