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๋†์•ฝ๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ์ง€ (Korean J. Pestic. Sci.) Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 349-354 (2016) Open Access https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2016.20.4.349 Online ISSN 2287-2051 Print ISSN 1226-6183 SHORT COMMUNICATION / RESIDUE / TOXICITY / SAFETY ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฐํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์•ˆ์žฌํ˜• ๋…ธ์œ ๋ฏธ ์ด๊ด€ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์ธ์ฒ  ๊น€์™„๊ทœ ํ•œ๋ณ‘ํ•™ ์œ ์žฌํ™ * ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋†์—…๊ณผํ•™์›๋†์—…๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ Isolation and Characterization of Soil Bacteria Degrading a Fungicide Defenoconazole Jae-Hyung Ahn, Yu-Mi Ro, Gwan-Hyeong Lee, InCheol Park, Wan-Gyu Kim, Byeong-Hak Han and Jaehong You* Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea (Received on October 22, 2016. Revised on November 27, 2016. Accepted on November 29, 2016) Abstract Triazole fungicides occupy an important portion in the global fungicide market and are relatively persistent in soil compared to the other fungicides, suggesting possible adverse effects of the fungicides on human health and environment. In this study, we tried to isolate microorganisms from orchard soils, which can decompose the triazole fungicides, tebuconazole, fluquinconazole, and difenoconazole. Only difenoconazole was completely degraded in the enrichment culture, from which several difenoconazole-degrading bacteria were isolated. They showed the same rep-pcr pattern thus only one strain, C8-2, was further studied. The strain was identified as Sphingomonas sp. C8-2 based on its 16S rrna gene sequence and decomposed 100 mg/l of difenoconazole in a minimum medium to an unknown metabolite with a molecular weight of 296 within 24 hours. The inhibition effect of the metabolite against representative soil microorganisms significantly decreased compared to that of difenoconazole thus the bacterial strain is expected to be used for the detoxification of difenoconazole in soil and crop. Key words Bacteria, degradation, difenoconazole, triazole fungicide ์„œ ๋ก  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋†์•ฝ์˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š”์ฃผ๋กœ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ, ํŠนํžˆ์„ธ๊ท ์—์˜ํ•ด์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธํ†ต์„ค์ด๋‹ค (Fenner et al., 2013). ๋†์•ฝ์€์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ, ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ, ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋กœ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ์ˆ˜์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ด์ค‘์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋‚˜์ œ์ดˆ์ œ์—๋น„ํ•ด๋งค์šฐ์ ์€๋ฐ์ด๋Š”์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์˜๊ธ‰์„ฑ๋…์„ฑ์ด์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์ค‘ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ (triazole) ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜์งˆ์†Œ์›์ž๋ฅผ๊ฐ–๋Š”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”์นจํˆฌ์ดํ–‰์„ฑ์˜์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋กœ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ํ˜•์„ฑ์—ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ์—๋ฅด๊ณ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์˜์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„์ €ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ์‚ด๊ท ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค (Bromilow et al., *Corresponding author E-mail: yj7915@korea.kr 1999a; Sehnem et al., 2010). ๊ฐ์ข…์›์˜ˆ๋ฐ๋ฐญ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ํฐ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋ณ‘, ์žฟ๋น›๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ณ‘, ๋‚™์—ฝ๋ณ‘๋“ฑ์˜๋ฐฉ์ œ์—์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ€์žฅ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด๋งŽ์€์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ค‘ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Research and markets, 2014). ์ตœ๊ทผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋Š”์ˆ˜์ค‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋…์„ฑ (Mu et al., 2016) ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์ธ๊ฐ„์„๋น„๋กฏํ•œํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜์„ฑ์ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์—์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฏธ์น ์ˆ˜์žˆ์Œ์ด๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (Taxvig et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2016). ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐ์ˆ˜์ž…๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋กœ๋Š”ํ…Œ๋ถ€์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (Tebuconaozle), ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (Difenoconazole), ํ—ฅ์‚ฌ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (Hexaconazole), ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ€ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (Fluquinconazole) ๋“ฑ 17์ข…์ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ (KCPA, 2016) ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋Š”์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœํ† ์–‘์—์„œ์ž”๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๊ธด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด (Bromilow et al., 1999a,b; Kim et al., 2003; Badawi et al., 2016) ํ† ์–‘๋ฐ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์—์˜ค๋žœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋‚จ์•„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฏธ 349

350 ์•ˆ์žฌํ˜• ๋…ธ์œ ๋ฏธ ์ด๊ด€ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์ธ์ฒ  ๊น€์™„๊ทœ ํ•œ๋ณ‘ํ•™ ์œ ์žฌํ™ ์น ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ดํฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์ด๋ฅผ๋ฌด๋…ํ™”ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋ฅผ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ถ„ํ•ดํŠน์„ฑ์„๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ๊ทธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ดํ† ์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฅผ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ๋™์ผ๋ฐฐ์ง€ 5mL์—์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ ๋™์ผ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์˜๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์˜๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉด์ด๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ R2A agar (Difco, USA) ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—๋„๋งํ•˜๊ณ  28 o C์—์„œ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ์ฝœ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ 100 mg/l๋ฅผํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์ ‘์ข…ํ›„๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋ถ„ํ•ด์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผํŒ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Ÿ‰๋ฐ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋งŽ๊ณ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœํ† ์–‘๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๊ธดํ…Œ๋ถ€์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (597์ผ ), ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ€ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (350์ผ ), ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ (318 ์ผ ) (www.pesticideinfo.org) ์„์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ์‹คํ—˜์—์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ…Œ๋ถ€์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์€๋ฐ”์ด์—˜ํฌ๋กญ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ€ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๊ณผ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์€์•„๊ทธ๋กœํ…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ์›์ œ๋ฅผ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•„์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ•์›, ์ถฉ์ฒญ, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ, ์ „๋ผ์ง€์—ญ์˜ 22๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œํ† ์–‘์„ 2mm ์ฒด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋ฅธํ›„ 100 g์„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์›์ œ๋ฅผ 100 mg/ml์˜๋†๋„๋กœ์•„์„ธํ†ค์—์šฉํ•ด์‹œํ‚จํ›„, 100 mg/kg soil์˜๋†๋„๊ฐ€๋˜๋„๋กํ† ์–‘์—์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ์†Œ์™€์ธ์„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„๊ณผ์ธ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5 mg N/kg soil๊ณผ 0.5 mg P/kg soil์˜๋†๋„๋กœ๋˜๋„๋กํ† ์–‘์—์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œํ›„์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘ 1g ์„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ 100 mg/l๋ฅผํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€ 5mL์—์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ›„ 28 o C์—์„œ 150 rpm์œผ๋กœ์ง„ํƒ•๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋†๋„๋ฅผ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜์กฐ์„ฑ์€๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ๊ฐ™๋‹ค (1 L ๋‹น์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ): Na 2 HPO 4 12H 2 O 3.58 g, KH 2 PO 4 1.361 g, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 0.3 g, MgSO 4 7H 2 O 0.05 g, CaCl 2 H 2 O 0.0058 g, yeast extract 0.01 g, trace minerals 10 ml, vitamin solution 10 ml. Trace mineral๊ณผ vitamin solution์€ DSMZ medium 141์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์กฐ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (www.dsmz.de). ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋†๋„๋Š” Shimadzu SCL-10Avp HPLC system (Shimadzu, Japan) ์„์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ์€ YMC-Triart C 18, ์ด๋™์ƒ์€์•„์„ธํ† ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋ฆด : ๋ฌผ =7:3, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ 0.7 ml/min์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ photodiode array detector๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 200 nm์—์„œ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š”์•„์„ธํ† ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋ฆด๋กœ 1/20๋กœํฌ์„ํ•˜๊ณ  0.2 µm ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋กœ์—ฌ๊ณผํ›„๋ถ„์„์—์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์˜๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉด 0.5 ml ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ์„ธ์ข…์˜์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์ค‘๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋งŒ 100% ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋Š”๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ํ† ์–‘๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ์™€์ƒ๊ด€์ด์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ํ™•์ธ๋œ 5๊ฐœ์˜์„œ๋กœ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ( ์ถฉ๋ถ์ถฉ์ฃผ, ์ „๋‚จ๋ณด์„ฑ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ด์ฒœ, ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ์ฐฝ์›, ๊ฐ•์›์ถ˜์ฒœ์—์„œ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œํ† ์–‘์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ) ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์„๋ถ„ํ•ดํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” 5๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ (GTG) 5 ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋จธ๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•œ rep-pcr (Jarocki et al., 2016) ๋ถ„์„์„ํ†ตํ•ด์ด๋“ค์ด๋ชจ๋‘๋™์ผ๊ท ์ฃผ์ž„์„ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (Fig. 1). ์ด์ค‘ C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋งŒ์„์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ์ดํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 16S rrna ์œ ์ „์ž์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„์„ํ†ตํ•ด Sphingomonas ์†์œผ๋กœ๋™์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (Fig. 2). Fig. 1. rep-pcr band patterns of difenoconazole-degrading bacteria isolated in this study. M, 100 bp size marker; 1, strain KW2222; 2, strain C11; 3, stain I10; 4, stain B7; 5, stain C8-2. Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree based on the 16S rrna genes of the difenoconazole-degrading strain C8-2 and related type strains of the genus Sphingomonas. E. coli was used as an outgroup.

์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฐํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 351 C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ดํŠน์„ฑ์„๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ nutrient agar (Oxoid, USA) ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— 28 o C๋กœ 5์ผ๊ฐ„๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ›„๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ 100 mg/l๊ฐ€ํฌํ•จ๋œ์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—ํก๊ด‘๋„ (OD 600 ) ๊ฐ€ 0.1์ด๋˜๋„๋ก์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ 28 o C, 150 rpm ์—์„œ์ง„ํƒ•๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋†๋„๋ฅผ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๊ท ์ฃผ๋กœ๋Š” C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ 16S rrna ์œ ์ „์ž์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์œ ์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ 99.5% ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ์œ ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 (=KCTC 42168) (Miller et al., 2010) ์„๋น„๊ต๊ท ์ฃผ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. S. wittichii์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 160์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์ด์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€๋ฐ˜๋ฉด C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” 24์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚ด์—๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (Fig. 3). C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์™ธ์—๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฆ„์‹œ๊ฐ„ 3๋ถ„๋Œ€์—์ƒˆ๋กœ์šดํ”ผํฌ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๊ฒƒ์„ํ™•์ธํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (Fig. 4). ์ดํ”ผํฌ์˜๋ฉด์ ์€๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋†๋„์™€์—ญ์˜์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ (Fig. 5) ์ด๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์˜๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ”ผํฌ๋Š”๋ฐฐ์–‘ 160์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€์ž”์กดํ•˜์—ฌ C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด 3๋ถ„๋Œ€์˜ํ”ผํฌ๋Š”์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ 1,2,4-ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ์ด๋‚˜ CGA-205375(1-[2-chloro-4- (4-chloro-phenoxy)-phenyl]-2-(1,2,4-triazol)-1-yl-ethanol) ์˜ํ”ผํฌ์™€๋Š”์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค (Fig. 4). ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์„ํ…๋ค์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€์ „๋ถ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๊ณต๋™์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์Šต๊ด€์—์„œ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ Agilent 1200 series HPLC ์™€ 6410 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋™์ƒ์€ 0.1% ํฌ๋ฆ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ 0.1% ํฌ๋ฆ„์‚ฐ์„ํฌํ•จํ•œ์•„์„ธํ† ๋‹ˆํŠธ๋ฆด์šฉ์•ก์„์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ESI positive ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ์€ Pheomenex Kinetex C18 (2.1 50 mm, 2.6 µm I.D.) ์„์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ์˜จ๋„๋Š” 30๋„, ํ๋ฆ„์†๋„๋Š” 0.5 ml/min, ์ฃผ์ž…๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” 5µL์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3๋ถ„๋Œ€ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 296์ž„์„ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (Fig. 6). ํ† ์–‘์„ธ๊ท ์ธ Pseudomonas putida KACC 10266, Streptomyces graminisoli KACC 16472, Bacillus subtilis KACC 10854์™€ํ† ์–‘๊ณฐํŒก์ด์ธ Penicillium roqueforti KACC 47196๋ฅผ๋†์ดŒ์ง„ํฅ์ฒญ๋†์—…๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž์›์„ผํ„ฐ (KACC) ์—์„œ๋ถ„์–‘๋ฐ›์•„๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๊ณผ C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์˜ํ•œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ํ† ์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜์ƒ์žฅ์—๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์˜ํ–ฅ์„์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 3. Degradation of difenoconazole by the strain C8-2 and S. wittichii RW1 T. Fig. 5. Variations of difenoconazole and a putative difenoconazole metabolite in the culture medium of strain C8-2 initially containing 100 mg/l of difenoconazole Fig. 4. HPLC chromatogram of 1/10 dilution of the 20-day culture medium of strain C8-2 initially containing 100 mg/l of difenoconazole, to which 2.5 mg/l (the final concentration) of each of difenoconazole, CGA-205375, and 1,2,4-triazole was added.

352 ์•ˆ์žฌํ˜• ๋…ธ์œ ๋ฏธ ์ด๊ด€ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์ธ์ฒ  ๊น€์™„๊ทœ ํ•œ๋ณ‘ํ•™ ์œ ์žฌํ™ Fig. 6. ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrum of the peak eluted at 3.1 min in Fig. 4. Fig. 7. Effects of difenoconazole (A) and the putative difenoconazole metabolite (B) on the soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptomyces graminisoli. Values are means ± standard deviations, n=3. Fig. 8. Effects of difenoconazole (A) and the putative difenoconazole metabolite (B) on the soil fungus Penicillium roqueforti. Only one of the triplicates for each treatment is presented. ์„ธ๊ท ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ 0, 1, 5, 10 mg/l ๊ฐ€์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ R2A ์•ก์ฒด๋ฐฐ์ง€์—๊ฐ์„ธ๊ท ์˜์ฝœ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  28 o C, 150 rpm์—์„œ์ง„ํƒ•๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธํก๊ด‘๋„ (OD 600 ) ๋ฅผ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ , P. roqueforti KACC 47196์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋””ํŽ˜ํ† ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์ด 0,

์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฐํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 353 1, 5, 10 mg/l๊ฐ€์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ Potato dextrose agar ๋ฐฐ์ง€ (Oxoid, USA) ์—์ ‘์ข…ํ•œํ›„ 28 o C์—์„œ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๊ท ์‚ฌ์˜์„ฑ์žฅ์„์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์˜ํ•œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ดํ† ์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์˜ํ–ฅ๋ถ„์„์„์œ„ํ•ด๋จผ์ € C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ 100 mg/l๊ฐ€ํฌํ•จ๋œ์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  28 o C์—์„œ 20์ผ๊ฐ„์ง„ํƒ•๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ›„ 0.45 µm ๊ณต๊ทน์˜ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋กœ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•œ์•ก์„ 1๋ฐฐ (1 ), 0.5๋ฐฐ (0.5 ), 0.1๋ฐฐ (0.1 ), 0.05๋ฐฐ (0.05 ), 0.01๋ฐฐ (0.01 x), 0๋ฐฐ (0 ) ํฌ์„ํ•œ์•ก์—์„ธ๊ท ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ R2A๋ฅผ, ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ Potato dextrose agar๋ฅผ์ •๋Ÿ‰๋Œ€๋กœ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„ธ๊ท ๋˜๋Š”๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ 28 o C, 150 rpm์œผ๋กœ์ง„ํƒ•๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธํก๊ด‘๋„ (OD 600 ) ๋ฅผ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ท ์‚ฌ์˜์„ฑ์žฅ์„์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผํ† ์–‘์„ธ๊ท ์ธ B. subtilis์™€ S. graminisoli์˜์„ฑ์žฅ์€๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 1mg/L์—์„œ 10 mg/l๋กœ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐจ์ €ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  (Fig. 7A) ํ† ์–‘๊ณฐํŒก์ด์ธ P. roqueforti ์˜์„ฑ์žฅ์€๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋†๋„ 1 mg/l ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ์™„์ „ํžˆ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (Fig. 8A). ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ํ† ์–‘์„ธ๊ท ์ธ B. subtilis์™€ S. graminisoli, ํ† ์–‘๊ณฐํŒก์ด์ธ P. roqueforti์˜์„ฑ์žฅ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ €ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ (Fig. 7B, 8B) ์„ํ™•์ธํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š”๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์„๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 296์˜๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์€์›๋ฌผ์งˆ์—๋น„ํ•ดํ† ์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜ํ–ฅ์ดํ˜„์ €ํžˆ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œํ–ฅํ›„์ด๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์˜ค์—ผํ† ์–‘๋ฐ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜์ •ํ™”์—์ด์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜๊ธ€ ๋ณธ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€๋†์ดŒ์ง„ํฅ์ฒญ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋†์—…๊ณผํ•™์›๋†์—…๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—… ( ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ : PJ01094902) ์˜์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์ง€์›์—๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Literature Cited tebuconazole in soils from golf greens. Environ. Pollut. 219:368-378. Bromilow, R. H., A. A. Evans and P. H. Nicholls (1999a) Factors affecting degradation rates of five triazole fungicides in two soil types: 1. Laboratory incubations. Psetic. Sci. 55:1129-1134. Bromilow, R. H., A. A. Evans and P. H. Nicholls (1999b) Factors affecting degradation rates of five triazole fungicides in two soil types: 2. Field studies. Psetic. Sci. 55: 1135-1142. Fenner, K., S. Canonica, L. P. Wackett and M. Elsner (2013) Evaluating pesticide degradation in the environment: blind spots and emerging opportunities. Science 341:752-758. Jarocki, P., M. Podlesí ny, E. Komoní -Janczara, J. Kucharska, A. Glibowska and Z. Targo ní ski (2016) Comparison of various molecular methods for rapid differentiation of intestinal bifidobacteria at the species, subspecies and strain level. BMC Microbiol. 16:159. KCPA (2016) Agrochemical year book. Korea Crop Protection Association, Seoul, Korea. Kim, I. S., J. H. Shim and Y. T. Suh (2003) Laboratory studies on formation of bound residues and degradation of propiconazole in soils. Pest Manag. Sci. 59:324-330. Miller, T. R., A. L. Delcher, S. L. Salzberg, E. Saunders, J. C. Detter and R. U. Halden (2010) Genome sequence of the dioxin-mineralizing bacterium Sphingomonas wittichii RW1. J. Bacteriol. 192:6101-6102. Mu, X., T. Chai, K. Wang, L. Zhu, Y. Huang, G. Shen, Y. Li, X. Li and C. Wang (2016) The developmental effect of difenoconazole on zebrafish embryos: A mechanism research. Environ. Pollut. 212: 18-26. Research and markets (2014) Global fungicides market (type, (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7dtjwc/ global_fungicides) Sehnem, N. T., P. Souza-Cruz, C. Peralba Mdo and M. A. Ayub (2010) Biodegradation of tebuconazole by bacteria isolated from contaminated soils. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. B 45:67-72. Taxvig, C., U. Hass, M. Axelstad, M. Dalgaard, J. Boberg, H. R. Andeasen and A. M. Vinggaard (2007) Endocrinedisrupting activities in vivo of the fungicides tebuconazole and epoxiconazole. Toxicol. Sci. 100:464-473. Zhou, J., J. Zhang, F. Li and J. Liu (2016) Triazole fungicide tebuconazole disrupts human placental trophoblast cell functions. J. Hazard. Mater. 308:294-302. Badawi, N., A. E. Rosenbom, A. M. Jensen and S. R. Sorensen (2016) Degradation and sorption of the fungicide

354 ์•ˆ์žฌํ˜• ๋…ธ์œ ๋ฏธ ์ด๊ด€ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์ธ์ฒ  ๊น€์™„๊ทœ ํ•œ๋ณ‘ํ•™ ์œ ์žฌํ™ ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฐํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์•ˆ์žฌํ˜• ๋…ธ์œ ๋ฏธ ์ด๊ด€ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์ธ์ฒ  ๊น€์™„๊ทœ ํ•œ๋ณ‘ํ•™ ์œ ์žฌํ™ * ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋†์—…๊ณผํ•™์›๋†์—…๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ๋Š”์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœํ† ์–‘๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๊ธธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”์ „๊ตญ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œํ…Œ๋ถ€์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ€ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ, ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์„๋ถ„ํ•ดํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์„ธ๊ท ์˜์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†ํ™”๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์„ธ์ข…์˜์‚ด๊ท ์ œ์ค‘๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋งŒ์ด 100% ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ด๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์—์„œ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์„๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”์„ธ๊ท ๊ท ์ฃผ๋“ค์„์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. rep-pcr ๋ฐด๋“œํŒจํ„ด๋น„๊ต๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์ด๊ท ์ฃผ๋“ค์€๋ชจ๋‘๋™์ผ๊ท ์ฃผ์ž„์„ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ์ด์ค‘ C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋งŒ์„์ดํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” 16S rrna ์œ ์ „์ž์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์—๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ Sphingomonas ์† C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋กœ๋™์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ตœ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ 100 mg/l ์˜๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์„ 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‚ด์—๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 296 ์˜๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถ„ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ํ† ์–‘์„ธ๊ท ๋ฐ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ €ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ์—๋น„ํ•ดํ˜„์ €ํžˆ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌํ–ฅํ›„ํ† ์–‘๋ฐ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ๋ฌด๋…ํ™”์— C8-2 ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ธ์–ด ์„ธ๊ท , ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด, ๋””ํŽ˜๋…ธ์ฝ”๋‚˜์กธ, ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์กธ๊ณ„์‚ด๊ท ์ œ