GIS GP S D ev elopm ent of GP S dat a proce s s in g m odule for im prov in g po s ition accuracy of GIS dat a 2001 2
GIS GP S D ev elopm ent of GP S dat a proce s s in g m odule for im prov in g po s ition accuracy of GIS dat a 2001 2.
. 2001 2
GIS. GIS, GIS GIS. GPS GIS GIS. GPS OLE/ COM. GIS GIS GEOMania GDK. - i -
ABSTRACT Now a day s, the inform ation technology of GIS is highly progr essing, its amount is heavily increasing and refined service of spatial inform ation is being r equired. GIS ' in strument s for accuracy improv ement of position and effective m anagem ent of data hav e been needed and softw ar es hav e been dev eloped for the replacement of for eign GIS engine which could be separated by it s function on economy. Another thing s is that div er sity of GIS softw ares ' function and protection of duplicate inv estm ent by adding GPS data pr ocessing m odule w hich is expected to induce spreading of GIS softw are ' s dev elopment and adv ancem ent on the basis of component technique. In this resear ch, GPS data pr ocessing module on the basis of OLE/ COM is developed for r equirem ent of diver se analy sis and lot s of expect ed effect s and the second, application program u sing soft w ar e of GEOMania of GDK for activating use of domestic softw are and it s method ' s research too. - ii -
< > 1. 1 1.1 1 1.2 2 2. GP S 3 2.1 GPS 3 2.1.1 GPS 3 2.2 GPS 4 2.2.1 4 2.2.2 GPS 6 2.2.3 DGPS 9 2.2.4 GPS 10 2.2.5 GPS Matrix 10 2.2.6 Smoothing 12 3. GP S 15 3.1 15 3.2 17 4. COM 20 4.1 COM (Component Object Model) 20 4.1.1 COM 21 4.2 (Interface) 22 4.2.1 22 4.2.2 IUnknown 22 4.2.3 IDL (Interface Definition Language) 24 - iii -
5. GP S 25 5.1 GPS 25 5.1.1 Setup 26 5.1.2 Network 27 5.1.3 Point Positioning DGPS 28 5.2 GPS 28 5.3 GPS 29 5.3.1 Data Load 30 5.3.2 Process 30 5.3.3 Advanced Control 31 5.3.4 Point Positioning 32 5.4 GDK 33 5.4.1 GDK (GeoMania Development Kit ) 33 5.4.2 GIS (Geographic Information Sy stem ) 33 5.4.3 GDK 34 6. 36 6.1 GPS 36 6.1.1 GPS 36 6.1.2 GPS 36 6.2 GPS 38 6.2.1 GPS 38 6.2.2 39 6.3 GDK 41 7. 43 44 - iv -
< > 1 GPS 10 2. 29 3. 34 4. Zoom 34 5. 35 6. 38 7. 38 8. WGS84 39 9. 40 10. 40 11. 40 - v -
< > 1. 19 2. GPS 25 3. Setup 26 4. Network 27 5. Point Positioning DGPS 28 6. Data Load 30 7. Data processing 30 8. Data Processing Option GUI 31 9. 32 10. DLL 36 11. GPS 37 12. 41 13. DXF 42 14. 43 - vi -
1. GPS.. GPS GPS GPS S/ W. GIS GPS COM.. COM DLL GPS,. GPS, GIS GIS, GPS. 1.1 GPS, GIS GIS. - 1 -
1.2 GPS Point Positioning, DGPS. GPS, GDK Map Display Layer. - 2 -
2. GPS GPS 1960 1995 FOC(Full Operation Capability ) 20,183km 24 NAVST AR. GPS Hz (Jamming ). 2.1 GPS GPS. RINEX(Receiver INdepen dent EXchange format ). RINEX Observation Data file( ), Navigation Data file( ), Meteorological Data file( ) 3. 2.1.1 GPS L1 1.57542 GHz L2 1.2276 GHz. PRN (Pseudo- Random Noise) (Navigation Message). PRN - 3 -
. PRN (Random Noise). PRN Coasrse Acquisition C/ A P (Precise code). GPS. Code Phase. Code - C1 - P 1 - P2 Carrier Phase - L1 - L2 2.2 GPS 2.2.1 Single GPS Differential GPS. GPS 1 C/ A P. 1) Standard Positioning System (SPS ) SPS. - 4 -
SPS SPS. SPS. 100 m 156 m 167 nanosecond 95%. 2) Precise Positioning Sy stem (PPS) PPS.,, PPS. 17.8 m 27.7 m 100 nanosecond C/ A 10-30 meter. GPS SA (Selective Availability ). 2 Differential GPS DGPS. GPS. GPS - 5 -
Differential GPS. DGPS GPS m, 1 m. GPS DGPS GPS. 2.2.2 GPS C/ A code. GPS. : = r R C VR - r SA T + c( t R - t T ) (2-1) Given :, Unknow n : r SA T, t T r R C VR, t R m : = - r r 1 + c( t R - t 1 ) (2-2) = - r r m + c( t R - t m ) General Equation. = - r r i + - i + I i + T i + M i + i (2-3) I i T i M i = Ionospheric Delay = T ropospheric Delay = Multipath Delay - 6 -
r - r i = ( x - x i ) 2 + (y - y i ) 2 + ( z - z i ) 2 (2-4) r - r i. r = r * + r. r * RINEX. 1. r * + r - r i = r - r i + ( r * - r * - r i ) T r i r (2-5) Unknown r,. = r - r i + ( r * - r * - r i ) T r i r + - i + i (2-6) (3) Delay error. (6) (Least Square Solution ). - r - r i + i = ( r * - r * - r i ) T r i r + + i (2-7) y = - - r * - r 1 + 1 : : : : : : r * - r m + m (mx 1), H = ( r * - r 1 ) T r 1 r * - 1 : : : : : : ( r * - r * - r m ) T r m 1 (mx4) - 7 -
x = [ r ] = x y z (4x 1), = 1 : : (mx 1) m y = H x + i (2-8) J = T J = ( y - H x ) T ( y - H x ) (2-9) x J x = 2 ( y - H x ) T H = 0 y T H = x T H T H ( H T H ) T x = H T y x = ( H T H ) - 1 H T y (2-10) x, y, z, = x r r * + r. * r x,. r Phase code Phase. i = - i= i + - i + N i - I i + T i + M i + i i = r - r i + - i + N i - I i + T i + M i + i (2-11) = c f c = speed lignht f = fr equency - 8 -
L1 = 1575.42 MHz, L2 = 1227.60 MHz C/ A code (11). Phase code Cycle Silp. code (11)., r = r * + r i - ( r * - - + r r i - N i = i r * - ) T r i r i r + + i (2-12) (12). code Matrix. 2.2.3 DGPS DGPS Single DGPS. DGPS. D i R 1, R 2 = D i R 1, R 2 ( ) + c D i R 1, R 2 ( t) + D i R 1, R 2 ( I) + D i R 1, R 2 ( T ) (2-13) Double DGPS.( ) DD i, j R 1, R 2 = DD i, j R 1, R 2 ( ) + DD i R 1, R 2 ( I) + DD i R 1, R 2 ( T ) (2-14) (13),(14) code. (13), (14) - 9 -
,,. 2.2.4 GPS GPS. code code phase. C1 P 1 P2 L1 L2 C1&L1&L2 P 2&L1&L2 C1&D1 [=P 1&D1] L1&P2 C1&L1 [=P 1&L1] L2&P 1 C1&L1&P2&L2 C1&P 2 [=P 1&P 2] L 1&L2 P 1&L1&P 2&L2 1 GPS 1 Single GPS DGPS. 2.2.5 GPS Matrix Matrix. Matrix. epoch (, Sequential Method) epoch Matrix (, Batch Method). (2-10) - 10 -
Matrix H, y Matrix. epoch Matrix H y Matrix. Matrix. epoch H, y Matrix Matrix, H = ( r * t1 r * t1 ( r * t1 r * t1 ( r * tn r * tn ( r * tn r * tn - - ) T r 1 r 1 1 : : : - - r m ) T r m 1 : : : - - r 1 ) T r 1 1 : : : - - r m ) T r m 1 ({m *n }x4) n : epoch - r * t1 - + r 1 1 : : : y = - r * t1 - + r m m : : : ({m *n}x 1) - r * tn - + r 1 1 : : : - r * tn - r m + m. - 11 -
Matrix. 2.2.6 Smoothing Phase. i, L 1 = i + - i + T i - I i, L 1 + L 1 N i, L 1 + i, L 1 i, L 2 = i + - i + T i - I i, L 2 + L 2 N i, L 2 + i, L 2 i, L 1 - i, L 2 = ( - 1) I i, L 1 + L 1 N i, L 1 - L 2 N i, L 2 + i, L 1 - i, L 2 Ionospheric Delay. I i, L 1 = + 1-1 ( i, L 1 - i, L 2 ) + 1-1 ( i, L 2 - i, L 1) (2-15) 1-1 ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1 N i, L 1 ) code = i + - i + T i + I i, L 1 + i, L 1 i, L 1 i, L 2 = i + - i + T i + I i, L 1 + i, L 2 Ionospheric Delay. I i, L 1 = 1-1 ( - i, L 2 ) + i, L 1 1-1 ( i, L 1 - i, L 2 ) (2-16), epoch Phase Ionospheric Delay Code Ionospheric Delay, Integer Ambiguity epoch. ( Error. ), - 12 -
) ( I i, L 1 ) L 1, L 2, t 1 = ( I i, L 1 ) P 1, P2, t 1 : ( I i, L 1 ) L 1, L 2, t 2 = ( I i, L 1 ) P 1, P2, t 2 ( I i, L 1 ) L 1, L 2, t 1 ( I i, L 1 ) L 1, L 2, t 2 ( N i, L 1 ) P 1, P2, L 1, t 1 = ( N i, L 1 ) P 1, P2, L 1, t 2 ( N i, L 2 ) P 1, P2, L 2, t 1 = ( N i, L 2 ) P 1, P2, L 2, t 2 ( N i, L 1 ) P 1, P2, L 1, t 1 ( N i, L 2 ) P 1, P2, L 2, t 1 (2-15) (2-16), ( i, L 2 - i, L 1 ) = ( i, L 1 - i, L 2) t1 + ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1N i, L 1 ) t1 t1 ( i, L 2 - i, L 1 ) t2 = ( i, L 1 - i, L 2) t2 + ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1N i, L 1 ) t2, ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1 N i, L 1 ) t 1 = ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1 N i, L 1 ) t 2 (. i, L 2 - i, L 1 ) = ( i, L 1 - i, L 2) t2 + ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1N i, L 1 ) t1 t2. 1) Epoch 1 N i, L 1 = L 1 ( - 1) ( 2 - ( + 1) i, L 2 i, L 1 ) + 1 L 1 i, L 1 (2-17) Integer Ambiguity. i, L 1 = i + - i + T i - I i, L 1 + L 1 N i, L 1 + i, L 1 (2-18) r,. ( L 2 N i, L 2 - L 1 N i, L 1 ) t1 = ( i, L 1 - i, L 2 ) t1 - ( i, L 2 - i, L 1 ) t1 (2-19) - 13 -
2) epoch (2-19) ( i, L 2 * ) = ( i, L 1 - i, L 2) t2 + ( L 2N i, L 2 - L 1N i, L 1 ) t1 + ( i, L 1 ) t2 N i, L 1 = 1 L 1 ( - 1) ( 2 ( i, L 2 * ) - ( + 1) i, L 1 ) + 1 L 1 i, L 1 i, L 1 = i + - i + T i - I i, L 1 + L 1 N i, L 1 + i, L 1 (2-20) (2-20) r,. 1), 2) epoch. - 14 -
3. GPS GPS W GS84. Bessel T M. GPS T. WGS84 Bessel 7- Para meter, Molodensky, MRE. Molodensky. T ransver se Mercator. 3.1 GPS WGS84. W GS84 WGS84, Bessel.. 3 Molodensky. Parameter 5, a, f X, Y, Z DMA. Molodensky ( X, Y, Z ).. Molodensky. - 15 -
' ' = [ - X s in cos - Ysin s in + Z cos + a ( N e 2 s in cos ) a + f [ M ( a b ) + N ( b a ) ] s in cos ] [ ( M + H ) s in 1' ' ] - 1 (3-1) ' ' = [ - X sin + Y cos ] [ (N + H ) s in 1' ' ] - 1 (3-2) H m = X cos cos + Y cos s in + Z s in - a( a N ) + f ( b a )N sin 2,, H : W GS84.,, H : X, Y, Z : a, f :. N : ( = a 1 - e 2 s in 2 ) (3-3) M : ( = a( 1 - e 2 ) ( 1 - e 2 sin 2 ) 3 ) (,, h ) (X, Y, Z ). Molodenky.. X = ( N + h) cos cos (3-4) Y = (N + h) cos s in (3-5) Z = {N ( 1 - e 2 ) + h}s in (3-6) N : h : e :. = t an - 1 ( Y / X ) (3-7) p = ( N + h) cos (3-8) - 16 -
Z = [N ( 1 - e 2 ) + h ] sin (3-9) (3-8) (3-9), h. p Z.. = t an - 1 ( Z + e' 2 bsin 3 p - e 2 acos 3 ) (3-10) = t an - 1 ( Z a p b ) h = = t an - 1 Y X p cos - N e : 1, e ' : 2 (3-11) (3-12) 3.2 GPS W GS84 3. Bessel T M (T ransver se Mercator ) 2. Gauss- Kruger,. 3,,. T okyo Datum, 10.405. T M. - 17 -
Mo = a { ( 1 - e 2 4-3 e4 64-5 e 6 256 ) 0 - (3 e 2 8 + 3 e4 32 + 45 e 6 1024 ) sin (2 0) + ( 15 e4 256 + 45 e 6 1024 ) sin (4 0) - (35 e 6 3072 ) sin (6 0) } M = a { ( 1 - + ( 15 e4 256 e 2 4-3 e4 64-5 e 6 256 ) - (3 e 2 8 + 3 e4 32 + 45 e 6 1024 + 45 e4 1024 ) sin (4 ) - (35 e 2 3072 ) sin (6 ) } ) sin (2 ) e' 2 = e 2 1 - e 2, N = a 1 - e 2 sin 2, T = t an 2 C = e' 2 cos 2, A = cos ( - 0) x = kon [ A + ( 1 - T + C) A 3 y = ko [ (M - M 0 + N tan { ( A 2 6 + (5-18 T + T 2 + 72C - 58 * e ' 2 ) A 5 120 ] 2 + (5 - T + 9 C + 4 C2 ) A 4 24 + (61-58 T + T 2 + 600C - 330 e' 2 ) A 6 720 }] 0, 0 :, :, k o, a, e : scale factor,, (3-14) (3-13) (3-13) (3-14) x,y.. - 18 -
1. 1 GPS.. 7- parameter 1. Molodensky. - 19 -
4. COM 4.1 COM(Component Object Model) (Component Object Model, COM ),..,,..,.,.,..,.. - 20 -
.. 4.1.1 COM COM Win32DLL EXE. COM. COM C C++ OOP (Object - Oriented Programming ), Visual Basic, COM. COM (binary )., COM Win32 DLL EXE. COM. COM COM., COM. COM (location transparency ). COM COM COM. COM ( - ), ( ), ( ),. COM COM, COM (Interface). - 21 -
4.2 (Interface) 4.2.1 (Interface) COM. (method, ). COM IUnknown, COM. I '. COM. COM,,, COM. COM. COM. 4.2.2 IUnknown COM.. COM COM COM. COM IUnknown. COM. IUnknown 3-22 -
. 1) QueryInterface IUnknown COM QueryInterface.. IID( ). HRESULT stdcall QueryInterface(REFIID riid, void** ppv ) riid. ppv NULL. 2) AddRef Release COM, COM COM, 0. IUNknown AddRef Release. ULONG AddRef(void); ULONG Release (void); AddRef, Release. Releae 0. COM AddRef, Relese COM, 0 COM. - 23 -
AddRef. Release, AddRef. 4.2.3 IDL(Interface Definition Language) COM IDL (Interface Definition Language). COM IDL OSF (Open Software Foundation) RPC(Remote Procedure Call) IDL. IDL MIDL(Microsoft IDL). IDL MIDL, (local server ) (remote server ) (marshaling ) (proxy ) (stub). (Automation) (T ype Library ). - 24 -
5. GPS 5.1 GPS 2. GPS GPS... - 25 -
5.1.1 Setup 3. Setup Setup GPS. Advanced Contorol. - 26 -
5.1.2 Network 4. Netw ork Netw ork GPS Static Kinematic Static. Kinematic Static. DGPS Base Netw ork. GPS Base Rover Rover Base 100% Check - 27 -
5.1.3 Point Positioning DGPS 5. Point Positioning DGPS GPS. Single GPS (Point positioning ) Differential GPS (DGSP ), 4.. 5.2 GPS GPS. IEphemeris ILeastSquare - 28 -
IC1 GPS C1 code IC1L1 GPS C1 code L1 Phase ICP GPS C1 code P code ISmoothed GPS Smooth ICoordinateXYZtoLL IMolodensky IGLDcfEngine 2.. IC1. DGPS. 5.3 GPS COM GPS,. DLL. DLL. GDK (GEOMania Development Kit ). - 29 -
GIS. 5.3.1 Data Load 6. Data Load GPS data Low data S/ W Format l Load. RINEX format Observation data Navigation data. 5.3.2 Process 7. Data processing - 30 -
Data (Setup) (Data T ype). Single GPS (Point Positioning ) DGPS (BaseLine[DGPS]). 5.3.3 Adva nced Control. 8. Data Processing Option GUI delay. - 31 -
5.3.4 Point Positioning 9. Display. GPS WGS84. - 32 -
5.4 GDK 5.4.1 GDK(GeoMa nia Deve lopment Kit) GDK API GIS S/ W. GIS GDK GIS. 5.4.2 GIS(Geographic Information System) GIS ( ).,,,. GIS. - 33 -
5.4.3 GDK XM_ManagerStart - XM_New - XISMAP XM_Open - XISMAP Open XM_Close - XISMAP Close 3. GDK,,. XMS - ZoomIn - XMS_Zoomout - XMS_Win - 4. Zoom Zoom /. Zoom, Factor. XMS_GetZoomInfo XMS_Set ZoomInfo, Zoom. - 34 -
XIS_LLtoT M - - > T M XIS_T MtoLL - T M - > PR_ConvertProjection - 5... XIS_CoordinateT rans PR_ConvertProjection. - 35 -
6. 6.1 GPS 6.1.1 GPS DLL Regsvr32 GPS. GPS DLL. 10. DLL GPS.. 6.1.2 GPS RINEX Format GPS load...,, Matrix. Advanced Control - 36 -
. Point Positioning DGPS.. 11. GPS GPS WGS84 3,. - 37 -
6.2 GPS 6.2.1 GPS 1 Static. 1 C1, L1, D1 RINEX Format GPS Processor.. WGS84 Latitude 37 27 2.17 (X) (- 3026540.8109m ) Longitude 126 39 13.02 (Y) (4067283.6631m ) Height 59.461m (Z) (3857249.3587m ) 6. C1. < 1> (Sequential Method) X - 3026580.05476 Y 4067286.41323 Z 3857258.87068 < 2> (Batch Method) X - 3026579.95065 Y 4067286.36163 Z 3857258.45278 7. - 38 -
., C1. Code Phase. 6.2.2 GPS WGS84. W GS84 Latitude 37 24' 09.013"N (37.402503611) Longitude 126 39' 04.502"E (126.651250555) Height 37.138m 8. W GS84 Molodensky Bessel Parameter 5. a, f : X, Y, Z : Datum T okyo Mean Value. X Y Z - 128 481 664-39 -
Parameter T rimble GPSurvey. GPSurvey Latitude 37.39970284 37.39970349 Longitude 126.653334 126.65333363 Height - 18.047m - 18.07327807m 9.,, 10-7, 10-2... (X ) (X ) (Y ) (Y ) A 402022.969m 402022.969m 124710.666m 124710.636m B 392480.610m 392470.587m 212276.459m 212276.383m C 391828.654m 391828.575m 204848.834m 204848.820m D 406316.952m 406346.916m 205776.473m 205776.440m E 404155.376m 404155.348m 207291.220m 207291.156m F 404535.389m 404535.306m 206537.033m 206537.192m G 398101.051m 398101.028m 207213.000m 207213.067m RMSE (X) = 0.048754487m RMSE (Y) = 0.077299972m 10. 7 cm.. - 40 -
1 / 1,000 0.2m 0.3m 0.15m 0.4m 0.6m 0.3m 1 / 5,000 1.0m 1.0m 0.5m 2.0m 2.0m 1.0m 1 / 25,000 5.0m 3.0m 1.5m 10.0m 5.0m 2.5m 11. 10 11.. - 41 -
6.3 GDK 12. 8 GDK.. GDK GeoMania.GEO DXF. - 42 -
13. DXF GDK GPS, GIS GDK GeoMania,. - 43 -
14. Display., - 44 -
. 17. 17 5 Base Station RINEX GPS. Standalone GPS. - 45 -
7. GIS GPS. GPS., GPS GPS. GDK GIS GPS, GIS. GPS GIS. GPS GPS, NMEA, Single GPS DGPS. GPS. - 46 -
[1] David Wells, Canadian GPS A ssociates, Guide to GPS Positioning [2] Alfred Leick, Wiley Inter science, GPS Sate llit e Surv eying 2nd edition [3] B. Hofm ann - Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collin s, Springer Wien New York, GPS T heory and Practice 4st edition [4] Gunter Seeber, de Gruyter, Satellite Geodesy [5] Gilbert Strang, Kai Borre, W ellesley - Cambredge Pr ess, Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS [6] Jay A. Farrell & Matthew Barth, Mc Graw - Hill, T he Global Positioning Sy stem & Inertial Navigation [7], 1999., MS Visual C++ 6.0 MFC Programming [8], 1999., MS Visual C++ 6.0 AT L COM Programming [9], 1999,, Visial C++ Programming Bible [10], 1998,, GIS S/ W GDK v2.5 [11],,, 1995, 7- W GS84 [12] NIMA, 1997, NIMA W orld Geodetic Sy stem 1984-47 -
[13] John P. Snyder, 1982, USGS, Map Projection s Used by the U.S. Geological Surv ey [14] Paul R. W olf, Charles D. Ghilani, 1997, Wiley int er science, A dju stm ent Computations - 48 -
2.,... 2.,,,. (.),. 2. 2,,,,, 1,,,, GIS,,,,...,RS,,,,.,, 12,,.,...,,.... - 49 -