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1 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol. 6. No. 3, 3 pissn X, eissn Original Article 복강경부신절제술의임상적효과 가톨릭대학교의과대학외과학교실권오준ㆍ이상권ㆍ배자성 Clinical Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Ohjoon Kwon, M.D., Sang Kuon Lee, M.D., Jaseong Bae, M.D. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Purpose: A laparoscopic approach, rather than conventional laparotomy, is the well-accepted first choice for excision of an adrenal or perinephric retroperitoneal mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that affect surgical outcomes and analyze the clinical effectiveness of this surgical treatment modality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 6 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomies from September 7 to February 3. These operations were performed by a single surgeon. Demographic characteristics, operative data, tumor characteristics, and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results: Of 6 patients, were men and 4 were women. The mean operative time was 5.6±48.58 minutes and the mean amount of blood loss was 79.5±6.66 ml. There were two cases of metastatic adrenal tumors that were resected completely with prolonged survival. There was one case of recurrence during the postoperative period. Preoperatively, it was only a tum or m easuring 3.5 cm without evidence of malignancy. Postoperative complications occurred in three patients. However, there was no case of conversion to laparotomy. Previous history of open abdominal operation did not affect post-operative outcomes. Conclusion: Laparoscopic approach for adrenal tumors is indicated regardless of its type or past history of abdominal surgery. Unless greater than cm, relatively large tumors can be safely removed using this method. In particular, due to the possibility of malignant potential, aggressive surgical intervention is recommended for tumors measuring between 3 and 5 cm. Use of a laparoscopic approach is associated with low risk of surgical com plication and the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. Key words: Adrenalectomy, Adrenal gland neoplasm, Laparoscopy, Surgical outcome 서 외과의각세부분과에서복강경수술의빈도는크게증가하고있고, 담낭절제술등의질환에서는복강경수술이이미표준수술로인정받고있다. 부신질환에있어서도복강경수술은개복수술에비해재원기간의단축, 출혈량의감소, 수술동통의감소, 수술후합병증의감소, 수술반흔의최소화등의장점을갖고있다. -4 이에부신질환수술에있어서도복강경수술이차지하는비율은 9% 에이른다. 5 Received June 8, 3, Revised July 8, 3, Accepted July 3, 3 Corresponding author:sang Kuon Lee Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 64, Daeheung-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 3-73, Korea Tel: , Fax: luislee@catholic.ac.kr This study was approved by the IRB of Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital (CIRB-56_-) and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital (CIRB-56_- ) of the Catholic University of Korea. 론 본기관에서도이러한이론적근거를바탕으로복강경부신절제술을시행하고있었고이미 년에서 7년도사이에시행되었던복강경부신절제술에대한논문을발표한바있다. 6 이번연구는그이후에시행되었던복강경부신절제술환자를분석하여수술경과및임상경과를고찰해보고이에영향을미칠수있는요소들을분석해보고자하였다. 특히이전자료와비교할때변화된진료양상이나개선점, 달라진수술적응증등을찾고자하였다. 대상및방법 7년 월부터 3년 월까지서울성모병원및대전성모병원에서단일외과의 (SKL) 로부터복강경부신절제술또는복강경신장주위후복막종양절제술을시행받은 6 명의환자를대상으로후향적분석을진행하였다. 환자의인구통계학자료를바탕으로수술의과거력, 병소위치, 수술시간, 출혈량, 수술관련합병증, 외래추적관찰자료, 병리조직, 수술전영상및임상병리자료등을통해연구하였다. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Ohjoon Kwon et al.: Clinical Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Fig.. Patient position and trocar placement for 4-port laparoscopic adrenalectomy, left side. 75 Fig. 3. Right adrenal gland and right adrenal vein. Right adrenal gland lies just below the liver. Right adrenal vein drains to the IVC directly. AV = adrenal vein; AG = adrenal gland; L = liver; IVC = inferior vena cava. Fig.. Patient position and trocar placement for 4-port laparoscopic adrenalectomy, right side. 수술방법을 간략히 기술하자면, 전신마취하에 우측 또는 7 좌측 와위에서 수술은 경복막 접근 을 통해 개의 mm 투관침, 3개의 5 mm 투관침을 활용하는 4 공법을 이용하였 다(Fig., ). 그 외 3건에는 3 공법을 적용하기도 하였으며, 하대정맥후 종양(retrocaval mass)이 있던 건의 경우 접근의 어려움으로 5 공법을 활용하기도 하였다. 우측 부신의 경우, 간을 견인한 뒤 부신과 대정맥 공간을 박리하여 중간부신정맥을 노출시켜 결찰과 클립핑 후 절단 TM 하고 부신 경계를 따라 초음파 절삭기 또는 LigaSure (Covidien, Mansfield, MA)를 사용하여 부신을 박리하였다. 부신이 절제되면 복강경용 비닐백에 삽입해 투관침 부위를 약간 확장하여 표본을 적출하였다(Fig. 3). 좌측의 경우, 비 대장인대(splenocolic ligament)를 박리한 후 후복막으로 접 Fig. 4. Left adrenal gland and left adrenal vein. After exposure of left adrenal gland, ligation of left adrenal vein is done. P = pancreas; TL = Treitz ligament; AV = adrenal vein; AG = adrenal gland. 근하여 췌장을 내측으로 이동시킨 후 좌신정맥을 확인한 뒤 하부좌부신정맥을 박리하고 노출시켜 결찰과 클립핑 후 절단하고, 상부로 부신 경계를 따라 에너지 기구를 이용하 면서 부신을 박리하였다. 이 과정에서 중간부신혈관과 상 부부신혈관이 관찰되면 결찰하였다. 마찬가지로 절제된 부 신은 복강경용 비닐백에 삽입해 투관침 부위를 통해 표본 을 적출하였다(Fig. 4). 통계 분석을 위해 SPSS 8. K를 사용하였고, 자료의 특 성상 Mann-Whitney U test, 또는 Fisher s exact test를 이용하 여 유의성을 검증하였으며 자료간의 관련성 파악을 위해서
3 76 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol. 6. No. 3, 3 는 chi-square test를활용하였다. p<.5일경우통계적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 결과대상환자는총 6명으로 세에서부터 77세까지의연령분포를보였다. 남자는 명, 여자는 4명이었으며과거력상고혈압을동반한경우는 35명, 당뇨를동반한경우는 8 명이었으며그외간염, 뇌혈관질환, 갑상선질환등을동반한경우가있었다. 복부수술과거력을가진환자는총 명이었는데제왕절개경험이있는환자가 8명으로가장많은건을차지하였으며, 5명은충수돌기절제술의기왕력이있었다. 그외에도 명에서간이식을시행받았던환자가있었으며, 대장암으로전방절제술, 한쪽의부신절제술을받은경우도각각있었다. 종양의크기는장축을기준으로평균오른쪽이 5.43±.5 cm, 왼쪽이 4.93±.5 cm이었다 (Table ). 수술시간은첫절개부터마지막투관침부위봉합까지평균 5.6±48.58분가량이소요되었고, 양쪽부신절제술을했던한건의사례에서는 분이소요되었다. 평균실혈량은 79.5±6.66 ml였다. 담낭절제술이나자궁절제술등의수술이같이동반되었던경우에는해당수술시간은제외하였다. 수술후재원기간은평균 4.4일 ( 7일) 이었는데수술후뇌졸증이발생하여재원기간이길어졌던일례를제외하면평균 4.일 ( 7일) 이었다. 환자중수술관련합병증을겪은환자는총 3예가있었다. 첫번째로기저질환이없었던 3세남자신경절신경종 (ganglioneuroma) 환자로수술후림프액성복수가발생하였 다. 추적관찰중복수는자연소실되었다. 두번째는쿠싱증후근을가진 53세여자환자로수술후검체를꺼낸창상을통해절개탈장이발생하였다. 마지막으로, 뇌경색, 만성신질환을앓고있던 5세남자고알도스테론증환자에서부신수술후 8일째다시뇌경색이발생하여신경외과로전과된경우가있었다. 수술후전이가된사례가일례있었다. 최종조직검사상경계성악성종양 (borderline malignant tumor) 로진단된 7세남자쿠싱증후군환자에서수술후 5개월만에두피에서전이성종양이발견되었다. 조직학적결과를참고했을때가장많은병리조직은피질선종 (cortical adenoma, N=3, 5%) 였다. 임상증상및임상병리검사등을종합하여최종진단을참고했을때가장많은진단은콘증후군 (Conn s syndrome, N=) 이었고, 뒤이어쿠싱증후군 (Cushing s syndrome, N=3), 크롬친화성세포종 (pheochromocytoma, N=) 순으로빈도수가높았다. 폐암으로부터전이된전이성부신암도 예있었다. 영상진단, 검사실검사, 임상증상을참고하여결정된수술전진단과수술후최종진단율을비교했을때, 대부분의부신질환은높은진단일치율을보였으나신경절신경종이나골수지방종 (myelolipoma) 에서는 5% 의낮은진단일치율을보였다 (Table 4). 질환별로수술후스테로이드사용여부를조사해본결과, 쿠싱증후군환자의약 77% 에서수술후스테로이드사용이있었다. 콘증후군환자에서는 % 사용률이있었고, 그외에는사용하지않았다. 그러나종양의크기별로스테로이드사용량에차이가있는지에대해서는통계적으로유의한차이를발견하지못하였다. 또한해부학적으로왼쪽의부신절제가오른쪽보다더복잡하다고알려져있지만왼쪽과오른쪽의수술시간및 Table. Demographics of patients Characteristics Value Table. Pathologic results Age (yr) Mean Range Sex (N) Male Female Location of tumor (N) Rt. Lt. Both Previous abdominal operation history (N) (+) ( ) Tumor size (cm) Rt. Lt ± ±.5 ( 7.5) 4.93±.5 (.5 ) Pathology Cortical adenoma Pheochromocytoma Ganglioneuroma Cortical hyperplasia Myelolipoma Hemorrhagic cyst Metastatic adenocarcinoma Metastatic carcinoma Lymphangioma Retroperitoneal paraganglioma Neurilemmoma Borderline malignant cortical neoplasm Indeterminate cortical neoplasm Total N
4 Ohjoon Kwon et al.: Clinical Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy 77 Table 3. Final clinical diagnosis Table 5. Comparison between left and right tumors Final clinical diagnosis N Left (n=36) Right (n=5) p value Conn's syndrome Hemorrhagic cyst Metastatic adrenal adenoma Cortical adenoma Cortical hyperplasia Indeterminate cortical neoplasm Neurilemmoma Retroperitoneal paraganglioma Cushing s syndrome Pheochromocytoma Ganglioneuroma Myelolipoma Borderline malignant cortical neoplasm Lymphangioma Total Operation time (min) 55.3±45.7 Blood loss (cc) 57.±6.5 Post OP hospital stay (day) 4.64±.47 Table 6. Comparison between tumors smaller than 3 cm and larger than 3 cm Operation time (min) Blood loss (cc) Post OP hospital stay (day) Complications (n) Conversion (n) 3 cm (n=37) 39.76± ± ± ±5.84.6±6.4 4.±.5 >3 cm (n=3) 7± ± ± p value Table 4. Diagnostic accuracy rate Final clinical diagnosis Rate (%) Table 7. Comparison between those patients with or without previous abdominal operation history Conn's syndrome Hemorrhagic cyst Metastatic adrenal adenoma Cortical adenoma Cortical hyperplasia Indeterminate cortical neoplasm Neurilemmoma Retroperitoneal paraganglioma Cushing s syndrome Pheochromocytoma Ganglioneuroma Myelolipoma Borderline malignant cortical neoplasm Lymphangioma Operation time (min) Blood loss (cc) Post OP hospital stay (day) Complications (n) Conversion (n) (Table 7). ( ) (n=4) (+) (n=) p value 57.64± ± ±.4 고 찰 4.± ± ± 출혈량비교에서유의한차이가없었다 (Table 5). 병변의크기에따른차이점을비교해보았을때유의한차이점을보인요소는수술시간이었다. 병변의크기 3 cm 을기준으로보았을때 3 cm보다큰종양이더긴수술시간을보였다. 3 cm을기준으로한이유는우연종 (incidentaloma) 에서종양의크기가 3 cm보다작을때는수술보다는추적관찰을요하기때문이었다 (Table 6). 복부수술과거력의유무에따라수술과관련된각요소들도비교해보았다. 수술시간, 출혈량, 수술후재원기간, 합병증유무를비교해보았으나유의한차이가없었으며, 특히모든수술건수에서개복으로전환된경우는없었다 복강경부신절제술은개복수술에비해여러장점이있는것은잘알려져있다. 물론, 조직의악성가능성, 크기등에따라논란의여지가있는부분도있지만, 여러장점때문에부신절제술에있어서복강경적접근이표준수술방법으로자리잡고있다. 5 다만, 복부수술의과거력이있는경우, 복강내유착의우려로복강경수술을주저하는경우가있는데본연구의결과에따르면개복복부수술의과거력이복강경수술에미치는영향은크지않다고볼수있다. 수술과거력및영상자료를참고하여수술계획을정확하게세우고, 섬세한기구조작이이루어진다면복강경수술을적용하는데있어서과거의수술이력이영향을미치지는않을것이다.
5 78 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol. 6. No. 3, 3 수술시간과출혈량이수술난이도의간접적인지표라고볼수있다면여의도성모병원에서 년부터 7년까지시행되었던동일수술에대해서발표된논문에서는평균수술시간 47분, 평균실혈량이 33 ml이었는데, 이에대해이번논문에서는각각 5분, 8 ml의결과를보인점이참고할만하다. 6 복강경수술에있어서수술자의경험축적, 복강경기구의개선등이수술결과에긍정적인영향을미친것으로보인다. 이번논문에서특이한사례는바로부신종양의전이사례일것이다. 앞서말한이 7세남자의경우임상적으로진단은쿠싱증후군이었다. CT에서도피질선종으로추정되었고병변의크기는 cm이었다. 수술후병리조직은경계성악성종양이었는데수술후추적관찰중 5개월만에두피의종양이발견되었고, 병변을절개한결과조직검사상부신에서기원한전이소견으로확인되었다. 수술전진단과수술후진단, 이후의예후에있어서예측이어려웠던경우라할수있겠다. 크기가클경우악성가능성이있다고는알려져있지만,,8,9 영상검사만으로는사전에악성여부를판단하기에어려움이따른다고볼수있다. 일반적으로 3 5 cm 사이의종양에서임상적인사정을고려하여수술여부를결정짓는다고하지만, 5 실제로악성가능성을완전히배제할수없는상황에서는이같은크기의종양에서는적극적인수술적치료가추천된다고할수있다. 폐암으로부터전이가있었던 예에서각각종양의크기는 cm,.8 cm이었으며수술과정이나수술후추적관찰에서특별한사항은없었다. 폐암에서전이되었음에도불구하고이들모두 년이상의장기생존율을보이고있으며부신으로의단독전이되었을때환자의생존율을연장시킨다는보고 9- 를고려했을때이경우또한적극적인부신종양의제거가효과적이었다고볼수있겠다. 비교적크거나악성이의심되는부신종양에서도복강경부신절제술이시행된보고들이있다. 크기 6 cm 이상의악성종양이의심되는부신종양에대한복강경절제도비교적안전하게시행될수있음이여러사례에서증명되었으며, 3 악성부신종양및전이성종양에대해서도마찬가지이다. 4 본연구에서도크기가큰종양에대한절제가복강경으로이루어졌다. 본연구에서병변의크기가가장컸던경우는 cm, 그다음으로는 7.5 cm이었다. cm 크기의경우크롬친화성세포종였으며수술중출혈량은 3 ml, 수술시간은 분, 수술후재원기간은 5일이었다. 7.5 cm의경우는파열이동반된크롬친화성세포종이었는데출혈량은 5 ml, 수술시간은 7분, 수술후재원기간은 5일이었다. 수술전종양의파열이발생했거나크기가큰경우에도복강경수술이가능했다. 수술후스테로이드복용여부를수술후부신기능부전에대한간접적인지표로가정하여분석하여보았는데, 같은질환내에서도종양크기가수술후부신기능부전에 영향을미칠것이라예상하였지만양요소간차이가통계학적으로유의하지않았다. 다만, 쿠싱증후군환자에서그사용빈도 (77%) 가높았던사실을감안했을때향후쿠싱증후군환자의수술후스테로이드사용을보편화하는것도필요할것으로사료된다. 결 복강경부신절제술은종양의크기나이전의복부수술기왕력유무에관계없이시행될수있음을이번연구를통해확인할수있었다. 또한 cm가넘지만않는다면안전하게복강경을통해부신종양을절제할수있을것으로보인다. 수술전시행되는영상진단의한계에비추어볼때, 3 5 cm 크기의종양에대해서는악성가능성을완전히배제할수있는방법이없으므로보다적극적인수술적접근이필요할것같다. 무엇보다도복강경을사용하면합병증이적고회복이빠르기때문에적극적인외과적치료를시도해볼수있을것으로사료된다. 론 참고문헌 ) Assalia A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Br J Surg 4;9: ) Duh QY, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Comparison of the lateral and posterior approaches. Arch Surg 996;3: ) Ortega J, Sala C, Garcia S, Lledo S. Cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic vs open adrenalectomy: small savings in an expensive process. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A ;: -5. 4) Prager G, Heinz-Peer G, Passler C, Kaczirek K, Scheuba C, Niederle B. Applicability of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a prospective study in 5 consecutive patients. Arch Surg 4;39: ) Yeh MW, Duh QY. The adrenal glands. In: Sabiston DC, Townsend CM, editors. Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgical practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders;. p ) Kim TW, Lee JI, Kim DH, et al. Clinical significance of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Minim Invasive Surg 8;: ) Russell CF, Hamberger B, van Heerden JA, Edis AJ, Ilstrup DM. Adrenalectomy: anterior or posterior approach? Am J Surg 98;44: ) Zeh HJ 3rd, Udelsman R. One hundred laparoscopic adrenalectomies: a single surgeon's experience. Ann Surg Oncol 3;:-7. 9) Cobb WS, Kercher KW, Sing RF, Heniford BT. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for malignancy. Am J Surg 5;89:45-4. ) Lal G, Duh QY. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy--indications and
6 Ohjoon Kwon et al.: Clinical Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy 79 technique. Surg Oncol 3;:5-3. ) Paul CA, Virgo KS, Wade TP, Audisio RA, Johnson FE. Adrenalectomy for isolated adrenal metastases from non-adrenal cancer. Int J Oncol ;7:8-87. ) Duh QY. Resecting isolated adrenal metastasis: why and how? Ann Surg Oncol 3;: ) Henry JF, Sebag F, Iacobone M, Mirallie E. Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large and potentially malignant tumors. World J Surg ;6: ) Kebebew E, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh QY. Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. Arch Surg ;37:
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