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1 대한척추외과학회지제 16 권제 4 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surgery Vol. 16, No. 4, pp 304~312, 2009 DOI: /jkss 척추 - 골반부의고정 유창훈 양재준 장봉순 서울대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Spinopelvic Fixation Chang Hun Yu, M.D., Jae Jun Yang, M.D., Bong-Soon Chang, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Abstract Lumbosacral fixation or spinopelvic fixation is frequently required for the surgical treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis and degenerative lesions, trauma and tumor in the lumbosacral vertebrae. However, the establishment of stable fixation with these procedures is difficult due to the anatomic characteristics of the sacrum and this is even more problematic for the cases with long segmental fixation, severe instability and bone defects. Although the emergence of pedicle screws makes spinal fixation easier and more rigid, S1 pedicle screws alone do not provide enough stability for lumbosacral fixation. For the purposes of reinforcing lumbosacral fixation, procedures using rods or screws can be used: the procedures using rods include the Galveston method, the McCarthy S-rod and the Jackson intrasacral rod, and the procedures using screws include sacral alar screws, transdiscal screws and iliac screws. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the proper fixation methods, according to each indication, for spinopelvic fixation and we analyzed the advantages and drawbacks of each fixation method. In addition, the fixation method of iliac screws, which has recently become more popular, is presented in detail to enhance the availability and reduce the complication of this technique. Key Words: Lumbosacral fixation, Spinopelvic fixation, Iliac screw 서 론 척추병변의수술시요추에서천추까지고정 (lumbosacral fixation) 이필요한경우가있다. 그러나천추는골질 (bone quality) 이비교적약하고장분절 (long segment) 유합시큰외팔보효과 (cantilever effect) 가작용하게되어, 천추부의고정이유합에이를수있도록충분히 견고하게되기어려울때가많다. 현재와같이척추의고정에서척추경나사의사용이표준인상황에서, 천추의고정에서가장기본이되는것은제 1 천추의척추경나사를전방피질골까지삽입하는것이다 1). 요천추부불유합은병변의종류와고정방법에따라다양하게 (8~80% 이상 ) 보고되고있다 2,3,4,5). 요천추부의불유합이임상적결과의실패를가져오는경우재수술을요할수있는데, 이는더욱어려운수술과정이있음을의미하게된다. Address reprint requests to Bong-Soon Chang, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Fax: Tel: bschang@snu.ac.kr Received: Accepted:

2 척추 - 골반부의고정 유창훈외 본논문에서는요천추부의고정, 더나아가서는천추 - 장골고정 (sacroiliac fixation) 까지포함하는척추 - 골반고정 (spinopelvic fixation) 방법을소개하고장단점을비교하여, 여러수술적응증에적합한고정방법의선택에도움이되고자한다. 아울러최근사용되는방법중가장안정적이고비교적간편한장골나사 (iliac screw) 삽입술을구체적으로설명하고자한다. 척추 - 골반고정의적응증 골반부까지포함하여척추를고정을해야하는경우는흔한일은아니나, 척추변형에서관상면 (coronal plane) 및시상면 (sagittal plane) 상불균형이요천추부로인한경우에는이를교정하고유지하는데에척추 - 골반고정이필요하다. 뇌성마비, 소아마비후유증및근이형성증 (muscular dystrophy) 에서와같이신경근육성척추측만증 (neuromuscular scoliosis) 이있는경우장분절고정을하면서골반까지연결해주며, 골반경사 (pelvic obliquity) 를붙잡아주는것은매우중요한적응증이다. 퇴행성척추측만증 (degenerative scoliosis) 이나요추퇴행성후만증 (lumbar degenerative kyphosis), 이전수술이후인접분절문제 (junctional problem) 등의퇴행성병변에서흉요추이행부 (thoracolumbar junction) 부터요천추이행부 (lumbosacral junction) 까지고정하는경우도많이있다. 고도의척추전방전위증 (high grade spondylolisthesis) 은수술범위는비교적짧지만매우불안정하고전단력 (shear force) 이작용하여척추경나사를이용한일반적인고정방법만으로는실패를가져올수있으므로이를보강할수있는방법을모색해야한다. 이외에도요천추부외상으로천추골절이발생하거나, 종양제거후재건술 (reconstruction) 을시행할때도요추 - 골반고정을필요로하며, 생역학적으로는가장다양하고불안정한치료대상이될수있다. 적응증에따른고정방법의변천 1) 신경근육성척추측만증 (neuromuscular scoliosis) 뇌성마비, 소아마비후유증및근이형성증 (muscular dystrophy) 에서와같이신경근육성질환에의해척추가이환되어측만증이발생한경우, 골반경사 (pelvic obliquity) 를붙잡아주고이를기초로요추부터상부흉추에이르도록장분절의고정이필요하게된다. 현재척추의고정에서가장우수한방법은척추경나사라는데는별이견이없을것이다. 골반부고정중에서고전적으로가 장오래되고튼튼하게사용되던방법은 Galveston 방법이다 (Fig. 1). 미국 Texas 의지명을딴이방법은 1982 년에 Allen 과 Ferguson 에의해소개되었는데 6), L 형의강봉 (rod) 을후상장골극 (posterior superior iliac spine; PSIS) 에서좌골절흔 (sciatic notch) 상부의피질골사이에삽입하여골반을안정시킨다. 이방법은생역학적으로매우안정적이라는장점이있어서, 특히여러고정방법중관상면 (coronal plane) 및시상면 (sagittal plane) 모두에서굴곡모멘트에가장잘저항할수있게내고정장치가위치하게된다 7,8). 단점으로는천장관절 (sacroiliac joint) 을가로질러고정하므로약간의움직임으로인하여방사선사진상강봉주위에후광 (halo) 이나타날수있고, 심한경우자동차앞유리의와이퍼효과 (windshield-wiper effect) 를보이기도한다 9). 이러한방사선학적후광변화와임상적결과의관계는뚜렷하지는않다. 그외에 Galveston 방법을쉽게사용하기힘든이유는강봉을구부리는방법이비교적복잡하고힘들어서하나의강봉으로장골과척추부에모두삽입하기가힘들고, 따로삽입한경우에도기기를서로연결하기힘들다는것이다. McCarthy 등은미리구부려진좌우 2 개의 S 형강봉을천추후방및상부천추익 (alar) 에거치하여고정하는방법을소개하였다 10). 이는천장관절을침범하지않고비교적단단한천추의상부및전방피질골에고정하는장점이있으나, Galveston 방법보다는역학적으로약하고, S 형강봉을구하기가어려우며, 추가적인천추의나사삽입이어렵고, 제 5 요추신경근에 S 형강봉이가깝게위치하여하지의통증을호소할수있는것이단점이다 11). 상기한 Galveston 방법의어려운기기술은후에개발된장골나사 (iliac screw) 에의해많이개선되었다 (Fig. 2). 복잡하게구부린일체형강봉을장골과척추에삽입하는대신, 장골에는나사를독립적으로삽입하고강봉을직접또는연결기 (connector) 를이용해체결하는것이다. 장골나사삽입술은 Galveston 방법보다뽑힘강도 (pullout strength) 가우수하며, 천추부에추가적인나사삽입이용이하기때문에임상적으로도더좋은결과가보고되고있다 4,12). 5 년추시결과불유합율이 7.5% 로낮고, 임상적결과도양호하다 13). 그러나장골에고정하는몇가지방법들은공통적으로후방장골에서는골이식을채취하기어려워지고, 많은연부조직박리로감염의위험성이증가하며, 기기가피하에돌출되어자극을받을수있고, 유합하지않은천장관절이고정됨으로써통증이동반되거나, 내고정의실패가생길수있는단점을갖고있다. 이중에서도피하에돌출된기기때문에제거술을요할수있는것이재수술의가장흔한원인이다 13)

3 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 4, ) 퇴행성병변에서장분절고정 신경근육성척추측만증보다유합범위는작으나, 더흔히볼수있는적응증은퇴행성병변들이다. 퇴행성척추측만증 (degenerative scoliosis) 이나요추퇴행성후만증 (lumbar degenerative kyphosis), 이전수술이후재수술을하는경우등에는유합범위가 5 분절이상, 흉요추이행부 (thoracolumbar junction) 부터요천추이행부 (lumbosacral junction) 까지고정하는경우가발생한다. 천추부를고정할때, 제 1 천추척추경나사를전방피질골까지삽입하는것은기본이다. 이때나사를천추의돌기 (promontory) 나상부종판 (end plate) 을향하여야보다단 단히고정된다. 제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추추체간에구조물이식 (structural graft) 을통한유합술도안정성에기여한다 14). 그러나장분절고정에서는이러한기본적인고정이외에도추가적인고정방법을찾아야한다. 제 1 천추의척추경나사직하부에서외측으로삽입하는천추익나사 (sub-s1 sacral alar screw) 는제 1 천추의척추경나사의고정력을보완해줄수있으나생역학적으로는가장약한보강방법중의하나이다 (Fig. 3). Chopin 블록과같은천추블록 (sacral block) 은두개의나사를미리결정된각으로천추에삽입하고보다견고하게강봉에연결할수있는장치이다. 이는제 1 천추에서로인접해서두개의나사를각각삽입하는것보다보 Fig. 1. (A, B) Galveston L-rod technique. Galveston rods were used to fix pelvis for residual poliomyelitis patient with paralytic scoliosis. Rods were connected to upper spine rods of pedicle screw system with parallel rod connectors

4 척추 - 골반부의고정 유창훈외 다쉽고안정적이되도록도와주나, 현재국내에서는구하기가어렵다. 제 2 천추나사는척추경또는천추익나사로삽입할수있는데, 제 1 천추익나사 (sub-s1 sacral alar screw) 보다하방에서삽입되어천추의피질골손상을덜주고기기술도쉽다. 척추경이짧기때문에천추익나사가더좋으나, 나사가피하에돌출되어자극되지않도록신경을써야한다. Jackson 등의천추내강봉 (intrasacral rod) 삽입은제 1 천추척추경나사에연결되는강봉을그하부에서천추안쪽으로삽입하여거치시키는방법이다 15). 천장관절을침범하지않고천추내에서고정하는방법중에서는가장안정적이며굴곡모멘트에대하여강봉이지렛대 (lever arm) 역할을하며저항한다. 골다공증이심한경우는기술적으로어렵고실패할가능성이있는것이단점이다. Fig. 2. (A, B) Iliac screw fixation for neuromuscular scoliosis. Iliac screws make strongest fixation to ilium and easier connection to rod with offset connectors. However, prominence of iliac screw head should be avoided carefully

5 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 4, 2009 경장골강봉 (transiliac bar) 은제 1 천추척추경나사에서좌우로강봉을양측장골까지삽입하는방법으로, 상부의요추부강봉과는연결기 (connector) 를통해기기술을완성한다. 생역학적으로는매우안정된방법이나기술적으로어렵고, 장골까지고정하는방법들의공통적인문제점, 특히천장관절문제가발생할수있다. 특정기기의사용이필요한것이제한점이될수있다. 골다공증이심하고유합부위가길어지게되면퇴행성병변에서도장골나사의사용도고려할수있다 (Fig. 4). 3) 고도의척추전방전위증 척추전방전위증에서는상기한다른적응증보다는단분절고정을하게되나, 심한전위증에서정복후내고정시에전단력 (shear force) 에저항하도록하는것이중 요하다. 전술한보강방법들외에제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추추간판을가로지르는경추간판나사 (transdiscal screw) 나골못 (bone dowel) 이이러한목적에잘부합하는방법이다 16). 이러한고정법은전방또는후방접근법으로가능하다 (Fig. 5). 4) 외상및종양 신경증상이없는 Denis 1, 2 형천추골절이나천장관절의탈구에서는경피적으로 K 강선인도하에한두개의장골 - 천추나사 (iliosacral screw) 투시기 (fluoroscope) 를보면서삽입할수있다 17,18). 신경증상이있는 Denis 2 형이나 3 형천추골절에서는수술시감압술후보다견고한내고정을요한다. 종양제거후재건술에서도다량의골결손때문에강력한내 Fig. 3. (A, B) Sub-S1 alar screw. Alar screws were added to enhance fixation of sacrum for patient with tubrculous spondylitis of L5 body after corpectomy and femoral shaft allograft. S1 pedicle screws were not enough for sacral fixation due to osteoporosis

6 척추 - 골반부의고정 유창훈외 고정을필요로한다. Asher 는 1996 년척추기초의개념 (concept of spinal foundation) 을도입하여척추 - 골반이해리 (spinopelvic dissociation) 되고신경손상이있고회전 불안정성이있는천추의골절, 종양으로천추및천정관절을제거한경우, 골반경사나요천추부의후만이심하여교정이잘안되는경우에대한견고한내고정방 Fig. 4. Iliac screw fixation for revision surgery. (A, B) Following several operations, implant fixation failure at the lower end and junctional kyphosis at the upper end had developed. (C, D) Revision with iliac screws and extension of proximal fixation were performed. Fig. 5. (A, B) L5-S1 transdiscal screw. For high grade spondylolisthesis, anterior transdiscal and four alar screws were applied

7 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 4, 2009 법을소개하였다 19). 이는기존의요추 - 골반부고정방법을응용하여필요에따라양측성 (bilateral) 및편측성 (unilateral) 으로내고정을구성할수있게되어있는데, 특정기기의사용이필요한것이제한점이될수있다. 장골나사고정방법 1) 장골나사삽입 장골나사를삽입하기위해서는먼저후상장골극 (PSIS) 을노출시켜야하는데, 피부절개는대개척추를노출하기위한정중앙절개를그대로하방으로연장하여사용하나, 종양과같이특별한경우는천추상부정중앙에서양측장골쪽으로갈라지는절개 ( ㅅ모양 ) 를하기도한다. 정중앙절개를가했을때후상장골극의노출은천추부골막하박리를외측으로연장해서도가능하나, 중간에있는척추기립근 (erector spinae muscles) 의손상이심하게된다. 연부조직손상을줄이기위해서는피부절개밑에서근막위로박리하여후상장골극을바로노출시키고, 나중에강봉연결은근육밑으로터널을뚫어서해결할수있다. 후상장골극이노출되면가장돌출된부위보다 0.5~1 cm 하방에절골기 (osteotome) 이나 rongeur 로나사가삽입될위치의장골을일부제거하는데, 충분히제거되어나사의머리가표면의골보다깊이위치해야 (countersink) 나사가피부에자극이되지않는다. 준비된장골에양쪽피질골사이의해면골을따라천공기 (drill) 나무딘탐침자 (blunt probe) 로나사가삽입될경로를준비하는데, 그방향은외측으로 30~40 도, 하방으로 30~40 도이다. 이방향은골반의모양에따라서달라질수있어서남녀간에도다를수있고, 특히척추 - 골반의변형, 경사 가있으면완전히다를수있다. 이상적으로는좌골절흔 (sciatic notch) 상부 1.5 cm 이내를지나전하장골극 (anterior inferior iliac spine; AIIS) 을향하면되는데, 경피적으로좌골절흔을손으로눌러확인할수도있고, 필요하면장골의외측피질골을따라골막하박리하여좌골절흔에손가락을넣어직접확인하거나투시기 (fluoroscope) 의도움을받을수도있다. 각도를세워서나사를삽입할수록 ( 외측 30 도 ) 나사의길이가길어져안정성에좋으나나사의머리부분이보다돌출될수있어서주의를요한다. 준비된경로는볼이달린탐침자 (ball-tip probe) 로이상이없는지확인한다. 나사는 6.5~8.5 mm 두께에 6~10 cm 길이를주로사용한다. 좌골절흔상부를지나더전방까지삽입이되어야충분한길이의나사가삽입되었다고볼수있다. 기기의시스템에따라다축성나사 (polyaxial screw) 가주로쓰이나고정각나사 (fixed angled screw) 를쓰기도한다. 2) 나사와강봉의연결 나사와강봉의연결방식은장골, 천추그리고하요추부의나사삽입모양에따라다르므로수술장안에서결정을하게된다. 만곡이있으면철부 (convex) 측은척추부의강봉을그대로구부려연결이가능한경우가많다. 바로연결하기어려운경우는별도의강봉연결기 (rod connector) 를사용하여척추부의강봉과연결하는데, 기기의시스템에따라여러종류의연결기가있으므로적당한것을골라서쓰면된다. 이연결기들은길이, 각도, offset 등을달리하여만들어져있다. 척추부와장골나사를한꺼번에연결하기는매우힘드나, 장골나사, 천추부, 요추부의순서대로강봉을구부리면서체결하면조금쉽게기기술이완성될수있다. 이론적으로는다축성나사나연결기를많이쓸수록기 Fig. 6. (A, B) Iliac crest rod. Tumor was resected from left sacroiliac joint. Iliac crest rod was applied with iliac screw to enhance iliac fixation

8 척추 - 골반부의고정 유창훈외 기의안정성은줄어들수있으나, 실제임상에서는큰문제가되지않을것으로판단된다. 필요시삽입된장골나사보다상부에장골능 (iliac crest) 따라서제 2 의장골나사 ( 길이 45~50 mm) 나구부린강봉 ( 길이 10 cm 내외 ) 을삽입하여함께연결하면더높은고정력을얻을수있다 (Fig. 6) 20,21). O Brien 등은변형된장골나사삽입방법으로제 2 천추장골나사 (S2 iliac screw) 를추천하는데, 이는제 1 후방천추추간공 (S1 dorsal foramen) 의 1 mm 후하방에서외측 40 도, 하방 40 도방향으로천추부터장골까지나사를삽입하는방법이다 22,23). 장골에서나사가지나는경로는일반적인장골나사와유사하나좀더수평에가깝다. 장점으로는수술시접근이용이하고연부조직손상이적으며, 별도의연결기가필요하지않고이식골의취득에방해가덜되는점이다. 단점으로는나사가천장관절의관절면을침범하는경우가많으며, 생역학적및임상적검증이아직되지않았다는점이다. 결 론 우리나라대부분의척추외과의사가척추경나사와강봉의사용에익숙하다는점을고려하고, 보편적으로어느기기시스템으로도시행할수있는방법을찾는다면다음과같은고정법이추천된다. 고도의척추전방전위증과같은심한불안정성이없는 3-4 분절이하의비교적단분절 (short segment) 요천추고정에서는대부분전방피질골까지삽입하는제 1 천추나사로천추부고정을해결할수있다. 흉요추이행부부터요천추이행부까지고정하는경우는제 1 천추척추경나사이외에천추익나사 (sub S1 or S2) 를사용하면좋겠고, 조금더큰고정력을원한다면 Jackson 의천추내강봉을삽입할수있다. 신경근육성척추측만증과같이장분절고정을요하거나이전의요천추고정술에서실패하여재수술을한다면장골나사삽입을하는것이좋겠다. 물론연부조직의상태, 골다공증의정도 1), 척추전방지지물의유무, 척추변형및교정정도등을고려하여선택을신중히해야할것이다. 이상척추 - 골반의수술에서기기술위주로설명하였지만, 반드시적절한골이식이동반되어야안정된유합을얻고수술에성공할수있겠다. 참고문헌 01) Smith SA, Abitol J, Carlson GD, Anderson DR, Taggart KW, Garfin SR: The effects of depth of penetration, screw orientation, and bone density on sacral screw fixation. Spine 1993; 18: ) Saer EH, Winter RB, Lonstein JE: Long scoliosis fusion to the sacrum in adults with nonparalytic scoliosis: An improved method. Spine 1990; 15: ) Boachie-Adjei O, Dendrinos GK, Ogilvie JW, Bradford DS: Management of adult spinal deformity with combined anterior-posterior arthrodesis and Luque-Galveston instrumentation. J Spinal Disord 1991; 4: ) Emami A, Deviren V, Berven S, Smith JA, Hu SS, Bradford DS: Outcome and complication of long fusion to the sacrum in adult spinal deformity: Luque-Galveston, combined iliac and sacral screws, and sacral fixation. Spine 2002; 27: ) Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Rhim S, Cheh G: Pseudarthrosis in long adult spinal deformity instrumentation and fusion to the sacrum: Prevalence and risk factor analysis of 144 cases. Spine 2006; 31: ) Allen BI, Ferguson RL: The Galveston technique for L- rod instrumentation of the scoliotic spine. Spine 1982; 7: ) McCord DH, Cunningham BW, Shono Y, Myers JJ, McAfee PC: Biomechanical analysis of lumbosacral fixation. Spine 1992; 17: ) Camp JF, Caudle R, Ashman RD, Rouch J: Immediate complication of Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation to the sacro-pelvis: A clinical and biomechanical study. Spine 1990; 15: ) Yazici M, Asher MA, Mardacker JW: The safety and efficacy of Isola-Galveston instrumentation and arthrodesis in the treatment of neuromuscular spinal deformities. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82: ) McCarthy RE, Dunn H, McCullough FL: Luque fixation to the sacral alar using the Dunn-McCarthy modification. Spine 1989; 14: ) Walick KS, King JT, Johnston CE, Rathjen KE: Neuropathic lower extremity pain following Dunn-McCarthy Instrumentation. Spine 2008; 33: ) Peelle MW, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Sides B: Comparison of pelvic fixation techniques in neuromuscular spinal deformity correction: Galveston rod versus iliac and lumbosacral screws. Spine 2006; 31: ) Tsuchiya K, Bridwell KH, Kuklo TR, Lenke LG, Baldus C: Minimum 5-year analysis of L5-S1 fusion using sacropelvic fixation (bilateral S1 and iliac screws) for spinal deformity. Spine 2006; 31:

9 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 16, No. 4, ) Kostuik JP, Valdevit A, Chang HG, Kanzaki K: Biomechanical testing of the lumbosacral spine. Spine, 1998; 23: ) Jackson RP, McManus AC: The iliac buttress. A computed tomographic study of sacral anatomy. Spine 1993; 18: ) Minamide A, Akamaru T, Yoon ST, Tamaki T, Rhee JM, Hutton WC: Transdiscal L5-S1 screws for the fixation of isthmic spondylolisthesis: A biomechanical evaluation. J Spinal Disord 2003; 16: ) Farcy W, Rawlins BA, Glassman SD: Technique and results of fixation to the sacrum with iliosacral screw. Spine 1992; 17: ) Routt MLC, Nork SE, Mills WJ: Percutaneous fixation of pelvic ring disruptions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; 375: ) Asher MA: Lumbopelvic fixation with the Isola spinal implant system. (in Margulies JY, Floman Y, Farcy JPC, Neuwirth MG eds. Lumbosacral and spinopelvic fixation. New York, Lippincott-Raven: 215, 1996.) 20) Phillips JH, Gutheil JP, Knapp DR: Iliac screw fixation in neuromuscular scoliosis. Spine 2007; 32: ) Zhang HY, Thongtrangan I, Balabhadra RS, Murovic JA, Kim DH: Surgical technique for total sacrectomy and spinopelvic reconstruction. Neurosurg Focus 2003; 15: ) O Brien JR, Yu WD, Bhatnagar R, Sponseller P, Kebaish KM: An anatomic study of the S2 iliac technique for lumbopelvic screw placement. Spine 2009; 34: ) Chang TL, Sponseller PD, Kebaish KM, Fishman EK: Low profile pelvic fixation: Anatomical parameters for sacral alar-iliac fixation versus traditional iliac fixation. Spine 2009; 34: 국문초록 신경근육성척추측만증, 요천추부의각종퇴행성병변, 외상및종양등에서요추-천추부고정, 나아가서는척추-골반부의고정을요하는경우가많으나, 천골의해부학적특성상안정된고정을얻기가힘들다. 특히장분절고정, 심한불안정성, 골결손이있는경우에는더욱그렇다. 척추경나사가개발되고대부분의척추고정이한결쉽고견고하게되었지만, 천추에서는제1 천추척추경나사만으로는부족한경우가많다. 이를보강하는방법으로는 Galveston 방법, McCarthy S-강봉, Jackson 천추내강봉등과같이강봉을이용한방법들과, 천골익나사, 경추간판나사, 장골나사등과같이나사를이용하는방법들로대별될수있다. 이논문에서는각적응증에따른고정방법의변화를알아보고장단점을분석하였다. 또한최근사용이증가하고있는장골나사사용방법을자세히소개하여활용할수있도록하고, 합병증을줄이고자하였다. 색인단어 : 요추 - 천추부고정, 척추 - 골반부고정, 장골나사 통신저자 : 장봉순서울특별시종로구대학로 101번지서울대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Tel: , Fax: , bschang@snu.ac.kr

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