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1 대한안과학회지 2015 년제 56 권제 8 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(8): ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 나이관련황반변성에서안저자가형광에나타난지도모양위축의 2 년간진행속도분석 Use of Fundus Autofluorescence Images to Evaluate the Progression of Geographic Atrophy: Two-Year Follow-Up Study 윤원태 박성표 Won Tae Yoon, MD, Sung Pyo Park, MD, PhD 한림대학교의과대학한림대학교강동성심병원안과학교실 Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: We evaluated the progression of geographic atrophy (GA) based on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) pattern and atrophy size using the fundus camera in non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods: We acquired FAF images in non-exudative ARMD patients over a 2-year period. According to The Fundus Autofluorescence in Age-related Macular Degeneration (FAM) study, FAF patterns of geographic atrophy were classified into 5 categories. Examiners quantified the areas of GA in FAF images and analyzed the progression of atrophy based on FAF pattern and atrophy size. Results: In 86 non-exudative ARMD eyes, elderly patients had faster progression rate of GA. The growth rates of GA were 1.51 mm 2 /year in Diffuse, 1.49 mm 2 /year in Banded, 1.05 mm 2 /year in Patchy, 0.59 mm 2 /year in Focal and 0.16 mm 2 /year in None pattern groups. In addition, the growth rate was 0.38 mm 2 /year in which initial the GA area was smaller than 1 disc area. This was the slowest progression rate among all categories according to initial GA area. Conclusions: As a result of evaluating the progression of geographic atrophy using FAF over a 2-year period, the growth rate of GA was the fastest in the Diffuse pattern group. Additionally, as the initial GA area became smaller, the progression of GA atrophy was slower (p < 0.002). Although limitations such as short follow-up period and measurement error of GA atrophy area using fundus photography were compensated, the results in the present study were similar to the outcomes of studies on progression of GA based on FAF pattern using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope over several years and the fundus camera for 1 year. In conclusion, the fundus camera is a useful tool for the prediction of long-term progression of GA in patients with non-exudative ARMD. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(8): Key Words: Autofluorescence, Fundus camera, Geographic atrophy, Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration Received: Revised: Accepted: Address reprint requests to Sung Pyo Park, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, #150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: Sungpyo@hanafos.com 안저자가형광은망막색소상피의리포푸신에서방출되며안저자가형광촬영을통해망막색소상피의리포푸신분포를알수있다. 1-3 최근의여러연구에따르면나이관련황반변성환자에서자가형광의분포를몇가지특징적인패턴으로구분하였고, 이런패턴과망막색소상피위축의진행이연관이있다는결과가발표되었다. 2,4 현재안저자가형광촬영을할수있는검사기계로는 Delori s fundus spectropho- c2015 The Korean Ophthalmological Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1195
2 - 대한안과학회지 2015 년제 56 권제 8 호 - tometer, the modified fundus camera (mfc), and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cslo) 가있으며, 기존의연구는대부분 cslo를통한안저자가형광사진을바탕으로이루어졌다. 3 Jeong et al 4 은안저카메라를이용해지도모양위축을가진비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자에서자가형광패턴에따른지도모양위축의진행속도를분석하였는데, 패턴별진행속도의차이가기존의 cslo를이용한연구와유사한결과를보였다. 2,4 하지만지도모양위축면적측정이측정자의주관적인해석에의존하여생길수있는부정확성으로인해장기적인경과관찰에서 cslo를이용한연구와차이점이없는지에관한추가적인연구의필요성을언급하였다. 본연구에서는 Jeong et al 4 의연구를바탕으로안저카메라를이용하여지도모양위축이동반된비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자들의안저자가형광촬영을하였으며, 이를분석하여패턴별지도모양위축의진행속도를파악하였다. 또한기존의연구를보완하여경과관찰기간을늘리고, 위축의면적을좀더정확하게측정하였으며, 초기위축면적에따른위축의진행속도를분석하였다. 대상과방법 연구대상본연구는 2011년 6월부터 2014년 5월까지한림대학교 강동성심병원안과에내원한 50세이상의비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자를검사하여, 그중단안또는양안에지도모양위축이동반된환자를대상으로하였다. 모든피험자들은매년안저자가형광촬영을시행하였다. 망막수술의기왕력이있거나, 레이저광응고술을받았거나, 맥락막신생활관이관찰되거나다른황반또는망막질환 ( 당뇨망막병증, 근시성황반변성, 망막이영양증등 ) 이있는환자는연구대상에서제외하였다. 근시가 -6디옵터이상, 원시가 +4 디옵터이상인경우도제외하였으며사진의질이떨어져판독하기어렵거나, 지도형위축이후극부내에위치하지않은경우에도연구대상에서제외하였다. 환자의나이, 성별, 시력과함께당뇨와고혈압등전신질환의이환여부와이환기간도기록하였다. 본연구는 Jeong et al 4 의연구를바탕으로하였기에초기환자군은기존과동일하였다. 131 안중 inclusion criteria를만족하는 86안으로연구를이어진행하였다 (131 안중 45안은당뇨망막병증, 망막수술, 맥락막신생혈관, 안저사진의질저하로제외됨 ). 자가형광안저촬영과지도형위축의분석 Tropicamide와 phenylephrine을이용해산동시킨후, 안저카메라 (Topcon TRC-50DX, Topcon, Paramus, Tokyo, Japan) 로안저촬영과안저자가형광촬영을하였다. 안저자가형광촬영을위해서는필터의자극영역을 nm (max at 580 nm), 방출영역을 nm (max at 695 nm) A-1 B-1 C-1 D-1 E-1 A-2 B-2 C-2 D-2 E-2 Figure 1. Demarcation of geographic atrophy and calculation of its size. The examiners used a computer mouse to trace all areas of GA around the macula manually. Geographic atrophy was recognized as well-demarcated black areas corresponding to the dead or absent RPE. The computer software automates conversion of pixels to square mm based on the magnification factors of the imaging device. (A-1) None. (A-2) The atrophic area highlighted in red in the upper image. (B-1) Focal. (B-2) The atrophic area highlighted in red in the upper image. (C-1) Patchy. (C-2) The atrophic area highlighted in red in the upper image. (D-1) Banded. (D-2) The atrophic area highlighted in red in the upper image. (E-1) Diffuse. (E-2) The atrophic area highlighted in red in the upper image. GA = geographic atrophy; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium. 1196
3 - 윤원태 박성표 : 안저카메라를통한지도모양위축의분석 - 로변경하였다. 사진촬영시초점은시신경과시신경주변의망막혈관에맞추었으며, 사진은세번촬영하여지도형위축과안저자가형광이가장선명하게보이는것으로선택했다. 매년촬영한안저자가형광사진을 Jeong et al 4 이보고한방법을바탕으로세명의검사자가 MatLab R2006 (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) 을이용하여분석하였다 (Fig. 1). 4 지도형위축은경계가분명한검은색영역으로정의하였고, 검사자는소프트웨어프로그램에따라자동으로분할되어확대된이미지에서보이는지도모양위축의영역을컴퓨터마우스로표시하였고, 프로그램은이영역의크기를 mm 2 로환산하여나타내었다. 검사자사이의측정된영 Table 1. Baseline demographics and descriptive data Variable Frequency (n = 86) Age, mean (range) in years (51-93) Male (%) 43 (50.0) Diabetes (%) 25 (29.1) Hypertension (%) 43 (50.0) Pattern of abnormal FAF * None or minimal change (%) 18 (20.9) Focal (%) 12 (14.0) Banded (%) 16 (18.6) Patchy (%) 15 (17.4) Diffuse (%) 25 (29.1) Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. FAF = fundus autofluorescence. * Patterns of the abnormal FAF junctional zone were determined in accordance with the classification of the Fundus Autofluorescence in Age-related Macular Degeneration (FAM) study group. Table 2. Relationships between geographic atrophy progression and systemic variables using multiple linear regression with backward step-wise analysis β * ± SE p-value Age ± Sex ± Diabetes ± Hypertension ± Values are presented as mean ± SD. SE = standard error. * Linear regression coefficient. 역크기오차를감안하여두명의검사자가측정한값의평균을분석에사용하였다. 본연구에서는 The Fundus Autofluorescence in Age-related Macular Degeneration (FAM) study에서발표된기준에따라안저자가형광을분류하였다. 2 이들은지도모양위축을위축주변의증가된자가형광에따라 None, Focal, Patchy, Banded, Diffuse 5가지로분류하였다. None 패턴은증가된자가형광부위가없거나, 특정한모양없이매우국소적이며불규칙적으로증가된자가형광을띠는 Minimal change 를포함하였다. 증가된자가형광을보이는부위가 200 µm보다작은크기의점으로보일때 Focal 패턴으로분류하고, 만약 200 µm보다크다면 Patchy 패턴으로분류하였다. Banded 패턴은위축주변부로증가된자가형광이고리모양을이루고있는형태를말한다. 마지막으로자가형광이지도모양위축에바로인접해있을뿐만아니라, 자가형광이위축에인접해있지않은곳에도있다면 Diffuse 로분류하였다. 모든사진은 2명의검사자가사진의촬영시기를모르는상태에서분석하였으며, 두검사자간에이견이있을경우제3의검사자의분류에따르도록하였다. 또한소프트웨어프로그램으로산출된초기지도모양위축의면적을시신경유두면적 (disc area: 2.54 mm 2 ) 을기준으로분류하였다. 위축면적이 1 시신경유두면적보다작은그룹부터 2 시신경유두면적을그룹간간격으로하여 9 시신경유두면적보다큰그룹까지총 6개의그룹으로분류하였다. 통계적분석은 SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여연구대상의특성을파악하였다. 나이, 성별, 전신질환과지도모양위축의크기변화와의연관성을분석하기위하여로지스틱회귀분석을시행하였고위축의초기크기와진행속도의연관성을분석하기위하여 Wilcoxon rank-sum test를이용하였다. 모든값은 p-value가 0.05 미만인경우를통계적으로유의한것으로간주하였다 결과 대상군의평균나이는 세, 성별은남자 43 명, 여자 Table 3. Growth rates of GA by pattern of abnormal FAF Pattern N Mean growth rates Median growth rates Standard deviation IQR None or minimal change Focal Patchy Banded Diffuse GA = geographic atrophy; FAF = fundus autofluorescence; N = number of eyes; IQR = interquartile range. 1197
4 - 대한안과학회지 2015 년제 56 권제 8 호 - Table 4. The number of patients and mean growth rate according to initial geographic atrophy area None (n) Focal (n) Patchy (n) Banded (n) Diffuse (n) Mean growth rate Total DA < DA DA DA DA DA > Total DA = disc area (2.54 mm 2 ). 다음 Banded ( 평균 1.49 mm 2 / 년 ), Patchy ( 평균 1.05 mm 2 / 년 ), Focal ( 평균 0.59 mm 2 / 년 ) 패턴순이었으며, None or minimal change 패턴이가장느렸다 ( 평균 0.16 mm 2 / 년 ). 또한초기위축면적과위축진행속도의상관관계를보면, 초기위축면적이작을수록위축의진행속도가느리게나타났다 (Fig. 2). 초기위축면적이 1 시신경유두면적이하인군이평균위축진행속도는 0.38 mm 2 / 년으로가장느렸고 9 시신경유두면적이상인군에서 2.08 mm 2 / 년으로가장빨랐다 (Table 4). 하지만각군간위축진행속도를비교해봤을때 1 시신경유두면적이하인군과다른군의상관관계에서통계적으로유의하였다 (p<0.002, Wilkoxon rank-sum test). Figure 2. Eyes were classified depending on the total size of atrophy at baseline visit. Median atrophy enlargement per year is given below each box plot. Only the difference between the <1 DA group and the other groups was statistically significant (p < 0.002). DA = disc area (2.54 mm 2 ). 43명으로남녀의비율은같았으며당뇨환자는 25명 (29.1%), 고혈압환자는 43명 (50%) 이었다 (Table 1). 지도모양위축의크기는처음연구시작시에평균 mm 2 ( 범위 ), 1년경과관찰시 mm 2 ( 범위 ), 2년경과관찰시 mm 2 ( 범위 ) 였다. 지도모양위축영역은매년평균 1.09 mm 2 의속도로지속적인크기증가경향을보였다. 나이, 성별, 당뇨와고혈압과지도모양위축크기의증가와상관관계를로지스틱회귀분석을통해살펴본결과, 나이가증가할수록지도모양위축의크기증가속도가빠른것으로나타났으나 (p=0.037), 다른지표는유의한상관관계를보이지않았다 (Table 2). FAM-study group에의한지도모양위축의분류를본연구에적용할경우, 각패턴에따른숫자는 None or minimal change 18안, Focal 12안, Patchy 15안, Banded 16안 Diffuse 25안이었다 (Table 3). 지도모양위축의크기증가속도는 Diffuse 패턴이가장빠르고 ( 평균 1.57 mm 2 / 년 ) 그 고찰 한국인을대상으로시행한나이관련황반변성의대규모역학연구에서는고령일수록, 남성일수록, 고혈압이나당뇨의병력이있을수록나이관련황반변성의유병률과유의한연관성이있다고보고하였다. 5 다른연구에서는삼출성황반변성의유병률과당뇨는연관성이있지만, 비삼출성황반변성과는연관성이없다는연구결과도보고된바있다. 6 이처럼항반변성의유병률과그위험인자의상관관계는많은연구가이루어졌지만, 비삼출성황반변성에서지도모양위축의진행속도에관한연구는많지않다. Jeong et al 4 은 1년간에걸쳐안저카메라를이용해지도모양위축을가진비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자에서자가형광패턴에따른지도모양위축의진행속도를분석했는데, 본연구는기존의연구에서경과관찰기간을연장하고, 제한점으로지적됐던부분을보완하여추가적으로연구하였다. 4 본연구에서는나이, 성별, 당뇨, 고혈압과지도모양위축의진행속도와연관성을분석하였고, 그결과나이를제외한다른지표는유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 또한안저자가형광패턴별지도모양위축의진행속도는 Diffuse 패턴과 Banded 패턴의위축진행속도가가장빨랐으며, 1198
5 - 윤원태 박성표 : 안저카메라를통한지도모양위축의분석 - cslo를이용한연구와유사한결과를보였다. 4 하지만 cslo를이용한연구보다본연구에서지도모양위축의진행속도가상대적으로느리게분석되었다. 그원인으로는역학적인차이를생각해볼수있는데, Park et al 5 에서는후기황반변성이 % 로아시아국가에서의유병률과비슷하였으나, 서양의유병률 ( %) 보다는낮게보고되었다. 미국의통계를보면삼출성나이관련황반변성과비삼출성나이관련황반변성의유병률이크게차이를보이지않으나 (1:0.81), 한국의통계에서는삼출성나이관련황반변성이비삼출성나이관련황반변성보다 10-15배정도많은것으로나타났다. 5,7-9 이를미루어보아유병률과진행속도와상관관계가있을것으로추측되며, 이에관한연구가좀더필요할것으로생각된다. Jeong et al 4 은이러한역학적인원인과더불어사진촬영장비도연구의결과에영향을미칠것이라고보고하였는데, 안저카메라로촬영한자가형광사진의경우 cslo로촬영한사진보다지도모양위축이작게또는크게측정될수있다. 하지만본연구의목적은각해마다면적을비교하여위축의진행속도를분석한것이기때문에안저카메라로촬영한사진이 cslo보다위축의면적이작게또는크게측정되어도두기기로촬영한위축면적의오차가일정하다면위축의진행속도분석에는크게영향이없을것으로판단했다. cslo로촬영한안저자가형광사진보다안저카메라로촬영한자가형광안저사진에서지도모양의위축면적이매년균일하게 1 mm 2 작게측정된다면, cslo로 2년간촬영하여분석한위축진행속도나안저카메라로 2년간촬영해분석한위축진행속도의차이는없을것이다. 하지만안저카메라와 cslo로촬영한안저자가형광사진에서보이는자가형광의패턴은다를것으로예상되어이에대한연구는추가적으로필요하다. 사진촬영이후에지도모양위축의분석에도오차가발생할수있다. FAM study에서사용한 Heidelberg 프로그램에비하여 Matlab을이용해수작업으로측정하는지도모양위축의면적은주관적일수있으며검사자마다오차가있을수있다. 또한비삼출성나이관련황반변성의지도모양위축은진행속도가느린질환으로 86명의연간평균지도모양위축진행속도는약 1.09 mm 2 에불과하다. 따라서경과관찰기간이짧아지도모양위축의절대적인면적변화가작을수록오차발생가능성은더욱커질것이고, 따라서 2년간의분석이더욱의미가있다. 본연구에서는 2명의연구자가한사진에대해각각면적을계산하고그평균값을위축면적으로하였으며, 경과관찰기간을늘려오차의발생가능성을보완하였지만여전히검사자마다오차가발생할가능성은있을것으로생각된다. 또한초기위축면적이작을수록진행속도가느리고, disc area (DA; 2.54 mm 2 ) 가 1 미만인군에서만통계적으로유의하였다. Holz et al 9 은유사한결과를보고하였으며, 이는 FAM study 분류의 None, focal 패턴이 1 DA 미만인군에많이포함됐기때문이다. 이를통해자가형광의패턴이지도모양위축의진행을예측하는데중요하다는것을다시한번확인하였다 결론적으로안저카메라를이용하여 2년동안지도모양위축이동반된비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자의예후를예측해봤을때 Diffuse, Banded 패턴이지도모양위축의진행이빠르며, 나이가많을수록위축의진행이빠르고, 초기위축면적이작을수록진행이느리다는것을확인하였다. 이는기존의 cslo를이용하여 2년동안비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자들의안저자가형광사진을이용한패턴별진행속도의차이와유사한결과를보였고, 기존의유사한환자군을 1년동안안저카메라를이용하여분석한 Jeong et al 4 의연구결과와유사한결과를보였다. 4,11 이로미루어보아비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자에서지도모양위축의진행속도를예측하는데안저카메라를이용하여촬영한안저자가형광사진의분석이도움이될것으로생각되며, 안저카메라를이용한기존연구보다장기적인경과관찰을통한본연구에서패턴별진행속도가 1년동안경과관찰한연구와유사한결과를보여기존연구에서제한점으로언급되었던짧은경과관찰기간, 사진촬영장비로인한위축면적분석오차의영향은크지않을것으로생각한다. 2년동안비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자의안저카메라를이용한자가형광패턴분석이 cslo를이용한패턴별, 나이별, 초기위축크기별진행속도에서유사한결과를보이므로, 지도모양위축이동반된비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자의장기적인예후예측에안저카메라가유용하게사용될수있다고생각한다. REFERENCES 1) Bindewald-Wittich A, Han M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, et al. Two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging of human RPE cells with a femtosecond Ti: Sapphire laser. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47: ) Bindewald A, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Jorzik JJ, et al. Classification of abnormal fundus autofluorescence patterns in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy in patients with age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89: ) Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, et al. In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36: ) Jeong YJ, Hong IH, Chung JK, et al. Predictors for the progression 1199
6 - 대한안과학회지 2015 년제 56 권제 8 호 - of geographic atrophy in patients with age-related macular degeneration: fundus autofluorescence study with modified fundus camera. Eye (Lond) 2014;28: ) Park KH, Song SJ, Lee WK, et al. The results of nation-wide registry of age-related macular degeneration in Korea. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51: ) Topouzis F, Anastasopoulos E, Augood C, et al. Association of diabetes with age-related macular degeneration in the EUREYE study. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93: ) Youm DJ, Oh HS, Yu HG, Song SJ. The prevalence of vitreoretinal diseases in a screened Korean population 50 years and older. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50: ) Friedman DS, O'Colmain BJ, Munoz B, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122: ) Holz FG, Bellmann C, Margaritidis M, et al. Patterns of increased in vivo fundus autofluorescence in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1999;237: ) Sunness JS. The natural history of geographic atrophy, the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 1999;5:25. 11) Holz FG, Bindewald-Wittich A, Fleckenstein M, et al. Progression of geographic atrophy and impact of fundus autofluorescence patterns in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143: ) Holz FG, Schutt F, Kopitz J, et al. Inhibition of lysosomal degradative functions in RPE cells by a retinoid component of lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40: = 국문초록 = 나이관련황반변성에서안저자가형광에나타난지도모양위축의 2 년간진행속도분석 목적 : 비삼출성나이관련황반변성에서안저자가형광에나타난지도모앙위축의크기와패턴에따른위축의진행속도를분석하고예후를예측해보고자한다. 대상과방법 : 비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자를 2 년간안저카메라를이용해안저자가형광촬영을하였다. The Fundus Autofluorescence in Age related Macular Degeneration (FAM) study 기준에따라위축주변의안저자가형광패턴을 5 가지로분류하고위축면적을측정하여자가형광의패턴별, 위축의크기별진행속도를분석하였다. 결과 : 86 안을대상으로하였으며지도모양위축진행속도는고령일수록빠르고 (p<0.037), FAM study 분류상 Diffuse 패턴이 1.57 mm 2 / 년, Banded 는 1.49 mm 2 / 년, Patchy 는 1.05 mm 2 / 년, Focal 은 0.59 mm 2 / 년, None 은 0.16 mm 2 / 년이었다. 또한초기위축면적과위축진행속도의상관관계를보면, 초기위축면적이 1 시신경유두면적이하일때 0.38 mm 2 / 년으로가장느렸다. 결론 : 안저카메라를이용하여 2 년간비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자의예후를예측해봤을때 FAM study 분류상 Diffuse 패턴이가장빠르고, 초기위축면적이작을수록위축의진행속도가느리게나타났다 (p<0.002). 기존에제기됐던짧은경과관찰기간, 안저카메라를이용해측정한지도모양위축의오차가능성을보완하여기존의 confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cslo) 를이용한연구와, 그리고안저카메라를이용하여 1 년간분석한연구결과와유사한결과를보였으므로비삼출성나이관련황반변성환자의장기적인예후예측에안저카메라가유용하게사용될수있다고생각한다. < 대한안과학회지 2015;56(8): > 1200
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