Haeyoon Kim, et al. Verbal Fluency in Amnestic MCI and Vascular MCI 되므로구어유창성의저하가치매변별에유용한지표가될수있다는사실이밝혀진후 (Solomon et al., 1998), COWAT 는치매를평가하는신경심리학적평가
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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(4): Original Article A Comparison of the Deterioration Characteristics in Verbal Fluency between Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Mild Cognitive Impairment Haeyoon Kim a, Yeonwook Kang a,b, Kyung-Ho Yu b, Byung-Chul Lee b a Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea Correspondence: Yeonwook Kang, PhD Department of Psychology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: ykang@hallym.ac.kr Received: October 5, 2015 Revised: November 22, 2015 Accepted: November 30, 2015 This work was supported by Hallym University Specialization Fund (HRF-S-21). Objectives: The present study was conducted to examine when verbal fluency is decreased in amnestic multi-domain mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and vascular MCI, and to compare the deterioration characteristics in verbal fluency between amnestic multi-domain MCI and vascular MCI. Methods: The subjects were 34 normal elderly, 36 with dementia of the Alzheimer type, 39 with vascular dementia, 72 with amnestic multi-domain MCI, and 70 with vascular MCI. The MCI groups were classified into two subgroups, early MCI ( ) and late MCI ( ), based on the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes. The subjects were given semantic (animal) and phonemic ( ㄱ, ㅇ, ㅅ ) fluency tests. Results: In amnestic multi-domain MCI, semantic fluency showed progressive deterioration from the early amnestic multi-domain MCI to early dementia of the Alzheimer s type, whereas in vascular MCI it was significantly decreased in the late vascular MCI but maintained in early vascular dementia. In vascular MCI, phonemic fluency had progressive deterioration from the early vascular MCI to early vascular dementia, whereas in amnestic multi-domain MCI it was significantly decreased in the early amnestic multi-domain MCI and maintained in early dementia of the Alzheimer s type. Conclusion: These results suggest that the deterioration characteristics of semantic and phonemic fluency are different between amnestic multi-domain MCI and vascular MCI. Keywords: Verbal fluency, Semantic fluency, Phonemic fluency, Mild cognitive impairment, Amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Vascular mild cognitive impairment 구어유창성 (verbal fluency) 은기존에저장되어있던어휘집 (lexicon) 과의미기억 (semantic memory) 으로부터정보를전략적으로탐색하고인출하는능력을의미한다 (Sauzéon, Lestage, Raboutet, N Kaoua, & Claverie, 2004). 임상장면에서구어유창성은통제단어연상검사 (Controlled Oral Word Association Test, COWAT; Lucas et al., 1998) 로평가되는데 COWAT 는제한된시간 ( 보통은 1분 ) 내에특정범주 ( 예 : 동물, 가게물건, 채소등 ) 에속하는단어를생성하는 의미유창성 (semantic fluency) 검사와특정음소 ( 예 : F A S, C F L, ㄱ ㅇ ㅅ ) 로시작되는단어를생성하는 음소유창성 (phonemic fluency) 검사로구성되어있다. 의미유창성검사와음소유창성검사는둘다전두엽기능과의미기억을평가하는중요한검사로인정되어왔다 (Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, & Tranel, 2012). 그러나의미유창성검사의결과는전두엽과측두엽영역의기능손상을모두민감하게예측한반면음소유창성검사의결과는전두엽영역의기능손상을보다민감하게예측하였다는연구결과가보고됨 (Henry & Crawford, 2004) 에따라서두검사의수행결과를구분하여분석해야한다는의견들이대두되었다. 치매환자들이정상노인에비해서구어유창성이유의하게저하 Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 Haeyoon Kim, et al. Verbal Fluency in Amnestic MCI and Vascular MCI 되므로구어유창성의저하가치매변별에유용한지표가될수있다는사실이밝혀진후 (Solomon et al., 1998), COWAT 는치매를평가하는신경심리학적평가도구에반드시포함되는중요한검사가되었고다양한치매환자들을대상으로한구어유창성연구가많이수행되었다. 연구결과, 가장대표적인치매인알츠하이머형치매 (dementia of the Alzheimer s type, DAT) 는병의초기부터의미유창성이감소하는것으로밝혀졌다 (Heinzel et al., 2013; Henry, MacLeod, Phillips, & Crawford, 2004). 그러나음소유창성의경우에는초창기에수행된연구 (Butters, Granholm, Salmon, Grant, & Wolfe, 1987) 들은초기단계의 DAT가정상집단과유의미한차이를보이지않는다는결과를보고하였으나, 많은후속연구들에서는 DAT가초기에도음소유창성이저하되는것으로밝혀졌다 (Henry et al., 2004; Jones, Laukka, & Bäckman, 2006; Pakhomov & Hemmy, 2014; Park et al., 2006). DAT 뿐만아니라전반적인전두엽기능의장애를특징적으로나타내는혈관치매 (vascular dementia, VaD) 도구어유창성의저하를보인다 (Garrett et al., 2004). 의미유창성도정상노인들보다저하되지만 (Jones et al., 2006) 특히음소유창성은혈관치매의초기단계부터저하된다고보고되었다 (Fahlander, Wahlin, Almkvist, & Bäckman, 2002; Hart & Best, 2014). 구어유창성의저하는치매의이전단계로간주되고있는경도인지장애 (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) 에서도나타난다. MCI는 (1) 주관적으로인지기능의저하를경험하고, (2) 객관적인신경심리검사에서도정상범주이하의수행을보이지만, (3) 일상생활기능을그대로유지하고있어서치매가아닌상태를의미한다 (Petersen, 2004). MCI는저하된인지기능의종류와발병기전에따라다양한유형으로분류되는데, 그중에서기억력과함께 1개이상의다른인지영역이저하된다영역기억성경도인지장애 (amnestic multi-domain mild cognitive impairment, ammci) 는 DAT로진행될가능성이가장높은집단으로알려져있다 (Alexopoulos, Grimmer, Perneczky, Domes, & Kurz, 2006). ammci 중매년약 10%-15% 가 DAT 로진행되었고 (Petersen et al., 1999, 2001), 2년후에는 41% (Hsiung et al., 2006), 6년후에는 80% 가 DAT로진행되었다는연구 (Petersen et al., 1999, 2001) 들이보고되었다. ammci도이미정상집단에비해서의미유창성이저하되어있다는연구결과들이보고되었으나 (Gainotti, Quaranta, Vita, & Marra, 2014; Murphy, Rich, & Troyer, 2006), 음소유창성은 ammci에서비교적유지된다는연구 (Jones et al., 2006) 와음소유창성도정상집단에비해서저하된다 (Murphy et al., 2006) 는서로상반된연구결과가보고되었다. 혈관성경도인지장애 (vascular mild cognitive impairment, VaM- CI; Gorelick et al., 2011) 는혈관질환으로인해서인지기능이저하된 MCI로인지영역들중에서특히전두엽기능의저하를특징적으로보이지만일상생활기능은잘유지하고있는환자들이다. VaMCI 도역시 VaD로진행될가능성이높은집단으로알려져있는데, 종단연구들의결과에따르면 VaMCI 환자들중 11% 가 1년후에 VaD 로진행되었고 (Tham et al., 2002), 5년후에는약 46% 가 VaD로진행되었다고한다 (Wentzel et al., 2001). 이러한 VaMCI 환자들은구어유창성수행에있어서, 정상집단에비해음소유창성은저하되었으나의미유창성은유지되고있다는연구결과 (Garrett et al., 2004) 도있고, VaMCI가정상집단보다음소유창성과의미유창성이모두저하되었음을보고한연구들도있다 (Hart & Best, 2014; Kwon, 2012). 이제까지살펴본바와같이선행연구들은 MCI 집단, 즉 ammci 와 VaMCI의의미유창성과음소유창성의결함에대해서다소일관되지못한결과들을보고하였다. 그이유는아마도최근의연구들 (O Bryant et al., 2008, 2010) 에서지적된바와같이 MCI 진단기준자체의문제로인해서 MCI 집단에매우경한인지기능저하를지닌환자부터 초기 치매단계라고부를수있을정도의환자까지다양한수준의환자들이포함되었기때문인것으로생각된다. 따라서본연구는 O Bryant 등 (2008) 이치매임상평가척도 (Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR) 의박스총점 (CDR-Sum of boxes, CDR- SB) 을기준으로제안한절단점수를사용하여 ammci와 VaMCI 를초기와후기단계로더세분화하고, 세분화된집단들의의미유창성과음소유창성검사수행을정상집단및치매집단과비교함으로써 ammci와 VaMCI의구어유창성저하양상을더정확하게밝히기위해서수행되었다. 연구방법연구대상정상노인 34명, MCI 환자 142명, 초기 DAT 환자 36명및초기 VaD 환자 39명이참여하였다. 정상노인은건강선별기준 (Christensen, Multhaup, Nordstrom, & Voss, 1991) 에부합하고한국형간이정신상태검사 (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, K- MMSE; Kang, 2006) 에서 16%ile 이상의수행을보인노인들이었다. MCI 환자들중 72명은일상생활기능의유의한장애를보이지는않았으나기억력의저하와함께주의집중능력, 언어능력, 시공간기능, 전두엽기능등의인지기능들중한가지이상의인지기능저하를보인 ammci 환자였고, 70명은뇌졸중발병 3개월후에평가된 588
3 기억성경도인지장애와혈관성경도인지장애의구어유창성저하양상비교 김해윤외 신경심리학적검사결과, 인지기능의저하를보이지만일상생활기능의장애가없는 VaMCI 환자였다. MCI 환자들을다시 CDR-SB 점수가.5-2.0에속하는초기 (early) MCI (E-MCI) 집단과 에속하는후기 (late) MCI (L-MCI) 집단으로분류하였다. 그결과 ammci 집단은 E-amMCI 41명과 L-amMCI 31명으로분류되었고 VaMCI 집단은 E-VaMCI 39 명과 L-VaMCI 31 명으로분류되었다. 환자집단은대학병원신경과에내원한환자들중에서신경과전문의의임상적소견과종합적인신경심리검사및뇌영상검사결과에근거하여치매로진단된환자들로서, CDR 총점 (CDR-Global score, CDR-GS) 으로평가된치매심각도가 1.0에해당되는초기 DAT 또는초기 VaD였다. DAT와 VaD는각각 NINCDS-ADRDA (McKhann et al., 1984) 의 probable Alzheimer s disease 와 NINDS- AIREN (Román et al., 1993) 의 probable vascular dementia 진단기준에근거하여진단된환자들이었다. 검사도구및절차정상노인집단에속하는대상자를선별하기위하여, 인지장애와관련된다양한질환들 ( 예 : 뇌졸중, 당뇨, 고혈압, 외상성뇌손상, 간질등 ) 의병력이있는지를확인하는 Christensen 등 (1991) 의건강선별설문지와전반적인인지기능수준을평가하는 K-MMSE 를실시하였다. 선정된모든연구대상자들에게동물범주에대한의미유창성검사와ㄱ, ㅇ, ㅅ에대한음소유창성검사 (Kang, Jang, & Na, 2012) 를개인검사로실시하였다. 유창성검사는의미유창성검사를먼저실시하고난다음에음소유창성검사를실시하였고 COWAT (Lucas et al., 1998) 의실시방법을적용하여각시행당 1분간반응하도록하였으며모든반응을순서대로반응기록지에그대로기록하였다. 반복반응, 동물범주에속하지않거나주어진음소로시작하지않은오반응및고유명사는점수에서제외하였고파생어 ( 예 : 온다 오고 오니 오시오 ) 는첫반응에만점수를주었다. 한글사전 ( 에수록된사투리와자주사용되는외국어나외래어는정답으로간주하였다. 동물범주유창성검사에서상위개념 ( 예 : 새 ) 과하위개념 ( 예 : 독수리, 종달새, 꿩 ) 의단어를함께반응한경우에는상위개념의단어는점수에서제외시키고하위개념의단어에만점수를주었다. 자료분석집단간인구학적특성의차이를확인하기위하여일변량분석 (ANOVA) 을실시하였고, 집단간차이가발견된나이와성별을공변인 (covariate) 으로통제하고의미유창성점수와음소유창성점 수에대해각각일변량공분산분석 (ANCOVA) 을실시하였다. 집단간의구체적인차이를확인하기위해 Bonferroni 조정후사후검증을시행하였다. 모든통계적분석은 SPSS PC 21.0 을사용하여수행되었다. 연구결과연구대상의인구학적특성, K-MMSE 및 CDR 정상노인, E-amMCI, L-amMCI, E-VaMCI, L-VaMCI, 초기 DAT 및초기 VaD, 전체 7개집단의인구학적변인들, 즉나이, 성별, 교육연수의차이여부를확인하기위하여일변량분산분석 (ANOVA) 과 χ 2 검증을실시하였다 (Table 1). 그결과교육연수에있어서는집단차이가발견되지않았으나 (F(6,242) =1.66, ns), 나이 (F(6,242) = 3.98, p<.01) 와성별 (χ 2 =17.73, p<.01) 에있어서집단간차이가발견되었다. 따라서의미유창성과음소유창성의집단간차이를확인하기위한모든통계분석은나이와성별을통제한후실시되었다. K-MMSE 총점 (F(6,242) = 42.65, p<.001), CDR-GS(F(6,242) = , p<.001) 및 CDR-SB(F(6,242) = , p<.001) 에있어서도집단간유의미한차이가있음이확인되었다. 사후분석결과, K-MMSE 총점에있어서는정상집단, 초기 MCI, 후기 MCI 및치매집단간에각각서로유의한차이가있음이확인되었다. 그러나초기 MCI 두집단 (E-amMCI와 E-VaMCI), 후기 MCI 두집단 (L-amMCI와 L-Va- MCI) 및두치매집단 ( 초기 DAT와초기 VaD) 간의 K-MMSE 총점의차이는발견되지않았다. 전반적인치매의심각도를나타내는척도인 CDR-GS에있어서는 MCI 집단과치매집단간의차이만발견되었고초기와후기 MCI 집단간의차이와초기 DAT와 VaD 간의차이는발견되지않았다. 그러나 CDR-SB에있어서는초기와후기 MCI 간의차이만발견되었고, 같은시기에속한 ammci와 Va- MCI의차이는발견되지않았다. 이결과는본연구에참여한 EamMCI와 E-VaMCI, L-amMCI와 L-VaMCI, 초기 DAT와초기 VaD 각각의두집단들의전반적인치매심각도수준이서로차이가없음을시사한다. 의미유창성의미유창성에있어집단간유의한차이가발견되었다 (F(6,242) = 21.31, p<.001) (Table 2). 사후분석결과, 정상집단과초기 DAT 간의유의한수행차이가발견되었다 (t = 7.40, p<.001). E-amMCI 는정상집단이나 L-amMCI와는차이를나타내지않았으나초기 DAT 보다는유의하게우수한수행을나타냈다 (t = 4.75, p<.001). 반면, 589
4 Haeyoon Kim, et al. Verbal Fluency in Amnestic MCI and Vascular MCI Table 1. Subjects demographic characteristics, K-MMSE, CDR-GS, and CDR-SB NE (a) E-amMCI (b) E-VaMCI (c) L-amMCI (d) L-VaMCI (e) DAT (f) VaD (g) F or χ 2 Post-hoc (Bonferroni) No. of subjects Age (yr) (6.05) (10.07) (8.86) (6.99) (9.39) (7.74) (6.10) 3.98** a=b=d=e=f=g, d=f=g>c, a=b=c=e Sex (M:F) 10:24 19:22 24:15 9:22 17:14 9:27 14:25 χ 2 = 17.73*** - Education (yr) (3.68) (4.19) 8.90 (3.41) 7.77(4.29) 8.86 (5.75) 8.92 (4.56) 8.19 (4.61) K-MMSE (1.41) (2.09) (2.27) (1.57) (2.70) (3.34) (3.18) 42.65*** a>b=c>d=e>f=g CDR-GS.00 (.00).50 (.00).50 (.00).53 (.12).55 (.15) 1.00 (.00) 1.00 (.00) *** a<b=c=d=e<f=g CDR-SB.00 (.00) 1.23 (.46) 1.06 (.53) 3.00 (.70) 3.02 (.54) 4.85 (.73) 5.24 (.92) *** a<b=c<d=e<f=g Values are presented as mean (SD). NE = normal elderly; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; E-amMCI = early amnestic multi-domain MCI; E-VaMCI = early vascular MCI; L-amMCI = late amnestic multi-domain MCI; L-VaMCI = late vascular MCI; DAT = dementia of the Alzheimer s type; VaD = vascular dementia; K-MMSE = Korean-Mini Mental State Examination; CDR-GS = Clinical Dementia Rating-Global score; CDR-SB= Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of boxes. **p <.01, ***p <.001. Table 2. Group differences in semantic and phonemic fluency NE (a) E-amMCI (b) E-VaMCI (c) L-amMCI (d) L-VaMCI (e) DAT (f) VaD (g) F Post-hoc (Bonferroni) No. of subjects Semantic fluency (3.48) (3.70) (2.62) (2.76) 9.13 (3.18) 9.03 (3.18) 7.85 (2.61) 21.31*** Phonemic fluency (8.06) (9.37) (9.08) (7.53) (7.57) (8.19) 9.44 (6.22) 19.94*** a=b=c>e=f=g, b=c=d>g, a>d=e=f a>b=c=d=f>g, b>e, c=d=e=f, e=g Values are presented as mean (SD). NE = normal elderly; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; E-amMCI = early amnestic multi-domain MCI; E-VaMCI = early vascular MCI; L-amMCI = late amnestic multi-domain MCI; L-VaMCI = late vascular MCI; DAT = dementia of the Alzheimer s type; VaD = vascular dementia. ***p <.001. L-amMCI는 E-amMCI나초기 DAT와는수행차이를나타내지않았으나정상집단보다유의하게저하된수행을나타냈다 (t = -4.69, p<.001). VaMCI의경우에는사후분석에서정상집단과 E-VaMCI 간의차이가발견되지않았다. L-VaMCI 와초기 VaD의차이도발견되지않았으나 L-VaMCI 는정상집단과 E-VaMCI 보다유의하게저하된수행을나타내었고 (t = -7.01, p<.001; t = -4.75, p<.001), 초기 VaD도정상집단과 E-VaMCI 보다유의하게저하된수행을나타냈다 (t = -9.15, p<.001; t = -6.50, p<.001). 또한, ammci와 VaMCI 간의의미유창성의차이는초기와후기에서모두발견되지않았고, 초기 DAT와초기 VaD의의미유창성차이도발견되지않았다. 그러나 L-VaMCI 는초기 DAT와차이를나타내지않은반면 L-amMCI는초기 VaD보다우수한수행을보였다 (t = 4.08, p<.01). 음소유창성음소유창성에있어서도집단간유의한차이가발견되었다 (F(6,242) =19.94, p<.001) (Table 2). 사후분석결과, ammci는초기 부터정상집단과유의한차이를나타냈으나 (t = -3.69, p<.01) E- ammci, L-amMCI 및초기 DAT 간에서는유의미한차이가발견되지않았다. 반면 VaMCI의경우에는 E-VaMCI 와 L-VaMCI 간의차이는발견되지않았으나 E-VaMCI 가정상집단및초기 VaD와차이를나타내었다 (t = -5.75, p<.001; t = 3.76, p<.01). L-VaMCI 는정상집단과는차이를나타냈으나 (t = -7.99, p<.001) 초기 VaD와는차이를보이지않았다. 의미유창성의결과와마찬가지로 ammci와 VaMCI 간의음소유창성차이는초기와후기에서모두발견되지않았다. 반면초기 VaD가초기 DAT보다유의하게저하된음소유창성을나타냈고 (t = -3.58, p<.01), E-VaMCI 는후기 MCI(L-amMCI & L-VaMCI) 및초기 DAT와동일한수행수준을보였다. 논의및결론본연구는전두엽기능과치매선별의중요한지표로사용되어온구어유창성이경도인지장애수준에서언제어떻게저하되는지를 590
5 기억성경도인지장애와혈관성경도인지장애의구어유창성저하양상비교 김해윤외 밝히고그저하양상이의미유창성과음소유창성에있어서차이가있는지를확인하기위해서수행되었다. 다양한수준의인지장애를지닌 MCI들을한집단에포함함으로써, 비일관적인결과를산출한선행연구들의문제점을보완하기위해서기억성경도인지장애 (ammci) 와혈관성경도인지장애 (VaMCI) 환자들을 CDR-SB 점수 2.0을기준으로분류하였다. 그결과두 MCI 집단은초기 MCI 집단 (.5-2.0) 과후기 MCI 집단 ( ) 으로나뉘었고, 각 MCI 집단의구어유창성을정상집단및초기치매집단과비교하였다. 연구결과, 의미유창성은 ammci 집단에서는 MCI 초기부터초기 DAT에이르기까지점진적으로저하되는양상을나타낸반면, VaMCI의경우에는 MCI 후기에이르러서야정상집단과의차이를나타내었고 L-VaMCI 의수준은초기 VaD까지유지되었으며 L- VaMCI의수준은초기 DAT와도차이를나타내지않았다. 이러한결과는 ammci가 MCI 초기단계부터의미유창성이저하되지만 VaMCI는그보다다소늦은 MCI 후기단계가되어야의미유창성이저하된다는사실을시사한다. 의미유창성이저하되는것은의미기억을담당하는뇌영역의구조적인손상에기인한것으로, 대상의개념과독특한특징을결합하는능력이저하되거나상실되어나타난다 (Chertkow & Bub, 1990). 알츠하이머병은베타아밀로이드단백질 (beta amyloid protein) 이라는독성물질이해마가위치한내측측두엽에서부터시작하여외측측두엽, 두정엽및전두엽의순으로뇌전반에쌓여서뇌신경세포의손상을일으키게되는질환으로알려져있다 (Cummings, Vinters, Cole, & Khachaturian, 1998). 따라서 DAT의경우초기부터측두엽과관련된의미기억의손상을나타내게된다 (Keilp, Gorlyn, Alexander, Stern, & Prohovnik, 1999). 그러나 DAT의전구단계로알려진 ammci에서도이미측두엽의손상이발견되었고 (Petersen et al., 2006) 의미유창성을포함하여의미기억과관련된과제들 ( 예 : 이름대기과제 ) 에서 ammci가정상인보다저하된수행을나타냈다는연구결과가보고된바있다 (Adlam, Bozeat, Arnold, Watson, & Hodges, 2006). 따라서의미유창성이초기 ammci에서이미정상집단보다유의하게저하되었고치매단계로진행하면서점차계속저하된다는것을보여준본연구의결과는선행연구들과일치하는동시에 MCI 단계중에서도매우일찍부터저하된다는사실을밝힌점에서중요한발견이라고생각한다. 반면본연구의결과에따르면 VaMCI의경우에는 ammci 보다는조금늦게 VaMCI 후기부터의미유창성이저하되고그수준이 VaD 초기까지유지되는것으로밝혀졌다. 이러한차이는 VaMCI와 VaD에서나타나는의미유창성의저하가 ammci나 DAT와는다른이유에서비롯되었을것임을시사한다. VaD 환자의경우의미 유창성의저하는의미기억에저장되어있는단어들중에서적절한단어를선택하여인출하는효율적인찾기전략의장애로인한것으로설명되거나 (Carew, Lamar, Cloud, Grossman, & Libon, 1997; Chertkow & Bub, 1990) 단어를인출하는능력의장애로인해나타나는것으로알려져있다 (Carew et al., 1997). 즉, 의미기억을상실하는 DAT와는달리, VaD는의미기억이온전함에도불구하고이러한의미기억에접근하지못하거나의미기억을적절하게인출하지못하여서구어유창성이저하된다고설명된다 (Bonilla & Johnson, 1995). 이러한인출능력이나효율적인찾기전략을사용하는능력은전두엽의기능과관련되며 (Carew et al., 1997), 이와같은전두엽기능의저하는혈관성치매뿐만아니라그전단계인 VaMCI 에서도이미관찰되었다 (Garrett et al., 2004). 따라서 DAT와는달리초기가아닌후기 VaMCI 단계에서조금늦게의미유창성이저하되었으나그수준이초기 VaD까지유지되고더욱이초기 DAT 의의미유창성수준과도차이가없다는사실은후기 VaMCI 단계에서전두엽기능의중요한퇴행이발생할가능성을시사한다. 음소유창성은 ammci의경우에는초기부터정상집단과차이를보였으나 E-amMCI의수준이 L-amMCI와초기 AD까지계속유지되었다. 이결과는 DAT 단계에이르기전초기 MCI 단계에서이미음소유창성의저하가시작되지만치매 (DAT) 초기에이르기까지어느정도그능력이유지됨을의미한다. 그러나 VaMCI는초기부터정상집단과현저한차이를보였고점차빠른속도로저하되어서초기 VaD는초기 DAT보다매우저하된수행을나타냈다. 음소유창성검사가전두엽기능을평가하는대표적인검사로인정받고있음 (Lezak et al., 2012) 을감안할때, VaD와 DAT가동일한수준의치매심각도 (CDR-GS 1.0) 를지녔음에도불구하고 VaD가 DAT보다유의하게낮은수준의음소유창성을나타낸것은동일한치매수준에서 VaD가 DAT에비해전두엽기능이더저하되어있다는기존의연구결과들 (Looi & Sachdev, 1999; Reed et al., 2007) 을지지한다. 또한, 초기 ammci의음소유창성이정상집단보다유의하게저하되고그수준이초기 AD까지유지되었다는본연구의결과는 ammci의음소유창성이초기에는유지된다는 Jones 등 (2006) 의연구결과와는상반되지만, 이제까지알려진바와는달리 DAT가초기단계에서부터미묘한전두엽기능의손상을보인다는최근의연구결과들 (Baudic et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2000; van der Flier et al., 2002) 과맥락을같이하는것으로보인다. 본연구의의의는 ammci와 VaMCI를초기와후기단계로세분하여정상집단, 초기 MCI, 후기 MCI 및초기치매집단의의미유창성과음소유창성의저하양상을구체적으로살펴보고, 선행연구들에서밝히지못한집단별유창성의저하양상과집단간차이 591
6 Haeyoon Kim, et al. Verbal Fluency in Amnestic MCI and Vascular MCI 를발견하였다는점이다. 본연구의결과를요약하면, 기억성경도인지장애의경우에는 ammci 초기부터 ammci 후기와초기 DAT 에이르기까지의미유창성이점진적으로계속저하되었고, 음소유창성은 ammci 초기에일단저하된후그수준이초기 DAT까지유지되는양상이관찰되었다. 이와는다르게혈관성경도인지장애의경우에는 VaMCI 후기가되어야의미유창성이저하되었으나그수준이초기 VaD까지유지되는양상을보였고, 음소유창성은 VaMCI 초기부터저하되기시작하여초기 VaD에이르기까지계속해서저하되는양상을보였다. 본연구의결과들은 MCI 종류 (ammci vs. VaMCI) 에따라서구어유창성의퇴행양상이다르다는사실을보여주었을뿐만아니라 MCI 수준 ( 초기 vs. 후기 ) 에따라서도구어유창성의수준이다르다는것을보여주었다. 이런결과로미루어볼때선행연구들이 MCI의구어유창성에관하여비일관적인결과들을보고하게된이유는연구대상으로포함된 MCI 환자들의수준이서로다르기때문인것으로생각된다. 즉, 연구대상인 MCI의 CDR-GS가모두 0.5라고하여도, 초기 MCI(CDR-SB.5-2.0) 와후기 MCI(CDR-SB ) 가포함된비율에따라서다른결과가도출되었을것이다. ammci와 VaMCI가의미유창성과음소유창성에있어각각서로다른퇴행속도와양상을지니고있음을밝힌본연구의결과는임상장면에서 MCI와치매환자의선별과변별진단에기초자료로활용될수있을것이다. 그러나본연구는 MCI에서부터치매에이르기까지환자들의변화를추적조사한종단연구가아니라독립적인집단들의수행을비교한횡단연구라는점에서제한점을지닌다. 후속종단연구를통해서본연구의결과가재검증되기를기대한다. REFERENCES Adlam, A. L. R., Bozeat, S., Arnold, R., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Semantic knowledge in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer s disease. Cortex, 42, Alexopoulos, P., Grimmer, T., Perneczky, R., Domes, G., & Kurz, A. (2006). Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, Baudic, S., Dalla Barba, G., Thibaudet, M. C., Smagghe, A., Remy, P., & Traykov, L. (2006). Executive function deficits in early Alzheimer s disease and their relations with episodic memory. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, Bonilla, J. L., & Johnson, M. K. (1995). Semantic space in Alzheimer s disease patients. Neuropsychology, 9, Butters, N., Granholm, E., Salmon, D. P., Grant, I., & Wolfe, J. (1987). Episodic and semantic memory: a comparison of amnesic and demented patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, Carew, T. G., Lamar, M., Cloud, B. S., Grossman, M., & Libon, D. J. (1997). Impairment in category fluency in ischemic vascular dementia. Neuropsychology, 11, Chen, P., Ratcliff, G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2000). Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented. Neurology, 55, Chertkow, H., & Bub, D. (1990). Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer s type. Brain, 113, Christensen, K. J., Multhaup, K. S., Nordstrom, S., & Voss, K. (1991). A cognitive battery for dementia: development and measurement characteristics. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, Cummings, J. L., Vinters, H. V., Cole, G. M., & Khachaturian, Z. S. (1998). Alzheimer s disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology, 51(1 Suppl 1), S2-S17. Fahlander, K., Wahlin, Å., Almkvist, O., & Bäckman, L. (2002). Cognitive functioning in Alzheimer s disease and vascular dementia: further evidence for similar patterns of deficits. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, Gainotti, G., Quaranta, D., Vita, M. G., & Marra, C. (2014). Neuropsychological predictors of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer s disease. Journal of Alzheimer s Disease, 38, Garrett, K. D., Browndyke, J. N., Whelihan, W., Paul, R. H., DiCarlo, M., Moser, D. J.,... & Ott, B. R. (2004). The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment no dementia: comparisons to patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, Gorelick, P. B., Scuteri, A., Black, S. E., DeCarli, C., Greenberg, S. M., Iadecola, C.,... & Petersen, R. C. (2011). Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 42, Hart, R. P., & Best, A. M. (2014). Neuropsychological profile and performance variability in vascular cognitive impairment. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5, Heinzel, S., Metzger, F. G., Ehlis, A. C., Korell, R., Alboji, A., Haeussinger, F. B.,... & Fallgatter, A. J. (2013). Aging-related cortical reorganization of 592
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9 기억성경도인지장애와혈관성경도인지장애의구어유창성저하양상비교 김해윤외 국문초록 기억성경도인지장애와혈관성경도인지장애의구어유창성저하양상비교 김해윤 1 강연욱 1,2 유경호 2 이병철 2 1 한림대학교심리학과, 2 한림대학교성심병원신경과 배경및목적 : 본연구는구어유창성이기억성경도인지장애 (ammci) 와혈관성경도인지장애 (VaMCI) 에서어떻게저하되는지를밝히고그저하양상이의미유창성과음소유창성에있어차이가있는지를알아보고자수행되었다. 방법 : 정상노인 34명, ammci 72명, VaMCI 70명, 알츠하이머형치매 (DAT) 36명및혈관치매 (VaD) 39명이연구에참여하였다. 경도인지장애집단들은 CDR-SB점수 2.0을기준으로초기 (E) 와후기 (L) 로다시분류되었고, 모든연구대상자들에게의미유창성 ( 동물 ) 검사와음소유창성 ( ㄱ, ㅇ, ㅅ ) 검사를실시하였다. 결과 : 의미유창성은 ammci의경우에는초기부터 DAT까지점진적으로계속저하된반면, VaMCI의경우에는초기에는유지되다가후기에저하되어 VaD까지유지되는양상을보였다. 음소유창성은 ammci의경우에는초기에저하되어 DAT까지유지되었고, VaMCI의경우에는초기부터 VaD까지점진적으로계속저하되는양상을보였다. 논의및결론 : 연구결과는 ammci와 VaMCI 가의미유창성과음소유창성에있어각각서로다른퇴행속도와양상을지니고있음을시사한다. 핵심어 : 구어유창성, 의미유창성, 음소유창성, 경도인지장애, 기억성경도인지장애, 혈관성경도인지장애본연구는한림대학교특성화사업연구비 (HRF-S-21) 의지원에의한연구임. 참고문헌 강연욱 (2006). K-MMSE(Korean-Mini Mental State Examination) 의노인규준연구. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 25, 강연욱, 장승민, 나덕렬 (2012). 서울신경심리검사 2판. 서울 : 휴브알엔씨. 박재설, 강연욱, 장은주, 오은아, 유경호, 이병철 (2006). 혈관성치매와알츠하이머형치매의단어유창성비교 : 군집화와전환. 언어청각장애연구, 11,
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