제출문 낙동강수계관리위원회위원장귀하 본보고서를 리굴라촌충에의한낙동강강준치폐사사례분석및관리방안 ( 총연구기관 : 2016 년 7 월 20 일 ~ 2017 년 7 월 19 일 ) 의최종보고서로제출합니다 년 7 월 19 일 연구기관명 : 국립낙동강생물자원관, 경상

Transcription

1 Case study of mass death of skygager (Erythroculter erythropterus) due to infection with plerocercoid larvae of ligulid tapeworm and establishment of a management plan 낙동강수계관리위원회 국립낙동강생물자원관 - 경상대학교

2 제출문 낙동강수계관리위원회위원장귀하 본보고서를 리굴라촌충에의한낙동강강준치폐사사례분석및관리방안 ( 총연구기관 : 2016 년 7 월 20 일 ~ 2017 년 7 월 19 일 ) 의최종보고서로제출합니다 년 7 월 19 일 연구기관명 : 국립낙동강생물자원관, 경상대학교 연구책임자 : 국립낙동강생물자원관경상대학교 유정남손운목 연구원 : 국립낙동강생물자원관 류시현, 배기화, 배미정사공진, 김상기, 김지연 경북대학교 강영훈, 송호복, 조한별 박진원 경상대학교 김희주, 김정아

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4 Ⅰ. 제목 : 리굴라촌충에의한낙동강강준치폐사사례분석및관리방안 Ⅱ. 조사연구의목적및필요성 1. 조사연구의목적가. 강준치폐사가일어난지점을대상으로어류상및환경분석나. 강준치의원서식지및낙동강개체군의유전적관계규명및유전적다양성평가다. 리굴라촌충으로인한낙동강강준치개체군의기생충감염현황조사및리굴라촌충의생물학적특성규명을통한리굴라촌충과강준치폐사의상관관계조사 2. 필요성가. 국내수계간이입종인강준치 ( 한강 금강 낙동강 ) 의대량의폐사가유발됨에따라원인규명시급나. 폐사체의복강내리굴라촌충이과증식한상태로발견되어리굴라촌충에대한전반적인연구가필요한실정 Ⅲ. 조사연구의내용및범위 1. 조사연구내용가. 국내외담수어류집단폐사사례조사나. 낙동강강준치대량폐사지점의어류다양성조사다. 강준치의원서식지및개체군의유전학적관계규명및유전다양성평가라. 국내외담수어류폐사와기생충감염관련사례조사마. 강준치개체군의기생충감염현황및생물학적특성조사바. 낙동강수계내인체유해성기생충조사 - i -

5 < 리굴라촌충에감염된강준치 > 2. 조사범위가. 국내외담수어류집단폐사사례조사 1) 국내외온라인기사를통한담수어류집단폐사사례조사나. 낙동강강준치대량폐사지점의어류다양성조사 1) 강준치폐사지점의어류상조사 2) 수환경분석다. 강준치의원서식지및개체군의유전학적관계규명및유전다양성평가 1) 강준치의원서식지및낙동강개체군의유전학적관계규명 2) 낙동강수계집단폐사개체군과일반개체군의유전다양성평가라. 국내외담수어류폐사와기생충감염관련사례조사 1) 국내외온라인기사및문헌을사례조사마. 강준치개체군의기생충감염현황및생물학적특성조사 1) 강준치개체군의기생충감염현황조사 2) 리굴라촌충의생물학적특성조사 3) 리굴라촌충의분자생물학적특성조사 4) 리굴라촌충감염에대한대응전략마련바. 낙동강수계내인체유해성기생충조사 6) 인체유해기생충감염상조사 - ii -

6 Ⅳ. 조사연구결과 1. 국내외담수어류집단폐사사례및기생충감염관련사례조사 가. 2013년 1월 ~ 2017년 6월까지 65건의국내담수어류폐사가발생나. 2013년 1월 ~ 2017년 6월까지 1,281건 ( 한국제외 ) 의국외담수어류폐사가발생했으며미국이가장많이발생함다. 한국과미국의최근 1년간발생한사건을분석해보면용존산소부족이대부분의폐사원인으로추정됨라. 리굴라촌충에의한대량폐사관련사례는 2016년초봄국내에서발생한사례가유일함마. 기생충감염으로숙주가폐사하는경우는거의없으므로국내외담수어류폐사와기생충관련사례는어류의리굴라촌충유충감염상과리굴라촌충유충이어류숙주에미치는영향에대해정리함 - iii -

7 < 국내 외담수어류폐사사례분석 > 2. 낙동강강준치대량폐사지점의어류다양성조사가. 낙동강의강준치폐사지점의어류상조사는칠곡보, 강정고령보, 함안보의상 하총 6개지점을대상으로조사를수행하였으며, 그결과총 8과 25종 3,873개체가채집나. 조사지점전체의개체수기준우점종은블루길 (20.6%), 아우점종은치리 (19.9%), 강준치는전체개체수의 18.2% 를차지, 생체량기준우점종은블루길 (25.9%), 아우점종은강준치 (21.1%) 로나타남다. 조사지점별출현종은각 9~18종이확인되었으며, 가장많은종이채집된지점은강정고령보하지점으로총 19종이출현하여조사지역내에서가장다양성이높게나타남. 창녕함안보상지점에서는 9종이출현하여가장빈약하였음 - iv -

8 < 지점별채집종수및개체수 > 라. 법정보호종은멸종위기야생생물 II급으로지정되어있는백조어가 2개지점에서출현하였으며, 토착종, 한국고유종, 외래종, 이입종의상대비율을확인한결과어종의수에서는토착종과한국고유종의비율이대부분의지점에서 50% 를차지하는것으로확인되나, 개체수와생체량의면에서는전지점에서외래종 + 이입종의비율이 50-90% 이상을차지하고있었음마. 조사지점의강준치연령분포대비감염개체의체장분포를확인한결과 69.2% 가 2-3년생개체, 30.8% 는 4년생이상개체로대부분이 2-3년생개체가감염되는것이확인되었음 3. 강준치의원서식지및개체군의유전학적관계규명및유전다양성평가가. 강준치유전자분석을위한모계유전 mitochondrial DNA CO1 유전자마커선정및양친유전을하는신규 microsatellite 유전자마커 10개개발나. 한강, 금강, 낙동강으로부터총 16집단 355개체를채집하여분석한결과 CO1 유전자마커영역에서총 3개의유전자형이도출되었고, microsatellite 10개유전자마커영역에서는총 79개의대립유전자 (allele) 이도출됨 - v -

9 < 수계별집단의유전자형분포도 Microsatellite > 다. CO1 및 microsatellite 10 개유전자마커를이용하여수계별집단간유전다양성을 측정한결과낙동강수계에속하는집단들에서한강과금강수계에속하는 집단들보다높은결과가도출됨 - vi -

10 < 수계별유전다양성수준측정 > 라. 의집단간유전적차이분석에서는 CO1 유전자형을이용한결과, 한강, 금강, 낙동강의집단들이모두유전적차이가없었으며, microsatellite 79개대립유전자 (allele) 을이용한결과서로다른수계간집단사이에서는유전자차이가도출되었으나동일수계의집단에서는유전적차이가없었음마. Structure 분석을통해수계별집단간의유전적집단구조를분석한결과최상의유전적구조클러스터수는 2개로나타났으며, 낙동강수계와금강수계가같은클러스러를형성하였고, 한강수계는별도의클러스터를형성하였음 - vii -

11 4. 리굴라촌충의생물학적특성가. 2016년 8월과 10월에조사한어류중강준치, 치리, 백조어등 3종 (37.5%) 16개체 (17.2%) 에서강준치개체군의기생충감염이확인됨나. 리굴라촌충충미충의형태학적특징은충체의두절은뭉뚝한형태로등-배방향으로짧은홈의흡구가관찰되었으며, 충체의길이는평균 440mm, 최대너비는 8.5mm이었음. 전체적으로체절은관찰되지않으나전체표에세로로불규칙한주름이고르게분포하였고생식기관 (reproductive organ) 이홈형태로충체의길이방향으로 1쌍씩약 mm 의간격으로분포하였음 < 강준치복강으로부터나온리굴라촌충및형태 > 다. 낙동강의상주보에서채집하였던칼날로물벼룩 580 개체와주남저수지에서 채집하였던긴수염물벼룩 450 개체등의요각류모두에서리굴라촌충유충 음성이었음 5. 리굴라촌충의분자생물학적특성조사가. 리굴라촌충의유전학적인특성을알기위하여미토콘드리아DNA의 cox1 유전자및핵DNA의 18S 및 28S 유전자를조사하여 GenBank의데이터와비교하여계통학적인분석을실시하였던결과, 낙동강강준치에서검출한리굴라촌충은 Digramma interrupta 와유전적으로가장가까운근연관계를나타냄 - viii -

12 < 18S 를이용한리굴라촌충의유전학적위치 > 나. 이연구의조사지역어류에서간흡충을비롯하여다양한인체유해흡충류의피낭유충이검출되었다. 간흡충피낭유충의경우, 낙동강본류는매우낮은유행도를, 낙동강의지류인경남산청군의양천은중등도의유행도를, 경북군위군위천은매우높은유행도를나타냄. 주남저수지와낙동강본류에서는간흡충의호적어류숙주가적게채집된면도있지만전반적으로감염률및감염밀도가낮음. 반면, 위천어류에서는매우높은감염률과감염밀도를나타내었는데특히, 돌고기, 몰개및긴몰개의경우감염어체당평균 1,000개가넘는피낭유충이검출됨 - ix -

13 < 어류에서검출한인체감염흡충류피낭유충 > - x -

14 Ⅴ. 결론 1. 낙동강의강준치가폐사한지점의어류상조사는칠곡보, 강정고령보, 함안보의 상 하총 6 개지점을대상으로, 2016 년가을, 2017 년봄 2 회의조사가이루어 졌고조사방법은지점별자망, 정치망, 족대및투망을이용하여수행하였음 2. 본조사기간동안낙동강본류강준치폐사지점 6곳에대한동소어류상조사결과총 8과 25종 3,873개체가확인되었음. 조사지점전체의우점종은 796개체가채집된블루길 (20.6%) 이었으며, 아우점종은치리 (19.9%) 로총 770개체가채집되었음. 전체 6곳의조사지점에서채집된개체수를기준으로확인된우점종은 796개체가채집되어 20.6% 의상대풍부도를나타낸블루길이었으며, 아우점종은 770개체가채집되어 19.9% 의상대풍부도를나타낸치리였음. 이외상대풍부도 5% 이상채집된종은강준치 (18.2%), 참몰개 (12.5%), 끄리 (9.0%), 누치 (5.4%) 순으로나타났고, 생체량을기준으로한결과에서도블루길이총 48,541g이채집되어 25.9% 를차지하여생체량이가장많았고, 강준치 (39,472g, 21.1%), 붕어 (35,757, 19.1%), 치리 (14,756g, 7.9%) 의순으로나타났음 3. 조사지점별출현종은각 9~18종이확인되었으며, 가장많은종이채집된지점은강정고령보하지점으로총 19종이출현하여조사지역내에서가장다양성이높았음. 그다음으로는칠곡보상지점과칠곡보하지점에서 17종, 18종이출현하는것으로확인되었지만, 함안보상지점에서는 9종이출현하여전체조사지점중출현종이가장빈약한것으로나타남. 지점별개체수기준우점종과아우점종을확인하여보면우점종으로출현한어종은모두 5종이며, 블루길이 2지점에서우점하고, 강준치가누치, 참몰개, 치리, 각각 1지점에서우점하고있었음 4. 법정보호종은멸종위기야생생물 II급으로지정되어있는백조어가강정고령보하지점에서 1개체, 창녕함안보하지점에서 3개체총 12개체가채집되었고. 한국고유종은모두 1과 2종 518개체가채집되었음. 고유화빈도는 8.0% 로매우낮았음. 외래종은떡붕어, 블루길, 배스 3종총 825개체가채집되어 21.3% 의상대풍부도를나타냈으며, 낙동강수계서식종이아닌국내타수계이입종으로끄리, 강준치, 치리, 동자개, 민물검정망둑 5종이총 1,832개체가채집되어전체개체수대비 47.3% 의높은상대풍부도를나타내었음. 각조사지점에서토착종, 한국고유종, 외래종, 이입종의상대비율을확인한결과어종의수에서는토착종과 - xi -

15 한국고유종의비율이대부분의지점에서 50% 를차지하는것으로확인되나, 개체수 와생체량의면에서는전지점에서외래종 + 이입종의비율이 50-90% 이상을차지 하고있었음 5. 한강, 금강, 낙동강수계에서총 16개체군 355개체의강준치를확보하여유전자분석을위해 344개체의 gdna를확보하였고, 모계유전을하는 mitochondrial DNA CO1유전자마커와양친유전하는 microsatellite 유전자마커 10개를신규개발하여강준치유전자분석을하기위한유전자마커를확정할수있었음 6. mtdna CO1 유전자마커와 microsatellite 유전자마커를이용하여강준치의유전자분석을실시한결과모든마커에서수계별개체군들이낮은유전자형의구성을보였음. mitochondrial DNA CO1유전자마커는단 3개의유전자형만도출되었고, microsatellite 유전자마커 10개를이용했음에도불구하고 79개의 allele이도출되는등낮은유전자형구성을보였고, mitochondrial DNA CO1유전자마커의유전자형은모든수계별집단에서같은구성으로유전자형이분포하였음. microsatellite 유전자마커 10개에서나타난 79개의 allele 중 29개는모든수계의집단에서관찰되었고, 금강수계에속하는 GG 집단은일반적으로분포하는 29개외에총 2개의고유 allele이관찰되었고, 한강수계와금강수계집단사이에공유 allele이 2개 (8, 32) 가관찰되었고, 이는낙동강수계집단들에서는관찰되지않았음. 한강수계와낙동강수계집단사이의공유 allele은총 5개가관찰되었고이들은금강수계집단에서는관찰되지않았음. 금강수계집단과낙동강수계집단의공유 allele은총 22개가관찰되었고이들은한강수계집단들에서는관찰되지않았음. 여러가지유전자마커를이용하여약 300개체이상을분석에이용했음에도불구하고단순한유전자형의구성과낮은유전다양성수치를나타내는결과를종합해보면, 국내강준치의수계별집단들은유전다양성이상당히낮은것으로평가됨 7. 수계별집단간유전적차이 분석을통해검증한결과 mitochondrial DNA 유전자마커에서는유전적차이가도출되지않았으나, microsatellite 10개유전자마커에서는수계를달리하는집단들사이에는유전적차이가도출되었음. microsatellite 10개유전자마커를이용하여수계별집단간유전적구조를분석한결과낙동강수계집단들은 97% 이상금강수계의집단과같은유전적구조를보였고, 약 3% 정도한강수계의집단의유전적구조를보임. 이러한결과를통해국내강준치는낙동강은물론한강과금강수계사이에서도교류가있었던것으로 - xii -

16 추정됨. 동일하게나타나는유전적형질과한강및금강에서만나타나는유전형질이낙동강수계집단들에서나타나는것을볼때낙동강에이입된개체군은한강과금강수계에서모두이입이된것으로추정하지만, 현재는금강수계의유전적형질이한강수계의유전적형질에비해우점하고있는것으로판단됨 8. 본연구를통하여우리나라에분포하는리굴라촌충의생물학적및분자생물학적특성의일부와낙동강수계에서어류매개인체유해흡충류의유행도의일부가밝혀짐. 즉, 낙동강의강준치를집단폐사케하였던리굴라촌충유충의형태학적특징과유전학적특성이밝혀졌음. 리굴라조충 (Ligula intestinalis) 으로알고있었던것이 Digramma interrupta와유전학적인근연성이더높다는것이새롭게밝혀짐. 향후종명확성에대한결론과우리나라에분포하는리굴라조충류의종다양성에대한좀더심도있는연구필요할것으로생각됨. 하지만강준치에서 Digramma interrupta의존재확인은우리나라조충상 (Cestode fauna) 에기여한것으로평가됨 - xiii -

17 Ⅵ. 조사연구결과의활용방안 1. 본연구를통해밝혀진 3 가지 ( 현장조사, 유전학적연구, 기생충연구 ) 분야는 강준치와리굴라촌충에대해그동안연구가없던새로운과학적사실을제시 한것에큰의의가있음 2. 본연구사업의결과를통해어류다양성, 유전건강성, 기생충 ( 리굴라촌충등 ) 등 어류대량폐사에직접적인영향을주는다양한요인에대해도출된결과는 유사사례에적용할수있는기초자료로제공될수있을것으로사료됨 3. 어류대량폐사의다양한원인에대한고찰을통해유사한사례들의해결점을 찾는활용성높은학문적정보로사용될수있을것으로사료됨 4. 본연구를통하여얻은리굴라촌충의생물학적및유전학적특성에대한결과는 학술적인용도로뿐만아니라리굴라촌충감염담수어류의집단폐사에대한 대응전략마련에활용될수있을것임 5. 낙동강수계어류의인체유해흡충류피낭유충감염상에대한역학자료는해당흡충류의인체감염예방및관리에활용할수있을것이며이연구를통하여리굴라촌충유충의어류감염과수질과는관계가없고생태학적구성요소와밀접한관련성이있다는점과리굴라촌충이인체감염기생충이아니라는점을적극적으로홍보하면범국민불안감해소에도움을줄수있다고판단됨 6. 본연구는 1년간진행된과제로서이례적인리굴라촌충에의한강준치폐사와의연관성을확실히규명하기에는짧은시간으로서그가능성에대해제시를하였음. 이에본연구의결과를바탕으로 1) 어류현장조사를통한강준치개체군의변동모니터링, 2) 강준치의유전건강상평가, 3) 리굴라촌충의전반적인연구에대해각각의분야를집중연구하는장기계획 (3개년년차별연구사업 ) 을세워강준치및리굴라촌충에대한관리방안마련에과학적근거자료를제시할수있도록할것을제안함 7. 특히리굴라촌충의제 1 중간숙주가되는물벼룩에대한생태학적연구 ( 수환경에 따른변화양상, 서식처의환경, 물벼룩의생활사등 ) 를통해리굴라촌충의 대발생과의연계성을밝힘으로서우리나라에서발생한리굴라촌충에의한 - xiv -

18 강준치폐사와같은폐사원인에대해규명할수있을것으로판단되어향후 물벼룩과리굴라촌충에대한집중연구가필요함 8. 낙동강이입종으로서국내담수어류최상위우점도 ( 외래종인블루길과배스제외 ) 를나타내는강준치가낙동강토착어류들과균형을이루고살수있는환경조성을위해강준치의개체수를인위적으로조절하기위한관리방안 ( 연차별강준치개체어획계획, 인위적인어획에따른보상체계마련등 ) 마련을고려한정책수립이필요 - xv -

19 참고문헌 강영훈, 낙동강의어류상과어류군집구조의변화. 경북대학교이학박사학위논문. 371pp. 김상기, 강영훈, 홍기붕, 유동욱, 석호영, 채병수, 김한순, 황의욱, 영남지역 21 개호소의 어류상과군집구조. 한국어류학회지, 23: 김익수, 한국산납자루아과어류의분류학적연구. 전북대생물학연구연보, 3: 김익수, 한국산모래무지아과어류의계통분류학적연구. 한국수산학회지, 17(5): 김익수, 한국담수산골표상목과극기상목어류의분류. 전북대생물학연구연보, 8: 김익수, 한국동식물도감제 37 권동물편 ( 담수어류 ). 교육부. 629pp. 김익수, 이금영, 양서영, 한국산황어아과어류의계통분류학적연구. 한국수산학회지, 18(4): 김익수, 최윤, 이충열, 이용주, 김병직, 김지현, 원색한국어류대도감. 교학사, 서울, 615pp. 김종원, 류승원, 이진국, 박정원, 이율경, 심재원, 강영훈, 김수경, 주기재, 김구연, 도윤호, 이찬 우, 윤주덕, 하천생태학그리고낙동강. 계명대학교출판부. 김치홍, 이완옥, 이종관, 홍관의, 청평호의어류군집. 한국어류학회지, 17: 국립환경과학원유역생태연구팀, 담수어류의페사 낙동강물환경연구소, 낙동강에출현하는식물플랑크톤. 낙동강물환경연구소. 손세환, 하천의인공구조물이생태계에미치는영향 : 저서성대형무척추동물, 어류, 하천 식생을중심으로. 순천향대학교석사학위논문. 손영목, 한국산퉁가리과어류의계통분류학적연구. 중앙대대학원박사학위논문, pp xvi -

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33 2016 년도환경기초조사사업보고서 연구기관 : 국립낙동강생물자원관, 경상대학교연구책임자 : 선임연구원유정남, 주임교수손운목 주소 : 경북상주시도남2길 137, 경상남도진주시진주대로 816번길 15 전화 : , 팩스 : , 주 의 1. 이보고서는낙동강수계관리위원회 국립낙동강생물자원관 경상대학교에서 시행한환경기초조사사업의연구보고서입니다. 2. 이보고서내용을발표할때에는반드시낙동강수계관리위원회 국립낙동강 생물자원관 경상대학교에서시행한환경기초조사사업의연구결과임을밝혀야 합니다. 3. 국가과학기술기밀유지에필요한내용은대외적으로발표또는공개해서는 아니됩니다. - xxx -