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1 Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 8 : 1798~1804 Aug 자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송기술구현을위한자기공진기소형화설계 조영식 1 박지혜 2 남윤서 2 최세영 2* Miniaturization of Inductive Resonator for Implementation of Wireless Power Transfer Technology Using Resonant Inductive Coupling Young Seek Cho 1 Ji Hye Park 2 Yun Seo Nam 2 Seyeong Choi 2* 1 Center for Advanced Electric Applications, Wonkwang University, Iksan , Korea 2* Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan , Korea 요약 자기공진결합 (resonant inductive coupling) 현상을이용한무선전력전송기술을구현하기위하여새로운구조의자기공진기를제시한다. MIT 연구팀이제안한헬릭스 (helix) 모양의자기공진기의크기를줄이고, 공진주파수 10 MHz 를유지하며, 무선전력전송효율이크게열화되지않도록설계한다. 새로운구조의자기공진기는스파이럴 (spiral) 모양으로써헬릭스모양대비소형화를달성하였다. 스파이럴모양 (1,696 cm 3 ) 의자기공진기는헬릭스모양 (59,376 cm 3 ) 대비 97% 소형화를이룩하였고, 무선전력전송효율은기존기술 (2 m 거리에서 40 % 전송효율 ) 대비 9% 이하로차이를줄임으로써무선전력전송기술의실용화에기여할수있게되었다. ABSTRACT A novel inductive resonator for the implementation of wireless power transfer using resonant inductive coupling is presented. The proposed inductive resonator is much smaller than the helix shape resonator suggested by MIT research team but operates the same resonant frequency with comparable wireless power transfer efficiency. The proposed inductive resonator is a spiral shape (1,696 cm 3 ), which is 97 % smaller than the helix shape (59,376 cm 3 ). The wireless power transfer efficiency is less than 9 % when compared to the helix shape resonator. With the reduce size and comparable efficiency, this novel inductive resonator can be used in practical application of wireless power transfer. 키워드 : 무선전력전송, 소형화, 자기공진결합, 자기공진기 Key word : inductive resonator, inductive resonant coupling, miniaturization, wireless power transfer 접수일자 : 심사완료일자 : 게재확정일자 : * Corresponding Author Seyeong Choi( sychoi@wku.ac.kr, Tel: ) Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan , Korea Open Access print ISSN: online ISSN: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.

2 자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송기술구현을위한자기공진기소형화설계 Ⅰ. 서론무선전력전송 (Wireless Power Transfer) 시스템은전력을무선전송에유리한마이크로파나자기공진의물리현상을이용하여에너지를전달하는새로운개념의전력전송방식으로전선없이전기에너지를공간을통해보낼수있는시스템이다. 무선전력전송을위한고전적인정전기유도방식은 20 세기초에이미발견되었다. 테슬라는무선전력전송을시현하기위하여 테슬라코일 을설계하였다 [1]. 용전자제품을위한범용충전기 [5], 집적회로내부의전력공급 [6], 의료용기구의전력공급 [7] 등에폭넓게사용된다. 이러한자기결합충전기와배터리는서로접촉되거나매우가깝게서로놓아야한다. 송신공진기수신공진기 D 표 1. 무선전력전송시스템비교 Table. 1 Comparison of wireless power transfer system 분류전송거리특성 원거리전송 수 km - 수백 km 근거리전송수 m - 10 m 내외 비접촉전송 수 mm 내외 수 GHz 주파수고출력전송 수십 MHz &- 수백 MHz 저출력전송 고효율전송자기결합방식 표 1에거리에따른무선전력전송시스템을분류하였다. 원거리전송을위하여지향성을갖는고주파에너지전송은주로공중이나우주공간에서무선전력전송을위하여제안되었다. 지향성을갖는고주파에너지전송을위한한가지방식은고출력마이크로파전력전송이다 [2-4]. R L p 그림 1. 자기결합방식을이용한무선전력전송개념도 Fig. 1 Schematic of wireless power transfer using inductive coupling 근거리장 (near-field) 또는비방사 (non-radiative) 전력전송방식은자기결합 (inductive coupling) 방식과자기공진결합 (resonant inductive coupling) 방식등두가지가있다. 그림 1에묘사된자기결합방식은휴대폰, 태블릿컴퓨터, 전동칫솔, 전기면도기같은휴대 L s R 그림 2. 자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송개념도 Fig. 2 Schematic of wireless power transfer using resonant inductive coupling 자기공진결합방식은자기결합방식보다좀더효율적인무선전력전송방식이다. 자기공진결합방식에서는두개의같은공진주파수를갖는시스템은결합되기쉽지만, 공진주파수가다른시스템과는공진현상이일어나지않는현상을이용하는것이다. 방사또는흡수에의한손실을최소화하여근거리장을갖는전자기적공진기를설계함으로써, 적정수준효율을보이는무선전력전송방식을구현할수있다. 이와같은자기공진결합구조의개념도를그림 2에도시하였다. MIT 물리학과의마린솔랴치치 (Marin Soljacic) 교수연구팀은자기공진결합방식을채택하여무선전력전송기술을시연하였음을발표하였다 [8]. 자기공진결합방식에서메타물질을이용한공진기개발이제안되기도하였다 [9]. 본논문에서는 MIT 연구팀이제안한자기공진결합방식을도입하되, 협소한공간에서사용이가능하도록무선전력전송시스템의수신부회로의소형화방법을제시하고, 무선전력전송효율을분석하였다. 본논문의구성은다음과같다. II장에서는 3차원초고주파모델링소프트웨어패키지, High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS)[10] 를이용한자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송시스템의모델링방법론을소개한다. III장에서는본논문에서제안한스파이럴모양의공진기설계방법론을소개한다. 끝으로 IV장에서는본논문의결론과향후추가연구분야를제시한다. 1799

3 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 8 : 1798~1804 Aug Ⅱ. 무선전력전송시스템모델링 그림 3. MIT 연구팀이제안한무선전력전송시스템의 HFSS 모델 Fig. 3 HFSS model of wireless power transfer suggested by MIT research team HFSS 모델링의결과를검증하기위하여 MIT 연구팀이제안한자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송시스템을 HFSS를이용하여모델링하였다. MIT 연구팀이제시한송수신공진기의크기와모양 ( 반경 300 mm와높이 200 mm, 그리고 5.25-turn의 helix 모양 ) 을 HFSS를이용하여그림 2와같이모델링하였다. 전송효율은그림 3의입력코일과출력코일사이의산란파라미터 (scattering parameter, S-parameter) 를 HFSS 를이용하여계산한다음아래의식 (1) 에따라계산된다. 아래식에서 S 21 은산란파라미터의전송계수를의미한다. 결과를보여준다. 여기에서입력코일과출력코일의반경은 200 mm로동일하고, 송수신공진기의반경은 300mm로동일한조건에서실험하였다. 이실험에서 K s = K d 이며입출력코일과송수신공진기사이간격을변경하여실험하였다. 120 mm에서는 12.7 % 의효율을얻을수있었고, 200 mm에서는 0.9% 의효율이나타났다. 코일과공진기의이격거리를조절하여시뮬레이션한결과, 160 mm일때 32 % 로효율이가장높다. 그림 5는 K s 가 160 mm일때의산란파라미터결과값을보여준다. 그림에서보여진바와같이 10.5 MHz 일때 32 % 의효율을얻은결과를확인할수있다. 전송효율향상을위하여입출력코일의반경 (r) 의변화에따른효율을분석하였다. 앞선실험결과에서가장효율이좋았던 K s 와 K d 의거리는 160 mm로고정하고코일의반지름을변경하여실험하였다. 송수신공진기의반경이 300 mm이기때문에코일의반지름을 250 mm부터시작하였고 14.9 % 의효율을얻었다. 220 mm 일때는 20.3% 의효율을얻었고, 반지름이줄어들수록효율이향상됨을파악하고반지름을줄이면서시뮬레이션을반복하였다. (1) 그림 4. 코일과공진기간격에따른전송효율비교 Fig. 4 Comparison of transmission efficiency with respect to the space between coil and resonator 그림 4는입력코일과송신공진기사이의간격 (K s ) 과출력코일과수신공진기사이의간격 (K d ) 을 120 mm에서부터 200 mm까지 40 mm씩증가시켜실험한 그림 5. K s=160 mm 일때 S-parameter 와전송효율 Fig. 5 S-parameter and transmission efficiency at K s=160 mm 1800

4 자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송기술구현을위한자기공진기소형화설계 코일의반경이 150 mm일때 MIT에서발표한논문과같은 2 m 떨어진곳에서의 40 % 효율을얻었다. 실험결과는그림 6와그림 7에서확인할수있다. 그림 6. 코일의반경에따른전송효율비교 Fig. 6 Comparison of transmission efficiency with respect to the radius of the coil 그림 8. 헬릭스모양의공진기로구성된무선전력전송시스템의자장 (magnetic field) 분포 Fig. 8 Magnetic field distribution in wireless power transfer using helix shape resonators Ⅲ. 수신부공진기의소형화설계 그림 9. 스파이럴모양의공진기모양과크기 Fig. 9 Shape and dimension of a spiral shape resonator 그림 7. 코일의반경이 160 mm 일때의 S-parameter 와전송효율 Fig. 7 S-parameter and transmission efficiency at r = 160 mm 그림 8은효율 40.6% 일때의자장 (magnetic field: H-field) 분포를보여준다. MIT 연구팀의연구결과를 HFSS 시뮬레이션을통하여확인하였지만송수신 resonator의반경과높이가각각 300 mm, 210 mm로부피가큰단점이있다. 특히수신부공진기는제한된공간에서사용해야할경우를대비하여소형화가필수적과제이다. 본연구에서는 MIT 연구팀이제안한헬릭스모양의공진기를스파이 1801

5 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 8 : 1798~1804 Aug 럴모양의공진기로변경하여소형화를달성하였다. 그림 9는본연구에서개발한스파이럴모양의공진기의 3차원모델이다. 본연구에서는헬릭스모양의공진기를송신부공진기를그대로사용하기로하였다. 헬릭스모양의공진기의공진주파수가 10.6 MHz이므로수신부공진기로쓰일스파이럴모양의공진기의공진주파수도 10.6 MHz로일치시켜야한다. 공진주파수 10.6 MHz인동작하는공진기를얻기위하여반경은헬릭스모양의공진기와동일한 300 mm로고정하고, pitch와 turn 수를변경하여 pitch와 turn 수를최적화하였다. pitch가 20 mm이고, turn 수가 11.5 일때가장근접한주파수가얻어짐을시뮬레이션을통해확인하였다. 그림 10은 pitch와 turns의변화에따른주파수변화를나타내었다. 그림 9에서확인할수있는바와같이헬릭스모양의공진기와공진주파수가동일함을알수있다. 그림 11. 스파이럴모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용할때코일과공진기사이의거리에따른전송효율비교 Fig. 11 Comparison of transmission efficiency of wireless power transfer system using the spiral shape resonator as the receiver 따라서그림 12에보인바와같이 K s ( 입력코일과헬릭스모양의공진기사이의거리 ) 는 160 mm로고정하고, K d ( 출력코일과스파이럴모양의공진기사이의거리 ) 값을변경하여효율을분석하였다. 그림 10. 스파이럴모양의공진기의 pitch 와 turn 수에따른공진주파수 Fig. 10 Resonant frequency of the spiral shape resonator with respect to pitch and number of turns 앞서얻어진최적화된입력코일과출력코일의반경 (r) 은 150 mm로선택하고, 입력코일과송신부공진기 ( 헬릭스모양의공진기 ) 사이의간격 (K s ) 과출력코일과수신부공진기 ( 스파이럴모양의공진기 ) 사이의간격 (K d ) 을 80 mm부터 200 mm까지동일하게변경하여효율을분석하였다. 그결과는아래그림 11과같다. 하지만송신부와수신부공진기의모양이다르기때문에 K s 와 K d 를동일하게설정하면효율이떨어지는결과가그림 11처럼도출되었다. 그림 12. 스파이럴모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용한무선전력전송시스템의 HFSS 모델 Fig. 12 HFSS model of wireless power transfer system using the spiral shape resonator as a receiver 그림 13은 K s 를 160 mm로고정하고 K d 만변경하여실험한결과를보여준다. K d 값이 200 mm일때가장효율이좋은것을알수있다. 스파이럴모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용하였을때 31.4% 의효율을얻을수있음을시뮬레이션을통하여확인하였다. 헬릭스모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용하였을때보다약 9% 정도의효율저하가발생하였다. 원인은스파이럴모양의공진기의 Q-factor 값이헬릭스모양의공진기보다작기때문이다. 공진기의부피를대폭줄였지만효율이저하되기때문에무선전력전송시스템의적용분야에따라부피와효율사이의설계 tradeoff가필요함을알수있다. 1802

6 자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송기술구현을위한자기공진기소형화설계 그림 13. 스파이럴모양의공진기와출력코일의거리에따른전송효율비교 Fig. 13 Comparison of transmission efficiency with respect to the distance between spiral shape resonator and output coil 그림 14는스파이럴모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용하였을때얻어진효율 31.4% 일때의산란파라미터결과값을보여준다. 그림 15. 헬릭스모양의공진기 ( 송신부 ) 와스파이럴모양의공진기 ( 수신부 ) 로구성된무선전력전송시스템의자장 (magnetic field) 분포 Fig. 15 Magnetic field distribution in wireless power transfer using helix shape resonator for transmitter and spiral shape resonator for receiver Ⅳ. 결론 본논문에서는 MIT 연구팀이제안한자기공진결합방식을이용한무선전력전송시스템의수신부공진기소형화설계방안을제시하였다. 3차원초고주파모델링소프트웨어패키지 (ANSYS 사의 HFSS) 를이용하여시뮬레이션한결과기존기술대비 97 % 소형화를이룩하였고, 31.4% 의무선전력전송효율을얻을수있었다. 9 % 저하된전송효율은향후계속연구가필요하다. 또한 HFSS 시뮬레이션을통하여얻어진무선전력전송시스템의효율에관한실제측정결과도향후추진해야할과제이다. 그림 14. 스파이럴모양의공진기를수신부공진기로사용했을때의 S-parameter 와효율 Fig. 14 S-parameter and transmission efficiency when using the spiral shpae resonator as the receiver 그림 15는효율 31.4% 일때의자장 (magnetic field: H-field) 분포를보여준다. REFERENCES [1] N. Tesla, Apparatus for transmitting electrical engergy, US patent number 1,119,732, Patent and Trademark Office, Washington D.C., [ 2 ] W. C. Brown and E. E. Eves, Beamed microwave power 1803

7 한국정보통신학회논문지 (J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 8 : 1798~1804 Aug transmission and its application to space, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Tech., vol. 40, no. 6, June [ 3 ] J. O. McSpadden and J. C. Mankins, Space solar power programs and microwave wireless power transmission technology, IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp , Dec [ 4 ] V. Jamnejad and A. Silva, Microwave power beaming strategies for fractionated spacecraft systems, in Proceeding of 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1-14, March [ 5 ] B. Choi, J. Nho, H. Cha, T. Ahn, and S. Choi, Design and Implementation of Low-Profile Contactless Battery Charger Using Planar Printed Circuit Board Windings as Energy Transfer Device, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp , Feb [ 6 ] R. Matias, B. Cunha, and R. Martins, Modeling inductive coupling for wireless power transfer to integrated circuits, in Proceeding of 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), pp , May 201. [ 7 ] T. Sun, X. Xie, G. Li, Y. Gu, Y. Deng, and Z. Wang, A two-hop wireless power transfer system with an efficiency-enhanced power receiver for motion-free capsule endoscopy inspection, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 11, pp , Nov [ 8 ] A. Kurs, A.Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.D. Joanopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic, Wireless power transfer via strongly magnetic resonances, Science, vol. 317, pp , [ 9 ] B. Wang, W. Yerazunis, and K. H. Teo, Wireless power transfer: metamaterials and array of coupled resonators, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp , June [10] High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), Version 15.0, ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA. 조영식 (Young Seek Cho) 1998 년 ~ 2004 년 : SK 텔레텍 (SK 텔레콤자회사, 현 팬택 ) 선임연구원 2010 년 : Ph. D. in electrical engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cites, USA 2011 년 : Post Doctoral Associate, Purdue University, USA 2012 년 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교공과대학연구교수 관심분야 : 초고주파회로설계, 3 차원패키징, 무선전력전송, 무선센서네트워크 박지혜 (Ji Hye Park) 2010 년 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교공과대학정보통신공학과학부과정 관심분야 : HFSS 설계및실험, 무선전력전송, 무선센서네트워크 남윤서 (Yun Seo Nam) 2011 년 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교공과대학정보통신공학과학부과정 관심분야 : HFSS 설계및실험, 무선전력전송, 무선센서네트워크 최세영 (Seyeong Choi) 1998 년 ~ 2000 년 : LG 텔레콤, 주임연구원 2007 년 : Ph. D. in electrical engineering, Texas A&M University, TX, USA 2007 년 ~ 2008 년 : Post Doctoral Research Associate / Research Consultant, TAMUQ, Doha, Qatar 2008 년 ~ 2010 년 : LG 전자, 책임연구원 2010 년 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교공과대학정보통신공학과조교수 관심분야 : 무선센서네트워크, 무선이동통신, 페이딩채널, 다이버시티기법, 시스템성능분석 1804

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