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1 연구논문 Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society 27(1), (2017) ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Effect of Transverse Magnetic Field on Build-up Region of 6 MV Photon Beam Seong Soo Shin, Wonsik Choi, and Woo Sang Ahn* Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung 25440, Korea Jungwon Kwak Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea (Received 19 January 2017, Received in final form 6 February 2017, Accepted 6 February 2017) The purpose of this study was to present an improved method of dose modulation over the increase of build-up for existing 6 MV photon beam. Two neodymium permanent magnets with a strength of 0.5 T (Tesla) were applied with a magnetic field perpendicular to the photon beam. The effects of dose on build-up region with or without the magnetic field were measured according to the magnetto-magnet distance (MMS) and the magnet-to-surface distance (MSD). For MMS = 6 cm and MSD = 2.5 cm, D 0mm, D 2mm, D 5mm, and D 10 mm showed improved doses of 6.8 %, 14.6 %, 6.9 %, and 2.1 %, respectively, as compared with 6 MV open beam. In this study, the device with low strength magnetic field can be applied directly to the outside of the human body when the target volume located close to the skin is delivered with radiation. It is expected that the method of build-up modulation using a low strength magnetic field will be feasible in the clinical applications. Keywords : build-up region, linear accelerator, magnetic field, photon beam, 6 MV 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역에대한자기장영향 신성수 최원식 안우상 * 울산의대강릉아산병원방사선종양학과, 강원강릉시사천면방동길 38, 곽정원울산의대서울아산병원방사선종양학과, 서울시송파구올림픽로 43 길 88, (2017 년 1 월 19 일받음, 2017 년 2 월 6 일최종수정본받음, 2017 년 2 월 6 일게재확정 ) 저강도자기장을이용하여기존의 6MV 광자선에대한선량상승보다향상된선량변조방법을제안하고이를실험적으로선량효과를확인하고자하였다. 0.5 T (Tesla) 강도를지니는두개의네오디뮴영구자석을광자선에수직방향으로자기장을인가하였다. 자석과자석간의거리 (MMD) 와자석과물표면간의거리 (MSD) 에따라자기장을인가한경우와인가하지않은경우에서의선량상승영역의선량변화를측정하였다. 자석과자석간의거리가 6 cm이고자석과물표면간의거리가 2.5 cm 조건에서기존 6MV 광자선의선량상승곡선과비교하여 D 0mm, D 2mm, D 5mm, D 10 mm 가각각 6.8 %, 14.6 %, 6.9 %, 2.1 % 의향상된선량효과를보였다. 본연구를통해피부와매우인접한곳에위치해있는표적체적을방사선치료할경우, 인체외부에바로자기장을인가하면서기존광자선보다향상된선량상승을기대할수있어임상적용가능성이높을것으로기대된다. 주제어 : 선량상승영역, 선형가속기, 자기장, 광자선, 6 MV I. 서론 자기장을이용한의료용전자빔과광자빔의선량분포영 The Korean Magnetics Society. All rights reserved. *Corresponding author: Tel: , Fax: , wsahn@gnah.co.kr 향은몇몇연구자들에의해시도되었다. Bostick[1] 은전자빔의선량축적 (dose-deposition) 향상을위하여축 (longitudinal) 방향자기장을처음으로고안하였다. Weinhous 등 [2] 은몬테카를로 (Monte Carlo) 계산을수행함으로써 Bostick이고안한모델의검증과더불어 6 T (Tesla) 자기장이가능한단일코일초전도자석 (single-coil superconducting magnet) 을설계하였 18

2 연구논문 Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society Vol. 27, No. 1, February 다. Bielajew[3] 는 20 T의강한축방향자기장에서전자와광자빔에대한반음영 (penumbra) 을이상적인빔측면도와유사한크기로줄일수있음을확인하였다. 또한축방향자기장은방사선이조사되는체적 (volume) 내공기강 (air cavity) 이존재하는경우에불완전한측면전자평형 (lateral electronic disequilibrium) 으로인한표적체적 (target volume) 의선량감소를극복할수있음을몬테카를로방법을이용하여간단한물-공기-물팬텀에서확인하였다 [4]. Litzenberg[5] 등은 bore 직경이 20 cm인 3.5 T의강한초전도솔레노이드자석을전자빔과광자빔의축방향으로인가하였을때의선량효과를보고하였다. Chu 등 [6] 은 12, 24, 그리고 50 MV의고에너지광자빔과평행한방향으로 10 cm 깊이에 15 T의강한자기장을인가하였을때, 정상장기에낮은선량과표적체적에선량을증가시킬수있음을보였다. Reiffel 등 [7] 은국소적인강한횡 (transverse) 방향자기장 (13.4 T) 을 10 cm 깊이에위치시키고, 이때고에너지광자빔 (24 MV와 50 MV) 에서의선량분포변조방법을제안하였다. 특히 24 MV 광자빔에서좀더표적체적의선량은증가시키면서인접의정상조직에들어가는선량을감소함을보였다. Jung 등 [8] 은 0.3 T의저강도자기장을광자빔의수직방향으로인가함으로써전립선암의방사선치료에서직장점막의선량분포영향을평가하였다. 단일빔모델팬텀내에 Gafchromic EBT3 필름을이용하여선량분포를측정한결과, 표적체적에들어가는선량은자기장을인가하지않은경우와비슷한선량을유지하면서바로인접한직장점막부위에들어가는선량을약 30 % 감소함을확인하였다. 기존의연구는전자빔과광자빔에의해주로인체심부에 서생성된이차전자를외부의강한자기장을이용하여적절한선량효과가있음을실험또는몬테카를로계산을통해검증및확인하였다. 하지만, 인체심부의표적체적에선택적으로별도의강한자기장을인가할수있는방법이현실적으로어렵기때문에임상적용측면에서실현가능성이낮다. 또한강한자기장으로인한전자빔및광자빔가속기의물리적영향평가에관한연구도부족한상황이다. 따라서본연구에서는가속기의물리적영향을최소화할수있는 0.5 T의저강도자기장을이용하여인체심부가아닌표면부위에서의광자빔에대한선량상승영역의변조방법을제안하고자한다. 이를통해표면부위의표적체적에저강도자기장의임상적용가능성을분석하였다. II. 실험방법자기장에의한광자선의선량상승영역의영향을실험적으로평가하기위하여 TrueBeam 선형가속기 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) 를사용하였다. 두개의네오디뮴영구자석을광자선과수직방향이되도록물팬텀 ( cm 3 ) 에고정한후, SSD (Source-to-Surface Distance) 는 100 cm으로위치시켰다 (Fig. 1). 최대 0.5 T의세기를지니는 5 5 5cm 3 크기의네오디뮴영구자석을사용하였다. 두개의영구자석간의거리 (Magnet-to-Magnet Distance, MMS) 를 6cm와 10 cm 간격에서 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역을측정하였다. 또한영구자석과물표면간의거리 (Magnet-to-Surface Distance, MSD) 를 2.5 cm과 5cm로하여거리별광자선의선량상승차이를평가하였다. Fig. 1. (Color online) A schematic diagram of modulation of build-up region for 6 MV photon beam using a low strength magnetic field; (a) open beam and (b) open beam with low strength magnetic field.

3 20 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역에대한자기장영향 신성수 최원식 안우상 곽정원 Fig. 3. (Color online) Build-up measurements of photon beams from field size of 5 5 cm 2 with or without low strength magnetic field. Fig. 2. (Color online) System overview of build-up measurements for 6 MV photon beam with field size of 5 5 cm 2. 측정된선량상승곡선의정량적인평가를위해선량인자 (dosimetric parameters) 는물표면에서의선량 (D 0mm ), 2 mm 깊이에서의선량 (D 2mm ), 5 mm 깊이에서의선량 (D 5mm ), 그리고 10 mm 깊이에서의선량 (D 10 mm ) 을사용하였다. 광자선의선량상승영역을측정하기위하여고정용검출기로는유효체적이 cm 3 인 CC13 이온전리함 (IBA Dosimetry GmbH, Germany) 을, 조사영역내검출기로는공간분해능이뛰어난유효체적이 0.01 cm 3 인 CC01 이온전리함을사용하였다 (Fig. 2). 각각의이온전리함을전위계에연결하고전용소프트웨어 (myqa-accept v7.5 software) 를이용하여광자선의선량상승영역을측정하였다. 조사야크기는 5 5cm 2 로하여자기장을인가하지않은경우와인가한경우에서의 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역을측정하여선량변화를평가하였다. 선량률은 400 MU/min에서측정불확실도를줄이기위해 3회반복측정하였다. III. 실험결과및고찰다양한자기장조건에서측정된선량상승곡선은자기장을인가되지않은조건에측정된선량상승곡선과비교및분석하였다. 우선측정된선량상승곡선은분석전용소프트웨어 (myqa-accept v7.5 software) 에서적절한스무딩기법 (smoothing method) 을사용하여측정자료를처리하였다. 5 5cm 2 조사야크기로입사하는광자선에수직방향으로자기장을인가하였을때광자선의선량상승영역내의선량변화는 Fig. 3과같다. 영구자석과물표면과의거리 (MSD) 가가까울수록기존 6MV 광자선의선량상승곡선과비교 Table I. Dosimetric parameters of build-up measured from photon beams with or without the magnetic field. Photon energy Magnetic field Dose (%) 6MV 0T T a) Magnet-to-Magnet Distance (MMD). b) Magnet-to-Surface Distance (MSD). Experimental condition MMD a) 10cm 6cm 10cm 6cm MSD b) 2.5cm 2.5cm 5cm 5cm D % D 2mm 49.9 % D 5mm 76.6 % D 10 mm 95.6 % D % 39.2 % 38.8 % 37.8 % D 2mm 57.2 % 54.8 % 50.1 % 50.0 % D 5mm 81.9 % 80.6 % 77.0 % 77.5 % D 10 mm 97.6 % 97.2 % 96.2 % 96.3 %

4 연구논문 Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society Vol. 27, No. 1, February 하여비슷한표면선량 (D 0mm ) 을유지하면서측정깊이가증가할수록높은선량상승을보였다. 반면에영구자석과물표면과의거리가멀수록 6MV 광자선의선량상승곡선과선량효과에대한이득은없었다. 특히, 자석과물표면과의거리가 2.5 cm에서자석과자석사이의거리 (MMD) 가가까울수록 6MV 광자선과비교하여뛰어난선량상승을보였다. 총 4가지조건에서의자기장을인가하였을때기존 6MV 광자선의선량상승곡선과비교하여 D 0mm, D 2mm, D 5mm, D 10 mm 가평균적으로각각약 2.9 %, 6.3 %, 3.3 %, 1.3 % 가증가하였다 (Table I). 특히, 영구자석간의거리가 6cm이고자석과물표면간의거리가 2.5 cm에서다른자기장조건보다 D 0mm, D 2mm, D 5mm, D 10 mm 가각각 6.8 %, 14.6 %, 6.9 %, 2.1 % 의향상된선량상승효과를보였다. 이러한현상은저강도자기장에의해서광자선에의해생성된저에너지이차전자만효과적으로제거되고다소높은에너지의이차전자들이선량상승영역에기여한것으로판단된다. 기존의몇몇연구자들에의해자기장을이용한광자빔에의해생성된이차전자를제어함으로써기대할만한선량효과가있음을보고하였다. 주로강한자기장으로인체심부에서의선량효과이득을평가하였지만실제임상에적용하기에는여러한계점이있다. 첫째로강한자기장을특정인체내부에만국소적으로인가할수있는방법이현실적으로불가능하다는점에서임상적용을위한실현가능성이매우낮다 [8]. 둘째는강한자기장으로인한전자선과광자선을생성하는선형가속기장비에대한영향평가도필수적인해결해야할과제이다. 마지막으로선형가속기를이용한방사선치료는빔방향, 빔에너지, 조사야크기등다양한요소들로구성되어있다. 방사선치료를위해많은빔방향사용은선량변조를위하여자기장방향도다양해진다. 이는선형가속기와환자주변공간적제한점때문에빔방향에따라자기장장치를설치하는데어려움이있다. 이러한한계점을극복하고자본연구에서고안한자기장장치를인체외부에용이하게설치가가능한피부암이나성문암과같이종양이피부와매우가까운곳또는인접해있으면서표적체적이크지않은경우에는임상적용이가능할것으로판단된다. 특히, 성문암의방사선치료에서조사야의크기는대부분 5 5cm 2 또는 6 6cm 2 을사용한다 [9-12]. 이는본연구에서진행된조사야크기와일치함으로측정으로부터도출된선량상승효과를기대할수있다. 또한방사선치료를위해 1~2개정도의빔방향을사용하기때문에자기장장치를설치하는데용이하다. 더불어 0.5 T의저강도영구자석을이용하기때문에기존의강한자기장장치에비해선형가속기에대한물리적인영향에대한고려를최소화할수있다. 또다른측면에서현재전세계적으로사용중인선형가속기의최소광자선에너지는대부분 6MV이므로피부와인접해있는표적체적에는저선량이조사될수있다. 이러한불충분한선량전달가능성이예상된다면 6MV 광자선으로치료할때는선량상승을기대하기위해전통적으로조직등가물질인볼루스 (bouls) 를사용하였다 [13, 14]. 비록볼루스를적용하여피부표면에충분한선량을전달할수는있겠지만, 피부에들어가는선량은오히려상당히증가하여피부보존효과 (skin sparing effect) 를기대하기어려운단점이있다. 이또한본연구에서고안된자기장장치를이용할경우, 기존의 6MV 광자선과유사한표면선량을보이면서 D 2mm 와 D 5mm 에서약 10 % 와 5% 이상의향상된선량상승효과를기대할수있을것으로판단된다. IV. 결론본연구는임상적용이가능한인체외부에자기장을인가하면서선형가속기의물리적영향을최소화할수있는저강도자기장장치를고안하였다. 이를통해자기장을이용하여기존의 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역의변조가능성을실험적으로평가및분석을통해임상적용가능성을확인하였다. 물팬텀을이용한실험에서영구자석과영구자석간의거리와자석과물팬텀간의거리가가까울수록기존의 6MV 광자선의선량상승곡선과비교하여향상된선량상승을획득할수있었다. 이는표적체적이피부와가까이존재하는경우에있어서기존 6MV 광자선으로치료할때피부표면에서의이차전자축적 (secondary electron deposition) 감소로인한낮은선량이전달되는한계점을극복할수있을것기대된다. 본연구로부터피부와인접한곳에서의향상된선량상승효과가있음을실험적으로확인하였으며, 추후선량상승조건의최적화를위한추가적인연구가필요할것으로판단된다. 감사의글본연구는 2015년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업 (NRF- 2014R1A1A , 2015R1C1A1A ) 과 2016년도아산재단재원으로강릉아산병원과제지원을받아수행되었음 ( ). References [1] W. H. Bostick, Phys. Rev. 77, 564 (1950).

5 22 6MV 광자선의선량상승영역에대한자기장영향 신성수 최원식 안우상 곽정원 [2] M. S. Weinhous, R. Nath, and R. J. Schulz, Med. Phys. 12, 598 (1985). [3] A. F. Bielajew, Med. Phys. 20, 1171 (1993). [4] S. A. Naqvi, X. A. Li, S. W. Ramahi, J. C. Chu, and S. J. Ye, Med. Phys. 28, 603 (2001). [5] D. W. Litzenberg, B. A. Fraass, D. L. McShan, T. W. O Donnell, D. A. Roberts, F. D. Becchetti, A. F. Bielajew, and J. M. Moran, Phys. Med. Biol. 46, N105 (2001). [6] J. C. Chu, L. Reiffel, W. C. Hsi, and V. A. Saxena, Int. J. Cancer, 96(Suppl.), 131 (2001). [7] L. Reiffel, A. Li, J. Chu, R. W. Wheatley, S. Naqvi, R. Pillsbury, and A. Saxena, Phys. Med. Biol. 45, N177 (2000). [8] N. H. Jung, Y. Shin, I. H. Jung, and J. Kwak, Radiat. Oncol. J. 33, 226 (2015). [9] T. Teshima, M. Chatani, and T. Inoue, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18, 119 (1990). [10] V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg, Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 4th ed., Lippincott, Philadelphia (1993), pp [11] Y. H. Kim and G. Y. Chai, J. Korean Soc. Ther. Radiol. 15, 315 (1997). [12] G. Marshak, B. Brenner, J. Shvero, J. Shapira, D. Ophir, I. Hochman, G. Marshak, A. Sulkes, and E. Rakowsky, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43, 1009 (1999). [13] W. M. Mendenhall, R. J. Amdur, C. G. Morris, and R. W. Hinerman, J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 4029 (2001). [14] J. H. Kim and S. J. Byun, J. Korean Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol. 27, 29 (2009).

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