29 I. 서론 빠른공을던질수있는능력은야구투수들의성공을위한중요한요소중하나이다. 또한조정희등의연구에서도투수훈련의목적중하나는구속을증가시키는것이라고보고

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1 1 고등학교야구선수의투구속도에따른운동학적요소분석 전정우 1, 유재호 * 1 1 선문대학교물리치료학과 Analysis of kinematic difference according to velocity of ball in high school baseball player 7 Jeong Woo Jeon 1, Jae Ho Yu* Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of body kinematics according to velocity of ball in high school baseball players. Methods Ten high school baseball players participated in this study. They chose the ball speed themselves and threw the ball 10 times. Kinematic factors measured using the wearable Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems sensor (MVN, Xsens technologies B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands) include the range of motion of the shoulder, torso rotation angular velocity and stride length. One hundred pitching data were divided into fifty high velocity pitching group (The average of velocity of ball is km/h.) and fifty low velocity (The average of velocity of ball is km/h.) pitching group. Kinematic factors of both groups were analyzed by independent t-test. Significance level of all statistics were set as p <.05. Results As shown in the results of measuring the range of motion of shoulder (external rotation and abduction), there were significant difference between the high velocity group and the low velocity group. Likewise, the results of torso rotation angular velocity showed a significant difference between the two groups and the stride length also showed a significant difference between the groups. Conclusion In conclusion, range of motion of shoulder, torso rotation angular velocity and stride length are related to the velocity of the ball in baseball and should be considered for the ability of the pitcher Key words baseball, pitchers, motion analysis, kinematics, inertial sensor Corresponding author Jae Ho Yu (naresa@sunmoon.ac.kr) This paper was supported by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST) funded by Korea Sports Promotion Foundation.

2 29 I. 서론 빠른공을던질수있는능력은야구투수들의성공을위한중요한요소중하나이다. 또한조정희등의연구에서도투수훈련의목적중하나는구속을증가시키는것이라고보고하였다. 1) 이에따라와인드업 (wind-up), 스트라이드 (stride), 코킹 (arm cocking), 가속구간 (arm acceleration), 감속구간 (arm deceleration), 팔로우 (follow through) 로이어지는투구단계동안에구속에영향을미치는요인들을파악하기위한인체의운동학적및운동역학적분석연구들이지속적으로진행되고있다. 2,3,4) Matsuo 등의연구에서구속이빠른집단과느린집단을비교하여신장, 팔길이, 생체역학요인들 ( 왼쪽무릎의굽힘각속도 (lead knee flexion angular velocity), 코킹시의어깨관절의최대가쪽돌림각도 (maximum shoulder external rotation), 볼릴리즈 (ball release) 시기의왼쪽무릎의폄각속도 (lead knee extension angular velocity) 등 ) 에서유의한차이를보였다고보고하였다. 5) Stodden 등의연구에서는어깨관절의벌림 (abduction) 및수평벌림 (horizontal abduction) 각도, 안쪽돌림 (internal rotation) 의각속도, 볼릴리즈시기의몸통앞쪽경사 (Trunk tilt forward at ball release) 가구속에영향을미친다고보고하였다. 6) 또다른연구에서도마찬가지로구속에영향을미치는요인들로 SFC(stride foot contact) 시의무릎관절과팔꿉관절굽힘 (flexion) 각도, 어깨관절최대각속도, 어깨관절의최대가쪽돌림각도, 팔꿉관절의최대폄 (extenstion) 각속도, 볼릴리즈시의무릎관절굽힘각도와몸통앞쪽경사가있다고보고했다. 2) 이러한연구들의결과는감독들과코치그리고선수들에게구속을증가시키기위해영향을미치는요인들에대한정보를제공하고실제훈련에서도적용될수있다. 지금까지진행되어온야구투수의투구동작에대한운동학적연구들을살펴보면, 대부분카메라촬영을기반으로한 3 차원동작분석시스템 (3D motion capture system) 을사용하였다. 6,7,8) 실제로다양한분야에서이러한운동학적연구들이진행되고있지만이방법에서몇몇제한점들이보고되고있다. 첫째로연구실의환경, 마커 (maker) 의부착위치, 캘리브레이션 (calibration) 등의변수들이결과값의오차를발생시킬수있다. 다음으로실제야구는야외에서진행되는경기이지만 3 차원동작분석시스템을사용할경우연구환경에대한제약을받아실내에서연구가이루어지는경우가많다. 또한연구자들은카메라의캡쳐 (capture) 범위를고려해연구를진행해야한다.

3 차원동작분석시스템의제한점을보고한몇몇연구자들은관성및자기센서 (inertial and magnetic sensors) 를활용해실제일상생활이이뤄지는환경에서의연구를실시하였다. 9,10) 이센서는신체의서로다른분절에부착되어선형가속도 (linear acceleration), 각속도및자기장세기 (magnetic field strength) 를측정하여정보를제공한다. 위의센서와마찬가지로관성센서기반운동분석시스템인 Xsens MVN BIOMECH system (Xsens Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands) 은특정생체역학모델과알고리즘을사용하여관절의운동학적요소를추정하여정보를제공한다. 11) 따라서본연구의목적은기존투구동작분석을위해사용되어온카메라촬영기반한 3 차원동작분석시스템이아닌관성센서기반운동분석시스템을활용하여고등학교야구선수들의투구속도에따른운동학적요소들을분석하고야구선수들과코치그리고부상후재활을담당하는치료사들에게구속과관련된운동학적정보를제공하는데에있다. 63 II. 연구방법 연구대상자 65 본연구에는연구에대해충분히이해하고동의한고등학교야구선수투수 10 명의대상자가 참여하였다. 대상자들은모두오른손잡이였고오버핸드투수들이었다. 대상자의제외기준은다음과같다. 1) 최근 6 개월내에하지혹은상지의외과적수술을받은경험이있는자, 2) 심각한통증혹은부상으로인해현재치료중이거나재활훈련중인자, 3) 다른이유들로인해공을던지는데어려움이있는자. 사이드암 (side-arm; submarine) 투수들은오버핸드투수들과다른투구메커니즘을갖기때문에본연구에서제외되었다 실험절차모든대상자들은상지와하지의스트레칭및투구동작연습을포함한준비운동을 15 분동안실시한후에운동학적요소를분석하기위해 Xsens 슈트착용및센서를부착하였다 (figure 1). 그이후빠른속도와느린속도로각각 5 개씩공을던지도록 (pitching) 요구받았다. 공을한번던지고다음공을던질때까지 30 초의휴식을취했다. 위과정의결과로빠른속도로공을던질때의투구동작데이터

4 개 (high velocity group), 느린속도로공을던질때의투구동작데이터 50 개 (low velocity group) 가수집되었다. 대상자들이공을던지는동안운동학적요소들은착용이가능한관성센서기반운동분석시스템 Xsens MVN BIOMECH system (Xsens Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands) 을이용해수집되었다. 측정된운동학적요소들은다음과같다. 1) 어깨관절의수평벌림각도. 2) 어개관절의가쪽돌림각도. 3) 몸통회전각속도 (trunk rotation angular velocity). 4) 스트라이드거리 (stride length). 어깨관절의수평벌림각도와가쪽돌림각도는 SFC 시의최대로일어난각도를측정하였다. 몸통의회전각속도는와인드업구간에서몸이뒤쪽으로최대회전한각도에서부터볼릴리즈구간에서몸이앞쪽으로최대회전한각도범위까지의각속도를구하였다. 스트라이드거리는대상자의앞쪽발 ( 왼발 ) 이지면에닿는순간, 뒤쪽발의 ( 오른발 ) 엄지발가락과앞쪽발의뒤꿈치사이의거리를측정하였다. 측정된스트라이드거리값은대상자들의신장에대한비율 (%H) 로나타내었다. 87 Figure 1 Xsens MVN BIOMECH system (Xsens Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands) 통계분석 모든측정값은평균과표준편차를구하였다. 대상자의구속에따른두그룹 (high velocity group, low velocity group) 의운동학적요소차이를알아보기위해 SPSS statistical software (version 22.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) 를이용하여독립 t-검정 (independent t-test) 를실시하였다. 모든통계학적유의수준은 p<.05 로설정하였다.

5 95 96 Figure 2 Schematic of the procedure III. 결과 본연구에참여한고등학교야구투수들은총 10 명 ( 남자 10 명 ) 이며, 평균연령은 세, 평균신장은 cm 평균체중은 83.44kg 이었다 (Table 1). 102 Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects (n=10) Pitchers Age (years) 18.43±0.45 Height (cm) ±2.79 Weight (kg) 83.44± Mean ± Standard deviation

6 공을빠르게던졌을때 (high velocity) 와느리게던졌을때 (low velocity) 의구속은각각 ±6.59, 였다. 어깨관절수평벌림각도는각각 ±15.09, 94.74±10.32 로빠르게던졌을때더큰각도를보였으며통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다 (p<.05). 어깨관절의가쪽돌림각도는각각 ±14.37, 93.91±34.91 로빠르게던졌을때더큰각도를보였으며통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다 (p<.05). 몸통회전각속도는각각 ±109.66, ±96.91 로빠르게던졌을때더빠른각속도를나타내었고통계적으로유의한차이를나타냈다 (p<.05). 스트라이드거리는 80.12±5.13, 75.72±5.73 으로빠르게던졌을때더크게나타내었으며통계적으로도유의한차이를나타냈다 (p<.05) (Table 2). 112 Table 2. Kinematic differences according to velocity of ball High velocity Low velocity p Velocity of ball (km/h) ± ± * Maximum shoulder horizontal abduction (º) 14.27± ± * Maximum shoulder external rotation (º) ± ± * Torso rotation angular velocity (º/s) ± ± * Stride length (H%) 80.12± ± * Mean ± Standard deviation H% : height % * Significant difference (p<.05) between high and low velocity groups. 113 Ⅳ. 고찰 본연구는관성센서기반운동분석시스템을활용하여고등학교야구투수선수들을대상으로투구속도에따른운동학적요소의차이를알아보고자하였다. 연구결과에따르면투수가공을빠르게던졌을때 (high velocity) 느리게던졌을때 (low velocity) 보다어깨관절의최대운동범위 ( 수평벌림, 가쪽돌림 ) 의각도가더크게나타났으며몸통의회전각속도도더빠르게나타났다. 스타라이드거리또한더큰거리를나타냈다. 투수가공을빠르게던졌을때, 느리게던졌을때보다어깨관절의수평벌림과가쪽돌림의최대각도가더크게나타난본연구결과와마찬가지로 Rafael Escamilla 등의연구에서도같은결과를보고했다. Rafael Escamilla 등은미국과한국의프로야구투수선수들을대상으로운동역학및운동학적요소들의비교분석을실시하였다. 연구결과에따르면미국투수들의구속이한국투수들의구속보다더빠르게

7 측정되었고왼쪽발이지면에닿는시점 (lead foot contact) 에서미국투수들의어깨관절의수평벌림과가쪽돌림각도범위가더크게나타났다고보고하였다. 이러한결과의원인으로는다음과같이설명했다. 코킹단계에서어깨관절가쪽돌림이일어나는동안안쪽돌림근의원심성 (eccentric) 수축및스트레칭이일어나게되는데이를통해가쪽돌림의속도를조절할수있다. 이과정에서안쪽돌림근내에탄성에너지 (elastic energy) 를저장하게된다. 이렇게저장된탄성에너지와스트레칭된근육의근신전반사 (myotatic reflex) 효과를통해가속구간동안안쪽돌림근의더강한구심성 (concentric) 수축을일으키게된다. 강한구심성수축은결과적으로더빠른공을던질수있는힘을만들어낸다. 수평벌림의경우도이와같이탄성에너지와근신전반사의영향을받았을것으로판단된다. 또한수평벌림이일어나는동안에는어깨관절근육들뿐아니라몸통근육의원심성수축과스트레칭이함께일어나게되므로몸통과골반의회전각속도를증가시키는힘으로작용하게된다. 12) 본연구에서도공을빠르게던졌을때더큰어깨관절의범위가측정된이유가근육내에저장되는탄성에너지와근신전반사의이유라고생각된다. 공을빠르게던질때더빠른몸통의회전각속도가측정되었다. Aguinaldo 등은선행연구결과에따라야구투구동작이다른오버핸드스포츠처럼힘과속도를만들어내기위해더큰신체부위에서작은원위분절로의이동하는운동량이필요하다고하였다. 13) 즉야구동작에서몸통에서상지로의에너지전달은공을더빠르게던지기위한요소중하나로생각되고이에너지전달은더빠른몸통회전으로일어날수있다. 또한몸통의회전각속도가증가함에따라공을던지는상지로의에너지전달이증가하게된다고보고하였다. 14) 스트라이드거리는운동역학사슬의타이밍을결정하는중요한요소로간주될뿐아니라하지에서공을던지는팔로에너지를전환시키는역할을한다. 즉몸통에서발생하는에너지를회전을통해공을던지는팔로전달하는것과같이더넓은스트라이드거리는효율적으로공을던지는팔로하지의에너지를전달해준다고할수있다. Terrance 등또한스트라이드거리가대상자신장의 10% 증가할때, 1.9 ± 0.4 mph 의속도가증가된다고보고하였다. 15) 결과적으로투수코치는투수의구속을높이기위해스트라이드거리에초점을맞추어야한다. 다만야구투구동작의경우어깨관절의작용이나몸통회전각속도의작용등한가지동작으로인해일어나는것이아닌몸전체를사용하는연속적인동작이므로공의속도와생체역학적요소의비교만으로설명될수는없을것이다. 예를들어공을빠르게던졌을때의몸통회전각속도와어깨관절의운동범위의

8 상관관계와같은연구를통해생체역학적요소들간에일어나는상호적인영향을알아보고이에대한이해가함께필요할것으로판단된다. 야구를비롯한스포츠분야뿐아니라다양한분야에서카메라촬영을기반으로한 3 차원동작분석시스템이활발하게사용되고있음에도불구하고이방법에대한제한점이지속적으로보고되고있다. 고가의장비이며카메라가설치되어있는공간에서만사용될수있고위치와속도, 가속도를포함하는운동학적요소들은포함되지만운동역학적정보들은알수없다. 또한실험준비와캘리브레이션, 마커부착등에많은시간이소요된다. 이러한제한점들로인해최근몇몇연구자들은관성센서기반운동분석시스템을사용하여생체역학정보를측정하였다. 본연구에서도관성센서기반운동분석시스템을사용하여운동학적요소들을측정하였는데, 카메라촬영기반동작분석시스템연구들의결과와마찬가지로공의속도에따라운동학적요소들간의유의한차이가나타났지만두시스템의실제결과값에는차이가있었다. Jun-Tian Zhang 등은또다른동작분석시스템인 NDI Optotrak 3020 system (Northern Digital Inc., Ontario, Canada) 과본연구에서사용한 Xsens MVN BIOMECH system (Xsens Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands) 을동시에사용하여관성센서기반운동분석시스템의신뢰성을검증하는연구를실시하였다. 연구결과에따르면굽힘과폄은 0.96 이상의높은상관계수를나타냈지만다른회전축에의한움직임은 0.5~0.85 로현저하게낮게측정되었다. 이러한결과는두시스템에서의해부학적축이다르게설정되었기때문에나타났다고보고하였다. 따라서 Xsens MVN BIOMECH system 을사용하여생체역학정보를측정할경우 Optotrak 뿐아니라기존카메라기반시스템을통해측정된결과값을보완하여수치를처리하는절차가필요하다. 11) 본연구의제한점으로는첫째, 대상자의수가 10 명으로일반화하기에는대상자의수가부족했다. 둘째로본연구의대상자들은고등학교야구선수들이기때문에프로야구선수들의생체역학정보와는차이가있을수있다. 셋째로본연구는운동학적요소들의비교만이루어졌고운동역학적인요소들은고려되지않았다. 마지막으로공을빠르게던질때와느리게던질때운동학적요소의유의한차이가나타났지만실제결과값은기존카메라기반동작분석시스템을활용한연구들과의차이가있었다. 결론적으로고등학교야구선수의투구속도에따른운동학적요소차이는기존카메라기반시스템을통한결과와같이관성센서기반시스템을통해서도빠르게던질때와느리게던질때어깨관절의최대

9 범위, 몸통회전각속도, 스트라이드거리에서유의한차이를나타냈다. 따라서투수의구속을증가시키고자할때위와같은운동학적요소들이고려되어야한다. 그러나본연구에서사용된관성센서기반동작분석시스템은기존의카메라촬영기반동작분석시스템과비교했을때, 실제결과값에대한차이가존재하기때문에관성센서기반동작분석시스템을활용한추후연구들이더활발하게진행되기위해서는기존동작분석시스템결과값과의차이를분석하고보완하는과정이우선적으로이루어져야할것이다 References 1. Jeong Hee Cho, Seung Kil Lim, Tae Yoon Kwon, et al. The correlation between throwing speed and shoulder internal/external rotator, trunk flexor/extensor, knee flexor/extensor strength and power in the professional baseball pitchers. J Kor Sports Med. 2006;24(2): Sherry L. Werner, Misty Suri, John A. Guido Jr, et al. Relationships between ball velocity and throwing mechanics in collegiate baseball pitchers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2008;17(6): Sherry L. Werner, John A. Guido, Neil A. Delude, et al. Throwing arm dominance in collegiate baseball pitching. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;38(8): Shouchen Dun, Glenn S. Fleisig, Jeremy Loftice, et al. The relationship between age and baseball pitching kinematics in professional baseball pitchers. Journal of Biomechanics. 2007;40(2): Tomoyuki Matsuo, Rafael F. Escamilla, Glenn S. Fleisig, et al. Comparison of kinematic and temporal parameters between different pitch velocity groups. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2001;17(1): David F. Stodden, Glenn S. Fleisig, Scott P. McLean, et al. Relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity: within pitcher variation. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2005;21(1): Glenn S. Fleisig, Walter A. Laughlin, Kyle T. Aune, et al. Differences among fastball, curveball, and change up pitching biomechanics across various levels of baseball. Sports Biomechanics. 2016;15(2): Sakiko Oyama, Baseball pitching kinematics, joint loads, and injury prevention. Journal of Sports and Health. 2012;1(2): Yigit Menguc, Yong-Lae Park, Hao Pei, Daniel Vogt, et al. Wearable soft sensing suit for human gait measurement. The international Journal of Robotics Research. 2014;33(14): Claudia Latella, Naveen Kuppswamy, Francesco Romano, et al. Whole-body human inverse dynamic with

10 distributed Micro-Accelerometer Gyro and Force Sensing. Sensors. 2016;16(5): Concurrent validation of Xsens MVN measurement of lower limb joint angular kinematics. Physiological measurement. 2013;34(8): Rafael Escamilla, Glen Flesig, Steven Barrentine, et al. Kinematic and kinetic comparison between American and Korean professional baseball pitchers. Sports Biomechanics. 2002;1(2): Arnel L. Aguinaldo, Janet Buttermore, Henry Chambers. Effects of upper trunk rotation on shoulder joint torque among baseball pitchers of various levels. 2007;23(1): David F. Stodden, Stephen J. Langendorfer, Glenn S. Fleisig, et al. Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing part 1: step and trunk actions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2006;77(4): Terrance Sgroi, Peter N. Chalmers, Andrew J. Riff, et al. Predictors of throwing velocity in youth and adolescent pitchers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2015; 24(9):

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